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Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber Through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers

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Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber Through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers by Kevin A. J. Joseph A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Copyright c 2017 by Kevin A. J. Joseph Abstract Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidic Lab in Fiber through Polymer-Coated Optical Fibers Kevin A. J. Joseph Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2017 Three-dimensional femtosecond laser processing of lab in fiber, the combination of integrated photonics and microfluidics inside optical fiber, was demonstrated in silica glass fibers coated with polymer buffer. This enables the laser fabrication of lab-on- chip functionalities onto optical fiber without the time-consuming and mechanically- compromising process of buffer removal. In this thesis, an assessment of laser-induced damage in buffer-coated fiber is reported, along with methods to avoid and mitigate this damage. Further, selective buffer machining is studied enabling in-tandem processing of the glass fiber core and cladding with the polymer buffer. Structuring of the fiber core, cladding photonic circuits, and microfluidics were demonstrated in buffer-coated fiber without removal of or damage to the polymer buffer. The methods and processes here make the lab in fiber platform to be more industry viable and opens new opportunities for device architectures spanning across the fiber core, cladding, and buffer, representing a significant technological advancement. ii Acknowledgements I once had a friend who studied geology tell me that when you look at the world on a geological time-scale, all of our human affairs seem fleeting and insignificant. I have chosen to study femtosecond laser processing, harnessing time-scales of millionths of billionths of seconds. It is not surprising, therefore, that I have never thought of life (or at least of graduate school) of being too short. It is in that spirit of recognition that I would like to take a moment to acknowledge those who have helped to guide and support me throughout the completion of this thesis. Since starting my studies at the University of Toronto, I have been fortunate to receive guidance and mentorship from my predecessors. I would like to thank Dr. Kenneth Lee and Dr. Jason Grenier for their training and advice, as well as for their pioneering work on cladding photonics. Dr. Stephen Ho has always been willing to take time to talk through a problem and offer invaluable insight and training, particularly in matters concerning chemical etching and microfluidics. Dr. Jianzho Li's indomitability and infinite repository of knowledge have been both a life-saver as well as an inspiration. Dr. Moez Haque is a forerunner of lab in fiber research and his training, insights, and accomplishments were critical to my achievements. I also acknowledge his help in preparing the LaTex code used to write this thesis. He has been a role model both in terms of academic excellence and professionalism. Dr. Erden Ertorer's patience and perspective are qualities which I strive to emulate. Erden approaches every situation with the mindset of a scientist, an engineer, and a technician, and has taught me countless practical techniques in the lab. I thank my colleagues for all of their helpful advice, useful conversations, and our mutual commiserations. Zeinab Mohammadi, thank you for helping to show me the ropes around the laboratory and helping to train me on the IMRA America laser system. I could always count on David Roper to pick through a tough problem and offer unique perspectives, or just talk to endlessly about nothing. Ehsan Alimohammadian has been a friend and adviser, upon whom I can always depend for sincere and thoughtful guidance. Hydrofluoric acid etching work discussed in this thesis was conducted in the laboratory of Professor Nazir Kherani, whom I gratefully acknowledge and thank. iii Potassium Hydroxide etching was done with help from Kevin Yang of Prof. Ted Sargent's research group, both of whom I also aknowledge and thank. I would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of my family and friends. Thank you for your patience, your tolerance of my tardiness and last-minute cancellations, and your support. I dare not try listing everyone at the risk of omission, but in particular, I must thank my selfless and unconditionally supportive parents, Lalitha and Anthony, my always-encouraging siblings, Shobani, Sean, and Daniel, my charismatic nephew Alec (AKA \Li'l Al"), all of my cousin-friends, and of course, my best friend, Brittany De Pompa. I would like to thank my MASc. proposal