DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study on the Weldability of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyethylene En)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study on the Weldability of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyethylene En) 237 A Study on the Weldability of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyethylene en) Hiroshi KIMURA*, Takuzi YAMAGUCHI*, Masaki IMAcHl**, Masakazu TSUBOKAWA*, Giichi KAWASHIMA*, Shingo HAMAGUCHI* (Received March 17. 1972) In this paper we describe of the adhesive propertes between fiber glass and polyethylene or, in other words, of the weldability including combination of glass fiber base material and resin. INTRODUCTION As a neW method of molding of fiber glass reinforced polyethylene (FRPE), we have made an impregnation sheet by combining glass fiber base material in the form of mat (E glass fiber made by Nittobo Co., Ltd.) and resin made into film beforehand (high pressure polyethylene made by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.). We wish to present here the properties and weldability of such impregnation sheet obtained through a series of experiments. There have been many reports on fiber glass 1l2 3 reinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) ; e. g. FRV ) with polyvinylchloride, Stampglas ) and AZDEL A-I004) by Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. (OCF) and GRTL Corp. res­ pectively with polypropylene, and AZDEL A-200') by GRTL Corp. with AS resin. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONSIDERATION 6 As we had reported previously on ultrasonic welding ), we have this time used heating plate welding method. Fiber glass reinforced polyethylene has been made by impregnation sheet method with hot press, and possibility of welding by heating plate has been explored. In an experiment like this, it is essential that the glass fiber base material has been satisfactorily impregnated with resin and that the adhesion between these two is strong. The impregnation sheet we have used in the experiments had 30% in the ratio of glass fiber content, registered approximately 5 times as much of the tensile strength of the resin base material and showed comparatively good con­ dition of impregnation in microscopic examination. Now, in welding of fiber glass reinforced polyethylene, it is necessary that the glass fiber diffuses mutually on both sides of welding part, and that the resin is deposited sufficiently and induces fully the glass fiber which has diffused mutually. From Fig. 1, which shows the result ef * Dep. of Textile Eng. ** Textile Research Institute 238 experiment concerning relationship between lap le­ 7 ngth and welding strength, it is appreciated that the ~6 welding strength of 0.25 mm. thick FRPE with 3 mm. 1. 1 1 E -- lap length almost reaches the strength of fiber glass -.21 5 :~r~i=4=1--~ reinforced polyethylene sheet. However, since the mutual diffusion of glass fiber and deposition of resin including the glass fiber cannot be accompli­ ~r shed successfully at both ends of the lap, it has become apparent that no perfect welding can be ~ r-Welding pressure :0.5 kg/mnL expected within about 1 mm. from both ends of the Welding temp. :137 ·C I I I I lap. Fig. 2 shows the welding conditions with rela­ 2 3 4 5 6 tion to welding temperature, welding pressure, ratio Lap length (mm) of glass fiber content, welding joint strength and Fig. 1 Relation between welding welding joint efficiency. Comparing these experim­ lap length and tensile str­ ents, we have ascertained that the welding condition ength for the fiberglass shown under Fig. 2 (b) has produced excellent wel­ reinforced polyethylene (0.25mm sheet). ding strength and almost 100 % in welding joint efficiency irrespective of the ratio of glass fiber content, which 100 % in welding joint efficiency is equivalent to that of the base material itself. Incidentally, when the welding pressure is increased, comparatively gibber welding strength is obtained at lower range of welding temperature, and the higher the welding temperature be, the welding strength becomes less. This phenomenon is attributable to the fact that the resin starts viscous flow under excessive welding pressure, thence welding cannot be performed under the condition of the glass fiber being included sufficiently with the resin as mentioned above. Microscopic examinations have been carried out on com­ positness of test pieces prepared by the impregnation sheet method, a new method of molding of fiber glass reinforced polyethylene, as well as on deposit mechanism in welding experiments using such test pieces. Photo. 