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The Berlin Radio War: Broadcasting in Cold War Berlin and the Shaping of Political Culture in Divided Germany, 1945- 1961

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The Berlin Radio War: Broadcasting in Cold War Berlin and the Shaping of Political Culture in Divided Germany, 1945- 1961 ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE BERLIN RADIO WAR: BROADCASTING IN COLD WAR BERLIN AND THE SHAPING OF POLITICAL CULTURE IN DIVIDED GERMANY, 1945- 1961 Nicholas J. Schlosser, Ph.D. 2008 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation explores how German radio journalists shaped political culture in the two postwar Germanys. Specifically, it examines the development of broadcast news reporting in Berlin during the first sixteen years of the Cold War, focusing on the reporters attached to the American sponsored station RIAS 1 Berlin and the radio stations of the German Democratic Republic. During this period, radio stations on both sides of the Iron Curtain waged a media war in which they fought to define the major events of the early Cold War. The tension between objectivity and partisanship in both East and West Berlin came to define this radio war. Radio stations constantly negotiated this tension in an attempt to encourage listeners to adopt a specific political worldview and forge a bond between broadcaster and listener. Whereas East German broadcasters ultimately eschewed objectivity in favor of partisan news reporting defined by Marxist- Leninist ideology, RIAS attempted to combine factual reporting with concerted efforts to undermine the legitimacy of the German Democratic Republic. The study contributes to a number of fields of study. First, I contribute to scholarship that has examined the nature, development, and influence of political culture. 1 Radio in the American Sector Related to this, the study considers how political ideas were received and understood by listeners. This work also adds to a growing field of scholarship that goes beyond examining the institutional histories of Germany’s broadcasters and analyzes how German broadcasters influenced society itself. Related to this, the dissertation adds to the historiography on how the United States used media outlets as a means of fighting the Cold War. The dissertation is based on archival research done in Germany and the United States. It draws on files from the Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv in Babelsberg, the Bundesarchv in Berlin and Koblenz, the Landesarchiv in Berlin, the archive of the former East German Ministry for State Security in Berlin, and the National Archives and Records Administration in College Park, MD. THE BERLIN RADIO WAR: BROADCASTING IN COLD WAR BERLIN AND THE SHAPING OF POLITICAL CULTURE IN DIVIDED GERMANY, 1945-1961 by Nicholas J. Schlosser Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Advisory Committee Professor Jeffrey Herf, Chair Professor John Lampe Associate Professor Michael David-Fox Associate Professor Christopher Hanson PD Dr. Philipp Gassert ©Copyright by Nicholas J. Schlosser 2008 To My Parents Joseph and Jennifer and my sister Catriona ii Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of fellow scholars, colleagues, friends, and family. This work is a testament to their counsel and encouragement. First, I would like to thank the numerous archivists who helped me navigate through the wealth of documentary evidence that forms the basis of this study. At the National Archives in College Park I would like to thank Amy Schmidt, whose knowledge of the OMGUS documents were of immense help. I would also like to thank the archivists at the Marshall Research Library at the Virginia Military Institute, who helped me with the personal papers of Gordon Ewing. In Berlin, I was fortunate to meet a number of excellent scholars and archivists. I am thankful to Ingrid Pietrzynski and Jörg- Uwe Fischer for helping me with the vast archival material from RIAS, Berliner Rundfunk, and Sender Freies Berlin. I would also like to thank Lydia Kiesling at the Landesarchiv in Berlin, Martin Baumgärtel at Deutschlandradio, Andreas Michaelis at the Deutsches Historisches Museum, and the many archivists and staff at the Bundesarchiv in Lichterfelde and Koblenz. I am also grateful to Michael Schneider and Barbara Richter at the Archiv für Sozialdemokratie at the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bonn. The study resulting in this dissertation was assisted by a grant from the Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studies with funds provided by the Freie Universität Berlin. However, the conclusions, opinions, and other statements in this publication are the author's and not necessarily those of the sponsoring institution.At the iii Berlin Program I was fortunate to meet a number of excellent scholars and received helpful advice from all of them. I would like to thank David