Interim Report of the Select Committee on Public Service Media

PP 2018/0107(2)

INTERIM REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA

2017–18

Volume 2

INTERIM REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA

On 16th January 2018 it was resolved –

That Tynwald reaffirms its commitment to public service broadcasting and is of the opinion that it should be provided in an efficient manner using a variety of channels; and that a Select Committee of three Members be appointed to review the current licence conditions, delivery model and funding thereof, and connected matters, to take account of technological advances and demographic changes; and report with recommendations by July 2018.

The powers, privileges and immunities relating to the work of a committee of Tynwald are those conferred by sections 3 and 4 of the Tynwald Proceedings Act 1876, sections 1 to 4 of the Privileges of Tynwald (Publications) Act 1973 and sections 2 to 4 of the Tynwald Proceedings Act 1984.

Committee Membership

Dr A J Allinson MHK (Ramsey)

Mr T M Crookall MLC

The Hon J P Watterson SHK (Rushen)

Copies of this Report may be obtained from the Tynwald Library, Legislative Buildings, Finch Road, Douglas IM1 3PW (Tel: 01624 685520) or may be consulted at www.tynwald.org.im

All correspondence with regard to this Report should be addressed to the Clerk of Tynwald, Legislative Buildings, Finch Road, Douglas, Isle of Man, IM1 3PW.

Table of Contents

Volume 1

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

THE STAFF AT MANX RADIO 2

II. BACKGROUND: DEBATE AND DELAY ...... 2

THE BBC: VALUE FOR MONEY HALF-HEARTEDLY PURSUED, THEN KNOCKED OFF COURSE BY EVENTS 3

MANX RADIO: STATUTORY BASIS NOT YET IN PLACE 5

III. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: “CONTENT IS KING” ...... 7

IV. DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA ...... 9

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC SERVICE 9

IMPLICATIONS FOR BROADCASTING LEGISLATION 10

V. AUDIO DISTRIBUTION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE ...... 12

FM AND AM RADIO 12

DAB AND DAB+ 14

INTERNET RADIO 17

VI. MANX RADIO’S COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY ...... 18

IS THE PROVISION OF A PLATFORM FOR RADIO ADVERTISING ITSELF A PUBLIC SERVICE? 19

DOES RELIANCE ON COMMERCIAL INCOME DISTORT PUBLIC SERVICE? 20

DOES RECOURSE TO A PUBLIC SUBVENTION DISTORT THE COMMERCIAL MARKET? 20

VII. MANX RADIO FUNDING AND GOVERNANCE ...... 23

THE PUBLIC FUNDING MODEL ADOPTED BY TYNWALD IN 2014 23

MANX RADIO’S STRATEGY SINCE MARCH 2014 23

MANX RADIO’S BUDGET BID FOR 2018/19 25

TREASURY AS SHAREHOLDER 28

THE COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND FUNDING 29

VIII. LIST OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 31

ANNEX 1: TYNWALD RESOLUTION OF 13TH JULY 2011 ARISING FROM THE REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE TELEVISION LICENCE FEE ...... 37 ANNEX 2: TYNWALD RESOLUTION OF 18TH MARCH 2014 ARISING FROM THE REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING ...... 39

ORAL EVIDENCE ...... 41

26TH APRIL 2018 - EVIDENCE OF: MR RON BERRY, MANAGING DIRECTOR, 3FM; MR JUAN TURNER, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF I-TEL, REPRESENTING ENERGY FM; DR RICHARD ARNING, DIRECTOR AND CHAIRMAN, ISLE OF MEDIA; HON. R H QUAYLE MHK, CHIEF MINISTER, HON. C C THOMAS MHK, MINISTER FOR POLICY AND REFORM, MRS D FLETCHER, MBE, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF CROWN AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS 43

2ND MAY 2018 – EVIDENCE OF MR BILL MUMMERY, CHAIRMAN, AND MR ANTHONY PUGH, MANAGING DIRECTOR, RADIO MANX LIMITED; AND HON. BILL MALARKEY, MHK, CHAIRMAN, AND MS SUE STRANG, ACTING DIRECTOR, COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 101

10TH MAY 2018 – EVIDENCE OF HON. ALFRED CANNAN MHK, MINISTER, AND MR CALDRIC RANDALL, FINANCIAL CONTROLLER, TREASURY 149

31ST MAY 2018 – EVIDENCE MR KEN MACQUARRIE, DIRECTOR OF NATIONS AND REGIONS, BBC; MS LAURA ELLIS, HEAD OF DIGITAL, BBC ENGLISH REGIONS; AND MR LUKE MCCULLOUGH, PARLIAMENTARY AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS MANAGER, BBC 171

WRITTEN EVIDENCE ...... 199

APPENDICES: BROADCASTERS ...... 201

APPENDIX 1: SUBMISSION DATED 12TH JANUARY 2018 FROM MANX RADIO 203

APPENDIX 2: SUBMISSION DATED 26TH APRIL 2018 FROM MANX RADIO – ANALYSIS OF BBC FUNDING OF REGION SPECIFIC SERVICES 221

APPENDIX 3: SUPPLEMENTARY SUBMISSION DATED 5TH JUNE 2018 FROM MANX RADIO 241

APPENDIX 4: SUBMISSION DATED 18TH JUNE 2018 FROM MANX RADIO AND 'PUBLIC BROADCASTING: ITS PAST AND FUTURE’ 249

APPENDIX 5: SUBMISSION DATED 20TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM LAURA ELLIS, HEAD OF DIGITAL, BBC ENGLISH REGIONS 271

APPENDIX 6: SUBMISSION DATED 3RD MAY 2018 FROM MR KEN MACQUARRIE, DIRECTOR OF NATIONS AND REGIONS, BBC 275

APPENDIX 7: SUBMISSION DATED 9TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM RON BERRY, 3FM 283

APPENDIX 8: SUBMISSION DATED 21ST MAY 2018 FROM RON BERRY, 3FM 299

APPENDIX 9: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH JUNE 2018 FROM PAUL MOULTON 305

APPENDICES: PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ...... 313

APPENDIX 10: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS 315

APPENDIX 11: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM TREASURY 319

APPENDIX 12: SUBMISSION DATED 8TH MAY 2018 FROM TREASURY 385 APPENDIX 13: SUBMISSION DATED 9TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM THE COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 389

APPENDIX 14: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MS EMMA CALLIN, ARTS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, SPORT AND CULTURE 431

APPENDIX 15: SUBMISSION DATED 13TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MR JULIAN LALOR-SMITH, DEPUTY CHIEF EXECUTIVE, DEPARTMENT OF HOME AFFAIRS 435

APPENDIX 16: SUBMISSION DATED 4TH MAY 2018 FROM MS JANE QUAYLE, COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF HOME AFFAIRS 437

APPENDIX 17: SUBMISSION DATED 26TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MR ADRIAN CAIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE GAELIC BROADCASTING COMMITTEE 441

APPENDIX 18: SUBMISSION DATED 6TH JUNE 2018 FROM MS SUE OWENS, PERMANENT SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF DIGITAL, CULTURE, MEDIA AND SPORT 445

VOLUME 2

APPENDICES: OTHERS ...... 451

APPENDIX 19: SUBMISSION DATED 12TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MRS DAPHNE CAINE MHK 453

APPENDIX 20: SUBMISSION DATED 12TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MRS LYNDA CANNELL 461

APPENDIX 21: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MRS PAULINE DEHAVEN 465

APPENDIX 22: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MR ROGER TOMLINSON 469

APPENDIX 23: SUBMISSION DATED 14TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MR MICHAEL WILSON, ISLE OF MEDIA 477

APPENDIX 24: SUBMISSION DATED 26TH APRIL 2018 FROM MR RICHARD ARNING, ISLE OF MEDIA 485

APPENDIX 25: SUBMISSION DATED 7TH MARCH 2018 FROM AN ANONYMOUS CONTRIBUTOR 495

APPENDIX 26: SUBMISSION DATED 9TH MARCH 2018 FROM MR SCOTT SMITH 499

APPENDIX 27: SUBMISSION DATED 30TH MAY 2018 FROM ROGER GANE, TECHNICAL ADVISER TO RADIO CENTRE, RAJAR 503

APPENDIX 28: SUBMISSION DATED 6TH JUNE 2018 FROM MS SALLY-ANN WILSON, CEO, PUBLIC MEDIA ALLIANCE 507

APPENDIX 29: SUBMISSION DATED 15TH JUNE 2018 FROM MR GRAHAM DIXON, HEAD OF RADIO, EBU MEDIA 535

APPENDIX 30: SUBMISSION DATED 8TH MAY FROM MRS KERRY SHARPE MLC 587

APPENDICES: OTHER JURISDICTIONS ...... 591

APPENDIX 31: PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING COMPARISON OF JURISDICTIONS AND POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY 593

APPENDIX 32: SUBMISSION DATED 28TH FEBRUARY 2018 FROM MS CHERIE CLIFFORD, DEPUTY CLERK OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, FALKLAND ISLANDS 603 APPENDIX 33: SUBMISSION DATED 26TH APRIL 2018 FROM MS KYLIE HERCULES, ST HELENA 607

APPENDICES: OTHERS

451 452 APPENDIX 19: Submission dated 12th February 2018 from Mrs Daphne Caine MHK

453 454 Submission to the Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting from Daphne Caine MHK

I submit the following personal views for consideration by the Select Committee Members. I have read many reports going back decades on Manx Radio, Public Service Broadcasting, the Subvention and the BBC licence. However, I refer mainly to the two most recent select committee reports in my submission below and I would be happy to elaborate or discuss this further if the committee wishes.

1. Public Service Broadcasting – and the BBC licence fee

The matter of the annual subvention to Manx Radio to fund public service broadcasting was included in my election manifesto. I feel strongly that the Isle of Man needs public service broadcasting – that is essential in a true democracy, and even more important, I believe, in a jurisdiction without an official Government opposition and in an age of social media and fake news.

The Island has been well served by Manx Radio. However, as I said in my speech seeking the establishment of this Select Committee, I believe the structure of how public service broadcasting is provided on the Isle of Man requires a fundamental review.

How Manx Radio management is forced to interact with three government departments and essentially how it is funded seem to me to be inappropriate.

The previous committee (2013/14 on Public Service Broadcasting) sought to have the final word on the matter:

Recommendation 4: Treasury should continue to fund Manx Radio to at least the level of £850,000 which applies on 2014/15 plus CPI thereafter; that any future public service broadcasting licence should come with a guarantee of funding at this level throughout the licence term; and that a link between licence term and funding term should be enshrined in public service broadcasting legislation.

Aside from the fact funding has not been maintained at the recommended level, I believe this was from a flawed position of assuming that the IoM Government would continue to provide funding. Today that would equate to £1.2million. I don’t believe that is sustainable given the current financial climate or indeed fair considering Island residents pay more than £5million to the BBC in licence fees.

According to the Select Committee Report of the Television Licence Fee 2010/11 (page 55 paragraph 122) the cost of Manx Radio equates to an additional £29 per year on top of the licence fee for every ‘licensed premises’. When I raised this with Manx Radio I was told the estimated figure at today’s rates would be an additional £27 (the figure I quoted to Tynwald in January 2018).

See Paragraph 133 (page 57) in the same report which states that £2.82million was the average cost of a BBC local radio station in England. The Select Committee put it to Laura Ellis, the then Head of New Media and Business Manager for BBC English Regions, that in the absence of a BBC Radio to serve the Isle of Man, this meant the Isle of Man was disadvantaged by £2.82m per year. Her response was:

455 “I think it is a perfectly fair point to make.”

The report also noted that £2.82million average was of the same order as BBC expenditure in the Channel Islands which stands at around £2.4m.

However, this ignores the fact that the Isle of Man is a separate nation and in my view a local radio station controlled from the North West or London would be inappropriate. However, I strongly believe that the Isle of Man should make representations to the BBC or the Department for Media, Culture and Sport that the Isle of Man should receive a proportionate amount of the licence fees collected here to fund its public service broadcasting.

2. Public Service Broadcaster vs commercial operator

Manx Radio reports it is now 60% commercially funded because of the reducing proportion of subvention. I feel it should be wholly publicly funded, which has dual benefits of putting the output beyond challenge of commercial influence and removing an anticompetitive media player from the commercial world. I have heard comments that advertisers would be disappointed not to have the ability to advertise on Manx Radio, as a community service. I suggest that’s the same way businesses would like the chance to gain exposure on BBC channels – for the reach but I submit the commercial interest does not sit comfortably with the public service remit. I also note that according to Manx Radio’s annual report 40% of the income from commercial activity is spent in obtaining the income.

I would like the committee to define exactly what public service is wanted to serve the Isle of Man, for this to be costed and funded through existing licence fee payments. An additional consideration would be a comparison of the staffing level of Manx Radio and the staff salaries – reportedly below comparable public service stations. It would be helpful to establish the facts and indeed, establish where the public subvention goes in terms of what it funds.

I note recommendation 5 in the 2013/14 report: that in the interests of transparency the Treasury as shareholder of Radio Manx Limited should arrange for the station to show in its accounts which activities are funded from the public subvention and which from commercial income and that similar accounting should be required under the proposed new statutory framework.

The annual report states:

456 I would be interested in seeing a more detailed breakdown considering the reportedly modest wages of news providers and presenters. Also, given additional sums paid to Manx Radio for Radio TT and Gaelic broadcasting.

Again it boils down to whether meeting the 40% speech radio terms of its licence, and achieving actually 43.6% speech content (according to the chairman’s report), is necessarily what the Isle of Man requires in the 21st century from is public service broadcaster?

3. Political interface

The Home Affairs Minister, as Chair of the Communications Commission sets the terms of the public service broadcasting licence; currently 40% speech radio. I do not believe this is costed prior to being enforced on Manx Radio – I wonder how often it is reviewed to take into account modern taste and methods of receiving news and information.

Manx Radio is then required to obtain Treasury approval for its budget. Meanwhile, the licence fee is negotiated by Cabinet Office with BBC/DMCS.

I would suggest a better system would involve full public service funding (ideally from BBC licence fee money), governed by a board with no direct political input.

Worth noting recommendation 8 of the 2013/14 committee report: that the Communications Commission should no longer be chaired by a Member of Tynwald.

4. Demographic /technological changes

It is important to take into consideration Manx Radio’s RAJAR figures and how much of the target audience it actually reaches, for what programmes, and what demographics compared with the other commercial stations on the island. I also think it worth acknowledging that Paul Moulton performs a public broadcasting service by filming of Tynwald questions and making these available on MTTV and Youtube. Meanwhile our parliamentary office live streams proceedings in Tynwald and Keys as well as committee hearings, so are we effectively demanding Manx Radio duplicate something that is already provided for the few people who may be listening on a car radio rather than via their internet?

As I said in my speech to Tynwald:

How the radio programmes are delivered to Island listeners is also a cause for concern. In all the negotiations with Government Ministers, who is looking to the future, and what is the five to ten year vision?

It is right that the matter is reviewed, not least because technology has changed significantly in the five years since the previous report. The AM transmitter at Foxdale will require £30,000 spending to make it safe to access this year; ongoing costs will also be significant. Where is the strategy to phase out AM, perhaps even FM broadcasting. We are promoting

457 ourselves as Digital Isle of Man. The Programme for Government says we must ‘ensure we are a digital island, ready for new technologies’ but no mention of digital broadcasting.

Manx Radio submitted a proposal to Treasury in June 2015 to close AM transmissions from December next year. It further proposed that a DAB-plus network was constructed in the two years prior to shutting down AM and that in 2025 a committee should be brought together to make a decision as to when FM should be closed down.

This scheme could deliver savings - it would be able to put all the commercial stations on the island on a digital multiplex, plus other stations, perhaps RTE and Classic FM for instance could pay a fee to be on the Manx digital network. Up to 20 stations could broadcast from it.

And the cost… in the proposed scheme as costed in 2015 the figure is refreshingly low in government terms. £300,000 to go digital before the end of the decade, if work had been approved to commence this April.

The radio management estimated they could save government £600,000 over a 20 year period assuming AM and FM networks were closed to an agreed schedule. But it will take in excess of a year to start building if a digital broadcasting future is seen as the way forward.

Meanwhile, other places are moving with the times while the Isle of Man props up old technology. All BBC AM transmitters have closed down this month, another seven as of yesterday; three of which local stations were on the 1368 frequency so Manx Radio will go further than ever before, if anyone is still listening on AM. The BBC are switching off AM and switching over to DAB. And Norway has gone totally DAB, switching off their final FM transmitter in December 2017.

It is also worth referencing here the finding on page 35 of the 2010/11 report:

We do not think the importance and urgency of providing a DAB multiplex for Manx Radio and other Isle of Man radio services ..should be overstated. We nevertheless conclude that there could be considerable merit in the Isle of Man better exploiting the potential of digital technology for the distribution of radio programming. There is no reason why, subject to the continuing progression of DAB as a widely used platform, support for DAB should not have a place within the Isle of Man’s list of requirements from the BBC in future negotiations.

5. Broadcasting from Douglas Head

There are many recommendations from previous select committees that have not been actioned. In many cases I wonder if this is because there was no individual made responsible for ensuring the recommendations were implemented.

458 Recommendation 7 of the 2013/14 committee report states:

That the Treasury should review the options for relocating Manx Radio away from Douglas Head, and report to Tynwald with recommendations.

I have seen Manx radio’s estimates that relocating the station would cost millions of pounds more than remaining at Douglas Head. The committee must also take into account the significant sums spent in recent years modernising the current premises.

The cost of keeping Manx Radio in this location concerns me. I would rather any funding go on output and not on the accommodation. Although admittedly a much smaller scale broadcaster, 3fm relocated from Victoria Street to Cooil Road. They are fully commercial and managed it with no assistance.

In my vision for the future of public service broadcasting, Manx Radio would be relocated somewhere more central – in or near the Villa Arcade would put it at the heart of the Cultural Quarter, for instance. I would like external verification of Manx Radio’s costings for relocating and for these to be weighed up, given the considerable expense needed for the station’s scheduled work to bring the Douglas Head building up to modern standards of accessibility and staff facilities. From an external point of view, could Manx Radio be relocated on a phased basis, one studio at a time? Aside from the limitations of the building, Douglas Head is inaccessible, not served by public transport and car parking at times endangers fire safety.

In summary I welcome the select committee reviewing the matter of public service broadcasting and I hope my opinions above help inform the committee. I look forward to your findings on the various matters raised.

Daphne Caine

February 2018

459 460 APPENDIX 20: Submission dated 12th February 2018 from Mrs Lynda Cannell

461 462 From: Lynda Cannell [mailto:Redacted] Sent: 12 February 2018 23:51 To: Enquiries Subject: Public Service Broadcasting

Dear Sirs,

I wish to submit my thoughts to the Tynwald Select Committee reviewing Public Service Broadcasting.

My first point is that the Committee must decide whether Manx Radio is (a) a commercial radio station or (b) a radio station for purely public service.

If it is (a) it is compromised by not being able to remain impartial because of the input of advertisers. Then if it becomes (b) it will become fully reliant on Government subvention. This then introduces a further consideration as to whether it should be a local BBC radio station funded by licence income as in other areas of the British Isles

In connection with this matter I feel that it is totally wrong that at present Manx Radio is using its position for propaganda. This is being done covertly by continually running mini advertisements about what the Station does for the community. It is totally out of order when this Review is about to take place and shows a complete lack of professionalism and impartiality.

I then query the staffing of the Radio Station under the current regime. It would appear that the number of full time staff is minimal. These are mainly people of management level on the payroll and will therefore be receiving large salaries. They will then be having their National Insurance and pension contributions added to this. Perhaps you will examine the ratio of salaries paid to this group in relation to the entire budget of the Station.

The majority of the broadcasting staff are freelance and therefore self-employed. They will attract no National Insurance, pension rights or paid holidays. Many excellent programmes are presented by these people and I applaud them. However, once again this draws attention to the inequality of pay distribution.

The newsroom is an enigma regarding journalists. Are they on the staff payroll or freelancers? The latter must be true because there appear to be so many of them with varying degrees of experience. They are sure to be on a low wage as this is synonymous with that profession.