1 shows microscopic structure of composit materials made by impregnation sheet method, while photographs (b) and (c) give microphotographs of the materials which have been caused strain of 0.5 % and 1.0% respectively by applying tension laterally at the speed of 10 mm/min. From these photographs, the glass fibers are seen to have been moved slightly with the flow of inclusion resin following overall plastic flow, and this means that the adhesion of glass fiber to resin is satisfactory. Photo. 2 shows process of tension test of fiber glass reinforced polyethylene until breakdown, and composite condition of glass fiber and resin can be observed macroscopically. Namely, under strain of 1.8 %. necking phenomenon is clearly seen, and at the place where strain reaches 2.5 %, void hole can be seen and rupture is initiated. The glass fiber base material and the inclusion resin are breaking away at this point, and the strength in this neighborhood can be deemed to be the limit of adhesion of the glass fiber and the resin. Furthermore, under strain of 4 %, as shown in photograph (c), propagation of breaking-down becomes more vehement, and when strain reaches 5 % the fiber glass reinforced 239 7~-~1 ~--~1 ---1~-~1 ~1 --~-- 7r--~1 ~1 --~1 ---1~-~1 ~1 --~1--~ 6 "E Glass content :30wt.'I, "E 6 Glass content :30wt.'I. 100 100 ~5 " -- -- -- --T~-i---f=y=j=--- ~5 "----- -- r~t~l-t-t=--- ( 75 ~ ~4 ~ ~4 1-- ;r 75 t 3 / 15wl'/, G' ~ ~ 3 J 15we/, G' i 2 ------;fli~t=l=f=t~-- 5°11~~~ i 2 : -- -- ¥frt~f-~-f-f~ ~ 5°11~~ ~ ~ 1 I-- ,f Plate thickness : 025 mm 25 50 .§ ~ 1 ~ Plate thickness : 0.25mm 25 50 .§ Welding pressure: 0.30kg/mrrl 25 ..., Welding pressure 0.45kg/mrrl 25 ..., 0L-___9~0-L_11 LO~ __~ __L_~ I ___L __ ~L 0 0 0~~1~90~I _l~10~ __-L __ ~ IL-~I __~ I __~L 0 0 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Heating plate temp. ('e) Heating plate temp. (DC) I :.:;.00 137 eo 120 152 166 180 80 lQ9. 1.?9 . 137 152 166 180 Weld zone- temp. ('C) "' Weld zone temp. ('C) (a) (b) 7 I I I I I ....... 6 Glass content :30wt.'I, · 6 Glass content : 30 wt~/, "E "E i: - ~ - -- yFF-~f=l=t~~- 100 ':: 75 t !:"------fJt=+~1~~I~-- >- >- ~ 3 ~ 1! I L 15wt~/. _ ~ ~ 50 100 :g 50 100 :Q 2 ~- --_WH=t~Y=r=I:c-- i 75 ~ t: f~tft1---t=t=l~?~- 75~ ~ 25 50 .~ ~ 25 50:£ Plate thickness : 0.25 mm 0 1 I- Plate thickness : 0.25 mm o Weld ing pressure : 0.60kg/mrrl 25 ..., Welding pressure :0.75kgjmn1 25 ..., __ __ ___ __ 0L-~~90~1 ~1~10~~I __L- __L-~ I __~~~L 0 0 0L-~_9~0~I _l~10~L-I L-I ~I ~I ~I J~ o o 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Heating plate temp' ('C) Heating plate temp. ('C) ! ! I ! , I I ! , 80 100 120 137 152 166 180 80 100 120 137 152 166 180 Weld zone temp. ('C) Weld zone temp. (DC) (c) (d) Fig. 2 Welding conditions for the fiberghss r einforced polyethylene (Heating tool welding m ethod). Tensile----­ direction Tensile direction (a) (b) (c) Base material Tensile strain: 0 . 5% Tensile strain: 1.0% Fiberglass content: 3 0 % Tensile speed: 10 rmn/ min Tensile speed: 10 mrn/ min Photo. 1 Microscopic structure of com;;>osit materials m ade by impregnatbn she~:.t. polyethylene breaks down almost entirely. Photo. 3 is a microphotograph of boundary zone of deposit of fiber glass reinforced polyethylene sheet, from which it is clearly 240 (a) (b) (c) (d) Tensile strain : l . 8 % Tensile strain : 2.5% Tensile strain:4 . 0 % Tensile strain: 5 .0 % Ph:)t o. 2 Process of tensi)n t est of fiber glass r cinfJrCcd polyethylen e u ntil br e3kd :)wn. (a ) (b) Microscop e of 7 0 d irect ma gnifications Mic r o s cope o f 28 d ire ct magni f i cations Phot o. 3 Microph:)t :)graph of boundary zon e of deposit e of fiberglass reinforced polyethylen e sheet. (T ensile strain 2.0 %) seen that the glass fiber is considerably diffused mutually. It is also observed from this photograph that the surface resin has been subjected to viscous flow considerably on ac'Cqunt of the surface at the weld of impregnation sheet being heated by direct contact of heating plate and, therefore, that the ratio of glass fiber content has be­ come greater. With welding test piece, no initiation of rupture is observed under strain of 2 %. CONCLUSION The