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KARL HAUSHOFER EN HET NATIONAAL-SOCIALISME Tijd, werk en invloed haushofer dissertatie.indd 1 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 2 27-11-2005 19:21:24 KARL HAUSHOFER EN HET NATIONAAL-SOCIALISME Tijd, werk en invloed KARL HAUSHOFER AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM Time, work and influence Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van rector magnificus Prof.dr. S.W.J. Lamberts en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 12 januari 2006 om 13.30 uur door Perry Wijnand Pierik geboren te Grave. haushofer dissertatie.indd 3 27-11-2005 19:21:24 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. H.J.G. Beunders Overige leden: Prof.dr. P.B.M. Blaas Prof.dr. H. van Dijk Prof.dr. J.M.W. Binneveld © Perry Pierik © 2006, Uitgeverij Aspekt bv Amersfoortsestraat 27, 3769 ad Soesterberg [email protected] www.uitgeverijaspekt.nl Ontwerp omslag: Henny van Mil Binnenwerk: Van Swieten & Partner, Nieuwegein isbn: 90-5911-376-4 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geau- tomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Voorzover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16b Auteurswet 1912 jo het Besluit van 20 juni 1994, St.b. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, St.b. 471, en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. haushofer dissertatie.indd 4 27-11-2005 19:21:24 Voor Ester, Puck en Finn haushofer dissertatie.indd 5 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 6 27-11-2005 19:21:24 inhoud Inleiding 5 1. De Duitse Sonderweg 25 1.1 legenden 25 1.2 Midden-Europa 28 1.3 Overzeese gebiedsdelen 30 1.4 Franse revolutie 35 2. Haushofer en de tegenrevolutie 39 2.1 Revolutie en tegenrevolutie 39 2.2 Revolutie in München 42 2.3 Karl Haushofer 49 2.4 De Eerste Wereldoorlog 53 2.5 De veranderingen in Haushofers wereldbeeld als gevolg van de Eerste Wereldoorlog 55 2.6 De universiteit en kennismaking met de nazi’s 58 2.7 Rudolf Hess 62 2.8 Putsch in München 66 2.9 Sondergruppe R 69 2.10 Mein Kampf 71 2.11 Kurt Vowinckel en het Zeitschrift für Geopolitik 74 2.12 Strijd om het Auslanddeutschtum 75 3. Geopolitik: de mores van het vak 81 3.1 Geografische patronen en politieke geschiedenis 81 3.2 Friedrich Ratzel 84 3.3 Rudolf Kjellén en Sir Halford Mackinder 86 7 haushofer dissertatie.indd 7 27-11-2005 19:21:24 karl haushofer en het nationaal-socialisme 3.4 Zoeken naar een synthese 88 3.5 Ruimte-politiek 95 3.6 Groot-Brittannië 103 3.7 Duitslands historische ‘achterstand’ en de ‘plannen’ van de Entente-machten voor Midden-Europa 108 3.8 Geestelijke mobilisatie 111 3.9 Fysisch-geografische factoren 114 3.10 Het water en de zee 117 3.11 Japan 123 4. Haushofers invloed op het nationaal-socialisme 127 4.1 Haushofer in de canon van de literatuur 127 4.2 Antisemitisme 131 4.3 Lebensraum 138 4.4 Blokvorming 145 4.5 Lebensraum en rassenleer 147 4.6 Bewondering voor het Britse wereldrijk 148 4.7 Azië 150 4.8 Directe contacten en de vredesmissie van Rudolf Hess 154 4.9 Ongenade 162 4.10 Albrecht Haushofer 164 4.11 Zelfmoord 167 5. De zwarte magiër 168 5.1 De irrationele variant van het cultuurpessimisme 168 5.2 De speurtocht naar de geheime leermeesters van Hitler 177 5.3 Tussen feiten en fictie 180 5.4 Haushofers ‘tweede gezicht’ 187 5.5 Astrologie en voorspellingen 190 5.6 De mystieke trekken van het geloof in Duitsland 191 8 haushofer dissertatie.indd 8 27-11-2005 19:21:24 inhoud 6. De nalatenschap 194 6.1 Het naoorlogse Duitsland en Haushofer 194 6.2 De Angelsaksische wereld 198 6.3 De Sovjet-Unie 205 6.4 Het tijdperk na de Koude Oorlog 212 6.5 Globalisering 218 Conclusie 227 Noten 230 Literatuur 266 Summary 286 Register 297 9 haushofer dissertatie.indd 9 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 10 27-11-2005 19:21:25 inleiding De negentiende eeuw is wel de tijd van de profeten genoemd. Nieuwe ideeën vochten in heel Europa om voorrang. Idealisme stond hoog in het vaandel, maar engagement was niet zonder gevaar.1 Het denken over land en vaderland was in de loop der jaren veranderd. Onder in- vloed van Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) had zich een organi- cistische opvatting over naties breed gemaakt. Hierbij ging men ervan uit dat landen – net als mensen, dieren en planten – een periode van opkomst, groei, bloei en sterven kenden. Zolang zich