I have great reservations about what appears to be some sort of community funding. Many arts events are advertised as being 'in association with Man Radio'. Does this mean that support is being given by way of free advertising or another form of financial help? Whatever the method it is a totally unacceptable thing to do as much of the Station's income is by way of Government subvention. Any request for arts funding should be channelled through the Arts Council.

463 My final point is the building where the Station is housed. The Management and Directors seem intent on an expensive upgrade of the premises and this is for what is only a small number of staff. The members of the Select Committee, as MHKs, will be well aware of the very poor state of one extremely busy Government building which is in need of major structural repair work. Any available money should be used for this necessity. The Treasury Minister has already indicated that he is not in favour of money being available to upgrade the Manx Radio building.

You have a difficult task in undertaking this Review and I have no doubt your recommendations will be fair. However, you are then faced with getting the House of Keys to accept any controversial recommendations as many MHKs see Manx Radio as their special platform for promoting their views and appear regularly on the airwaves.

Yours faithfully

Lynda Cannell

464 APPENDIX 21: Submission dated 14th February 2018 from Mrs Pauline DeHaven

465 466 From: Pauline or Steve DeHaven [mailto:Redacted] Sent: 14 February 2018 23:35 To: Enquiries Subject: Manx Radio Survey

I have listened to Manx Radio since its launch in 1964 (apart from a number of years living abroad) and have been privy to share in some of the stations finest (too many to list) – and most tragic (Summerland) Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) moments. How fortuitous that as we celebrate 2018 as A Special Year for Our Island and Manx Radio is celebrating “50 Years of Public Service Broadcasting”, Tynwald is undertaking a review of Manx Radio’s future!

Yes, government is stretched financially – and the subvention required is a challenge, but the funding (which is essential to provide the quality and quantity of PSB programmes Manx Radio provides) should be provided as part of the licence we pay to the BBC.

However, there appears to be a misconception about what exactly PSB is, if the comments made by some uninformed critics are to be believed, which includes questioning whether Manx Radio should receive a government subsidy when other local stations do not.

First of all – to compare Manx Radio with other local radio stations is to compare ‘apples with pears’. If government were to insist that 3 FM or Energy FM provide the Public Service Broadcasting that Manx Radio is renowned for, they too would need a subvention.

Absolutely the other local stations, 3FM and Energy FM provide an excellent service with wall to wall music. They do not however, incur the expense of providing specialist programmes which by their very nature require time, research and specialist broadcast knowledge.

Just a few of the PSB programmes offered on Manx Radio . . . Live outside broadcasts: - the TT – Motor sports/Rallies/All sports, Arts, Theatre, Music, Parish Eisteddfods, Manx Culture, Language, History, Heritage, Tynwald Proceedings (Junior and Adult!) Tynwald Day ceremonies at St Johns, Finance, Schools, Health, Festivals of Film, Food, Farming, Literature, Cycling, Music, Dance, in depth News, Politics, Charity events, Commonwealth Games, Olympics etc etc etc , as the ‘Voice of Mann’, they provide a platform for the public as well as the politicians, to have their say and air their views on a daily basis via talk shows, taking care to ensure a balance of views is broadcast.

May the nation's station, 'the Voice of Mann’, long continue, hopefully with a subvention assisted by the BBC – thank you,

Pauline Quayle DeHaven

PS On a more personal note, I would like to congratulate Manx Radio on a recent pioneering evening show hosted by Judith Ley, entitled 'Island Voices' - it was a revelation! I understand the idea was initially from Rosemary Clarke of One World Centre, and the fabulous folks at Café Lingo. It was inspiring, thought provoking and humbling to hear about life changing stories from individuals who had chosen to make the Isle of Man their home, arriving here from an incredibly diverse set of cultures, religions and countries - mind boggling!

Who knew out of the 70 plus resident nationalities now making up over 50% of the island's population, we have countries represented such as Vietnam, Russia, Poland, Philippines, Dubai, Greece, China, Africa, Italy, Sweden to name but a few! What an education listening to the comparisons our newly adopted Manxies made between life on the IOM and their birth country.

467 Qualities mentioned? Sense of community, caring, emphasis on nurturing the arts, creative industries and of course our secure, beautiful environment for families and children etc. How wonderful celebrating such colourful cultures from around the world - and learning all about them from the comfort of our own home!

468 APPENDIX 22: Submission dated 14th February 2018 from Mr Roger Tomlinson

469 470 Written submission from W R Tomlinson to the Tynwald Select Committee Public Service Broadcasting

Committee Remit: to review the current licence conditions, delivery model and funding thereof, and connected matters, to take account of technological advances and demographic changes

Introduction

Public Sector Broadcasting (PSB), as a public service, is provided in the Isle of Man by two broadcasters:

1. Manx Radio - that transmits audio coverage of distinctively local matters. Output is bolstered by a strong presence in social media and a website.

2. The BBC. Isle of Man is not a distinct region for the BBC. It is incorporated within the BBC North West Region. Television coverage is very occasionally included within that region’s news programmes. Further more, there is a local presence of 3 journalists, based in IOM, whose main function is to service a BBC Ellan Vannin website. The team provides IOM stories to the N W office where editorial decisions are made. The IOM operation is a fairly passive function.

In addition commercial visual news coverage of the IOM is given via ITV Granada. This is akin to BBC North West output. Also locally MTTV provides visual coverage of IOM news, events and politics.

471 Two locally based radio stations, Three FM and Energy FM, provide a limited website news service. The audio output of these two stations has been withdrawn of late.

The picture emerges of a mish-mash of output which has not advanced to reflect the public demand for visual broadcasting. Only MTTV provides it. MTTV output has been prolific since starting 5 years ago and it has pioneered some live visual output using social media tools and also video recordings of parliamentary proceedings. Manx Radio and the BBC have not progressed to reflect public demand for visual content during that time.

Funding

The Manx public pays a premium for what, by modern standards, is an inferior public sector broadcasting experience, largely limited to audio output. The TV Licence Fee is £147.00 per household.This equals £5 million approx. in total. In addition tax payers fund Manx Radio via an annual public service subvention of £875k, which equates to approx £25.00 per household.

The overall relationship between the IOM and BBC was considered by a Select Committee on the Television Licence Fee Report July 2011. It is disappointing that the Government did not vigorously progress the recommendations of that Committee, preferring to accept, 6 months later, limited CoMin response proposals.

472 Another Select Committee ON PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING 2013-14 examined the matter of the policy, delivery, cost and scope of Public Service Broadcasting. The Report concentrated on the role of Manx Radio.

Since the 2011 Report I remain unconvinced that there is a productive, symbiotic relationship between the BBC and Manx Radio in relation to PSB.

Evidence provided by the BBC for the 2011 Committee indicated an allocation of BBC funding for the IOM. This was not an actual operating cost for its Manx operation.

In June 2014 BBC refused an FOI request to provide operating costs for other island broadcasting venues: “Can you please advise me the operating costs, for each of the last 5 financial years, for each of the following regional/local BBC UKPSB services: BBC Channel Islands News, BBC Radio Guernsey, BBC Radio Jersey, BBC Isle of Man” Rather bizarrely the refusal reason given was: “The information you have requested is excluded from the Act because it is held for the purposes of journalism, art or literature.’’

A later October 2016 FOI request did uncover the comparative allocation of manpower resources (EFT) to BBC British Island venues:

Isle of Man = 3, Benbecula = 1, Radio Guernsey = 24, Radio Jersey = 31.6, Radio Orkney = 5, Radio Shetland = 5, Skye = 3, Stornaway = 25.8 (the home of Alba TV)

473 From this it becomes obvious that, in relation to population, the IOM does not have an equivalent allocation of manpower resource as other island venues. Very clearly the IOM is disadvantaged.

Page 1 of 2

PSB Relationship: Manx Radio and BBC

Since June 2006, via a Memorandum of Understanding, Manx Radio agreed to work together with the BBC “in order to enable the BBC to provide local news for license fee payers in the IOM” It is renewed at 3 yearly intervals to provide “ a clear and demonstrable benefit to licence fee payers in the IOM and as public service broadcaster to the IOM and UK respectively’ with “the primary aim of improving the service received from the BBC by the IOM licence fee payers” I do not believe that since 2006 the service has been improved.

By way of example, I obtained a copy of the renewal agreement (July 2012). In it BBC agreed to make a limited amount of training for Manx Radio staff. In May 2016 an FOI request BBC revealed “we have searched our records and have taken all reasonable steps to locate the information but have not been able to do so”

474 In addition to training other headings within the MOU refer to the various aspects of the arrangements - accommodation, content sharing, annual costs, relationship, data protection.

It is important that the Committee reviews the MOUs since 2006 to see if the terms have been fulfilled by each party. It is lamentable that the existence and details of the MOUs has not been revealed to the Manx public.

Recommendations

1. It is to be hoped that the Committee will robustly urge Government to adopt the financial proposals of the earlier Select Committees: a) 2011: “We consider it would be equitable for the BBC to contribute, as an absolute minimum, a further £1 million per year to the IOM either through services in kind or as a direct financial payment in support of public sector broadcasting here”. b) 2014: “We do, however, think that greater efforts should be made to get more out of the BBC”

2. In 2015-16 BBC Trust conducted Review of BBC Local Radio and local news and current affairs in England

Link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/our_work/services/r adio/local_radio_news#full_report

475 Although it is confined to England, the Report does indicate the Trust’s commitment to developing local news and current affairs services. It is regrettable that the IOM has not benefitted from the actions and recommendations of that Report. I urge the Committee to examine it and use it to try and ‘get more out of the BBC'

3. Manx public sector broadcasting is predominately delivered via audio means only. The considerable growth in popularity of platforms such as YouTube indicates that the public wants to see visual content. The Channel Islands has the advantage of receiving such content. There are times in news presentation when a moving image far more graphically conveys the story than an audio report. Public expectations have advanced but here in the IOM we still remain saddled with audio PSB output.

3. Such visual coverage could easily and cheaply be arranged for the webcasting of IOM parliamentary proceedings.

4. The MOUs between BBC and Manx Radio should be regularly monitored and published.

W R Tomlinson - February 2018 [Address redacted]

476 APPENDIX 23: Submission dated 14th February 2018 from Mr Michael Wilson, Isle of Media

477 478

From: Isle of Media Limited – 14 February 2018

To: Tynwald Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting (PSB)

Subject: Review of the Isle of Man Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) – Isle of Media Limited Submission by Isle of Media to the Tynwald Select Committee Tel. +44 (0) [Redacted] www.isleofmedia.org

Dear Sirs, [Redacted]

[Redacted] Isle of Media welcomes the opportunity to submit its views to the Tynwald Select Committee reviewing Public Service Broadcasting (PSB).

Isle of Media is the national development agency for the Isle of Man video, television and film sector. Set up as a not-for-profit Public Private Partnership with the Isle of Man Government to drive inward investment in Place of Incorporation: digital and creative media and to foster the indigenous industry and its talent. Isle of Man

We aim to promote the Island’s capabilities in financing and growing media Company registration No: ventures, its filming locations, its talent and world-class telecommunications [Redacted] infrastructure. We aim to support and attract the whole industry supply chain: production, post-production, global distributors, ad agencies, consultancies, OTT operators and satellite broadcasters.

The board of directors comprises executives from the international broadcast industry with experience from the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5, ITV, MX1 (international playout of TV and radio), Sky, SES Satellites (the world’s largest satellite broadcaster) and UTV.

Scope of review

We note that the review’s scope is very wide: to review the current licence conditions, delivery model and funding of Public Service Broadcasting.

In this submission we do not intend to review the current licence conditions in detail, that is not within the role of Isle of Media.

We do however intend to comment on delivery and funding, in addition we will comment briefly on how other jurisdictions define PSB and expect it to be delivered.

Page 1/6

479

Definition of Public Service Broadcasting.

There are few legal definitions of PSB – indeed in a world where technology is converging, and the audience is diverging, PSB means very different things to various parts of the audience. To a young person, PSB could be new unsigned music, to a family it could be access to high quality indigenous drama or education programmes for children, and to an older audience it could be access to documentaries and classical music. (Of course, there is no reason why an older person wouldn’t also enjoy hearing new music – such is the nature of audience consumption!)

However usually at the core of PSB is fair, balanced, unbiased, high quality, comprehensive, regular news provision.

To view PSB as news and current affairs alone however would be limiting and lose many of the attributes of a broad PSB that serves all its audiences.

The UK Communications regulator, Ofcom, defines PSB as:

 Informing our understanding of the world  Stimulating knowledge and learning  Reflecting (UK) cultural identity  Representing diversity and alternative viewpoints

This definition is platform neutral – it doesn’t differentiate between PSB radio, television or online services.

This definition we believe should be a good starting point for Tynwald review.

PSB on the Isle of Man should:

 Inform the audience understanding of our world – both locally and beyond the Isle of Man  Stimulate knowledge and learning for all ages  Reflect the Isle of Man’s identity in all its aspects like culture, history, social life, business  Be diverse and represent all viewpoints.

To describe PSB in 2018 by Reithian values of informing, educating and entertaining is too narrow a definition.

At a point in time where technology and consumption are changing rapidly this Review is perfectly timed to shape PSB provision on and to the Isle of Man for years to come.

We urge the Committee and the Government to be bold and visionary in its approach and harness all the existing financial inputs to ensure the population on the Isle of Man receives the service it deserves.

Overview of current PSB provision

While Manx Radio is the only truly PBS service laid down by Isle of Man legislation, it is not the only PBS on the island. The BBC and ITV both have a presence. Other PSB’s are available from Channel Four and Channel Five. In radio the two indigenous commercial broadcasters provide elements of PSB and a wide range of digital services both local and off-island have content of PSB value. Industry sponsored MT.TV and The Sport Package, plus Culture Vannin regularly add video content, all available also via the Manx Radio website. Tynwald sittings are only occasionally televised but available as live audio on the web.

This is a broad ecosystem and the Committee should see it as such and not solely focus on the contributions of Manx Radio.

Page 2/6

480

Manx Radio

Manx Radio was established before the multi-channel and multi device and platform ecosystem. As a concept using only radio – while still popular – is outdated as a national PBS resource.

The audience requires high quality digital services and especially video. Providing audio is simply not enough.

Isle of Media believes the remit of Manx Radio should be broadened to provide enhanced digital and video content through mobile service – apps, podcasts etc. and by greater use of digital platforms Facebook, Twitter, You Tube – indeed the PSB content should be delivered wherever the audience evolves.

It is important to recognise that reach across multiply platforms should viewed as a greater success than just radio audience figures. A news story from Manx Radio consumed through Facebook is still PSB content created by the national broadcaster.

Dedicated staffing and technology resources should be provided to increase this digital offering – indeed we would argue that the Government funding should increase significantly to provide this enhancement in staffing and technology.

This funding should in-part be found from the BBC licence fee. This mechanism we will discuss later in the submission.

The current annual cost of the Manx Radio service is approximately £2M, of this the Government provides £875K directly. The rest of the income is (almost all) derived from advertising and sponsorship. We understand the cost of sale may be around £400k – therefor for between £1.5 - £1.6M is a reasonable estimate of true cost of operation. To deliver audio and video content across platform we believe £2M annually is required as a minimum.

We would recommend an external review to set an annual budget for a fully digital PBS mandate for Manx Radio.

However, as a result of any additional funding Manx Radio should leave some commercial arenas, namely airtime advertising. Instead only sponsorship of programming, podcasts and digital services should be sold by Manx Radio.

This will allow the two commercial radio services (and indeed newspapers on the island), to cooperate with Manx Radio and improve their local services by charging true commercial airtime rates to advertisers. (In every global market where the national PSB take advertising as well as licence fee/government funding it is broadly recognised that the airtime market is suppressed.)

Indeed, as already stated many other PSB’s serve the Isle of Man, and Manx Radio’s remit should be strengthened to deliver services not provided by these PSB’s – largely focused on local content.

There should be no requirement for Manx Radio to duplicate radio services of other PSBs such as Radio 3 delivery of classical music and opera. Similar it can be argued that niche audience interests, like in brass band or country music, are served by many web radio stations much better. Manx Radio by currently trying to cater for every interest and taste, lacks a dedicated profile.

Indeed a new Programme and Content remit should be designed to service the audience of the Isle of Man – and exclude PSB type content which is available elsewhere. Manx Radio’s programming should make a difference to other local PSBs. It misses the opportunity to be the Island’s window to the world, adding value to attract businesses and new residents.

Page 3/6

481

An entire reset of Manx Radio in all aspects would be necessary to turn it around to a leading PSB, a media factory also of commercial value. This review is an opportunity to set the roadmap for that “reset”.

BBC

Households on the Isle of Man contribute approximately £5M to the BBC from licence fee payments.

The BBC serves the island well as the UK national broadcaster delivering high quality news and current affairs, home produced drama and entertainment and high quality digital, radio and television services.

However, these are not designed for the Isle of Man audience, nor do they reflect the Isle of Man to itself or the wider UK.

For the licence fee, Isle of Media understands that three full-time BBC journalists are based on the Isle of Man.

This is a poor return for £5M license fees

Isle of Media will shortly be asking the BBC a number of Freedom of Information requests to try and assess the true fee take and spend on the island, and the shortfall in representation. We believe it is significant.

As part of this Review we would argue that part of the BBC licence fee should be used to fund Manx Radio, and also create a fund for all UK and Irish PSB broadcasters to make content on the island that can be broadcast on any PBS channel in the UK or Ireland.

This would balance out the shortfall in coverage by the BBC, create employment, skills and sustainable creative and digital industries on the island. Ensure the island has better representation across the UK and best of all the proposal is cash neutral.

Indeed, there is precedent for this – when local television stations were set up across the UK – the BBC licence fee was used to offer support for the first three years of their operation. In Wales S4C also receives content funded by the BBC licence fee.

We would suggest a fund of £1.5M to fund Manx radio (and the additional digital services mentioned above) and a funding of £1.5M to make content, plus £0.5M to upgrade the broadcast transmission infrastructure Even at this level the BBC would still be taking more from then island than it is giving back on direct services.

ITV

While a commercial PSB, ITV still has a remit to deliver high quality local news. In the case of the Isle of Man from ITV Granada.

We would urge as part of this review evidence be taken from ITV regarding the coverage given – both in qualitative and quantitative terms.

Via Ofcom the Isle of Man government should remind ITV of its remit to service the Isle of Man.

Other PSB services

Due to the complex geography and distribution of television mast and relay stations many services of interest are not available to the whole Isle of Man population. For example, many homes with Freeview cannot see ITV4 and the television coverage of the TT races.

This Review of PSB should be used to ensure the upgrade of the transmission services on the Island to ensure that homes have the maximum choice of services.

Page 4/6

482

Local Television

Isle of Media has argued that Manx Radio should provide video content, but the conditions should also be made possible to make commercial local television attractive too.

Having services or opt out services would increase news and current affairs coverage from the Isle of Man.

While we acknowledge the population is probably too small to sustain a full service as a stand-alone commercial operation, we believe that providers in towns with strong connections to the Isle of Man – Liverpool or Manchester for example should be encouraging to explore the possibilities around establishing a service. Notably with today’s technology a TV news focused outlet in a channel network can operate for less than £250k a year, providing transmission and licence costs are covered. In the UK the BBC is currently obliged to subsidise those commercial TV stations.

Summary:

The Isle of Man is underserved by the BBC, by its poor TV transmission infrastructure and the resulting limited Freeview bouquet.

The potential of local TV hasn’t even been explored, but we know there is interest in doing so.

Manx Radio needs a visionary and bold approach to be re-invented: financially, in its programming & style and needs become digital & web first and platform neutral.

A much more cooperative ecosystem of the various broadcasting stakeholders can be achieved by changing the financial model of Manx Radio, abandon its market distorting advertising to be recovered partially by saving the associated cost of sales.

Still more funding for Manx Radio and Isle of Man content is needed, to be made available to various players and funded from the BBC license fees.

Finally beyond fulfilling the duties of a PSB to serve the incumbent public and maybe the Manx diaspora, only outstanding creative excellence would enable a digital platform Manx Radio 2.0 to create economic value by showcasing the Isle of Man internationally.

Isle of Media would recommend a working group to be established including off-island experts to be formed to work out a visionary and sustainable future concept for Manx Radio. Isle of Media would be very willing to participate in this debate further.