following summary can be made from the results of the present experiments. It is interesting to note that fiber glass reinforced polyethylene has excellent physical properties and economic advantage of polyethylene, plus strength and heat resisting properties. However, the adhesive properties which are dependent upon polarity peculiar to polyethylene bring out problems and this is why the industrialization of polyethylene is somewhat fallen behind. In this report, we have treated of adhesive properties between fiber giass and polyethylene or, in other words, of weldability 241 including combination of glass fiber base material and resin. From this report, you may find that the composit material of polyethylene of bigger strength can be obtained through the impregnation sheet method in which glass fiber base material of mat form is combined with resin, and that the result of welding can be as excellentas the composite material itself.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • All About Fibers
    RawRaw MaterialsMaterials ¾ More than half the mix is silica sand, the basic building block of any glass. ¾ Other ingredients are borates and trace amounts of specialty chemicals. Return © 2003, P. Joyce BatchBatch HouseHouse && FurnaceFurnace ¾ The materials are blended together in a bulk quantity, called the "batch." ¾ The blended mix is then fed into the furnace or "tank." ¾ The temperature is so high that the sand and other ingredients dissolve into molten glass. Return © 2003, P. Joyce BushingsBushings ¾The molten glass flows to numerous high heat-resistant platinum trays which have thousands of small, precisely drilled tubular openings, called "bushings." Return © 2003, P. Joyce FilamentsFilaments ¾This thin stream of molten glass is pulled and attenuated (drawn down) to a precise diameter, then quenched or cooled by air and water to fix this diameter and create a filament. Return © 2003, P. Joyce SizingSizing ¾The hair-like filaments are coated with an aqueous chemical mixture called a "sizing," which serves two main purposes: 1) protecting the filaments from each other during processing and handling, and 2) ensuring good adhesion of the glass fiber to the resin. Return © 2003, P. Joyce WindersWinders ¾ In most cases, the strand is wound onto high-speed winders which collect the continuous fiber glass into balls or "doffs.“ Single end roving ¾ Most of these packages are shipped directly to customers for such processes as pultrusion and filament winding. ¾ Doffs are heated in an oven to dry the chemical sizing. Return © 2003, P. Joyce IntermediateIntermediate PackagePackage ¾ In one type of winding operation, strands are collected into an "intermediate" package that is further processed in one of several ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Materials Science and Engineering of Advanced YB-Doped Glasses and Fibers for High-Power Lasers
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations May 2020 The Materials Science and Engineering of Advanced YB-Doped Glasses and Fibers for High-Power Lasers Thomas Wade Hawkins Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Hawkins, Thomas Wade, "The Materials Science and Engineering of Advanced YB-Doped Glasses and Fibers for High-Power Lasers" (2020). All Dissertations. 2585. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2585 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF ADVANCED YB-DOPED GLASSES AND FIBERS FOR HIGH-POWER LASERS A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Materials Science and Engineering by Thomas Wade Hawkins May 2020 Accepted by: Dr. Liang Dong, Committee Chair Dr. John Ballato Dr. Peter Dragic Dr. Stephen Foulger Dr. Philip Brown ABSTRACT This research studies and yields new understandings into the materials science and engineering of advanced multicomponent glass systems, which is critical for next generation fiber lasers operating at high output powers. This begins with the study and development of Yb-doped glasses in the Al2O3-P2O5-SiO2 (APS) ternary system, fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD), that, despite being highly doped, possess an average refractive index matched to that of silica (SiO2). The highly doped active core material was subsequently processed through a multiple stack-and- draw process to realize a single fiber with high doping, compositionally-tailored index, and scalability for fiber lasers.