deze tot beeld- spraak beperkte was er weinig aan de hand. Maar Herders organicis- tische ideeën sijpelden ook door naar de wetenschap. Onder invloed van Charles Darwin vestigden dergelijke gedachten zich ook in het politieke en wetenschappelijke jargon en denken. De beeldspraak was identiteit geworden.2 Geografie werd politieke geografie en politieke geografie baarde de geopolitiek. Karl Haushofer was Duitslands belangrijkste exponent van de geo- politiek. Geopolitiek probeert, in de woorden van zijn tijdgenoten de geopoliticologen Richard Hennig en Leo Körholz, de invloed van de geografie op de bevolking en het bestuur van een land te onderzoeken op wetmatigheden.3 In zijn Dictionary of Geopolitics kwam auteur John O’Loughlin in 1994 tot de conclusie dat Geopolitik vooral een politiek wapen was, geestelijke munitie, waar Duits expansionisme en hegemo- niegedachten uit voortkwamen.4 In het Duitse taalgebied werd de leer geïnitieerd door Friedrich Ratzel, theoretisch uitgebouwd door de Zweed Rudolf Kjellén en na de Eerste Wereldoorlog door Karl Haushofer aangedragen als een van de noodzakelijke motoren van het Duits buitenlands politiek beleid. 11 haushofer dissertatie.indd 11 27-11-2005 19:21:25 karl haushofer en het nationaal-socialisme O’Loughlin stelde terecht dat hier grote gevaren aan kleefden. Niet al- leen stond het vakgebied onder de slagschaduw van de traumatische Eerste Wereldoorlog, maar bediende het zich ook van bijna ondefi- nieerbare en ongrijpbare begrippen als Lebensraum en heim ins Reich die door de nazi’s tot pseudo-religieuze stokpaardjes zouden worden verheven, en reeds in Hitlers vroegste geschriften een belangrijke plaats innamen. ‘Geopolitics served as a pseudoscientific instrument for a war-promoting political propaganda’, concludeerde O’Loughlin.5 Voordat we ons met Haushofers rol in deze ontwikkelingen zullen bezighouden is een eerste introductie van het vakgebied van belang. De constatering dat de ongelukkige Vrede van Versailles een belang- rijke rol speelde in de wijze waarop het geopolitieke denken zich in Duitsland ontwikkelde, had gevolgen voor het vakgebied: Haushofer meende dat hij het Duitse volk als gevolg van de tragedie van 1914- 1918 moest ‘onderwijzen’.6 David Thomas Murphy concludeerde in zijn boek The Heroic Earth, Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany 1918- 1933 uit 1977 dat zonder het Verdrag van Versailles geopolitiek een klein obscuur vakgebiedje zou zijn gebleven.7 De politieke wil tot obstructie en revisie van het gewraakte verdrag gaf de Duitse geopolitiek de wind in de zeilen. De grote invloed van de geest van Versailles enerzijds en de weten- schappelijke mores anderzijds leverden van begin af aan een groot spanningsveld op binnen de Duitse geopolitiek vanaf de jaren twin- tig. De nationaal-socialisten erkenden al snel dat de geopolitiek zich leende ter legitimatie en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van hun expansionistische plannen. Murphy wijst erop dat de geopolitiek zich bediende van argumenten met betrekking tot de zorgen over de toe- komst van Duitsland, in tegenstelling tot de veelal emotionele reacties van anderen op Versailles.8 Zo stelden sommige geopoliticologen dat het Verdrag van Versailles geen rekening hield met natuurlijke gren- zen, zowel van Duitsland als van het (al even moeilijk te definiëren) Midden-Europa. Versailles hield ook geen rekening met geo-economi- sche wetmatigheden. Zo zouden de herstelbetalingen die de Entente van Duitsland eiste, indruisen tegen de economische cohesie en dus wederopbloei van heel Europa. 12 haushofer dissertatie.indd 12 27-11-2005 19:21:25 inleiding Naast deze rationele bezwaren was de geopolitiek in Duitsland ech- ter ook in de ban van de irrationele tijdgeest waar de nazi’s garen bij sponnen. Zo streden de geopolitieke ideeën om voorrang met het de- terminisme dat uitging van de (fysische) geografie en het (raciale) de- terminisme van de mens (en zijn techniek). Soms gingen ze samen, in een soort romantisch geodeterminisme, bijvoorbeeld wat betreft de poolgebieden, die verkend en bruikbaar moesten worden gemaakt voor de mens. Anderzijds was er de afkeer van bepaalde technische vooruitgang, zoals de urbanisatie, de grote stad en de industriële ont- wikkeling, waardoor er een moeilijke spagaat ontstond tussen weten- schap en technisch Vernunft aan de ene kant en een