Once again, we appreciate the opportunity to make a submission on this vital Review for the creative and digital industries of the Isle of Man.

Yours sincerely,

Michael Wilson Chief Executive Officer

Isle of Media Limited

Tel +44 [Redacted]

Page 5/6

483

Isle of Media Limited is a limited company incorporated in the Isle of Man (company number 131277C) and whose registered office is at Mountain View Innovation Centre, Jurby Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man IM7 2DZ. Directors of the Board: Dr Richard K. Arning, David Beynon, Peter Duke

Page 6/6

484 APPENDIX 24: Submission dated 26th April 2018 from Mr Richard Arning, Isle of Media

485 486 Archived: 28 June 2018 21:00:16 From: Sent: 26 April 2018 13:07:21 To: committees Cc: Subject: Public Sector Broadcasting: Call for evidence Arning Importance: Normal Attachments: 2018-04-26 Isle of Media - PSB Select Committee - FoI BBC.pdf ;2018-02-02 Isle of Media - Communications Bill.pdf ;

Dear Mr Cooke,

Please find attached the promised list of questions we asked the BBC in the UK about their Isle of Man operation.

Addionally I have attached our input on the Communications Bill.

Thank you again for having invited us! We do hope we were able to provide some further insights and that some bolder moves to reboot PSB in the Isle of Man will be made.

With best regards! Richard K. Arning

Dr. Richard K. Arning

Chairman

Isle of Media Limited

Our mailing address is:

[Redacted]

487

From: Isle of Media Limited – 26 April 2018

To: Tynwald Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting (PSB)

Subject: Review of the Isle of Man Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) – Isle of Media Limited Submission by Isle of Media to the Tynwald Select Committee Tel. +44 (0) 7624 [Redacte Dear Sirs, www.isleofmedia.org

[Redacted]

As discussed in the Public Hearing please find Isle of Media’s FoI questions Registered Office: for the BBC attached. The BBC turned down basically all questions, even [Redacted] after appeal, hinting at:

Although the BBC is listed as a public authority in the FOIA it applies to the BBC only to a limited extent. The BBC is a public authority for the purposes of the FOIA - "in respect of information Place of Incorporation: held for purposes _other _than those of journalism, art or literature." This is known as Isle of Man the Schedule 1 derogation. This means that information held for the purposes of Company registration No: journalism, art or literature is not covered by the FOIA but is derogated. [Redacted]

Yours sincerely,

Dr Richard K Arning Chairman, Isle of Media Limited Tel +44 7624 [Redacted] [Redacted]

Page 1/3

488

FoI Questions for the BBC about the Isle of Man:

A) 1) How many staff in terms of ‘Full Time Equivalents’ does the BBC employ on the Isle of Man 2) What are their job functions? 3) What grade are they on 4) What are their shift patterns 5) Which department(s) do they report to 6) How many contractors do the BBC use on a regular basis on the Isle of Man

B) 1) What is the annual total salary cost for BBC staff on the Isle of Man 2) What is the annual total cost of contractors working regularly on the Isle of Man 3) What is the annual total cost of freelance cover on the Isle of Man 4) What is the annual cost of otherwise procured news stories on the Isle of Man?

C) 1) What is the annual cost of the BBC premises on the Isle of Man – rent, upkeep, services, links costs etc

D) 1) In 2017 how many reports (packages or lives – not read only items) were broadcast on BBC North West peak time news (1830 and post News at 10) from the Isle of Man 2) Please list these items

E) 1) In 2017 how many reports (packages or lives – not read only items) were broadcast on BBC network news (radio or television) from the Isle of Man 2) Please list these items

F) 1) When was the last BBC network television programme made or commissioned on the Isle of Man? 2) How many have been made or commissioned in the past 5 years

G) 1) When was the last BBC network radio programme made or commissioned on the Isle of Man 2) How many have been made or commissioned in the last 5 years

H) 1) In the last 3 years please list all major BBC network television or radio programme recorded or broadcast live from on the Isle of Man – for example Question Time, Any Questions, Antiques Roadshow etc. I) 1) In the last three years please list all BBC NW programming made or commissioned on the Isle of Man

Page 2/3

489

1) How many news stories from the Isle of Man appeared on the BBC website in 2017. 2) How many feature items from the Isle of Man appeared on the BBC website in 2017 3) How many feature itens from the Isle of Man appeared on the BBC IOM Twitter account? 4) Has the Celtic Media Festival 2017 which took place in Douglas not been featured by the BBC Isle of Man in web, social media or the BBC NW? What lead to a decision that BBC Isle of Man was not taking part in the Celtic Media Festival 2017 while the BBC of the surrounding Celtic Nations was prominently engaged? K) 1) How much licence fee revenue did the BBC take from residents of the Isle of Man in 2016

L) 1) Has the BBC cooperated with Manx Radio on news stories in 2017? Have there been any news stories published based on a BBC-Manx Radio cooperation? Is all BBC iPlayer content available on the Isle of Man as it is in the UK?

M) 1) Which residential areas in the Isle of Man lack signal coverage for BBC radio or BBC television?

Page 3/3

490

From: Isle of Media Limited – 2 February 2018

To: Sue Strang Acting Director Communications Commission Ground Floor – Murray House Mount Havelock Douglas IM1 2SF

Subject: Communications Bill – Isle of Media submission Isle of Media Limited

Tel. +44 [Redacted] Dear Sue, www.isleofmedia.org [Redacted]

The Isle of Media welcomes the opportunity to comment on the draft Registered Office: Communications Bill. As this public-private partnership was not in existence [Redacted] at the time of the 2015 consultation, we are taking this opportunity to make comments on the wider proposed Bill as well as the Technical Queries paper issued on 22 December 2017

The Isle of Media is the national development agency for the Isle of Man Place of Incorporation: video, television and film sector. It is set up as a not-for-profit Public Private Isle of Man Partnership with the Isle of Man Government to drive inward investment in Digital Media and foster the indigenous industry and talent. Company registration No:

We aim to promote the Island’s capabilities in financing and growing media ventures, its filming locations, its talent and world-class telecommunications infrastructure. We aim to support and attract the whole industry supply chain: production, post-production, global distributors, ad agencies, consultancies, OTT operators and satellite broadcasters.

As an overarching comment, Isle of Media is an organisation designed to attract inward investment and indigenous growth. We strongly support an environment with minimum regulation and limited barriers to entry.

We believe that the protection from market dominance, protection of minors and protection from harm and offence should be core to any regulation.

We see in the ongoing redrafting of the AVMS, and the regulation in both directly neighbouring markets, that regulatory regime is addressing the convergence of technology and the changing consumption of the audience by reducing the regulatory burden on “traditional” broadcasters (both radio and television).

Page 1/3

491

This is leading to a ‘levelling of the playing field’ towards the general standards of good business practice in the digital content environment.

We strongly argue that the draft Communications Bill should follow this direction and ensure the Bill when enacted is future proof (or as future proof as technology allows).

Please accept these key comments regarding the draft Bill:

Firstly: It is highly unusual in a European market to have direct political oversight of a Communications Regulator. We very strongly urge a review of this relationship. It is against recommended good practice and could be seen by inward investors are a serious risk of political intervention in their business, and thus a disincentive to invest on the Isle of Man.

Secondly: Isle of Media believes that there should be no pre-authorisation (however simple) of VoD/SVod / TV-like video services. This again could be viewed by inward investors as a barrier to entry. The content of course should be regulated for taste, decency, protection of minors but the service itself should not require even light touch approval.

In addition, we wish to comment on the following:

P10. S3 Definition – “broadcast” This is a very narrow definition. It ignores satellite delivery either as a service or data transmission. It also ignores content delivered to mobile devices where content can be consumed in or outside the home.

P20. S6 Meaning of “programme service”. (1)(b)(i) We would have concerns that this definition could be used to capture On Demand or VoD or SVoD services. We would have concerns that this may lead to overregulation in this area. These services should simply be regulated regarding the content they deliver via the Codes of Practice.

P25. S15 Isle of Media would request that the Commission’s regulatory burden for licence applicants should be laid out in the Act. This will prevent “regulatory creep” and an increased burden on any applicant looking to be licensed.

Fees or the fee mechanism should also be included in the Act.

Only services that are, or are similar to, linear radio and television services should require a licence. Other services should simply be required to ensure the audience is aware that the Communications Commission regulates their content, or designated body. The services itself should not require a licence or have to notify the Commission; this is an unnecessary burden.

The Act should also specify a timeline in which the Commission must deliver a decision on the licensing process, (and indeed any other regulatory intervention). This will ensure stakeholders fully understand the regime and the commercial impact of any regulatory intervention or process.

P44. S53. (1)(b) Check – is this a typo? Should the text read “television” rather than “radio”. Isle of Media is unaware of the technical capacity of a radio multiplex to broadcast television.

Schedule 4.

P132. S2 (9) (b) We are concerned that this sub-section would prevent co-regulation. In both Ireland, and until recently the UK, ODPSs have a successful co-regulatory regime, which minimised the burden on the operator. The Commission in this case would be the backstop in case of disagreement or the need for arbitration.

Page 2/3

492

P132. S3. We have significant concerns regarding notification. We do not believe that notification should be required. We argue that services should ensure that they inform their audience that their content is regulated and give the contact details of the regulator in a prominent position (perhaps via the About or Contact link).

However, if the notification clause remains, we see its current drafting as a disincentive for investment.

Often services begin small with minimum content. We believe there should be a threshold of hours of on- demand content before notification is required. This will aid nascent businesses and limit the need for regulatory intervention in businesses with minimum public impact.

We suggest that any business with less than 100 hours of content to be viewed on demand is not required to notify the regulator of the service. (We do of course agree that all television-like content on the service should be regulated).

P146. 17 (2) Once again we would strongly argue any fee, the frequency of the fee, and the mechanism of the setting of the fee should be laid out clearly in the Bill.

Isle of Media acknowledges that for various reasons the Bill has been in the drafting process for a number of years. It is now essential for business to understand the future legal and regulatory framework, and once the present consultation closes, we encourage as rapid as possible approval and passing of the Bill.

Of course, an Isle of Media representative would be happy to discuss any of the contents of this submission with political or regulatory representatives.

Once again we appreciate the opportunity to make a submission on this vital Bill for the creative and digital industries of the Isle of Man.

Yours sincerely,

Michael Wilson Chief Executive Officer

Isle of Media Limited

Tel [Redacted]

Page 3/3

493 494 APPENDIX 25: Submission dated 7th March 2018 from an anonymous contributor

495 496 From: [Redacted] Sent: 05 March 2018 11:41 To: Allinson, Alex Cc: Watterson, Juan (MHK); Crookall, Tim; Caine, Daphne (MHK) Subject: Manx Radio and commercial advertising

Dear Mr Allinson,

I’m writing with regards to the current select committee in which you are engaged regarding Manx Radio. Whilst I am aware the time for formal submissions of evidence may have passed, I came across some information in the course of my job late last week that I believe may be relevant, so I am passing it on for you to consider as you see fit.

For context, I work as the global head of marketing for a group of companies headquartered on the Island. Whilst we don’t do a lot of our advertising on the Island, we do have an occasional need to raise the profile of our businesses here. As such, one of my members of staff attended a Manx Radio sales event last week and came back with a brochure for their new advertising packages.

To be blunt, I was shocked by how cheap these packages were. It made me reconsider radio advertising as a possible medium for us - normally I struggle to see how we would make an ROI on it, but these rates were much cheaper than I was used to seeing. Therefore, I proceeded to do our usual due diligence by getting the best ‘like for like’ quotes I could from 3FM and Energy, assuming that my view of the market was simply a little out of date.

I haven’t received any response from Energy, but as I know a couple of the team at 3FM (well enough to say hello to) I pushed them for the most competitive quote I could get.

This is roughly the package I asked for over 12 months:

 100 x 30 second commercials per month, >50% in prime time.  Full production for four 30 second commercials.  10,000 digital impressions a month on the website.

These are the results:

 Manx Radio’s rate card price (so I would always assume I could cut 5-15% through negotiation) for their ‘Platinum Business Club’ package worked out at £6,708.  3FM’s like-for-like package, without many of the bells and whistles and after negotiation, came to £13,320. I don’t believe I could have got them to budge much further on that.

In other words, Manx Radio is offering packages at half what the fully commercial radio station could offer. That seems to be well beyond the level of variance one would expect between competitors based on different levels of efficiency, demand for scarce slots, and audience make up.

497 I leave all the above for you as the facts as they came to me, for you to consider. What follows is my opinion, which you are of course free to disregard: this sort of practice seems wildly unfair from an organisation that dips into the public purse every year.

From a professional perspective I can’t really complain about cheap advertising, of course – indeed I may yet take Manx Radio up on the offer and become a client! Yet that doesn’t mean it’s the best thing for the economy overall, given I couldn’t reasonably choose 3FM after completing this due diligence process. As a constituent, I think this sort of practice is unfair and that it disadvantages honest businesses.

In terms of solutions, if I had to choose between making Manx Radio fully publicly funded, or making it fully privately funded, my instinct would be to go with the latter. In the age of the smartphone and mobile broadband, my personal belief is that none of the traditional arguments for having a state broadcaster stand up to scrutiny, so better to cut them loose and let them compete commercially on an even footing.

Finally, like most other marketing professionals on the Island, I am very wary of offending anyone at Manx Radio for fear of losing access to their journalists and thus being at a professional disadvantage. As such, whilst I am obviously happy for you to make whatever use of the contents of this email, I would appreciate it if my name and company were kept out of any form of public record.

I hope the above is useful. I’ve copied in Daphne Caine as my local MHK in Garff, for her reference.

Kind regards,

[Details redacted]

498 APPENDIX 26: Submission dated 9th March 2018 from Mr Scott Smith

499 500 Archived: 23 June 2018 11:46:11 From: [Redacted] Sent: 09 March 2018 20:16:02 To: [Committees; Enquriies] Subject: Public Service Broadcasting Response requested: Yes Importance: Normal

Dear Members,

I trust this email correspondence finds you well.

I am writing with regards the Call for Evidence and respectfully draw to your attention the fact that public submission/s in this regard was only drawn to my attention this day, Friday March 9th, 2018 in correspondence from the IoM Communications Commission office. This fact is based on seeing that the Call for Evidence was supposed to be sent by February 14th, 2018.

Stemming as I do from a broadcasting background, I would like to take issue with all three of the radio broadcast services, namely Manx Radio, Energy FM and 3FM on the following grounds;

I allege that - a) These aforementioned broadcast services fail to serve the Manx listening public by excessive utilization of automation (non-live) and pre-recorded programme broadcasting and as such, ostracize persons employed in all sectors of the economy who work through the night who may wish to communicate with the station/s or provide vital information to the public via these broadcast services. b) That, in the case of 3FM, live broadcasting only commences at 07:00 during the week, when information relating to severe weather conditions (snow day school closures and road conditions etc) and/or other important news should be relayed considerably earlier. Further, that news broadcasts at 06:00 are from the previous day. c) That both Energy FM and 3FM fail to declare the target markets to whom they claim to reach, whereas Manx Radio appears to have a balance in both music and talk that meets most listeners across the board. It is further noted that both 3FM and Energy FM fall well short of the 'talk' content they are supposed to have, although a study of their license conditions does not really force the issue. d) That none of the three broadcast services appear to have programs in place for school students considering careers in broadcasting. It is noted that other sectors of the economy do have 'Work Experience' programs in place but the radio stations do not appear to offer same. e) It is alleged that Manx Radio is subsidized quite substantially annually from the Treasury, despite being self-sustaining (income from advertising and sponsorship). Why is this? There are other methods of raising funds. ie, Why is the Manx Government subsidizing Manx Radio with tax-payers money when the introduction of a premium-plus SMS facility to all three services through the likes of Manx Telecom and Sure would provide additional and substantial income to all three.

501 f) (With reference to my first point) The appalling amount of time wasted on pre-recorded programming could be well utilized in the promotion of the island as a tourist / holiday destination to a global audience by means of the facility that all three services have, namely, On-line Streaming. This is not being done. Why not? Just because it's night time on the Isle of Man doesn't mean it is across the globe and 'live' broadcasting, as opposed to monotonous automated programming, provides far greater interest and a means of global contact in real-time.

I would like to ask this question; when was the last time a proper survey was done on radio listenership on the Isle of Man?

85 000 people - How many at radio listening age? Who is listening to which (local stations)? What percentage of the radio listening audience are listening to stations off island (and why)?

Finally, as a proposal (as this is a very sore issue to me), if these three radio broadcast services can genuinely justify the need to automate in the evenings, then at least one needs to provide the platform for an all night syndicated 'live' programme into which the other two link. If Treasury want to fund anyone, fund the all night broadcast service that is being picked up by a global audience.

Thank you for your time in the reading of this correspondence.

Many thanks and kind regards.

Scott Smith (Mr.)

Tel: [Redacted]

502 APPENDIX 27: Submission dated 30th May 2018 from Roger Gane, Technical Adviser to Radio Centre, RAJAR

503 504

A Note on the RAJAR audience measurement system

prepared for:

Tynwald Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting

The accuracy of the RAJAR system has been called into question in statements made by representatives of two of the Isle of Man’s radio stations, and I have been asked to provide a comment on these.

First, I would like to correct factual errors made in one of the statements and repeated in the other one. Audience estimates for all stations reporting on the Isle of Man TSA (Total Survey Area) are based on 500 participants, not 70 as is suggested. This is in accordance with the agreed specification for stations with a TSA of this population size. The survey is continuous and ‘rolling’ results are published for the most recent 12 month period, each quarter. The cost of measurement for the station in question is £1043 per month not £1200 as stated.

The placement and collection of diaries is conducted by IPSOS Mori to exacting standards of geographic and demographic distribution across each station’s TSA. To ensure that all sections of the population are represented, participants are recruited on both weekdays (daytime and evenings) and at weekends.

The RAJAR service has been subject to continuous development to ensure that it continues to reflect both the changing nature of the radio environment, and the changing ways in which people live their lives. For instance, RAJAR participants can now complete their diary on paper, online by PC or laptop, or through an app for tablets and smartphones.

In the UK, less than 10% of UK radio listening to radio is via online. Social media doesn’t provide a measure of a stations weekly listening as it includes content and comment shared amongst people who may or may not be listeners, and who are ‘self-selecting’ rather than being a representative cross-section of the population.

RAJAR is the firmly-established ‘joint industry currency’ for UK radio, and is supported by the BBC, the RadioCentre and its members, the IPA (representing media and communication agencies) and ISBA (on behalf of advertisers). It is also recognized, in Europe and beyond, as a leader in the development of radio audience measurement methodologies.

Roger Gane RAJAR Technical Adviser to RadioCentre 30.05.18

______

Radio Joint Audience Research Limited. Registered Address: 6th Floor, 55 New Oxford Street, London, WC1A 1BS Registered in England and Wales No. Tel: +44 (0) Email: Web: www.rajar.co.uk 505 506 APPENDIX 28: Submission dated 6th June 2018 from Ms Sally-Ann Wilson, CEO, Public Media Alliance

507 508 Arts 1.80 DEV University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom

T +44 (0)[Redacted] [Redacted] publicmediaalliance.org

To: Mr Jonathan King, Deputy Clerk. Tynwald. Isle of Man 5th June 2018

Dear Mr King,

In light of the continued and rapid erosion of public media worldwide I am compelled to write to you with regard to Tynwald’s Select Committee Review of Public Service Broadcasting [2018].

Public Media, funded by and accountable to the public, has been repeatedly defined as a central pillar of any informed democracy.

In a recent report by the European Broadcasting Union [EBU] [EBU Research paper attached], evidence is highlighted that journalism benefits from the very presence of a well-resourced public service broadcaster as it helps to raise quality benchmarks across all media platforms.

In addition, citizens with access to public service news are more knowledgeable and informed having a better understanding of politics and public affairs. Public media is also distinctive in providing serious and balanced information that serves citizens as a source of reference, challenging filter bubbles and echo chambers.

With Tynwald’s unrivalled historic links to democratic governance, it seems ironic that once again the existence of an independent and properly funded public service broadcaster is yet again under review in the Isle of Man.

With the growth in populism and the well covered issues surrounding social media and ‘Fake News’ I would have assumed that maintaining a strong and well funded public broadcaster is central to the government of any nation that strives to maintain its own culture and identity. In the digital era, media is commonly identified as ‘entertainment’. Public media certainly aims to provide entertainment rooted in the community but it provides much, much more than entertainment.