    [Show full text]
  • Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber Through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers
    Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers by Kevin A. J. Joseph A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Copyright c 2017 by Kevin A. J. Joseph Abstract Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers Kevin A. J. Joseph Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2017 Three-dimensional femtosecond laser processing of lab in fiber, the combination of integrated photonics and microfluidics inside optical fiber, was demonstrated in silica glass fibers coated with polymer buffer. This enables the laser fabrication of lab-on- chip functionalities onto optical fiber without the time-consuming and mechanically- compromising process of buffer removal. In this thesis, an assessment of laser-induced damage in buffer-coated fiber is reported, along with methods to avoid and mitigate this damage. Further, selective buffer machining is studied enabling in-tandem processing of the glass fiber core and cladding with the polymer buffer. Structuring of the fiber core, cladding photonic circuits, and microfluidics were demonstrated in buffer-coated fiber without removal of or damage to the polymer buffer. The methods and processes here make the lab in fiber platform to be more industry viable and opens new opportunities for device architectures spanning across the fiber core, cladding, and buffer, representing a significant technological advancement.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiber Reinforcement of a Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Abstract Objectives. Understand How Discontinuous Short Glass Fiber
    Fiber reinforcement of a resin modified glass ionomer cement a b b a Carina B. Tanaka , Frances Ershad , Ayman Ellakwa , Jamie J. Kruzic * a - School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia b - School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia *Corresponding author. Jamie J. Kruzic Address: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 9385 4017 E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Objectives. Understand how discontinuous short glass fibers and braided long fibers can be effectively used to reinforce a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) for carious lesions restorations. Methods. Two control groups (powder/liquid kit and capsule) were prepared from a light cured RMGIC. Either discontinuous short glass fibers or braided polyethylene fiber ribbons were used as a reinforcement both with and without pre-impregnation with resin. For the former case, the matrix was the powder/liquid kit RMGIC, and for the latter case the matrix was the capsule form. Flexural strength was evaluated by three-point beam bending and fracture toughness was evaluated by the single-edge V-notch beam method. Compressive strength tests were performed on cylindrical samples. Results were compared by analysis of variances and Tukey’s post-hoc test. Flexural strength data were analyzed using Weibull statistical analysis. Results. The short fiber reinforced RMGIC both with and without pre-impregnation showed a significant increase of ~50% in the mean flexural strength and 160 – 220% higher fracture toughness compared with the powder/liquid RMGIC control.
    [Show full text]
  • Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Building Construction
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1118 73 Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composites in Building Construction ANDREW GREEN Glass-fiber-reinforced plastic composites have had limited use viable, attractive alternatives because of their favorable life­ as structural components in building construction. To realize cycle cost. Their light weight reduces installation time and the full potential of these materials and increase their use, their costs. In addition, the degree of light translucency or color outstanding features must be emphasized. In developing com­ tones can be varied. posite components, it is essential to combine expertise in the disciplines of plastic and reinforcing materials, structural de­ sign, and fabrication techniques. Efficiently designed com­ posite components and a case history are presented to demon­ strate typical practical applications. The unique building shown in Figure 1, the first of its kind, is constructed entirely of glass-fiber-reinforced materials. Be­ cause the building is used as a radio-frequency testing station, all components above the ground are required to be nonmetallic so that they do not interfere with electromagnetic waves associ­ ated with the operation. Therefore, the components such as rigid frames, columns, purlins and girts, accessories, connec­ tions including bolts and nuts, and cladding (building side panels and roof panels) are all made of glass-fiber-reinforced composites. The building is designed like a stressed-skin air­ craft structure using torque-box type rigid frames, purlins, and girts. This unprecedented use of advanced composites as primary structural components met the structural requirements with minimal weight and number of members, thus minimizing overall costs. The composite structures rely on the strengths while recognizing the limitations of the composite materials, without attempting to duplicate standard sections made of rolled or light gauge steels (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Please Leave These First Three Lines Blank for the Editors
    ICCM 2017 Properties analysis of composite materials for the manufacture of space mirror Zhiyong Yang1, 2*, Qin Lei2, Lingying Pan2, Zhanwen Tang2, Yongjie Xie3, Boming Zhang1, Jianbo Sun2, Xijun He2 1. School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; 2. Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China; 3. Xi’an institute of optics & precision Mechanics, Chinese academy of sciences, Xi’an 710068, China (*)Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This work puts forward requirements of carbon fiber composite for space mirror, and compares properties of common intermediate modulus and high modulus carbon fibers and common resins of composites. Results show that carbon fiber composite for manufacturing space mirror should select high modulus carbon fiber and high toughness resin matrix. High toughness cyanate ester resin C705 and domestic high modulus carbon fiber were selected for manufacturing the prototype space mirror. Keywords: carbon fiber; composite; space mirror; cyanate ester; resin matrix INTRODUCTION Space mirrors were fabricated using continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) materials, which was the development trend of lightweight space optical system. CFRP composite mirrors had been deeply studied for several decades overseas, and many research results had been achieved. Engineering application of high precision composite mirrors was illustrated. PLANCK, RICH, NPOI and ULTRA projects were their typical representatives [1]-[4]. Fig.1 Comparison of specific stiffness and thermal stability of manufacturing materials used for mirror Space mirror should have these characteristics: ultra lightweight, thermal performance matching, good structural rigidity. Fig.1 shows specific stiffness and thermal stability of manufacturing materials used for mirror.
