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Calendula Officinalis International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Pharmacological Activities of Calendula Officinalis Kaviena Baskaran 2nd Year BDS, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital Abstract: Calendula officinalis, belonging to the family of Asteraceae, commonly known as English marigold or Pot Marigold is an aromatic herb which is used in Traditional system of medicine in Europe, China and India amongst several places in the world. It is also known as “African marigold” and has been a subject of several chemical and pharmacological studies. It is used in especially for wound healing, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and spasmogenic, antispasmodic, analgesic, and anti-diabetic . In this review, I have explored the organoleptic, pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis in order to existing information on this plant as well as highlight its multi activity properties as a medicinal agent. Keywords: Calendula officinalis, Organoleptic Properties, Asteraceae, Phytochemical constituents, Pharmacological activities. 1. Introduction Organoleptic Properties. Calendula officinalis Linn. is used medicinally in Europe, Calendula officinalis has faint, pleasantly aromatic odour [9] China, US and India. It belongs to the family, Asteraceae, and bitter taste. and is commonly known as Zergul (Hindi), African marigold, Calendula, Common Marigold, Garden Marigold, 2. Pharmacological Activities Marigold, Pot Marigold (English), Butterblume (German), Chin Chan Ts’ao (Chinese), Galbinele (Romanian) and Antimicrobial Activity Ringblomma (Swedish)[1,2]. Calendula officinalis. Linn has The essential oil of the flowers inhibits the growth in vitro of been widely used in homeopathic medicine for the treatment Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, of many diseases. It has been reported to possess many Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans[10]. A pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti- flavonoid fraction isolated from the flowers inhibited the inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral. It also growth in vitro of S. aureus, Sarcina lutea, E. coli, Klebsiella possess cytotoxic as well as tumor reducing potential. It is pneumoniae and Candida monosa[11]. However, chloroform, used as analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, anti-emetic, ethanol, methanol or water extracts of the flowers did not anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antiseptic, anti- inhibit bacterial growth in vitro[12.13.14]. Acetone, ethanol or spasmodic, anti-viral, astringent, bitter, candidicide, water extracts inhibited the growth in vitro of the fungus cardiotonic, carminative, cholagogue, dermagenic, Neurospora crassa[15]. Extracts of the flowers inhibited the diaphoretic, diuretic, hemostatic, immunostimulant, growth in vitro of Trichomonas vaginalis[16]. Oxygenated lymphatic, uterotonic, and as vasodilator. Generally in cases terpenes appear to be responsible for the antimicrobial of external it is used for treating skin inflammations, open activity[17]. Extracts of the flowers inhibits the growth in wounds and laceration wounds with bleeding. It is also used vitro of Trichomonas vaginalis. Oxygenated terpenes appear for treating minor diseases like razor burns and wind burns. to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Internally it is used for mucous membrane inflammations, peptic and duodenal ulcers, spasms of the GI tract, duodenal Antiviral Activity and intestinal mucosa, dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) A tincture of the flowers suppressed the replication of herpes especially in nervous or anemic women, splenic and hepatic simplex, influenza A2 and Influenza APR-8 viruses in inflammations. It is also used as a mouthwash after tooth vitro[18]. However, an aqueous extract of the flowers was not extractions[3]. active14. A chloroform extract of the flowers inhibited the replication of HIV-1 in acutely infected lymphocytic Taxonomic classification of Calendula officinalis[4,5,6,7]. MOLT-4 cells in vitro (IC50 0.4 mg/ml)[19]. A chloroform Kingdom - Plantae extract also inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity in Subkingdom - Tracheobionta a dose-dependent manner (ED50 51.0 mg/ml). A 5% hot Division - Magnoliophyta aqueous extract of the flowers (2 ml) inhibited the Class - Magnoliopsida replication of encephalitis virus after intraperitoneal Subclass - Asteridae administration to mice[20]. Order - Asterales Family - Asteraceae Anti-inflammatory and Anti-edematous Activity Tribe - Calenduleae Topical application of a 70% ethanol extract of the flowers Genus - Calendula to mice at a dose of 1.2 mg/ear (corresponding to 4.16 mg Species - C. Officinalis crude