The digital economy is important to most nations and I would imagine that this is also the case in the Isle of Man. An investment in public broadcasting is an investment in a creative future for the nation. Many countries are discovering that an investment in high quality public media leads to a recognisable boost in the creative economy.

The PMA now distributes a well read weekly update of public media news worldwide called PSM Weekly. PSM Weekly will continue to report development in the Isle of Man in terms of the 2018 Select Committee Review. I sincerely hope that we shall, in due course, be able to report Tynwald’s continuing commitment to public broadcasting’s role in a fully democratic society.

Yours sincerely

[Signature redacted]

Sally-Ann Wilson, CEO. Public Media Alliance.

509 510 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY NEWS, EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND INFORMED CITIZENSHIP

APRIL 2018

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 511 1 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY: NEWS, EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND INFORMED CITIZENSHIP written by Stephen Cushion, Cardiff School of of Journalism, Media and Culture for the Media Intelligence Service (MIS) of the European Broadcasting Union

APRIL 2018

MEDIA INTELLIGENCE SERVICE

The EBU's Media Intelligence Service (MIS) provides your broadcasting organization with the latest market data, research and analysis needed to plan your future strategies and stay ahead of the game.

Our experts cover a broad range of topics, including TV and radio trends, new media developments, audience behaviour, market structure and funding issues.

DR ROBERTO SUÁREZ CANDEL Head of Strategy & Media Intelligence [email protected]

DR DAVID FERNÁNDEZ QUIJADA DR FLORENCE HARTMANN Manager of Media Intelligence Service Senior Media Analyst [email protected] [email protected]

FRANCESCA CIMINO ALEXANDRA BRENKMAN Senior Media Analyst Senior Media Analyst [email protected] [email protected]

CARINA HAUPT Media Analyst [email protected]

CONTACT www.ebu.ch/mis [email protected]

CONFIDENTIALITY: This publication is intended for public distribution. The information may be freely quoted if the source is clearly stated. For detailed guidelines about how you may use this document and the data contained in it, please refer to our EBU-MIS Data Use Policy (available at www.ebu.ch/mis). If you have any doubt about how to use this information, please contact the Media Intelligence Service ([email protected]).

DISCLAIMER: Please note that the EBU is not liable for any errors or inaccuracies in data provided by third parties.

2 512 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY FOREWORD

The Public Service Media Contribution Therefore, we commissioned Dr. Stephen to Society Initiative has gone a long way Cushion, from the Cardiff School of since it started in 2015. Most of us started Journalism, Media and Culture, to as neophytes in this area but since then reflect on how PSM's news output we have managed to build a community contribute to a stronger democracy. of people interested in rethinking the role As his work illustrates, news can of public service media (PSM) in society have a democratic value and PSM's by putting citizens at the centre of their distinctiveness in providing news turns work. these organizations into a unique asset for a healthy democracy. Even people Together we developed the Contribution who do not consume public media's to Society mindset, a new approach news also benefit from their output given to understand and make citizens its spill over effects and how they raise understand how individuals and society standards across the industry. as a whole benefit from the activities of PSM. In the last four years, this idea has This piece of research adds to recent been embraced by a number of EBU EBU projects around news: from the Members, which have adapted it to their recently launched Journalism Trust needs according to their national and Initiative to combat disinformation and corporate circumstances. our sponsorship of the International Constructive Journalism Institute to In the last months, EBU Members our participation in the EU High Level have started to analyse how PSM Group on Fake News and the Council contributes to a better democracy. of Europe's Committee of experts on While traditionally this has been quality journalism in the digital age. operationalized providing reliable and All of them build on EBU and Member's trustworthy news, now based on the legacy and remit to contribute to an PSM Contribution to Society mindset, informed citizenship, expressed in EBU Members aim to understand the practical terms through the Eurovision overall impact of their activities, notably News Exchange, through which news, on democracy. It is not just about broadcasters exchange more than how many people are reached but how 45,000 hours of edited news stories those people use PSM's news output and every year including 9 hours of live related activities to shape their mind, coverage per day. participate in the public debate and take informed decisions. Thanking Dr. Cushion for his contribution, we hope this report will inspire EBU Given these developments and Members and any person interested in all the concerns across Europe on public service media and news, helping misinformation practices in the last two them understand better how crucial years, this report is a timely contribution a vibrant and impact-oriented PSM is that I am sure will be appreciated. nowadays.

Dr David Fernández Quijada Manager of Media Intelligence Service

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 513 3 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY

VALUING JOURNALISM IN A DISPOSABLE NEWS CULTURE

In an increasingly market-driven news environment, public service media (PSM) face growing pressure to justify the value of their journalism. After all, with online and social media, news has become more widely available and disposable, and can often be accessed instantly, at zero expense. Relying solely on advertisements for their funding, some newspapers are simply distributed for free in shopping centres and train stations. Like fast food, news has become a cheap and convenient commodity, accessible 24/7 online and even on the move.

But while news might be more freely available than ever before, the editorial standards of different outlets do not necessarily meet or satisfy people's expectations of what news should be in a properly functioning democracy. From exposing 'fake news' during elections, investigating data breaches at Facebook or reporting corruption, democracies rely on well-resourced newsrooms to inform citizens about what is happening in the world. If journalism as a commodity is being devalued and replaced by a fragmented supply of news and information, it may create an environment where news is cheap to consume but offers little democratic nourishment for advancing an informed or engaged citizenry.

At the same time, an ever-expanding range of media ostensibly serves citizens a menu of news that they can choose from. In a more deregulated media environment, the state no longer exercises the same degree of editorial oversight, allowing broadcasters greater freedom to innovate and set their own news agendas. And since market competition should in theory drive up standards, a more crowded and competitive media marketplace might help produce better quality journalism. So, for example, beyond broadcasting there are commercial print and online niche outlets such as The Guardian, ProPublica, The New York Times or Spiegel Online, which have market goals but fulfil the public service value of informing audiences about politics and public affairs. From that perspective, democracy could be enhanced by a shift from public-service to market-driven media systems.

LIKE FAST FOOD, NEWS HAS BECOME A CHEAP AND CONVENIENT COMMODITY, ACCESSIBLE 24/7 ONLINE AND EVEN ON THE MOVE.

4 514 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY

FOCUS OF THIS REPORT: PSM VS COMMERCIAL BROADCAST NEWS

Against the backdrop of a fast-changing and increasingly commercialised media landscape, PSM face a number of questions about their continued role and relevance. This report will examine the evidence about news produced by PSM and consider the implications for democracy in two ways.

First, it will draw on the latest academic scholarship to examine the evidence about whether PSM produce news that is distinctive from their market-driven rivals. Second, it will consider how informative PSM coverage is compared to their commercial competitors. It will assess the latest research to establish whether public or commercial media systems offer the most effective way of raising public knowledge about politics and public affairs.

The focus throughout is largely on broadcast media, since much of the research in academic literature analyses television news programming, in particular newscasts, which can be compared between PSM and more market-driven organizations, as well as cross-nationally (Cushion, 2012). While there are many types of broadcast programme that contribute to a well-informed citizenry, television newscasts continue to be a popular source of information in advanced Western democracies (Cushion, 2015; Cushion and Thomas, 2018). There are also a number of niche commercial print and online news outlets, as previously acknowledged, which have worked with PSM to expose corruption and which play a vital watchdog role. Comparatively speaking, however, many of these organizations do not have the size or reach of national PSM. In this sense, PSM are not the sole source of important news, but they remain one of the most significant because of the continued influence broadcasters have in most advanced Western democracies (Cushion and Thomas, 2018).

The findings will be discussed in light of the contribution PSM make in informing the citizenry and enhancing democratic debate.

Overall, the following questions will be answered: – How can the quality of news between different media systems be assessed? Do PSM newsrooms produce news of higher editorial standards compared with commercial television news? – Which media system most effectively raises people's understanding and knowledge of politics and public affairs? Do PSM help produce a more informed citizenry than commercial outlets?

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 515 5 UNDERSTANDING DISTINCTIVENESS AND COMPARING NEWS OUTPUT

The term ‘distinctiveness’ is used in this report to refer to whether PSM produce news of a higher editorial standard than commercial broadcast media. After all, one of many long-standing principles of public service media is to deliver what the market neglects, since PSM should in theory operate free from commercial pressures and influence. In remaining distinctive, this should not mean PSM cannot strive to be popular or only cover those areas that market-driven organizations fail to address. However, many PSM organizations have the difficult task of ensuring they remain widely supported by the public – who invest financially in the service – while also fulfilling public service obligations in areas such as news programming that may not attract as many viewers as entertainment-based shows.

So how can distinctive news be interpreted? There is a range of widely shared editorial values and standards that many journalists would subscribe to, such as reporting truthfully or accurately, being independent or impartial, and serving the public interest. But measuring how far these standards are met is both conceptually and empirically challenging. So, for example, what interests the public may not represent news in the public interest. As many legal disputes have shown, public- interest journalism is a subject of fierce debate.

In order to empirically compare how distinctive PSM is from commercial media, it is necessary to make value judgements about output that can be measured across media with some degree of precision. Since most news organizations strive to advance people's understanding of the world, one measure of distinctive news is tracking the agenda of issues routinely pursued. Above all, news aims to empower citizens in a democracy, encouraging them to make informed choices and judgements about social, economic and political issues. From informing voters about their policy options during an election campaign to explaining civic unrest or famine conditions in war-torn countries, the informational fuel supplied by news media is essential to the genesis of an informed citizenry.

Put simply, understanding the democratic value of news – such as tracking the informative agenda of daily news programmes – can help assess the quality of journalism produced by different media systems. As will now be explored, the intrinsic value of news can be measured and compared in a variety of ways. Needless to say, empirical studies of news cannot easily capture and quantify the democratic value of journalism, but the following studies will help paint a quantitative picture of PSM and commercial television news.

6 516 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY IS PSM DISTINCTIVE FROM COMMERCIAL TELEVISION NEWS?

In The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter (Cushion, 2012), I examined over 250 studies that considered whether the editorial standard of PSM news was distinctive from commercial output. Most of the research was about European countries or the US because most English-language academic publications emanate from these parts of the world. Overall, the most conclusive comparative findings related to analysing news agendas in routine periods of time and during election campaigns. In both cases, the weight of evidence showed public service media was far more informative, which was measured by news being more likely to empower citizens in democracy, such as telling people about the policy choices of different political parties, rather than reporting celebrity gossip or crime stories.

Overall, this book established that there tended to be a higher proportion of 'hard' news in PSM, which addressed issues such as politics and international affairs, rather than 'soft' news, including crime or entertainment news. During election campaigns, PSM were also more likely to report policy issues than market-driven media, which often placed greater emphasis on game or strategy stories.

While studies analysing journalism over time have found news agendas generally shifting from 'hard' to 'soft' reporting, this was more pronounced on market-driven media. In effect, this meant PSM, most of the time, were more likely to supply a harder news agenda, reporting more domestic issues or international affairs, which offer policy or analytical information. Curranet al.'s (2012) study of nine countries broadly found this pattern of coverage across a range of different countries. In other words, a broadly distinctive pattern is that public service bodies tend to supply a higher volume of hard news than market-driven media. While not all PSM produced more hard news than commercial media, overall most did and when they did not in all but two cases hard news accounted for more than 60% of the agenda. Meanwhile, Reinemann et al.'s (2016) analysis of 160 outlets across 16 countries found harder news emanated from public service media than from commercial television networks, broadsheet newspapers and websites.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 517 7 IS PSM DISTINCTIVE FROM COMMERCIAL TELEVISION NEWS DURING ELECTION CAMPAIGNS?

Second, during election campaigns – a key point in any democracy – PSM focus more on issues and policy implications than market-driven media. That might involve, for example, scrutinizing the manifesto promises of parties or independently examining how credible they are. Commercial media, by contrast, tended to report more game or strategy-type stories, which centre on who's up or down in the polls as well as the campaigns and personalities of the electoral contest. PSM also covered low-key campaigns, such as local or European elections, which were often ignored by market- driven media. Political scientists have labelled these 'second-order' elections, since they are not necessarily viewed as being as significant as general or presidential elections. But given local and European bodies exercise considerable power, from decisions about the environment and consumer rights to social care and collecting rubbish, reporting their election campaigns and scrutinizing the issues citizens are voting on is vital to the health of a democracy.

As Chart 1 shows, while all UK television news bulletins widely reported the 2015 and 2017 general election campaigns, it was the BBC – a public service broadcaster – that consistently dedicated time to covering both the local and EU election campaigns. So, for example, whereas Channel 5's 5pm bulletin spent just 1.2% and 1.0% of its total news agenda covering the 2009 and 2013 local and/or EU election campaigns, on the BBC News at Six it accounted for 6.2% and 4.7% respectively. Broadly speaking, most official campaigns lasted approximately six weeks, which is the period of time analysed, including weekends.

Type Chart Title here: Proportion of time spent reporting different types of election campaigns in UK television news bulletins Type Chart Sub-Title here: (by percentage time)

Column1 Column2 Chart 1: Proportion of time spent reporting different types of election campaigns in BBC 6,2% UK television news bulletins (by percentage time) ITV 5,4% Proportion of time spent reporting different types of election campaigns in UK television news Channel 4 3,2% bulletins Channel 5 1,2% (by percentage time) 4% .

Total 4,0% 2% 9% 8% . . . 52 1% . 51 7% . 49 49 5% 0% . 4% . 0% 47 BBC 4,7% . . 45 43 43 42

ITV 1,3% 42 Channel 4 3,6% Channel 5 1,0% Total 3,0%

BBC 13,2% 2% . 2% . 2% . 15 ITV 10,0% 0% . 13 12

Channel 4 15,2% 10 2% 5% . 4% 7% . . 0% . 6% . 2% 6 0% . 5 5

Channel 5 5,5% . . 4 4 3% 2% 3 0% 3 3 . . . 1 1

Total 12,2% 1

BBC 49,8% 2009 EU/ local 2013 local 2014 EU/ local 2015 general 2017 general ITV 43,5% election election election election election Channel 4 49,9% Channel 5 52,4% BBC ITV Channel 4 Channel 5 Total Total 47,1% Source: adapted from Cushion (2018). BBC 42,4% ITV 42,0% Channel 4 51,2% Channel 5 43,0% Total 45,7%

8 518 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY In the UK there are also commercial public service broadcasters, which each operate with different regulatory obligations. Channel 5 – the broadcaster subject to the lightest regulations in news programming – produced the fewest stories about the local and EU election campaigns.

Although the quality of news can differ between public service media, the very presence of a well-resourced and regulated PSM within a country can also help elevate the standards of journalism more widely (Cushion et al., 2012). Or, put more succinctly, well-resourced PSM help promote a race to the top in news standards within a mixed media system. So, for example, a market-driven news channel, Sky News, has resisted any pressure to conform to the more US-style of Fox News not just because of the UK's strict regulatory guidelines but arguably thanks to the professional commitment and culture of journalists who want to report accurately and impartially (Cushion and Lewis, 2009). While Fox's partisan approach to news reporting has proven highly successful and influential in the US, and has been emulated by other US news channels such as MSNBC, the UK's public service culture and regulatory framework have meant its sister channel, Sky News, has not become 'Foxified'.

In the US, by contrast, PSM are not well funded or widely watched. The US is dominated by a market media-system and subject to limited regulation that would encourage fair and balanced journalism. Unlike most other democracies, for example, broadcasters do not have to follow rules about impartiality, which is why many news channels, such as Fox News and MSNBC, have clear partisan agendas. Compared to the UK's commercial broadcasters, which have some public service obligations, wholly market-driven news media do not have to meet specific editorial standards or obligations. So, for example, the US's main network news bulletins – ABC, CBS and NBC – all schedule their news at the same time (6:30 pm), whereas in the UK's hybrid media system a regulator – Ofcom – oversees scheduling to ensure audiences have a plurality of news sources to watch at different times of the day.

WELL-RESOURCED PSM HELP PROMOTE A RACE TO THE TOP IN NEWS STANDARDS.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 519 9 The balance and agenda of the US's market-driven media compared to the UK's commercial public service media can be shown in coverage of the 2016 and 2017 US and UK presidential and general election campaigns. In the three main US network evening bulletins, there was barely any news about the presidential candidates' policy positions supplied throughout 2016. As one study found, between January 1, 2016, and October 21, 2016, just 8% of the news agenda on ABC and NBC in this period of time was spent reporting stories that focused on candidates' policy positions rather than other aspects such as personal issues or conflicts, although that was slightly higher – 16% – on CBS (adapted from Boehlert, 2016). There was also a clear imbalance in the time allotted to presidential candidates to articulate their views Type Chart Title here: Comparative coverage of electionduring the campaignscampaign. Tyndall's on US (2016) network study newsof network during television 2016 news, for example, Type Chart Sub-Title here: (minutes of coverage) revealed coverage of Donald Trump's campaign was double that of Clinton's – 1,144 minutes compared to 506 minutes – throughout the entire of year of 2016 (see Chart 2). Column1 Column2 ABC 434 NBC 393 Comparative coverage of election campaigns on US CBS 317 networkChart 2: Comparative news during coverage 2016 of Trump and Clinton election campaigns on US network(minutes of news coverage) during 2016 (minutes of coverage)

ABC 199

NBC 159 434 CBS 149 393 393

317

199

159

149

Donald Trump campaign Hillary Clinton campaign

ABC NBC CBS

Source: adapted from Tyndall (2016).

By contrast, as Chart 3 demonstrates, the UK's commercial public service media and market-driven news channel reported far more policy coverage, while Chart 4 shows coverage was, broadly speaking, more balanced between the main political parties.

10 520 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY Type Chart Title here: Proportion of airtime about policy issues on television news bulletins during the 2015 and 2017 UK general election campaig Type Chart Sub-Title here: (by percentage time)

Column1 Column2 BBC 42,6% ITV 34,3% ChartProportion 3: Proportion of airtime of airtime about aboutpolicy policy issues issues on television on television news news bulletins bulletins during the 2015 and 2017 UK general election campaigns Channel 4 39,7% during the 2015 and 2017 UK general election campaigns Channel 5 31,7% (by percentage time) Sky News 31,4% Total 37,0% 7% 5% 3% 5% 55 . 2% 0% 53 . BBC 53,5% 53 . 52 . 51 . ITV 52,5% 50 . 6%

Channel 4 55,7% 7% 42 . Channel 5 50,0% 0% 39 . 3% 37 .

Sky News 51,2% 7% 4% 34 .

Total 53,3% 31 . 31 .

2015 2017

BBC ITV Channel 4 Channel 5 Sky News Total

Source: adapted from Cushion et al. (2016) and Cushion (2018).

Proportion of airtime for political parties on UK television news during the 2017 UK Chart 4: Proportion of airtime for political parties on UK television news general election (byduring percentage the time 2017) UK general election

BBC 38.4% 33.7% 8.5% 10.1%

ITV 36.0% 33.9% 11.5% 6.6% 6.1%

Channel 4 41.2% 36.4% 9.8%

Channel 5 39.8% 29.2% 11.0% 6.2% 7.8%

Sky News 37.0% 37.5% 11.1% 8.7%

Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats UKIP SNP

Greens Plaid Cymru Other Note: No labels below 5%

Source: adapted from Cushion (2018).