    [Show full text]
  • Glass Fiber Optics Choosing Glass Or Plastic
    PHOTOELECTRIC FEATURED RECTANGLE RIGHT ANGLE BARREL Glass Fiber Optics • Solve numerous challenging sensing applications in the most hostile environments, including temperatures up to 480° C, corrosive materials and extreme moisture • Withstand severe shock and vibration • Ignore extreme electrical noise • Constructed of a combination of optical glass fiber, stainless steel, PVC, brass, molded thermoplastics and optical-grade epoxy Glass Choosing Glass or Plastic Sheath Plastic fibers are for general purpose use. They tolerate severe flexing, can be cut to length in the field and cost less than glass fibers. Glass fibers are the best choice for challenging environments such as high temperatures, corrosive materials and moisture. Core & cladding Glass fibers page 306 • Solve numerous challenging sensing requirements • Ideal for hostile environments such as high temperatures to 480° C, corrosive materials and extreme moisture Plastic • Withstand high levels of shock and vibration Jacket • Inherently immune to extreme electrical noise • Available with choice of sheathings: standard stainless-steel flexible conduit, Cladding PVC or other flexible tubing • Can be quickly custom designed Core Fiber Construction Plastic fibers page 286 • Inexpensive and easily cut to length during installation Core: Thin glass or plastic center of the • Bend for a precise fit fiber through which light travels • Available in high-flex models to withstand flexing Cladding: Outer optical material surrounding • Offered with special jackets that withstand corrosion,
    [Show full text]
  • Glass Fiber Optics • Solve Numerous Challenging Sensing Applications in The
    FIBER SYSTEMS Glass Fiber Optics • Solve numerous challenging sensing applications in the SENSORS most hostile environments, including temperatures up to 480° C, corrosive materials and extreme moisture • Withstand severe shock and vibration • Ignore extreme electrical noise FIBERS PLASTIC • Constructed of a combination of optical glass fiber, stainless steel, PVC, brass, molded thermoplastics and optical-grade epoxy GLASS FIBERS Glass Fiber Optic Model Key I A T 2 3 S X X ASSEMBLY STYLE designator MODIFICATIONS designator B = Bifurcated fiber “MXX” = Sensing end tip modification I = Individual fiber* “M600” Sensing end withstands 315° C “M900” = Sensing end withstands 480° C SHEATHING MATERIAL designator S = Stainless steel flexible conduit SENSING END TIP STYLE designator P = PVC with galvanized monocoil reinforcing wire A = 90° Angle AM = Miniature 90° Angle OVERALL LENGTH designator (in feet) AT = 90° Angle/Thread 2 = 2 ft. = 610 mm ±38 mm F = Ferrule 3 = 3 ft. = 914 mm ±38 mm M = Miniature Tip MP = Miniature Probe MT = Miniature Thread R = Rectangular Bundle Termination FIBER BUNDLE DIAMETER designator T = Thread TA = Thread/90° Angle .44 = 0.7 mm TETA = Thread and Extra Tight 90° Angle .5 = 0.8 mm .75 = 1.2 mm 1 = 1.6 mm 1.5 = 2.3 mm 2 = 3.2 mm 2.5 = 4.0 mm * Individual glass fibers are packaged separately. 204 More information online at bannerengineering.com For Sales and Support, Contact Walker EMD • Toll-free: (800) 876-4444 • Tel: (203) 426-7700 • Fax: (203) 426-7800 • www.walkeremd.com FIBER SYSTEMS Glass Fiber Optics Specifications SENSORS Construction Combination of optical glass fiber, stainless steel or PVC, brass, molded thermoplastics, and optical-grade epoxy.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-Cycle Analysis Update of Glass and Glass Fiber for the GREETTM Model
    Life-Cycle Analysis Update of Glass and Glass Fiber for the GREETTM Model by Q. Dai, J. Kelly, J. Sullivan and A. Elgowainy Systems Assessment Group Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory September 2015 ii CONTENTS ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................. v 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 2 FLAT GLASS.......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Production of Flat Glass ................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Material Inputs for Float Glass Production ............................................................... 4 2.1.2 Energy Inputs for Float Glass Production ................................................................. 5 2.1.3 Emissions from Float Glass Production .................................................................... 6 2.2 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 7 3 TEXTILE GLASS FIBER ....................................................................................................... 9 3.1 E-glass Production............................................................................................................ 9 3.1.1 Material Inputs of E-glass Production ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Glass Fibers