Barclay at Kalamazoo College and Gisela Beck from the Freie Universität. I am also thankful to Christoph Classen at the Zentrum für Zeithistorichesforschung at Potsdam, Inge Marszolek at the Universität Bremen, and Hans-Ulrich Wagner at the Forschungsstelle Geschichte des Rundfunks in Norddeutschland. I would also like to thank my colleagues Erica Hughes, Michael Meng, Jennifer Miller, J. Griffith Rollefson, Gregory Shealy, and Gregory Witkowski. As a graduate student based in the Washington DC metro area, I have been fortunate to be near many wonderful scholarly resources. I am particularly thankful to Dr. Hartmut Berghoff and Dr. Philip Gassert at the German Historical Institute for providing me with the opportunity to present my work at the GHI’s Research Seminar as I prepared this draft for submission. I am also thankful to Joan Clinefelter at the University of Northern Colorado, and Dorothee Wierling at the Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg. The scholarly community at the University of Maryland is a stimulating one and has been immensely supportive of this project. I am especially indebted to Professors Katherine David-Fox, Michael David Fox, John Lampe, Marsha Rozenblit, Donald Sutherland, and Daryle Williams. I am also thankful to all the friends and colleagues I have met in the graduate program here, including Askar Askarov, Jeremy Best, Elizabeth Conner, Anthony Glocke, Andrew Kellet, Melissa Kravetz, Rinna Kulla, Philip Lyon, Andy Palmquist, Charles Reed, Stephen Scala, Ruth Schachter, Paul Schmitt, and Eric Ruark. I am particularly thankful to Christina Morina, Ingo Trauschweizer, Gregory iv Rybinski, Charlee Hess, Brian Vahey, and Christina Kinsell for both their support and for taking the time to look over drafts of this project and provide many helpful insights and comments. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Jeffrey Herf Michael David-Fox, John Lampe, Christopher Hanson, and Philipp Gassert. Special mention must go to my adviser, Jeffrey Herf. For six years, Professor Herf has provided me with immeasurable help with this project, and my accomplishments at Maryland would be inconceivable without his help, support, and valuable advice. He has provided invaluable professional and scholarly guidance during my time at Maryland that has helped me to grow and develop as a historian. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents Joseph and Jennifer and my sister Catriona. Their support for my graduate studies has never wavered, and it would not have been possible to do this study without their constant support and encouragement. I dedicate this work to them. v Table of Contents Abbreviations p. vii Introduction p. 1 Chapter One: Laying an Antifascist Foundation: Berliner Rundfunk and the p. 23 Reestablishment of Broadcasting in Berlin After World War II Chapter Two: Political Broadcasting and the First Berlin Crisis, 1945-1949 p. 63 Chapter Three: Means of Engagement and Models of Journalism: RIAS, SFB p. 126 and Berliner Rundfunk Chapter Four: Berlin’s Radio Stations and the June 1953 Uprising in p. 198 East Germany Chapter Five: The East German Campaign Against RIAS p. 254 Chapter Six: Berlin Radio from the Secret Speech to the Construction p. 307 of the Berlin Wall, 1956-1961 Conclusion p. 379 Appendix: East German Anti-RIAS Propaganda p. 394 Sources and Bibliography p. 403 vi Abbreviations AFO Archivierte Feindobjekt-Akte AdSD Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung ANH Alte und Neue Heimat AZZ Aus der Zone, für die Zone BAK Bundesarchiv Koblenz BAB Bundesarchiv Lichterfelde BdL Büro der Leitung BRD/FRG Bundesrepublik Deutschland/Federal Republic of Germany BSZ Berlin spricht zur Zone BStU Die Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatsicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deuschen Demokratischen Republik. CDU Christlich Demokratische Union/Christian Democratic Union CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) DDR/GDR Deutsches Demokratisches Republik/German Democratic Republic DHM Deutsches Historiches Museum DIAS Drahftunk im Amerikanisches Sektor/Wired Broadcasting in the American Sector DIVO Deutsche Institut für Volksumfragen DRA Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv DZV Deutsches Zentralverwaltung fuer Volksbildung/German Central Administration for Peoples’ Education FDGB Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund vii FDP Freie Demokratische Partei/Free Democratic Party HICOG Office of the US High Commissioner for Germany IEV International Evaluation Staff ICD Information Control Division ISB Information Services Branch KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschland/Communist Party of Germany KW Kurzwelle, (Shortwave) LAB Landesarchiv, Berlin LDP Liberal Demokratische Partei LW Langewelle, Long Wave MfS Ministerium für Staatsicherheits, “ Stasi ” MW Mittelwelle, Medium
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