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 521 11 THE FUTURE OF NEWS AND PSM LIMITATIONS

Most of the comparative research about public and market-driven media systems is based on broadcast news coverage. However, there is a growing body of evidence about online news that reinforces the conclusion that PSM supplies distinctive news from market-driven media. As Humprecht and Esser's (2016: 16) comprehensive MEDIA SYSTEMS study of news content in 48 websites in six countries – France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, the UK and US – concluded: "Strong commercialization seems to restrict WITH HIGH the exploitation of online journalism's digital potential to a certain degree. Moreover, EXPENDITURES media systems with high expenditures in public service broadcasting (e.g. Great Britain, Germany) have more sophisticated online news providers than systems with IN PUBLIC marginalized public media". Their assessment was based on considering each outlet's transparency in linking to external sources, documents or websites; the degree of SERVICE background information, such as graphics, news boxes, graphs, maps or animations; and whether there was any follow-up communication in forums or chats (Humprecht BROADCASTING and Esser, 2016: 506). HAVE MORE In broader terms, the study argued that since many public service media have SOPHISTICATED invested in online news, they demonstrated its democratic value by producing news that serves citizens with high-quality journalism. While there is fierce competition ONLINE NEWS between PSM and commercial broadcasters in online news and new interactive technologies, studies examining content show the former is producing news PROVIDERS THAN distinctive from market-driven media. SYSTEMS WITH At the same time, PSM should not be immune to criticism. The impartiality of PSM has often be called into question in political reporting, where the state may exercise MARGINALIZED too much control, compromising the ability for broadcasters to act independently PUBLIC MEDIA. or remain impartial. This is a form of elite control, where even well-intentioned PSM attempt to deliver a public good but remain wedded to institutional relationships and forms of indirect political pressure and scrutiny that can influence news choices and judgements (Freedman, 2018). This may be a symptom of their relationship with the government of the day, and how their current and future funding are organized. There are potentially ways PSM can be restructured to help create more independent news- gathering and journalism, where the state is more detached from funding decisions and a more democratic system of governance is established (see, for example, Media Coalition Reform, 2018).

Nevertheless, the evidence presented overall in this report so far shows that public service media tend to supply more serious and balanced coverage of politics and public affairs than market-driven media systems. In countries with a hybrid media system, where public-private obligations overlap, the very presence of public service obligations can help raise the editorial standards of journalism. Or, to put it another way, PSM help mitigate the costs of free market failure.

But while PSM may be more informative than their commercial competitors, which media system most effectively raises people's knowledge about politics and public affairs?

12 522 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY TOWARDS AN INFORMED CITIZENRY: DO PSM MORE EFFECTIVELY RAISE PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE THEN COMMERCIAL MEDIA?

The media can make a significant contribution to democracy by creating more informed citizens, enhancing voters’ knowledge and understanding of issues. However, this is contingent on the quality of information supplied by different media, which can not only inform citizens but misinform them about politics and public affairs.

Since most countries have an increasingly fragmented and hybrid media, where people interact and access news across multiple platforms, it is difficult to isolate the influence of one media system over another. Interpreting causality – establishing a direct relationship between media and audiences – is methodologically complex. After all, knowledgeable or interested news viewers may turn to more informative news outlets, meaning the cause is not media coverage but wider and pre-existing influences. In other words, there are many factors at play when interpreting public knowledge, from levels of education and social welfare to cultural norms, such as interest in or engagement with politics within different countries.

However, after taking into account many external factors that make and shape people's knowledge and understanding of issues, a growing body of research has identified that PSM helps create more informed citizens than market-driven media.

So, for example, Soroka et al.'s (2013) survey of six countries – Canada, Italy, Japan, Norway, the UK and South Korea – found public service television news viewing PUB LIC SERVICE generally enhanced people's knowledge about public affairs. However, this varied according to how broadcasters were financed, audience share and the relative MEDIA TEND TO independence of each organization. In other words, public service media were less likely to raise people's knowledge about public affairs if they were reliant on SUPPLY MORE commercial income, were not widely watched or listened to, or if the state had an influence on the editorial content of news. The study also discovered that in the SERIOUS AND country where state interference in public broadcasting was most evident, watching BALANCED public service television did not effectively enhance people's knowledge. COVERAGE OF Curran et al.'s (2009) content analysis of television news and survey of four countries – the US, UK, Norway and Finland – revealed the latter two countries were most POLITICS AND knowledgeable about public affairs. The knowledge gap was most striking between uninterested political news viewers in the US compared to European countries, which PUBLIC AFFAIRS is due – they argued – to citizens having regular access to reliable sources of news supplied most prominently by PSM. They concluded empathically: "media provision of THAN MARKET- public information does matter, and continued deregulation of the broadcast media DRIVEN MEDIA is likely, on balance, to lead to lower levels of civic knowledge". Similarly, Iyengar et al.'s (2009) comparative survey of US and Swiss audiences discovered "dark areas SYSTEMS. of ignorance" among Americans, which they explained by the limited supply of international news produced by US market-driven media.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 523 13 THE ROLE OF PSM IN AN INCREASINGLY PARTISAN NEWS ENVIRONMENT

Moreover, the rise of partisan news channels in the US has meant people are increasingly turning to outlets that reinforce their own ideological beliefs, a behaviour known as partisan selective exposure. Bos et al.'s (2016: 10-11) survey of people in the Netherlands found the presence of public service media mitigated partisanship because they played "a unifying, and nation-binding role… a strong public news provision…is an important condition to avoid the US situation where the public sphere appears to have become different public spheres". Put another way, the presence of public service media appears to challenge the growth of filter bubbles or echo chambers, which are concepts used to describe people insulating themselves from news they do not agree with. The wider consequences of PSM thus help ensure more citizens receive impartial news, covering a wide range of topics rather than being exposed to information that ideologically aligns with people's own beliefs. Over recent years, academics have begun to more closely interpret studies about the content of news in light of people's responses to survey-based questioning. So, for example, a study of how European integration was framed in Dutch media found some news topics, such as coverage of conflict, increased the likelihood of people voting and knowledge about the issue. In their view, "it is not sufficient to rely on exposure measures and to merely speculate about media content" (de Vreese and Boomgaarden, 2006: 333). Instead, they argued, it is necessary to more carefully consider the nature of coverage across different programmes together with interpreting audiences' engagement with and knowledge about different issues.

A four-wave survey in Swedish public and commercial news programming examined people's knowledge in three contexts: the 2014 General Election, the EU Parliamentary Election and in a non-election period the same year. In each case, exposure to PSM raised people's understanding of key issues, contributing to Sweden’s democratic health as more people may have cast a more informed vote at the ballot box. When considering the degree to which different programmes' impact on people's understanding of politics, the study established certain public service formats enhanced knowledge to a greater degree. As the author concluded: "knowledge effects are stronger for one public service TV news show than for the other. This indicates that it is not ownership per se that is decisive. The format and the content also matter" (Strömbäck, 2017: 13; emphasis added).

THE PRESENCE OF PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA APPEARS TO CHALLENGE THE GROWTH OF FILTER BUBBLES OR ECHO CHAMBERS. 14 524 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY Goidel et al. (2017) drew on survey data in the US, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands to explore the relationship between television viewing and support for democratic ideals. They concluded that because citizens were being better informed by public service news, it "translates into a greater appreciation for democratic governance as reflected in the importance individuals attach to living in a democracy, the value they place on a democratic political system, and the rejection of authoritarian alternatives" (Goidel et al., 2017: 850-1). By contrast, in more market- driven media systems, such as in the US, "television news is not associated with democratic attitudes but is associated with support for authoritarian alternatives (a strong political leader or military rule)" (Goidel et al., 2017: 851). While they acknowledged both the political system and economic context in different countries help shape people's perceptions of democratic ideals, the democratic attitudes measured in the survey were cross-nationally consistent across television news but not when exposed to other types of media.

Over recent years, people have been relying more on news beyond of television – from social media to online websites and blogs. Many public service broadcasters have invested heavily in online news or social media (Sehl et al., 2016), producing high-quality content (Humprecht and Esser, 2016). There is limited research about how effective different media systems are in informing people across new platforms and content providers, such as Facebook and Twitter.

In a media environment with increasingly more choice of news sources, PSM play a critical role in what is known as incidental learning. Simply put, this means people learning from the news almost by accident because they are more likely to encounter information supplied by PSM, giving them opportunities to acquire knowledge they may not have been exposed to in a heavily market-driven systems. In the US, for example, there is plenty of news available but it is often ghettoised or politicised. In many countries with better resourced PSM, by contrast, people are more likely to be exposed to news with high editorial standards on broadcast, online or social media platforms.

EXPOSURE TO PSM RAISED PEOPLE'S UNDERSTANDING OF KEY ISSUES.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 525 15 IF THE HEALTH OF A DEMOCRACY IS MEASURED CONCLUSION: THE NEED FOR PSM IN AN BY HOW WELL INCREASINGLY COMMERCIALISED MEDIA ITS CITIZENS LANDSCAPE ARE INFORMED, At a time when concerns are mounting about fake news and disinformation, ensuring news is delivered with high editorial standards is essential to sustaining a well- PSM PLAY A functioning democracy. News after all can empower citizens by providing them with the informational fuel to understand and learn about politics and public affairs in their CRUCIAL ROLE democracies. But while the range of news sources has increased over recent decades IN TELLING across broadcast, online and social media platforms, the quality of news can markedly differ across media systems cross-nationally. PEOPLE WHAT

Comparing output across public service and market-driven media, the weight of IS HAPPENING evidence shows it is the former that is more likely to report news that has democratic value. In an increasingly commercialised media environment, this demonstrates IN THE WORLD. PSM provide a valuable and distinctive news service by supplying news that better enhances people's understanding of politics and public affairs, leading to more knowledgeable citizens. In other words, if the health of a democracy is measured by how well its citizens are informed, PSM play a crucial role in telling people what is happening in the world.

However, media systems are not uniformly the same across countries; regulatory environments can create private media that deliver public service programming. Empirical studies drawn on throughout this report have also established that media with some public service obligations tend to produce news of higher editorial standards than entirely market-driven media. Indeed, even the very presence of a well-resourced public service media within a country can impact on the wider editorial standards of journalism, such as informing people accurately and impartially about events.

In exploring the relationship between media systems and public knowledge, surveys have consistently shown that PSM, above all, most effectively raise people's knowledge and understanding of politics and public affairs. This was most apparent among widely consumed and well-funded public service media, which had the most freedom to operate independently without editorial interference. More generally, it was found that PSM play an important role in preserving democratic ideals and remaining impartial or objective in an increasingly partisan media environment. As more people are exposed to dubious or politicised information on sites such as Twitter and Facebook, PSM offer reliable and credible news that not only serves the needs of individuals but benefits entire democracies, since people can act more rationally as citizens when they have access to accurate news and information.

16 526 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY As the commercial media landscape expands in many countries, the temptation for already cash-strapped governments could be to cut funding for PSM and let the market fill the gap. However, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that PSM not only produce distinctive news with high editorial values, they are also best equipped to inform people about the world. In other words, public policy-making about media systems has profound effects on the health of any democracy. As Soroka and colleagues (2013: 738) succulently put it, "governments' decisions about funding for public broadcasters seem in many cases to be very much like decisions about just how well informed their citizens will be".

The evidence amassed throughout this report points to some clear conclusions about the role of PSM. Above all, they make a profound contribution to many democracies by raising editorial standards and citizen's knowledge about what is happening in the world. This body of research needs to be more effectively communicated to relevant stakeholders to persuade legislators about the continued value of funding and safeguarding PSM.

In an era of media proliferation, the evidence not only shows PSM produce news that is distinctive from market-driven broadcasters, but also news that has a higher democratic value. In so doing, PSM make a significant contribution to the health of many democracies, acting as an important information source about politics and public affairs for many people, and empowering citizens to engage and participate in society more generally. Just as media audiences are fragmenting across a range of market-driven platforms, PSM continue to offer a distinctive democratic service, not just for some audiences but for all citizens in a democracy.

THE EVIDENCE NOT ONLY SHOWS PSM PRODUCE NEWS THAT IS DISTINCTIVE FROM MARKET-DRIVEN BROADCASTERS, BUT ALSO NEWS THAT HAS A HIGHER DEMOCRATIC VALUE.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 527 17 REFERENCES

Boehlert, E. (2016) 'The media isn’t for Hilary Clinton: her emails have been covered than all policy proposals', Salon, 3 November, Salon Media Group. https://www.salon.com/2016/11/03/the-media-isnt-for-hillary-clinton-her-emails- have-been-covered-more-than-all-policy-proposals/

Bos, L., Kruikemeier, S. and de Vreese, C. (2016) 'Nation Binding: How Public Service: Broadcasting Mitigates Political Selective Exposure', PLoS ONE 11(5): 1–11. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155112

Curran, J., Iyengar, S., Lund, A. B. and Salovaara-Moring, I. (2009) 'Media Reporting, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study', European Journal of Communication 24 (1): 5–26.

Curran, J. et al. (2012) 'Media system, public knowledge and political engagement: an 11-nation study', unpublished material.

Cushion, S. (2012) The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cushion, S. (2015) News and Politics: The Rise of Live and Interpretive News. London: Routledge.

Cushion, S. (2018) 'Questioning the (conventional) wisdom of political reporting: Rethinking vox pops and interpretive journalism in five UK election campaigns (2009- 2017)', forthcoming.

Cushion, S. and Lewis, J. (2009) 'Towards a 'Foxification' of 24-hour news channels in Britain? An analysis of market-driven and publicly funded news coverage', Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism 10(2): 131–153.

Cushion, S., Lewis, J. and Ramsay, G. N. (2012) 'The impact of interventionist regulation in reshaping news agendas: A comparative analysis of public and commercially funded television journalism', Journalism 13(7): 831-849.

Cushion, S. and Thomas, R. (2018) Reporting Elections: Rethinking the Logic of Campaign Coverage. London: Polity.

Cushion, S., Thomas, R., Kilby, A., Morani, M- and Sambrook, R. (2016) 'Interpreting the media logic behind editorial decisions: Television News Coverage of the 2015 U.K. General Election Campaign’, International Journal of Press/Politics 21(4): 472–489.

18 528 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY de Vreese, C. and Boomgaarden, H. (2006) 'News, Political knowledge and participation: the differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation', Acta Politica 41(4): 317–341.

Freedman, D. (2018) '"Public Service" and the Journalism Crisis: Is the BBC the Answer?', Television and New Media, OnlineFirst. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1527476418760985

Goidel, K., Gaddie, K. and Ehrl, M. (2017) 'Watching the News and Support for Democracy: Why Media Systems Matter', Social Science Quarterly 98 (3): 836–855.

Humprecht, E. and Esser, F. (2016) 'Mapping digital journalism: Comparing 48 news websites from six countries', Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, OnlineFirst.

Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Bonfadelli, H. and Marr, M. (2009) “'Dark areas of ignorance” Revisited: Comparing International Affairs Knowledge in Switzerland and the United States', Communication Research 36(3): 341–358.

Media Coalition Reform (2018) 'Draft Proposals for the Future of the BBC'. http://www.mediareform.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/MRC_ flyer_20180312_WEB-1.pdf

Reinemann, C., Stanyer, J. and Scherr, S. (2016) 'Hard and Soft News'. In de Vreese, C., Esser, F. and Hopmann, D. (eds.) Comparing Political Journalism. London: Routledge.

Strömbäck, J. (2017) 'Does Public Service TV and the Intensity of the Political Information Environment Matter?', Journalism Studies 18(11): 1415–1432.

Sehl, A., Cornia, A. and Nielsen, R. K. (2016) Public Service News and Digital Media. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.

Soroka, S., Andrew, B., Aalberg, T., Iyengar, S., Curran, J., Coen, S., Hayashi, K., Jones, P., Mazzoleni, G., Rhee, J. W., Rowe, D. and Tiffen,R. (2013) 'Auntie Knows Best? Public Broadcasters and Current Affairs Knowledge',British Journal of Political Science 43(4): 719–739.

Tyndall, A. (2016) Year in Review, Tyndall Report. http://tyndallreport.com/yearinreview2016/

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 529 19 20 530 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY THE AUTHOR

STEPHEN CUSHION. PH.D. Reader School of Journalism, Media and Culture Director of Postgraduate Research Studies Cardiff University, United Kingdom [email protected]

Stephen Cushion is a Reader at the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Culture, and Director of Postgraduate Research Studies. He has written three sole authored books, News and Politics: The Rise of Live and interpretive Journalism (2015, Routledge), The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter (2012, Palgrave) and Television Journalism (2012, Sage), one co-authored book, Reporting Elections: Rethinking the Logic of Campaign Coverage (2018, Polity Press, with Richard Thomas) and co-edited The Future of 24-Hour News: New Directions, New Challenges (2016, Peter Lang, with Richard Sambrook) and The Rise of 24- Hour News: Global Perspectives (2010, Peter Lang, with Justin Lewis).

He has also published over 50 journal articles and book chapters on issues related to news, politics and journalism. He is Associate Editor of the academic journal Journalism Studies and is on the editorial board of several leading academic journals, including Journalism Practice, Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, Journalism Education and Journal of Applied Journalism and Media.

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 531 21 22 532 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is the world’s foremost alliance of public service media (PSM). Our mission is to make PSM indispensable. We have 73 Members in 56 countries in the European broadcasting area and an additional 33 Associates in Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas.

Our Members operate almost 2,000 television and radio channels together with numerous online platforms. Together, they reach audiences of more than one billion people around the world, broadcasting in more than 120 languages.

We are one EBU with two distinct fields of activity: member services and business services.

Our member services strive to secure a sustainable future for public service media, provide our Members with a centre for learning, sharing and expertise and build on our founding ethos of solidarity and cooperation to provide world-class content through our exchanges, coproductions and collective rights negotiations.

Our business services, operating under the Eurovision brand, are the media industry’s premier producer and distributor of top-quality live news, sport and entertainment with over 60,000 transmissions and almost 100,000 hours of news and sport every year.

We have offices in Brussels, Rome, Dubai, Moscow, New York, Washington DC, Singapore and Beijing. Our headquarters are in Geneva.

Discover more about the EBU www.ebu.ch

PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY 533 23 EUROPEAN BROADCASTING UNION L’Ancienne-Route 17A CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland

T +41 (0)22 717 21 11 F +41 (0)22 747 40 00 E [email protected] www.ebu.ch

PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Fotolia Pages: 4-5 / 6-7 / 8-9 / 12-13 / 14-15 / 20 / 22: Fotolia Pages: 16-17: iStock

24 534 PSM CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRACY APPENDIX 29: Submission dated 15th June 2018 from Mr Graham Dixon, Head of Radio, EBU Media

535 536 Archived: 23 June 2018 12:21:49 From: [Redacted] Sent: 15 June 2018 15:58:54 To: [Redacted] Subject: DIGITAL RADIO/EBU Importance: Normal Attachments: EBU-MIS_Digital-Radio-Report-2018.pdf ;r138.pdf ;

Dear Mr King

Anthony Pugh from Manx Radio called me to understand the EBU position and gain some international perspective regarding broadcast distribution. During our discussion, I was pleased to share our view on the importance of achieving a stable platform for future media, free at the point of use. I am also contacting you since he informed me that a Select Committee of Tynwald is looking at the future of public service broadcasting in the Isle of Man, and we are concerned that any future infrastructure should be seamless across different territories. For this reason, we are in close contact with the European bodies in Brussels about digitisation of radio.

The European Broadcasting Union, where I am Head of Radio, is the world’s leading alliance of public service media, with 73 Members in 56 countries. As an organisation, we monitor developments in media worldwide and can provide you with further information as necessary. It is our strong belief that any distribution system must be free-to-air, avoiding social exclusion and resilient at times of emergency, natural disasters and terrorism. We would be concerned about over-dependence on any platform which depends on an intermediary, such as a smart phone app which might go out of business or seek to prioritise particular services for reasons of monetization.

Many countries are moving towards DAB+ as the standard for digital terrestrial broadcasting, and though only Norway has switched off FM for national broadcasting, nonetheless this is the clear implicit direction of travel. I attach our most recent Digital Radio report, so you can see how widespread this development is.

We have a published recommendation on platforms, which you can find here: https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r138.pdf and attached. As you will see, this document recognises the importance of radio to European society; that radio is consumed in various places; the importance of a harmonised approach and energy efficiency. In response to these challenges, we make the following recommendation:

Digital radio broadcasting in VHF Band III, where it is available, be established and DAB+ (ETSI TS 102 563) audio services be used for new services.

We believe that DAB+ answers the many issues above. While there will naturally be various platforms - including IP - in use now and in the future, nonetheless, we would assert the importance of broadcast infrastructure, as also less susceptible to cyberattack and manipulation.

