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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT TITEL DER DIPLOMARBEIT „(RE)KONSTRUKTION VON VERGANGENHEIT“ ERINNERUNGSKULTUREN IN SÜDOSTEUROPA AM BEISPIEL VON BULGARIEN UND RUMÄNIEN Verfasserin Ursula Mauerhofer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil) Wien, im Juli 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A301/295 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Thomas Bauer Für Anna und Hermann, Gerold und Paul ABSTRACT In dieser Arbeit wird der Umgang mit der Vergangenheit, anhand ausgewählter Themenbereiche, in den postsozialistischen Ländern Bulgarien und Rumänien untersucht. Denn wie eine Gesellschaft mit ihrer Vergangenheit umgeht, welche Erinnerungen sie zulässt, und welchen Wert sie diesen Erinnerungen beimisst, sagt etwas über die Gesellschaft selbst aus. Zwanzig Jahre nach dem Zerfall der kommunistischen Herrschaft ist der historisch-politische Selbstfindungsprozess nach wie vor nicht abgeschlossen und mit der Integration in die Europäische Union 2007, stehen Bulgarien und Rumänien vor neuen Herausforderungen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Forschungsfrage, wie die Vergangenheit in Transformationsländern (re)konstruiert wird, um einerseits politische Legitimation für die neue Gesellschaftsordnung zu gewinnen und andererseits eine emotionale Bindung, eine kollektive Identifizierung herzustellen. Mit einer qualitativen, interpretierenden Inhaltsanalyse werden folgende Themengebiete untersucht: Funktion und Rolle der Medien, individuelle vs. öffentlich-politische Erinnerung, Rolle der Historiografie und politische Konzepte zur Erneuerung der Gesellschaftsordnung. Während in den öffentlichen Erinnerungsdiskursen das Narrativ der kommunistischen Herrschaft als Fremdherrschaft und Repression vorherrscht, ist die individuelle Erinnerung daran zumindest ambivalent. Vielfach sind die privaten Erinnerungen an die jüngste Vergangenheit geprägt von nostalgischen Erinnerungen an den Sozialismus und der Haltung „es war doch nicht alles so schlecht“. Die politische Strategie, um die neue Gesellschaftsordnung zu legitimieren und eine „Rückkehr“ Bulgariens und Rumäniens in den Westen zu gewährleisten, ist eine Nationalisierung der Geschichte, einem „rethinking history“. Ziel ist es, die postsozialistischen Gesellschaften als historisch und kulturell codierte Nation zu definieren. Inhalt Vorwort ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.Gedächtnis, Erinnerung, Kultur- Begriffsabgrenzungen .............................................. 11 1.1 Geschichte und Gedächtnis ................................................................................... 11 Exkurs: Ein kulturkybernetisches Modell von Geschichte ...................................... 13 1.2 Gedächtnis und Erinnerung ................................................................................ 15 1.3 Gesellschaft und Kultur ......................................................................................... 15 1.4 Die gesellschaftliche Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit - die sozialkonstruktivistische Perspektive................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Gesellschaftsordnung und Institutionen .......................................................... 18 1.3.2 Stützkonzeptionen für symbolische Sinnwelten ............................................. 22 1.3.3 Sedimentbildung und Tradition ...................................................................... 23 1.4 Kultur- Begriffsdefinition ...................................................................................... 24 2. Kollektive Konstruktion der Vergangenheit ............................................................... 27 2.1 Der Begriff des kollektiven Gedächtnisses bei Maurice Halbwachs .................... 27 2.2. Das Konzept des kulturellen Gedächtnis .............................................................. 30 2.2.1 Das kommunikative Gedächtnis ..................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Das kulturelle Gedächtnis ............................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Kulturalität und Kommunikativität des kollektiven Gedächtnisses ................ 35 2.3 Vier Formen des Gedächtnisses ............................................................................ 37 2.4 Speicher- und Funktionsgedächtnis - Perspektiven des kulturellen Gedächtnis ... 39 2.4.1 Aufgaben des Funktionsgedächtnis ................................................................ 42 2.4.2 Aufgabe des Speichergedächtnis .................................................................... 43 Exkurs: Theorie des sozialen Vergessens – die systemtheoretische Perspektive .... 44 3. Medien und Gedächtnis ............................................................................................... 48 3.1 Medien des Gedächtnisses ..................................................................................... 49 3.2 Medienevolution und die Wandlung des kulturellen Gedächtnisses ..................... 51 3.2.1 Oralität/Literalität ........................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Schriftlichkeit/Buchdruck ............................................................................... 52 3.2.3 Druck/Digitalisierung ..................................................................................... 52 1 3.3 Funktionen von Medien des kollektiven Gedächtnisses ....................................... 54 3.4 Medien als Hegemonieapparate ............................................................................ 55 Exkurs: Der Begriff der Hegemonie ........................................................................ 55 4. Kultur - Macht – Identität ........................................................................................... 57 4.1. Kulturelle Identität ............................................................................................... 57 Exkurs: Diskursanalyse nach Foucault .................................................................... 58 4.2 Kulturelle Identität als nationale Identität ............................................................. 63 4.3 Das historisch- politische Gedächtnis- eine politische Theorie kollektiver Erinnerung ................................................................................................................... 64 5. Methode ...................................................................................................................... 67 5.1. Das Experteninterview ......................................................................................... 67 5.2 Der Expertenbegriff .............................................................................................. 68 5.3 Interview Experte- Co Experte .............................................................................. 68 5.4 Leitfaden im Interview .......................................................................................... 69 5.5 E-Interview ............................................................................................................ 69 5.6 Evaluation der Forschungsmethode E-Interview .................................................. 71 6. Geschichte Südosteuropa- ein kurzer Abriss .............................................................. 74 6.1 Zu dem Begriff Südosteuropa ............................................................................... 74 6.2 Entstehung der Nationalstaaten Rumäniens und Bulgariens ................................ 75 Exkurs: Die Geburtsstunde der Nationen Rumäniens und Bulgariens .................... 76 6.3 Kommunismus in Südosteuropa ........................................................................... 82 6.4 Systemtransformation im Kommunismus ............................................................. 86 6.5 Postkommunistische Systemtransformation ......................................................... 87 6.6 Theorien zur erfolgreichen Konsolidierung von Demokratien ............................. 89 7. Funktion der Medien ................................................................................................... 92 7.1 Die Funktion der Medien im Kommunismus........................................................ 92 7.2 Medien und Transformation in Südosteuropa ....................................................... 95 7.3 Medienlandschaft in Bulgarien ............................................................................. 97 7.3.1 Mediengesetzgebung ...................................................................................... 98 7.3.2 Fernsehen ........................................................................................................ 99 7.3.3 Hörfunk ......................................................................................................... 100 7.3.4 Printmedien ................................................................................................... 101 2 7.3.5 Internet- Medien ............................................................................................ 102 7.4 Medienlandschaft in Rumänien ........................................................................... 102 7.4.1 Mediengesetzgebung ..................................................................................... 103 7.4.2 Fernsehen .....................................................................................................
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