drug) reduced croton oil-induced ear edema by 20%[21]. External application of a carbon dioxide extract of Habitat the flowers (300 mg/cm2) suppressed croton oil-induced ear The plant is native to Central and Southern Europe, Western edema in mice[22]. The triterpene fraction of an extract of the Asia and the US[8]. flowers had marked anti-inflammatory activity in mice (1 mg/ear) against ear edema induced by 12- Volume 6 Issue 5, May 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20173019 43 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Otetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate[23]. Faradiol esters HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity in a dose-dependent isolated from the flowers (240 mg/cm2) inhibited croton oil- manner (ED50 51.0mg/ml)[33].Dichloromethane-methanol induced ear edema in mice[24]. Intragastric administration of (1:1) extract of C. officinalis flowers exhibited potent anti- an aqueous extract of the flowers (100 mg/kg body weight) HIV activity in in vitro MTT/tetrazolium-based assay. This inhibited carrageenan-induced footpad edema in rats[25]. activity was attributed to inhibition of HIV1-RT at a However, an 80% ethanol extract of the flowers was weakly concentration of 1,000 µg /mL as well as suppression of the active (11% inhibition) at a concentration of 100 mg/kg HIV-mediated fusion at 500 µg/Ml[34]. body weight administered orally 1 hour prior to induction of edema[26]. Isorhamnetin glycosides isolated from the flowers Immunostimulant inhibited rat lung lipoxygenase in vitro[27]. The polysaccharide fraction of C. Officinalis extract showed immunostimulant activity, based on in vitro granulocyte test. Wound-healing and Angiogenic Activity Polysaccharide III showed the highest phagocytosis (54 – Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis L.(Asteraceae) 100 %) at a concentration of 10-5 - 10-6 mg/mL, while PS-I ethanolic extract and dichloromethane and hexanic fractions and PS-II exhibited 40 – 57 and 20 – 30 % phagocytosis, were evaluated by using Models 36 rats and 90 embryonated respectively[35,36]. eggs to evaluate healing and angiogenic activities of extracts and fractions of the plant, through the induction of skin Anticancer, lymphocytes and dual wounds and the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. The The ethyal acetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract of effect of vascular proliferation was also tested from the C. officinalis flowers has shown cytotoxic activity in study to verify the intensity of expression of vascular vitro[37]. Further activity-guided isolation of that fraction endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cutaneous wounds in showed that the active compounds were: calenduloside F6'- rats. In morphometric evaluation increase of the vascular O-n-butyl ester, which is active against leukaemia (MOLT-4 area and of percentage of red-marked areas was observed in and RPMI 8226), colon cancer (HCC-2998) and melanoma CAM treated as positive control 1% (17 ß-estradiol), (LOXIMVI, SK-MEL-5 and UACC-62)] cell lines with ethanolic extract 1%, dichloromethane fraction 1% and GI50 values of 0.77-0.99 µmole, except for leukaemia hexanic fraction 1%, compared to solvent control (ethanol (CCRF-CEM, GI50 = 23.1 µmole), renal cancer (AK-1, 17.2 70%). Digital planimetry by point counting performed on µmole; UO-31, 12.7 µmole) and breast Muley et al Trop J mice derm treated with ethanolic extract 1% revealed an Pharm Res, October 2009; 8 (5): 461 cancer (NCI/ADR- increase in the number of blood vessels compared to solvent RES, >50 µmole)] cell lines; and calenduloside G6'-O- control[28]. They reported a statistically significant difference methyl ester, which is active against all the cancer cell lines in reduction of total wound area compared with the control mentioned above with GI50≤ 20 µmole except for ovarian (p<0.05), showing an overall decrease of 41.71% in the cancer (IGROVI, GI50 = 20.1 µmole) and renal cancer (VO- experimental group compared with 14.52% in the control 31, 33.3 µmole) cell lines[37]. Aqueous laser-activated group. They conclude that application of Calendula extract calendula flower extract (LACE) showed potent in vitro significantly increases epithelization in chronic venous inhibition of tumor cell proliferation when assayed against a ulcerations. Marigold therapy offers a non-invasive and wide variety of human and murine tumor cell lines. The gentle treatment for difficult to treat plantar verruca, painful inhibition ranged from 70 – 100 % with an C50 hyperkeratotic lesions, and inflamed bursa secondary to concentration of 60 µg/mL. The mechanisms of the hallux abducto valgus[29]. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) inhibition were identified as cell
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