537 I am happy to provide more detail or discuss as necessary. Yours sincerely

Graham Dixon

Graham DIXON Head of Radio | EBU Media

T +41 [Redacted] www.ebu.ch

cid:[email protected]

************************************************** This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed. If you have received this email in error, please notify the system manager. This footnote also confirms that this email message has been swept by the mailgateway **************************************************

538 539 RELATED MEDIA INTELLIGENCE PUBLICATIONS

RADIO DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS 2017 AUDIO-ON-DEMAND 2017

The report identifies key trends in the use of various The report covers the various dimensions of the distribution networks with a focus on broadcast audio-on-demand market in Europe as well as networks. It provides EBU Members with a better developments in frontrunner markets, notably the understanding of international developments, with USA. It provides EBU Members with cutting-edge illustrations of both successful and unsuccessful cases. analysis, including both catch-up radio and podcasting. Only available to EBU Members Only available to EBU Members Find more publications on the Media Intelligence web page: www.ebu.ch/mis

540

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 EMBRACERS - GERMANY 19 ITALY 20 CONTENT NETHERLANDS 21

NEWBIES - BELGIUM FLEMISH 22 CZECH REPUBLIC 23 ABOUT THIS PROJECT 3 FRANCE 24 GLOSSARY 3 MONACO 25 METHODOLOGY 4 POLAND 26

HIGHLIGHTS 6 WAIT-AND-SEE - AUSTRIA 27 BELGIUM FRENCH 27 CONTENT AND OFFER 7 BULGARIA 28 TECHNOLOGY 7 CROATIA 28 SWITCHOVER PROCESS 8 GREECE 29 POLICY AND REGULATION 8 HUNGARY 29 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE 9 IRELAND 30 PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS 9 JORDAN 30 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 10 MALTA 31 CAR INDUSTRY 10 ROMANIA 31 SLOVAKIA 32 SLOVENIA 32 MARKET STATUS 11 SPAIN 33 SWEDEN 33 DIGITAL RADIO DASHBOARD 12 TUNISIA 34 DIGITAL RADIO MAP 13 TURKEY 34 UKRAINE 35 LEADERS - DENMARK 15 NORWAY 16 FOCUS: RADIO GENRES 36 SWITZERLAND 17 UNITED KINGDOM 18 WHAT’S NEXT? 40

541 ABOUT THIS PROJECT GLOSSARY

This is the third edition of a yearly report that the Media Digital radio: radio broadcast using the DAB or DAB+ Intelligence Service of the EBU publishes to support the standards. EBU’s Digital Radio Initiative. Digital radio sets: include clock radio, portable/tabletop Built upon the experience of the Digital Radio Toolkit, which radios, radio boomboxes, audio home systems, tuners, examined the key success factors for radio digitization, receivers and aftersales for car audio capable of receiving Digital Radio 2018 highlights the main achievements of the DAB/DAB+. previous year for digital radio, pointing out both its strengths and the areas that require action. It monitors the roll-out of Digital reach: total amount or percentage of population digital terrestrial radio in EBU Members' markets (the EBU that listen to digital radio. The time base (daily, weekly, Area). When relevant, insights are also provided into the monthly) may vary in some markets. Digital reach usually development of other digital platforms. includes all forms of digital radio, both broadcast and IP.

By doing this, the EBU helps radio industry stakeholders plan Digital share: percentage of time spent on digital radio their digital radio strategies and supports their advocacy out of the total time spent listening to radio. It usually initiatives. Ultimately, it supports their efforts to bring includes all forms of digital radio, both broadcast and IP. terrestrial digital radio to their territories, providing them with the data, the latest developments, a selection of best Digital-only: radio stations broadcasting in DAB or DAB+ practices and a market analysis. but not available on analogue networks, namely FM, MW and LW.

On-demand radio: digital radio downloaded or streamed by request and not listened to in a live stream.

Simulcast: radio service that is broadcast simultaneously over more than one network, for example FM and DAB+.

542

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 3 METHODOLOGY

This is an analysis of data collected systematically from The Vatican has not been included as it has no national different sources, including: market, but Radio Vaticana has been counted in each of • Statistics from broadcasters, governments, regulatory the countries where it offers DAB(+). authorities and industry trade bodies, both national and international. A station categorized as exclusive means that its signal is • Information and analysis from the trade press and experts. not available on FM, MW or LW in that same market. • Announcements from industry stakeholders such as EBU Members, regulatory authorities, network operators, The analysis is national, meaning that a local or regional manufacturers and industry trade bodies. station launching in a new area might constitute a new offer in that area but it is not counted as exclusive for All the insights provided have are an analysis of the best data that national market. Similarly, stations with different and information available at the time of writing (January licences in different local or regional areas have only been 2018). Additionally, an ad-hoc analysis of the content available counted once. in the EBU Area was commissioned to an academic expert. The insights provided have informed the digital radio This conservative approach explains why the number of dashboard, the breakdown of services per market and the stations in this report may differ from figures published focus section. by regulatory bodies or from those based on licences granted or active multiplexes. For the purposes of this report, digital radio is be taken to mean broadcast radio using the DAB or DAB+ standards. National numbers have been used in aggregating figures Although other digital radio standards do exist, their use is for the EBU Area. So, some overlap may exist with regard peripheral (DMB) or intended for international services (DRM). to stations that are available in more than one country Although also digital, internet radio is not included in the (e.g. relays of German-speaking stations in the Trentino- above definition. Alto Adige region of Italy or British stations in Malta).

The analysis covers the 28 markets and 27 countries where For details of sources or additional data and digital radio services are available. Belgium has two separate explanations please contact the Media Intelligence markets, the French and the Flemish communities, which are Service ([email protected]). autonomous in language, regulation and players involved.

543

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 4 This page intentionally left blank

544 HIGHLIGHTS CONTENT AND OFFER | TECHNOLOGY SWITCHOVER PROCESS | POLICY AND REGULATION INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE | PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS CONSUMER ELECTRONICS | CAR INDUSTRY

Highlights Market Status Focus What's Next

545

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 6 CONTENT TECHNOLOGY AND OFFER

BOOMING OFFER IP CANNOT REPLACE BROADCASTING

In just one year, the number of digital radio stations in Despite the proliferation of IP-based devices that can be the EBU Area grew by 288 to 1,503 (+23.7%). used for radio-listening, broadcast remains the This growth is fueled by non-public stations, which grew backbone of radio distribution and consumption. their offer a staggering +33.8%. In the big five European markets, online radio was on DAB+ and/or DAB services are now available in 27 average 8% of all radio consumption, becoming a markets and 26 countries across the EBU Area. supplementary platform of broadcast, which remains indispensable to radio's future.

MORE LOCAL NEW MAINSTREAM DEVICE FOR DIGITAL RADIO

Thanks to low-cost solutions, local services have Voice-controlled devices are becoming standard, with become the most common in digital radio multiplexes. 33 million units installed by 2017 and a projection of 255 Germany and the Netherlands started to test this million units by 2022 according to Juniper Research. approach in 2017 following Switzerland's example. In 2017 we found that radio-listening is one of the main This success is being replicated in the UK, where the activities on voice-controlled devices, which have government is holding a public consultation after a become a new entry point for digital radio. successful trial period that has seen a proliferation of local multiplexes spring up across the country.

546

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 7 SWITCHOVER POLICY AND PROCESS REGULATION

NORWAY COMPLETES FIRST FM SWITCH OFF MANDATORY DIGITAL TUNERS

In 2017, Norway became the first country to switch off While France is likely to make it mandatory for all its nationwide FM network, even though some local devices to have a digital tuner by next year, Italy has just services will continue for at least another 5 years in the passed a law for this to happen from 2020. Similar less populated areas. initiatives are also backed by governments in Germany Despite being a relatively quick process, the careful and the Netherlands. preparations by all stakeholders involved avoided major In a similar vein, in October 2017 the European incidents, and this is now a successful case study for Parliament published an amendment in favour of radio the countries looking at switching off FM. receiver regulation.

BUT OTHERS ARE CLOSE BEHIND REGULATING AND SETTING THE SCENE

Public broadcaster RAS has started to switch off some Regulators across Europe are taking an active and FM transmitters in the mountainous Italian region of sometimes leading role in the development of digital Trentino-Alto Adige: 19 fell silent on 5 December 2017 radio in their countries. Austria, France, Poland, Ukraine and 22 more will follow by the end of 2018. and Turkey are among the countries where digital radio Ultimately, its 212 FM transmitters will be reduced to has been most promoted by the regulator, sometimes fewer than 100 DAB+ sites offering 22 channels to even against the interests of the incumbent radio 99.5% of the population. players.

547

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 8 INSTITUTIONAL PUBLIC STRUCTURE COMMUNICATIONS

SHARED VISION AUDIENCES NEED TO BE INFORMED

The fastest growing new markets have learnt from the Information campaigns about the benefits of digital leaders' best practices and build their progress on a radio have become crucial in the leading markets. These shared collaborative project. The Netherlands and campaigns played an essential role in Norway during Belgium are good examples of this. the nationwide analogue switch-off and in Denmark to On the other hand, stagnation in the Czech Republic, inform the public about the switchover from DAB and Malta and Poland can be attributed to misalignment DAB+, but also in the United Kingdom. among players. All these countries run nationwide services and that Italy is an example on how to converge to achieve a helps communication. common vision.

PAN-EUROPEAN COLLABORATION PUBLIC FUNDS IN COMMUNICATIONS PAY OFF

If digital radio is a story of collaboration, it is now Public funds are being used to communicate the value reaching the next level: it is not just about national of digital radio. Switzerland started serious and stakeholders coming together but also international sustained efforts in 2017, funded by the government. A players, including the EBU, the Association of European similar approach will be taken in Belgium in 2018. The Radios (AER), WorldDAB, the European Digital Radio Danish campaign from 2017 to 2019 is also funded by Alliance (EDRA), RadioDNS or Radioplayer, the government. collaborating at different levels in a shared digital future.

548

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 9 CONSUMER CAR INDUSTRY ELECTRONICS

EUROPEAN TICK MARK DIGITAL THE NORM IN LEADING MARKETS

In 2017, a new ETSI standard for testing and approving The number of new cars sold with DAB+ in continental digital radio receivers provided new certainty about Europe grew by 43% in the first half of 2017, according future-proof devices among equipment manufacturers to WorldDAB. and consumers. It is not just the leading countries, such as Norway The standard, based on the British experience, sets out (virtually all cars are fitted with a digital radio receiver), the minimum specification for DAB digital radio the UK (88%) and Switzerland (66%), but also more receivers across Europe and is supported by WorldDAB recent DAB+ markets, such as Germany (39%) and and the EBU, as well as national broadcasters and Netherlands (35%). manufacturers.

RESILIENCE OF ANALOGUE RADIO SETS FIGHT FOR THE DASHBOARD IS ON

The debate on mandatory digital tuners is fed by the Broadcasters now witness increasing competition for a fact that with the exception of Norway, nowhere in prominent position in the car's dashboard. The industry Europe are digital receivers above 50% of total radio is making efforts to improve the users' experience with sets sales. This is a more limited offer for the time being digital radio. and may be frustrating for listeners if their markets For example, RadioDNS and WorldDAB have released eventually switch over. guidelines for car manufacturers and broadcasters to display stations' logos on the in-car sets.

549

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 10 MARKET STATUS

Highlights Market Status Focus What's Next

550

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 11 DIGITAL RADIO DASHBOARD

1019 468

Simulcast Digital-only DISTRIBUTION

371 1014 118

COVERAGE 1503 Public Commercial Other 345 504 654 digital stations National Regional Local OWNERSHIP

+23.7% in one year

551 Note: figures updated as of January 2018. Distribution breakdown does not include the 16 stations being tested in Bulgaria. Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 12 DIGITAL RADIO MAP

Digital leaders are the countries at the forefront of digital radio according to most indicators, including extensive coverage, expanded offer of new services, advanced legislation and regulation, including criteria and sometimes even dates for the switchover.

Digital embracers are those countries where DAB+ has been launched nationally, with exclusive services (different from analogue broadcasting). Receivers are on the market, promotion campaigns are being run and penetration is growing (at various rates).

Digital newbies are those countries that have recently launched DAB+ services, with exclusive stations but limited coverage (specific cities or regions) and limited or no commitment from some stakeholders.

Wait-and-see describes those countries where regular digital radio services or trials are available but there is nearly no market because of a lack of receivers and, generally, a lack of commitment from the various stakeholders (this can be seen, for example, in the lack of exclusive services).

552

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 13 WHAT CHANGED IN ONE YEAR? WHAT TO EXPECT FOR NEXT YEAR?

• ITALY: steady progress in rolling out the • Full DAB+ roll-out in BELGIUM FRENCH is likely to infrastructure, new regulatory developments and bring this market to the digital newbie category. renewed commitment by RAI have taken this market up to the digital embracer category. • Other markets moving fast-forward include GERMANY and the NETHERLANDS. • MALTA: signals of stagnation and inaction place this market in the wait-and-see category. • POLAND's development has stagnated with no sign of progress, so it is moving towards the wait-and-see • Three new countries started trials between May 2017 category. and January 2018: BULGARIA, CROATIA and GREECE. Now they are wait-and-see. • SERBIA might be the next market to start DAB+ tests

• Even without broadcast in place, JORDAN and UKRAINE are moving forward to roll out DAB+ sooner than later. So they have joined the wait-and- see category.

• In December 2017, LATVIA decided to discontinue its trial. This decision might be revised in the medium term.

553

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 14 DENMARK | LEADER

46 digital stations In October 2017 Denmark switched from DAB to DAB+ 35 11 The country is heading for a digital switchover in the Simulcast Digital-only next few years In October 2017, Denmark finally switched from DAB to DAB+. The 10 26 10 immediate consequence was a loss of 40% listenership for digital Public Commercial Other terrestrial radio. Overall listenership did not fall as people found other ways to listen to radio and immediately afterwards it started to recover, including a dramatic increase of digital radio sets. Overall, 18 19 9 DAB listening only decreased 16% in the fourth quarter of the year from the level in the first three quarters. Despite this expected drop, National Regional Local the nationwide information campaign that started in mid-2017 and will run until mid-2019 and the addition of new channels (+18 in one year) should put Denmark back on track for its goal of 50% digital radio listening, the point where a date for switching off the FM band would be discussed. According to TNS forecasts, this could happen by 2021.

Meanwhile, the digital-only service P5, which targets seniors with a SIGNAL DIGITAL mix of talk programmes and music from the 1950s and the 1960s, was COVERAGE REACH the fourth most listened-to radio station in 2017, with a 6.6% market share. This is one of the five exclusive services run by public 98% 46% broadcaster DR. At the same time, the analogue offer of six (population, 2016) (public broadcaster nationwide commercial services is growing, last year with the listeners, weekly, 2018) addition of Ekstra Bladet, Bauer’s Radio Klassisk and the BBC World Service, and will increase up to 18 channels. Twelve regional DAB multiplexes with up to 18 services are also being rolled out across the DAB DIGITAL country. RECEIVERS SHARE Progress is being hindered by the low penetration of digital radio n.a. 37% devices in cars. In 2017, it is estimated that around 16% of all cars sold were fitted with a DAB+ tuner. (public broadcaster, 2018) Sources: DR, GfK, JATO, Ministry of Culture, TNS Gallup.

554

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 15 NORWAY | LEADER

88 digital stations In 2017, Norway became the first country to switch off FM 39 49 Commitment and collaboration among stakeholders Simulcast Digital-only has facilitated a smooth transition Norway finalized the first nationwide FM switch-off in 2017 region by 14 70 4 region starting in January and finishing on 13 December. Now only Public Commercial Other local stations outside the larger urban areas broadcasting in FM. One-third of the total listening time is spent tuned in to stations not 29 59 previously available in analogue, showing the extent of acceptance of the new offer. At nationwide level, for instance, this meant moving National Local from 5 to 29 stations.

The number of devices capable of receiving DAB+ signals grew to 5.4 million, over half of the 10.1 million FM and DAB+ tuners before the switch-off. With fewer access points, daily reach in January was down 15.3% year on year although weekly reach and listening time remained flat. This drop in reach has already been absorbed in those regions that switched off earlier. Interestingly, internet radio has been used as SIGNAL DIGITAL an alternative to broadcast, as its reach grew one-third, while radio COVERAGE REACH through digital TV remained flat. Local radio stations remaining on FM also benefited temporarily from the switch-off, probably until 100% 82% listeners adapted all their devices. (population, 2018) (Q3 2017) This adaptation has been more difficult in cars. Although nearly all vehicles now sold in the country are equipped with a DAB+ receiver, older cars had to be retrofitted. This generated a high volume of DAB DIGITAL aftermarket sales, but not all cars were fitted on time. RECEIVERS SHARE According to those involved, despite some inconvenience and 82% n.a. complaints, the process went more smoothly than expected. (households, Q3 2017) Sources: Digitalradio Norge, Medietilsynet, NRK, TNS.

555

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 16 SWITZERLAND | LEADER

125 digital stations Most radio listening is digital, with DAB+ growing fast 61 64 The collaborative Swiss approach to switchover Simulcast Digital-only keeps all stakeholders aligned. In 2017, digital radio continued its steady progress in Switzerland. By 17 91 17 the end of 2017 covered 61% of total listening time. Of this, 34% Public Commercial Other corresponds to DAB+, 21% to internet radio and 6% to TV sets. By mid-2017 some 3.25 million DAB+ radios had been sold in 3 73 49 Switzerland, including 750,000 in cars. Around two-thirds of all new cars sold have a DAB+ tuner. National Regional Local The regulation is clear: in 2017 the government extended analogue and digital licences until 2024, the switchover year. However, from 2020 DAB+ will be considered the main distribution platform and FM might be abandoned before 2024. Additionally, simulcast costs are greatly subsidised by the government.

In February 2017 the regulator, Ofcom, launched an information SIGNAL DIGITAL campaign, with a second wave starting in summer. This populated COVERAGE REACH Swiss airwaves and streets with messages about the digital switchover. 99% n.a. (population, 2017) In parallel, the offer has grown and a much greater amount and variety of services are available to listeners. Public broadcaster SRG SSR offers six exclusive stations across the country, including MusikWelle, the top-3 station in the German-speaking market. DAB DIGITAL RECEIVERS SHARE The only doubt for the market is the vote on 4 March 2018 to scrap public funding for broadcasting. This could affect not only SRG SSR 43% 61% but most commercial broadcasters, which are partly funded by the fee and might compromise the current digitization process. (households, 2015) (fall 2017) Sources: Digimig, GfK, Ofcom, SRG SSR.

556

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 17 UNITED KINGDOM | LEADER

320 digital stations Digital radio listening will exceed analogue by 2018 Three-quarters of all nationwide commercial 209 111 listening is on digital-only stations Simulcast Digital-only Nearly half UK radio listening time is to digital signals (49.9% in Q4 56 229 35 2017). When 50% is exceeded, the government will take a decision Public Commercial Other about a switchover date. 73% of all listening to digital radio is done on DAB with internet 40 13 267 accounting for 17% and digital TV for 10%. The quick take-up of voice- controlled devices in the UK, where radio is a main activity, promises National Regional Local to add a new entry point for digital radio.

While in homes digital has already overtaken analogue, in cars it is only 32%. This figure is growing quickly thanks to nearly 90% of new cars being fitted with a digital radio tuner.

This take-up is the result of a greatly improved digital offer compared to analogue, especially nationwide, where 40 digital services compare SIGNAL DIGITAL to eight in analogue. In the last year, however, the growth has come COVERAGE REACH from new small-scale services backed in 2017 with a new bill in parliament that will allow for greater expansion. 98% 62% (population, 2017) (individuals, weekly, By the end of 2017, 34 million people tuned in to digital radio each Q4 2017) week, a 62% of the population. The two biggest digital-only radio stations were BBC Radio 6 Music and BBC Radio 4 Extra (2.3 million listeners weekly each). Nationwide commercial radio stations, many DAB DIGITAL of them digital-only, are also growing thanks to the launch of a RECEIVERS SHARE second nationwide multiplex in 2016 and three-quarters of the whole audience is digital. Including local commercial services, more than 61% 49.9% 50% of their listening time is already digital. (households, H2 2017) (Q4 2017) Sources: Ofcom, RAJAR, SMMT.