    © 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org ASM Handbook, Vol. 21: Composites (#06781G) Glass Fibers Frederick T. Wallenberger, James C. Watson, and Hong Li, PPG Industries, Inc. GLASS FIBERS are among the most versatile highlighted wherever appropriate but not dis- sion of compositions, melt properties, fiber prop- industrial materials known today. They are read- cussed in full. Additional details about fiber erties (Ref 12), methods of manufacture, and sig- ily produced from raw materials, which are forming are provided in the section “Glass Melt- nificant product types. An in-depth discussion of available in virtually unlimited supply (Ref 1). ing and Fiber Forming” in this article. composite applications can be found in other ar- All glass fibers described in this article are de- Sizes and Binders. Glass filaments are highly ticles in this Volume. rived from compositions containing silica. They abrasive to each other (Ref 4). “Size” coatings Glass fibers and fabrics are used in ever in- exhibit useful bulk properties such as hardness, or binders are therefore applied before the strand creasing varieties for a wide range of applica- transparency, resistance to chemical attack, sta- is gathered to minimize degradation of filament tions (Ref 13). A data book is available (Ref 14) bility, and inertness, as well as desirable fiber strength that would otherwise be caused by fil- that covers all commercially available E-glass fi- properties such as strength, flexibility, and stiff- ament-to-filament abrasion. Binders provide lu- bers, whether employed for reinforcement, filtra- ness (Ref 2). Glass fibers are used in the manu- brication, protection, and/or coupling.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Fibers and Fiberglass: a Technical and Economic Comparison
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2010-06-11 Natural Fibers and Fiberglass: A Technical and Economic Comparison Justin Andrew Zsiros Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Construction Engineering and Management Commons, Economics Commons, Engineering Science and Materials Commons, and the Manufacturing Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Zsiros, Justin Andrew, "Natural Fibers and Fiberglass: A Technical and Economic Comparison" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2273. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2273 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Natural Fibers and Fiberglass: A Technical and Economic Comparison Justin A. Zsiros A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science A. Brent Strong, Chair Kent E. Kohkonen David T. Fullwood School of Technology Brigham Young University August 2010 Copyright © 2010 Justin Zsiros All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Natural Fibers and Fiberglass: A Technical and Economic Comparison Justin Zsiros School of Technology Master of Science Natural fibers have received attention in recent years because of their minimal environmental impact, reasonably good properties, and low cost. There is a wide variety of natural fibers suitable for composite applications, the most common of which is flax. Flax has advantages in tensile strength, light weight, and low cost over other natural fibers. As with other natural and synthetic fibers, flax is used to reinforce both thermoset and thermoplastic matrices.
    [Show full text]
  • Tough Or Strong? Short Or Long? Dialing in Mechanical Properties
    THERM0PLASTIC ELASTOMERS • STRUCTURAL • WEAR CONDUCTIVE • COLOR • FLAME RETARDANT Tough or Strong? Short or Long? Dialing in Mechanical Properties Karl Hoppe Senior Product Development Engineer Strength YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Stiffness YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Impact YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Structural Composites Formula YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Change in Resin Addi/ves Properes Structural Additives: Foundation YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS In this Presentation YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Modifiers Fillers Modifiers YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Polymer Blends Impact Modifiers Polymer Blends YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS ABS brings • Improved flow • Chemical resistance • Cost reduction PP brings • Improved flow • Chemical resistance • Cost reduction PBT brings • Improved flow • Chemical Resistance Polymer Blends YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS PC brings • Toughness • Strength Nylon brings • Strength • Stiffness PC brings • Toughness • Dimensional stability Polymer Blends YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS PC/ABS PC ABS (RTP 2500 A) Specific 1.19 1.15 1.05 Gravity Tensile 59 MPa 59 MPa 45 MPa Strength Notched Izod 850 J/m 740 J/m 250 J/m Impact Polymer Blends YOUR GLOBAL COMPOUNDER OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED THERMOPLASTICS Application: Housing
    [Show full text]