committee, Prof. Ofer Levi and Prof. Li Qian. Thank you both for your valuable advice and suggestions, which helped to shape the direction of this research. I also thank my MASc. defence committee, Prof. Ofer Levi, Prof. Mo Mojahedi, and Prof. Konstantinos Plataniotis. Your questions and suggestions are recoginzed in strengthening this thesis. I must of course acknowledge the support, guidance, and mentorship of my supervisors, Prof. J. Stewart Aitchison and Prof. Peter Herman. Prof. Aitchison has always reminded me to not get bogged down in day-to-day problems, and to think about what I want out of life and how to make decisions that would put me in that direction. Prof. Hermans door has always been open. He has helped guide me through countless challenges and shaped my thinking. I am forever grateful to both of you. Lastly, I would like to gratefully acknowledge that partial funding for this work was provided through grants from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). iv Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii List of Conference Proceedings viii 1 Introduction1 1.1 Chapter-by-Chapter Outline.........................6 2 Background8 2.1 Laser Material Interactions in Transparent Solids..............................9 2.1.1 Laser Processing Optical Fiber................... 10 2.1.2 Laser Processing of Glasses..................... 11 2.1.3 Laser Processing of Polymers.................... 12 2.2 Laser Processing of Lab in Fiber....................... 13 2.2.1 Laser Processing in / near the Fiber Core............. 13 2.2.2 Cladding Photonics.......................... 15 2.2.3 Microfluidics in Fiber......................... 17 2.3 Optical Fiber Buffers............................. 20 3 Methods 23 v 3.1 Femtosecond Laser Processing System................... 23 3.2 Fiber Preparation, Handling, and Alignment................ 29 3.3 Laser Processing of Fibers.......................... 32 3.3.1 Core Modifications.......................... 33 3.3.2 Cladding Photonics.......................... 34 3.3.3 Microfluidics in Fiber......................... 36 3.3.4 Buffer Ablation............................ 37 3.4 Optical Characterization........................... 38 4 Laser Modifications to the Polymer Buffer 40 4.1 Buffer Damage Zones from Laser-Focusing in Fiber Cladding....... 41 4.2 Sources of Damage in the Polymer Buffer.................. 46 4.2.1 Intensity-Driven Damage in the Buffer............... 46 4.2.2 Thermal Damage in the Buffer................... 49 4.3 Laser Ablation of Polymer Buffer...................... 54 4.4 Chemical Etching Silica Fiber Cladding through Polymer Buffer..... 62 4.4.1 Chemical Resistance of Acrylate Buffer to KOH and HF..... 62 4.4.2 Enabling Fluid Flow through Ablated Buffer............ 66 4.4.3 Mitigating Interfacial Damage after HF Etching.......... 72 4.5 Chapter 4 Summary............................. 78 5 Lab in Fiber Devices in Buffered Fiber 81 5.1 Structures Written in the Core of Buffered Optical Fiber................................. 82 5.1.1 Structures Written in the Core of Acrylate-Coated Fiber.................................. 82 5.1.2 Structures Written in the Core of Polyimide-Coated Optical Fiber............................. 86 vi 5.2 Cladding Photonic Structures Written in the Cladding of Acrylate-Coated Optical Fiber................. 90 5.2.1 Optical Components: Cross-Couplers, Cladding Waveguides, and Bragg Grating Waveguides............ 90 5.2.2 Bend Profiler in Acrylate-Coated Fiber............... 94 5.3 Microfluidics Written in Acrylate-Coated Fiber.............. 99 5.3.1 FLICE in Acrylate-Coated Fiber.................. 99 5.3.2 Fluid Flow in Acrylate-Coated Fiber................ 101 5.3.3 Particle Flow in Acrylate-Coated Fiber............... 107 5.4 Chapter 5 Summary............................. 108 6 Discussion and Future Work 112 7 Conclusion 118 Bibliography 122 vii List of Conference Proceedings 1. K. A. J. Joseph, M. Haque, S. Ho, J. S. Aitchison, P. R. Herman, \Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write of Optofluidics in Polymer-Coated Optical Fiber", Frontiers in Ultrafast Optics: Biomedical, Scientific, and Industrial Applications XVII, SPIE Photonics West (2017) (oral). • 1st Place − Best Student Paper Awards for Frontiers in Ultrafast Optics: Biomedical, Scientific, and Industrial Applications XVII ($1000 USD) 2. K. A. J. Joseph, M. Haque, J. S. Aitchison, P. R. Herman, \Femtosecond Laser Direct Write of Optofluidic Lab-in-Fiber through Polymer-Coated Optical Fiber", Advanced Fabrication Technologies for Micro/Nano Optics and Photonics IX, SPIE Photonics West (2016) (oral). 3. M. Haque, S. Ho, E. Ertorer, K. A. J. Joseph, J. Li, P. R. Herman, \Packaging and micro-structuring for enabling multi-functional fiber cladding photonics
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