557

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 18 GERMANY | EMBRACER

183 digital stations Penetration is growing quickly - nearly 10 million receivers now installed 132 51 The government has offered a clear roadmap that Simulcast Digital-only ensures the viability of the switchover. Digitization is progressing fast in Germany. Its penetration has 69 105 9 doubled in three years and 15.1% of households now have at least one Public Commercial Other DAB+ receiver. In total, there are 9.9 million sets installed, one-third of them in cars. The number of vehicles equipped with DAB+ is growing quickly and 39% of new cars were already fitted in 2017. 13 121 49 Beyond car ownership, 16% of Germans use a DAB+ set to listen to National Regional Local radio, and it is the primary device for 5%. IP is also on the rise: it is the primary radio access for 7.7% of the population, while FM has lost nearly 10 points in 4 years, and is now the primary device for just 69.7% of Germans.

The increasing relevance of digital radio has built on a clear regulation, reinforced with the roadmap presented in April 2017 by the federal government. This includes a recommendation to SIGNAL DIGITAL introduce mandatory digital tuners in the country, the stimulation of COVERAGE REACH traffic information via TPEG and make transmission capacity available for a second national multiplex. Antenne Deutschland has already 96% 16% been chosen as the operator of this new multiplex, which will (population, 2017) (2017) dramatically increase the availability of nationwide DAB+ radio services in Germany, a market characterized by its regionalized structure.

DAB DIGITAL The government roadmap has not yet convinced VPRT, the RECEIVERS SHARE association of commercial broadcasters, which is in favour of the switchover but has its own demands. A consensus will need to be 15% n.a. found. (households, 2017) Sources: BMVI, DAT, die medienanstalten, VPRT

558

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 19 ITA LY | EMBRACER

166 digital stations Misaligned stakeholders are starting to converge in a common position 132 34 Coverage and offer are ahead of actual Simulcast Digital-only consumption, mostly boosted by car sales Previous misalignment of key stakeholders on the Italian market is 30 127 9 being reduced and this is likely to boost digital radio in the most Public Commercial Other developed southern European digital radio territory. In 2018, DAB+ coverage should increase from 75% to 83% according 32 134 to coverage plans from several operators. For example, public broadcaster RAI has announced plans to accelerate investment in National Regional radio technology. At the same time, a new amendment has been approved by the government that requires all new receivers to provide for digital reception, of any kind, from 1 January 2020.

These developments are the foundations of a growing offer for Italian listeners, a country with an already crowded analogue dial. Even so, DAB+ offers 34 digital-only services, many of them spin-offs of already well-known stations such as RTL 102.5. Public broadcaster SIGNAL DIGITAL RAI revamped its four digital-only stations in 2017 and now offers a COVERAGE REACH children's channel, an archive channel and two new music stations.

75% n.a. The result is starting to be seen in cars, as 28% of new vehicles sold (population, 2017) are fitted with DAB+. Elsewhere, digital radio sales are growing but from a very low baseline, making penetration of digital radio rather limited.

DAB DIGITAL In the northern region of Trentino-Alto Adige, German-speaking RECEIVERS SHARE public broadcaster RAS has started to switch off some FM transmitters now that it has reached 99.5% coverage of this 3% n.a. mountainous region. In 2018 further shut downs will follow. (households, 2017) Sources: AGCOM, GfK, RAI, WorldDAB.

559

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 20 NETHERLANDS | EMBRACER

160 digital stations 48% of all radio listening is already to digital sources, with DAB+ growing rapidly 118 42 The fastest-growing DAB+ market experiences Simulcast Digital-only increasing device sales, especially in cars Slightly more than 10% of the Dutch population aged 12 and older had 32 127 1 a DAB+ radio in the home or car in 2017. The number has almost Public Commercial Other doubled in a year. Thanks to strong collaboration among stakeholders, the Netherlands 36 35 89 is experiencing a rapid uptake of digital radio, sustained by regular promotional campaigns that have greatly increased the awareness of National Regional Local the public regarding digital radio and its consumption. Currently, 48% of all radio consumption is digital, with cable in a prominent position but with DAB+ growing fast as 13% of the Dutch listen to over-the-air DAB + radio.

In 2017, sales of DAB+ sets grew 25% and the estimated installed base is now over 700,000 devices. A segment that shows healthy growth is cars, with 35% now with DAB+ as standard. SIGNAL DIGITAL COVERAGE REACH The expanded coverage has encouraged the launch new stations, 42 of them digital-only. A small-scale multiplex was launched in 95% 13% Eindhoven and is likely to become the starting point for expanding (population, 2017) (individuals, 2017) this kind of service.

The ambitious approach to digital radio in the Netherlands is led by the trade body Digital Radio NL and enthusiastically supported by DAB DIGITAL the Dutch government. The goal is to reach 70% of digital listenership RECEIVERS SHARE by 2023. The tentative switch-off date of 2027 still needs to be confirmed by the government and will depend on further 12% 48% developments and uptake. (population, 2017) (2017) Sources: CBS, Digital Radio NL, GfK, NPO, WorldDAB.

560

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 21 BELGIUM FLEMISH | NEWBIE

17 digital stations Public broadcaster switched from DAB to DAB+ in 2017 12 5 Further progress expected in 2018 with main Simulcast Digital-only commercial stations fully launching in digital Digital radio is progressing steadily in the Flemish community of 9 8 Belgium. In 2017, public broadcaster VRT switched from DAB to Public Commercial DAB+, where it simulcasts five stations together with three digital- only services: hit-music (MNM Hits), classical music (Klara Continuo) and all-news (Nieuws+). 17 The commercial multiplex also expanded in 2017 and plans to National continue doing so in 2018. At the same time, its nine stations have become more attractive as four of them stopped broadcasting on FM when their licences expired at the end of 2017. BBC Worldwide and VBRO Evergreen are also digital-only. This offer includes the popular Q-music and Joe channels, from the leading commercial group Medialaan. Competitor Corelio is expected to launch its Nostalgie channel digitally no later than 1 September 2018 with the renewal of its FM licence. This means that all top-10 Flemish stations will be SIGNAL DIGITAL available in DAB+. COVERAGE REACH Device sales in Belgium are still low, but growing steadily and 95% n.a. approaching a 10% market share. (population, 2018) If everything goes according to plan, the pace of adoption and use of DAB+ might speed up from 2019. The regulatory incentives linked to licence renewal and the pledge to bar newcomers seem essential to DAB DIGITAL fostering commitment and investment from commercial RECEIVERS SHARE broadcasters, which are pivotal to generating and marketing an n.a. n.a. attractive digital radio offer that includes exclusive services. Sources: GfK, Ministry for Culture, Media, Youth & Brussels Affairs, Norkring, VRT.

561

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 22 CZECH REPUBLIC | NEWBIE

32 digital stations Government has postponed a nationwide strategy until 2021 20 12 Incentives are needed for commercial broadcasters Simulcast Digital-only to embrace DAB+ Digital radio did not make further inroads in the Czech Republic last 15 15 2 year. Public broadcaster Czech Radio is the most enthusiastic Public Commercial Other supporter of DAB, having created an in-house Team for Digital Audio Broadcasting. It has also developed exclusive services: CRo Radio Wave (youth station), CRo D-dur (classical music), CRo Jazz, CRo 6 26 Sport, CRo Rádio Junior (children) and CRo Rádio Retro, an archive service that offers topical channels. The most successful digital-only Regional Local station, the youth-oriented CRo Radio Wave, was able to attract 26,000 listeners per week in H2 2017.

Three different network operators carry the signals from Czech Radio and from the commercial broadcasters already involved in digital radio, including a dozen exclusive services. Their coverage reaches more than half of the population.

SIGNAL DIGITAL Prospects for further development of digital radio in the Czech COVERAGE REACH Republic are uncertain in the absence of commitment from leading commercial broadcasters. Despite some positive signs – such as the 58% n.a. fact that receivers retail for as little as EUR 12 and that some major (population, 2018) car brands are offering digital radio as an option – unless there is a commitment from commercial broadcasters and the government develops a national strategy, digital radio will see minimal roll-out and only slow take-up. DAB DIGITAL RECEIVERS SHARE So, the government needs to find the right incentives for those broadcasters. Until now, however, the government has not moved n.a. n.a. forward and in 2016 postponed the approval of a national digital radio strategy until 2021.

Source: Czech Radio.

562

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 23 FRANCE | NEWBIE

90 digital stations Regulator accelerates deployment of DAB+ with an ambitious plan 71 19 In 2018-2019 digital tuners might become Simulcast Digital-only mandatory in all radio sets sold in France. In December 2017, the regulator CSA, a long-time digital radio 8 55 27 supporter, published a roadmap for the acceleration of DAB+ Public Commercial Other deployment in France: by 2021, 70% of the French population should have access to at least one DAB+ multiplex, as the focus will be to cover the 30 most populated metropolitan areas and the main roads. 55 35 For the first time, the regulator is planning two national multiplexes with a total of 26 services. Regional Local This accelerated deployment of DAB+ is supported by independent commercial and community broadcasters. However, none of the four main commercial groups (RTL, Lagardère, NRJ and NextRadio TV), which have more than half of the market share, have been openly against digital terrestrial radio, preferring instead to develop a competitive internet offer including dozens of exclusive channels. Public broadcaster Radio France, which currently uses DAB+ to SIGNAL DIGITAL improve its coverage in the capital region, is slightly more COVERAGE REACH enthusiastic. It plans to do the same in other cities for its channels with less coverage, Mouv’ and FIP. Its competitive online offer might 19% n.a. be supplemented with DAB+ in the future. (population, 2017) Meanwhile, digital terrestrial radio moves on. In 2018 DAB+ will start in new areas, including the third largest city, Lyon. The new areas covered in 2018 will mean that more than the current 19% of the DAB DIGITAL French population is covered by digital terrestrial radio, activating an RECEIVERS SHARE article in the law that enforces the obligation to sell radio devices with digital reception capabilities, including those in cars. This n.a. n.a. activation might be a game-changer as currently only around 2% of all radio devices sold in France have a DAB+ tuner.

Sources: CSA, GfK, Radio France.

563

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 24 MONACO | NEWBIE

18 digital stations The coverage are includes Monaco and the French Riviera 9 9 Developments in the Monegasque market are linked Simulcast Digital-only to France Monaco has had DAB+ transmissions since April 2014, when network 1 16 1 operator Monaco Média Diffusion switched on the transmitter on Public Commercial Other Mont Agel, in neighbouring France. The proximity to France is key to understanding current and future developments of digital radio in Monaco. 18 Despite being a wealthy country, its small population (37,550 National inhabitants in 2016) limits its attractiveness for radio companies. However, the Monegasque DAB+ signal reaches from Menton, near the Italian border, to Cap d'Antibes, and covers most of the French Riviera, including cities such as Nice, which is nearly 10 times the size of Monaco and which is already served by French DAB+ services.

This explains why the two multiplexes carry a variety of French stations, such as Crooner Radio, Radio Latina or Radio Maria France. SIGNAL DIGITAL The offer is rounded off with local radios (Radio Monaco), foreign COVERAGE REACH stations for the large expatriate community in the area (Riviera Radio in English, Radio Baïkal in Russian or Medi1 Radio from Morocco in 100% n.a. Arabic) and the Arabic-language broadcast from the French world (population, 2018) service Monte Carlo Doualiya. This is the only public broadcaster available, as Monaco has no national public broadcaster of its own.

The current offer comprises 18 radio stations, although there is DAB DIGITAL capacity for 6 additional services. RECEIVERS SHARE n.a. n.a. Sources: IMSEE, MMD.

564

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 25 POLAND | NEWBIE

34 digital stations Once the main driver of digital radio, Polskie Radio has dropped its extension plan. 26 8 Opposition from commercial broadcasters and Simulcast Digital-only disinterest from government are the main barriers. The roll-out of digital radio in Poland has relied on the commitment of 26 8 public broadcaster Polskie Radio, which operates the multiplexes in Commercial which it offers a specific DAB+ stream for its international service and Public three exclusive stations: Polskie Radio Rytm (pop music), Polskie Radio Dzieciom (children), Radio Chopin (classical music) and 8 18 8 Czwórka, a previously analogue youth station. However, since the broadcaster's new management took office in 2016, no new National Regional Local developments have been reported and coverage extensions have been halted.

Fourteen of the 17 regional public broadcasters are also simulcasting their FM services and four have even created exclusive services: OFF.Radio Kraków, Radio Wrocław Kultura, Radio Szczecin Extra and Radio Opole 2.

SIGNAL DIGITAL One of the most enthusiastic supporters of digital radio in Poland is COVERAGE REACH the regulator, KRRiT, which has published a detailed roadmap for digital radio, covering issues relating to the financial costs of the 56% n.a. simulcast period and the possible effects of changing competitive (population, 2018) conditions in the radio market. Until now, the government has taken no action on the proposals put forward by this Green Paper.

Fierce opposition from the main commercial broadcasters, RMF, DAB DIGITAL Eurozet, TIME and Agora, is the main barrier to further development RECEIVERS SHARE of digital radio in Poland, as well as the negligible amount of digital tuners sold, resulting in extremely low audience figures for digital- n.a. n.a. only stations. (year, households) Sources: KRRiT, Polskie Radio.

565

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 26 AUSTRIA | WAIT AND SEE BELGIUM FRENCH | WAIT AND SEE

13 digital stations 8 digital stations 4 9 7 1 Simulcast Digital-only Simulcast Digital-only 13 8 Commercial Public 13 8 Regional National

After two years of trials, Austria will launch regular DAB+ Full launch of the a brand new DAB+ network expected services in 2018 for late 2018

Pushed by the regulator KommAustria, a DAB+ trial was launched in Regular DAB+ transmissions are expected from Q4 2018 in the Vienna in May 2015. In late 2017, KommAustria awarded RTG Radio French-speaking part of Belgium (Brussels and Wallonia), Technikum a multiplex licence to operate a regular service for 10 comprising four multiplexes operated by public broadcaster RTBF. years from April 2018. Coverage will gradually be extended to other parts of the country. Current RTBF services in DAB will switch to DAB+, where it is now testing its channels, including the exclusive youth-oriented Tarmac. The commercial broadcasters involved in the trial collaborate Additional capacity will be made available for commercial channels. through the trade body Digitalradio Österreich, which promotes radio broadcasting on new platforms. Devices are already available Tests for local stations were run in 2017 in Brussels, Charleroi and in major consumer electronics shops. Liège, as well as the German-speaking part of Belgium.

Neither of the two nationwide players, public ORF and commercially There is strong commitment of the public broadcaster RTBF and the owned Kronehit, are involved, as they would need specific incentives main commercial networks on switchover strategy from analogue to to take part, such as the opportunity to launch new services. digital radio on IP (a common online player was already launched in 2014), DAB+ and hybrid radio. Source: KommAustria. Source: BRF, RTBF.

566

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 27 BULGARIA | WAIT AND SEE CROATIA | WAIT AND SEE

16 digital stations 16 digital stations 16 Simulcast 16 16 Commercial Commercial 16 16 Local National

Bulgaria started its first DAB+ trial with commercial A one-year trial is running until November 2018 covering stations in 2017 while public radio will join soon 50% of the Croatian population

A DAB+ pilot started in May from a transmitter in Sofia run by ET On 20 November 2017, network operator OiV started a one-year DIP Trading. The Communications Regulation Commission (the DAB+ trial from 4 locations across Croatia covering two million frequencies regulator) issued this company a limited licence for test people, approximately half of the country's population. broadcasting at maximum power of 100 W. This trial follows the developments of the two regulatory bodies In parallel, public broadcaster BNR has applied to the Council for HAKOM and AEM, the main drivers of digital terrestrial radio in Electronic Media (the content regulator) for a licence for its flagship Croatia. It started with a call for expression of interest to take part in station Horizont (second most popular service in Bulgaria with 13.1% the trial. As a result, 16 commercial radio stations can now be market share in 2016) to broadcast DAB+ content in Sofia, but the received on DAB+. These include the most popular Croatian application is still pending. commercial radio stations with the exception of Otvoreni Radio (13.6% market share in 2016). For the time being, public broadcaster These are all precursors for a potential national strategy for digital HRT has not been involved in these tests (17.8% market share in radio, which would require appropriate legislation to be passed. 2016).

Sources: BNR, Communications Regulation Commission. Sources: HAKOM, OiV.

567

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 28 GREECE | WAIT AND SEE HUNGARY | WAIT AND SEE

7 digital stations 7 digital stations 6 1 7 Simulcast Digital-only Simulcast 7 3 4 Public Public Commercial 7 7 National National

Greece has just launched its first DAB+ tests No developments in Hungary in 2017

DAB+ broadcasts started in Greece early in 2018. Quick regulatory Hungary has been running a DAB+ trial since 2009. Three developments at the end of 2017 allowed the public broadcaster transmitters cover 30% of the population, located in the ERT to start testing its own multiplex comprising its five national metropolitan area around Budapest. Available services include channels, its international service and a parliamentary channel. For seven simulcast services, offered by public or commercial technical reasons, for the time being the tests are limited to Attica, broadcasters. the region around Athens. Although all the regulation is in place, the terms of the multiplex Until April 2018, the Greek national regulatory authority EETT is licence (which is valid until 2020) have not been finalized. The holding a tender for commercial radio licence for DAB+. Licences licence-holder, Antenna Hungária (owned by the Hungarian state), is are expected to be allocated shortly after. said to be working on redesigning the network. Other stakeholders are also rumoured to be willing to engage with digital radio: public As in many southern European countries, the FM dial in Greece is broadcaster MTVA would like to expand its current offer with the occupied by a large number of predominantly commercial stations. addition of at least seven new digital stations, while the regulator, NMHH, is keen to introduce the necessary changes to support a Sources: ERT, EETT. successful roll-out of the service.

Sources: Antenna Hungária, MTVA, NMHH.

568

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 29 IRELAND | WAIT AND SEE JORDAN | WAIT AND SEE

29 digital stations 0 digital stations 23 6 Simulcast Digital-only 9 20 Public Commercial 9 20 National Local

Irish digital radio market stagnating due to lack of First DAB+ demonstration held in Jordan in 2017 regulatory developments and commercial involvement

There is currently one national multiplex operated by RTÉ, covering The first demonstration of DAB+ was held in Amman in August about half the country's population and comprising its five analogue 2017. The event was organized by WorldDAB and the Arab States stations plus four digital-only services: one children’s channel and Broadcasting Union (ASBU) with the support of the three music stations (classic hits, electronic and rock/indie). Since Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (TRC) and public 2017, commercial radio stations are also carried at low power from broadcaster JRTV. RTÉ premises in Dublin as part of the Radioplayer collaboration, in which public and commercial broadcasters share a mobile app. JRTV is the main broadcaster supporting the project. Led by its technical team, JRTV is still considering the project and its long- Although the official standard is DAB, some services are also term plan. The stance of the 35 commercial radio stations operating transmitted in DAB+. However, other digital terrestrial radio in the country is unknown. developments in the country will require an appropriate regulatory framework together with a set of incentives for commercial WorldDAB expects a national committee for digital radio to be set broadcasters to join in. That is the reason why the commercial up and a DAB+ deployment plan to be developed. multiplex run by DB stopped broadcasting in 2017. One of the stakeholders' main concerns is the need to ensure the Sources: DB Digital Broadcasting, RTÉ. availability of in-car radio receivers.

Sources: JRTV, WorldDAB

569

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 30 MALTA | WAIT AND SEE ROMANIA | WAIT AND SEE

37 digital stations 4 digital stations 14 23 3 1 Simulcast Digital-only Simulcast Digital-only 10 24 3 4 Public Commercial Other Public 37 4 National Local

Lack of a distinctive offer means slow adoption of DAB+ ROR tests DAB but lack of regulation delays formal roll- out

Although Malta was the first country to roll out DAB+ services in There are currently four stations offered by public broadcaster ROR 2008, the scant evidence available points only to limited success in on DAB, including digital-only Radio 3Net. a small market of just 200,000 radio listeners already crowded in the FM band. In January 2016, the regulator, ANCOM, launched a public consultation on the allocation of digital terrestrial broadcasting Full DAB+ coverage of the country is achieved with just two multiplexes but no outcome has been made public. transmitters operated by DigiB. However, the lack of a distinctive offer seems to be the main barrier to broader adoption of digital Additionally, Romania is the only European country where an HD radio: except for some relayed British and Italian stations, there is radio service, using the American standard IBOC, is currently only a small selection of mostly automated digital-only music available. Four services from the main commercial group, Radio services offered by Maltese companies. Digital-only services score Holding (15.6% market share in 2016), can be received in 10 very low ratings despite receivers being extremely affordable with Romanian cities, with some of the few devices available already on an entry price of under EUR 35. the market starting at an entry-level price of EUR 40.

Currently, there is no collaboration between the various However, given the steps taken by the regulator, the isolation of HD stakeholders in digital radio; nor has an industry trade body been services in Europe and the struggles experienced by this standard in created. its home US market, it is unlikely to succeed.

Sources: Broadcasting Authority, DigiB. Sources: ANCOM, HD Radio Romania, ROR.

570

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 31 SLOVAKIA | WAIT AND SEE SLOVENIA | WAIT AND SEE

15 digital stations 12 digital stations 11 4 11 1 Simulcast Digital-only Simulcast Digital-only 7 8 4 8 Public Commercial Public Commercial 11 4 12 National Regional National

Incentives are needed to attract main commercial DAB+ started in 2016 with both public and commercial broadcasters broadcasters

In December 2015, a DAB+ service started from a transmitter in Digital broadcasting with DAB+ was launched in September 2016 Bratislava, offering four stations from public broadcaster RTVS. In from seven transmitters, with approximately 70% outdoor coverage, the course of 2016 and 2017, this offer was increased to six stations, while coverage of motorways was 89%, and indoor areas 67%. The including two exclusive services: Rádio Junior (children's channel) transmitter arm of public broadcaster RTVSLO is the multiplex and Rádio Litera (culture and education). operator, with a multiplex licence to expire in 2026.

The main network operator is Towercom, but Avis also operates The three main services from RTVSLO, plus its international channel, multiplexes in Nitra and Levice. While some commercial radio are available as FM simulcasts. There are also eight commercial stations such as Radio Jemné, Radio Lumen and Radio Vlna are stations, one of them not available in analogue (Glasbeni Radio). All already available as simulcast, the two main broadcasters Rádio hold a digital radio licence, needed to access the multiplex. The main Expres (22.7% market share in 2016) and Fun Rádio (12.4% market commercial groups also simulcast their FM stations, although their share in 2016) are not yet available in DAB+. Finding the right long-term commitment is not clear. incentives to get them there and developing the regulatory framework are the main challenges faced by digitization in Slovakia. Digital radio services are rounded off with Journaline and EPG.

Sources: RTVS, Towercom. Sources: AKOS, RTVSLO.

571

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 32 SPAIN | WAIT AND SEE SWEDEN | WAIT AND SEE

16 digital stations 19 digital stations 15 1 13 6 Simulcast Digital-only Simulcast Digital-only 4 12 9 10 Public Commercial Public Commercial

16 6 13 National National Regional

Spain continues symbolic DAB transmissions without Digital radio broadcasts continue pending a more signs of development propitious political climate

Spain remains one of the strongest analogue markets in Europe. In In 2015, the Ministry of Culture refused the digital radio switchover 2016, the daily reach of internet radio was just 3.9% while DAB is on the terms proposed by the digital radio industry coordinator unknown beyond the radio industry. appointed by the government. This followed a negative review from the National Audit Office concerning the use of public funds for the There are only two transmitters in Madrid and Barcelona, covering switchover and opposition from third-parties, such as the Ministry of 20% of the population and offering just one service that is not Defence. available on FM: the international channel of the public broadcaster RTVE. Since December 2014, Radio María has also been The roadmap of the digital radio industry coordinator included four broadcasting on DAB+ although no licence has been granted and criteria for the switchover and a tentative date in 2022-2024. This DAB+ still needs to be confirmed as the new standard for the was supported by public broadcaster SR and commercial Spanish market. broadcasters Bauer and MTG. These two broadcasters own 21 of the 25 DAB+ licences allocated in October 2014 and expiring in 2022. The three main commercial groups, which account for two-thirds of the audience, are not willing to promote digital radio, as their DAB services from SR cover 35% of the country, and DAB+ tests are incumbent position could be threatened by new market entrants being carried out by SR and the two main commercial broadcasters who would not be able to grow on the extremely crowded FM dial. in the local Stockholm multiplex. Around 10% of radio sets sold in Additionally, digital radio is not among the government's priorities. Sweden are digital.

Sources: EGM, RTVE Source: GfK, Ministry of Culture, SR.

572

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 33 TUNISIA | WAIT AND SEE TURKEY | WAIT AND SEE

12 digital stations 8 digital stations 12 8 Simulcast Simulcast 9 3 8 Public Commercial Public 12 8 Local Local

Full DAB+ launch possible in 2019 as legislation is in Turkey extended its DAB+ trial to reach 20% of the place population

Tunisia has been running a DAB+ trial for several years, originally After a trial from 2002 to 2008, public broadcaster TRT relaunched with nine stations run by public broadcaster Radio Tunisienne and DAB in conjunction with its five main radio stations: in November later including three commercial broadcasters. The 12 services 2015, in Ankara, and in December 2015, in Istanbul. currently available are simulcasts of FM stations. The standard switched to DAB+ in 2017 and the trial was extended Currently, fewer than 50 stations operate on the analogue dial for a to Bursa and Kocaeli, reaching around 20% of the Turkish total population of 11.4 million in 2017. population (80.8 million in 2017). Expansion to Antalya and Izmir is expected as a next step. According to ASBU, 2019 might be the year for a full launch of DAB+, which would start by extending its coverage from the current Turkish regulator RTÜK is the main supporter of terrestrial digital transmitter in Tunis. However, regulatory developments in this radio in a country where two-thirds of the population listen to radio regard are still unknown. every day.

Sources: ASBU, IMF. Turkey’s analogue dial is already crowded, with no remaining FM frequencies in the main urban areas.

Sources: IMF, RTÜK, TRT, WorldDAB.

573

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 34 UKRAINE | WAIT AND SEE

0 digital stations

Ukraine to launch 14 DAB+ stations in 2018

Ukraine is expected to start DAB+ trials in 2018 after the National Television & Radio Broadcasting Council approved a plan in late 2017.

Following a call for tender, 14 stations will start broadcasting in DAB+ in the capital, Kyiv. In a heavily commercialized radio market, both public and commercial stations are expected to apply for a position in the first Ukrainian multiplex.

Run by network operator RTT, the trial will be extended to Brovary in 2019 and is expected to last several years.

Sources: NRADA, UA:PBC.

574

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 35 FOCUS: RADIO GENRES

Highlights Market Status Focus What's Next

575

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 36 DIGITAL RADIO GENRES

DIGITAL RADIO STATIONS BY GENRE MUSIC IS THE KEY GENRE

Music has always been a bedrock of radio and this role increases with digital radio as nearly two thirds of the Others 5% stations broadcast in digital terrestrial radio in the EBU Cultural / Educational 3% Area can be labelled as music stations. This represents News & current affairs 4% nearly 1,000 music stations.

Minority interest 5% Music 64% Religion 5%

NEW EMERGING GENRES

Generalist 14% Beyond music and generalist stations, religion and minority interest stations –those targeting specific communities– emerge as the most common, even ahead of news & current affairs.

576

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 37 THE PUBLIC MIX

TOP PUBLIC RADIO SHARE OF GENRES A FOCUS ON CULTURE AND NEWS

Public stations broadcast most of the cultural and educational stations and news & current affairs. Also they have most of the entertainment stations, although the total of stations in this group is just 13. Cultural / educational 86%

Entertainment 85% UNDERREPRESENTED FOR NICHE GROUPS

News & Given its broad remit and appeal, public stations are current affairs 79% underrepresented in religion (no station at all), minority interest groups and music, where the predominance of commercial stations reduce public services to 13% of the total offer.

577

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 38 THE COMMERCIAL MIX

TOP COMMERCIAL RADIO SHARE OF GENRES MUSIC, OF COURSE

Following its historical roots, commercial broadcasters represent 83% of all music radio stations available in digital terrestrial networks, nearly 800 services. In two emerging genres they also have a majority, religion (62 Music 83% stations) and sport (7 stations).

Religion 78% AREAS FOR GROWTH?

Contrasting with public broadcasters, commercial Sports 70% stations show little interest in cultural / educational and entertainment digital services (2 stations each).

578

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 39 WHAT’S NEXT? TRENDS AND THREATS

Highlights Market Status Focus What's Next

579

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 40 TRENDS

IMPROVED USER EXPERIENCE LOCAL IS THE NEW BLACK

Radio's user experience is not very sophisticated. Local radios might not have huge audiences but they However, the increasing competition for listeners' are highly engaged. Local radio has found a cheap, easy attention from IP services and the renewal of this way to become part of the digital radio landscape and experience thanks to the growing podcast market will is using it: Switzerland, UK, Denmark, Germany and the bring more detail from broadcasters in order to create Netherlands are only some of the first markets where more sophisticated radio experiences that can improve small-scale mini-muxes based on software are being radio's competitiveness beyond audio. And deployed but they can be expected to expand greatly in broadcasters will pay more attention to it, including the next few years. interaction controlled by voice.

HYBRID RADIO'S TIME HAS ARRIVED CARS - THE LAST BASTION OF ANALOGUE RADIO

The competition for the car dashboard will give hybrid Once most cars sold on leading markets are digitally- radio a more prominent position as a tool to improve equipped, and two major markets such as France and the users' experience and keep radio competitive in a Italy might enforce mandatory tuners, the hot topics car with many more listening and entertainment options over the next few years will be first tuner availability, than ever before. The guidelines for logo display second actual consumption, and third the user approved in 2017 are only a first step in a year when experience. Audi launched a seamless hybrid service that might become standard in a few years.

580

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 41 THREATS

BEING UNABLE TO MAKE THE CASE MISALIGNMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS

There is an abundance of evidence of the advantages of It is impossible for a market to move forward without digital terrestrial radio over analogue and IP radio. the engagement of its main players. Digital radio brings However, facts are not always enough and being benefits to them in the longer term so incentives should politically savvy becomes an indispensable part of be found to cover initial investments and uncertainties, digital radio advocacy. avoiding short-termism. In many instances, best practices do exist for how to Education and regulatory intervention are the keys to overcome these situations and build a stronger case for overcoming those threats. digital radio. Growing support across Europe also adds to this equation.

EVOLUTION OF THE ADVERTISING MARKET RELUCTANT YOUNG LISTENERS

While radio advertising expenditure is likely to grow Young listeners embrace digital but are not so worldwide in the next three years, according to Zenith, enthusiastic about broadcasting. In general, they some key European markets may stagnate, diverting consume less media so it is more difficult to make the resources towards digital radio investment and putting case for digital radio. more pressure on additional sources, such as The offer is already big for them but they may lack a government subsidies. richer experience as they are more technologically savvy.

581

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018 42 MEDIA INTELLIGENCE SERVICE

This report has been produced by the Media Intelligence Service (MIS) at the European Broadcasting Union.

The EBU’s Media Intelligence Service provides Member broadcasting organizations with the latest market data, research and analysis needed to plan their future strategies and stay ahead of the game.

Our experts cover a broad range of topics, including TV and radio trends, new media developments, market structure and concentration, funding and public policy issues.

Contact www.ebu.ch/mis [email protected]

This publication is available to download at: www.ebu.ch/publications

PUBLICATION: February 2018

DISTRIBUTION: This publication is intended for public distribution. The information may be freely quoted if the source is clearly stated. For detailed guidelines about how you may use this document and the data contained in it, please refer to our EBU-MIS Data Use Policy (available at www.ebu.ch/mis). If you have any doubt about how to use this information, please contact the Media Intelligence Service ([email protected]).

DISCLAIMER: Please note that the EBU is not liable for any errors or inaccuracies in data provided by third parties.

582

Media Intelligence Service – Digital Radio 2018

R 138

DIGITAL RADIO DEPLOYMENT IN EUROPE

Version 2.0

Recommendation Source: SP-RADIO

Geneva November 2017

583

* Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for two sided printing

584 EBU R 138 Digital Radio Deployment in Europe

Recommendation for Digital Radio Deployment in Europe

EBU Committee First Issued Revised Re-issued TC 2013 2017

Keywords: DAB, DAB+, DRM, Digital, RadioDNS, Hybrid

The EBU, considering that, 1. Radio is of vital societal and cultural importance throughout Europe; 2. Radio broadcasters vary considerably. Most EBU members are public service broadcasters with a variety of national, international and regional services; there are also private broadcasters of varying sizes, and community broadcasters. 3. Radio services target diverse audiences with a variety of content including over linear and non-linear means; 4. Radio is consumed by the vast majority of Europeans every week; 5. Radio is consumed at home, at work and on the move; 6. Terrestrial broadcast delivery is currently the only free-to-air and cost-effective method for mobile reception by audiences, particularly in cars, incurring no data charges for the listener; 7. Broadband networks are a means of providing radio and additional services to mobile and other broadband-connected devices; 8. In most markets, development of the analogue FM offer to audiences is limited by a lack of available spectrum; 9. Harmonisation of standards ensures digital radio's role as the backbone of content delivery and encourages new services and experiences for audiences across platforms; 10. Digital radio standards that meet the current and future needs of Europe’s radio broadcasters are openly specified, and enrich the audience proposition; 11. Digital terrestrial radio has been proven to be energy efficient; 12. Digital terrestrial radio standards are already in use in Europe with different countries at varying stages of deployment; 13. DAB receivers are widely available at reasonable prices.

Recommends that, 1. The needs of all radio services in a country be considered when making plans for the digitization of radio, including future linear and non-linear service expansion and the available spectrum; 2. Digital radio broadcasting in VHF Band III, where it is available, be established and DAB+ (ETSI TS 102 563) audio services be used for new services; 3. For countries wishing to deploy digital radio broadcasting in other frequency bands, such as those currently used for analogue radio broadcasting, DRM (ETSI ES 201 980) may also be considered. 4. Digitization be accompanied by the consistent use of additional features to ensure a rich and dynamic radio user experience, including textual and visual programme associated data alongside service and programme information; 5. Additional hybrid services be deployed alongside linear radio services to enable a seamless user experience, using RadioDNS (ETSI TS 103 270), the open solution for Hybrid Radio; 6. Conditions for digital switchover be defined, agreed and publicly communicated within each European country in order to expedite the process; 7. Countries coordinate their timetable for implementation of digital radio, in order to reduce cross-border inconsistencies and foster economic benefits. 3 585 586 APPENDIX 30: Submission dated 8th May from Mrs Kerry Sharpe MLC

587 588 Archived: 26 June 2018 15:47:19 From: Sent: 08 May 2018 17:03:17 To: Subject: The Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting Importance: Normal

Good afternoon Jonathan

With reference to the Select Committee on Public Service Broadcasting, I wonder if my following observations from 2007 and 2008 when I worked for BBC Isle of Man and was located inside the Manx Radio building might be of relevance? Namely, that on two occasions I witnessed a Tynwald member asking a journalist to re-play the interview they (the Member) had provided the day before and instructing the journalist to cut out certain parts of the material.

Personally, I think this demonstrates that Manx Radio and the Isle of Man Government have a symbiotic relationship which has developed over a number of years and resulted in a PSB which can never be entirely free, from an editorial point of view.

Best wishes

Kerry

589 590 APPENDICES: OTHER JURISDICTIONS

591 592 APPENDIX 31: Public Service Broadcasting Comparison of Jurisdictions and Potential Future Developments in Broadcasting Technology

593 594 Public Service Broadcasting comparison of jurisdictions and potential future developments in broadcasting technology

Scope of research

Review the licencing, regulations and funding models of comparable jurisdictions focusing on but not limited to the Irish, Channel Islands, Gibraltar models.

What potential future developments are there in broadcasting technology?

Jurisdictional Comparison

Republic of Ireland

Licence fee cost and details

€150 for 1 year.

One licence per home. Unlike the UK it is the television set that is licensed, not the ability to receive television broadcasts.

Public Service Broadcaster Details

Television Provider –

RTE – English language station

TG4 – Irish Gaelic station. Previously part of RTE but now separate.

Radio –

RTE – 9 stations including an Irish Gaelic station.

Funding

Mix of licence fee revenues, Exchequer grant and commercial revenue.

Each year RTE and TG4 have to publish a Statement of Commitments showing how the licence fee funding is spent. Latest statements can be found here: RTE, TG4.

595 Progress on the commitments is then reported on in the PSB’s annual report. Latest reports here: RTE, TG4.

Regulator

Broadcasting Authority Ireland

Review

Annually - the extent to which RTÉ and TG4 have met the commitments set out in their Annual Statement of Performance Commitments. The adequacy, or otherwise, of public funding.

5 year - a detailed review of the public funding of RTÉ and TG4 every five years. The review considers a broad range of areas, including:

- costed strategic plans; - the commercial funding available; and - developments in broadcasting internationally.

Current Issues

RTE is running at a loss of €19 million a year (from the 2016 annual report).

TG4 is also underfunded according to the last five year review. This is due to problems with falling revenue. The report can be found here.

Ireland are considering alternative funding models at the moment. A report by the Houses of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Communications, Climate Action and Environment on the Future Funding of Public Service Broadcasting recommended replacing the TV licence fee with a per household ‘broadcasting charge’ due to the widespread evasion. The report also suggested changing the name Public Service Broadcasters to Public Service Media to capture the changes in technology. The report can be found here.

Other

Watching the BBC online requires a monthly subscription fee to access the video-on- demand service - €6.99 per month or €49.99 for a year. Although from an online search use of a UK VPN seems to spoof iplayer to be widespread.

Articles

596 http://www.thejournal.ie/rte-staff-redundancies-3573570-Aug2017/ http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-tv-licence-means-tested-3720582-Jan2018/

Ireland: In search of reform for public service media funding http://uir.ulster.ac.uk/37794/2/Ramsey-OA-TFPSM-2018.pdf

Gibraltar

Licence fee cost and details

Licence fee abolished in 2006 due to low revenue received. There were 7,452 Licence Holders but the majority of the funding for PBS in Gibraltar came from a Government grant.

Public Service Broadcaster Details

Television –

Gibraltar Broadcasting Company (GBC) (evenings only) Radio –

Gibraltar Broadcasting Company (GBC) (Up to 7pm)

Funding

Predominately grants from the Government. Advertising is sold in the daytime.

Regulator

Gibraltar Regulatory Authority - Broadcasting Division

Review

The Broadcasting Division intermittently reviews local broadcasting services, providing guidance and direction as and when required, ensuring broadcasters abide by the set codes of practice and regulations.

Current Issues

597 Political independence of the GRA - http://chronicle.gi/2018/02/erg-claims-gra- consultation-has-fallen-short/

Other

Most households have cable TV packaged in with the costs of broadband.

GBC the way forward 2010.

GBC review November 2008.

Articles

GBC to move headquarters.

Channel Islands

Licence fee cost and details

£147

Public Service Broadcaster Details Television –

BBC Channel Island News

Includes news stories and weather forecasts for the Channel Islands.

Radio –

Radio Jersey Radio Guernsey

Funding

Television Licence Fee

Regulator

598 OFCOM issues licenses to Broadcasters and monitors the quality and content of broadcasting on television and radio. It also handles all complaints made by the public.

The Channel Islands Competition & Regulatory Authorities handles any new enquiries for potential licencees. However, they still have to apply direct to OFCOM as the licence issuer.

OFCOM was established as the regulator by Order in Council. Jersey, Guernsey

Current Issues

None found.

Articles

Media profile in the Channel Islands. Link

Other jurisdictions

Finland

Licence fee cost and details

Stopped in 2013 in favour a direct tax deducted from taxable income. The amount paid is calculated based on income earned. Link

Public Service Broadcaster Details

Yle (Yleisradio)

Funding

Wholly funded by the YLE tax. Link

Regulator

Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority

Review

599 Working group of Finnish Parliament looking at the future of Public Sector Broadcasting. Link

Issues

Commercial media not happy with funding given to YLE. link

Australia

Broadcaster ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission) is funded by public funding Licence fee abolished in 1974.

In 2017 budget they scrapped the broadcasting licence fee to introduce a fairer charge given the reduction in revenue due to competition for advertising from online companies (Facebook, Google etc) link here.

Malta

The licence was abolished in 2011. It was used to fund the television TVM and radio channels (Radio Malta and Radju Parliament) run by Public Broadcasting Services. Approximately two-thirds of TVM's funding came from the licence fee, with much of the remainder coming from commercials. More details here