romantisch-defai- tistische maatschappijvisie aan de andere kant, die op Spengleriaanse wijze staat en samenleving als een organisme zag dat via geopolitieke scenario’s beschermd diende te worden. Om met Leni Riefenstahl te spreken, de ‘triomf van de wil’9 stond soms haaks op het geodetermi- nisme dat zich natuurwetenschappelijk ontpopte. Dit dilemma, waar- door O’Loughlin voor wetenschappelijke distantie pleitte ten aanzien van de Duitse geopolitiek, kenmerkte ook het werk en de geest van Karl Haushofer. Hij leunde enerzijds zwaar op zijn grote kennis van het geo- determinisme, maar tegelijkertijd predikte hij het Caesarentum (een sterke leider) als uitweg voor Duitslands machtspolitieke dilemma.10 Murphy wees er terecht op dat deze moeilijke spagaat veroorzaakt werd door het feit dat het Duitse cultuurgebied ingeklemd zat tussen twee duidelijk definieerbare krachten: het Russisch-byzantinisme en de Westerse Wereld.11 De Duitsers meenden dan ook dat de Duitse ‘cul- tuurbodem’ bedreigd werd.
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  • The Function of Selection in Nazi Policy Towards University Students 1933- 1945

    The Function of Selection in Nazi Policy Towards University Students 1933- 1945

    THE FUNCTION OF SELECTION IN NAZI POLICY TOWARDS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 1933- 1945 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial hlfillment of the requirernents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History York University North York, Ontario December 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliogaphic Services se~cesbibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your tlk Votre refénmce Our fi& Notre refdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or elecîronic formats. la forme de microfiche/tilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in ths thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be p~tedor othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Towards a New Genus of Students: The Function of Selection in Nazi Policy Towards University Students 1933-1945 by Béla Bodo a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of York University in partial fulfillment of the requirernents for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF YORK UNlVERSlrY to lend or seIl copies of this dissertation, to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this dissertation and to lend or sel1 copies of the film.
  • 9783039118458 Intro 002.Pdf

    9783039118458 Intro 002.Pdf

    Introduction Crypto-Public Domains within the Third Reich […] heroism […] is to venture wholly to be oneself, as an individual man, this definite individual man, alone before the face of God, alone in this tremendous exertion and this tremendous responsibility […]. — SØren Kierkegaard The Sickness unto Death (1848) This study concentrates on an analysis of public spheres in National Social- ist Germany in order to identify, locate, and investigate circumstances of possible resistance to Adolf Hitler’s regime. The plural use of the word “sphere” is programmatic, since in every society there exist several realms that can function as places of public discourse. We focus on the space of the crypto-public, defined as a politicized private sphere, as a potential realm for anti-state activism. Based on the activities of four organizations operating in Germany between 1933 and 1944—the Jüdischer Kulturbund Berlin ( Jewish Cultural Alliance Berlin), the Kreisauer Kreis (Kreisau Circle), the Scholl- Schmorell-Kreis (Scholl-Schmorell Circle),1 and the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Organisation (Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Organization)—we analyze how this social locus functioned to foster resistance to National Socialism. We examine the artifacts of these groups—leaflets, pamphlets, politico- 1 Traditionally this group has been referred to as Weisse Rose (White Rose); yet, as Sönke Zankel has pertinently argued, that name is misleading, as the Weisse Rose comprised merely the beginning phase of the activities undertaken by the student group sur- rounding Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell (Sönke Zankel, Mit Flugblätter gegen Hitler. Der Widerstandskreis um Hans Scholl und Alexander Schmorell (Köln, Weimar, Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2008) 13).
  • German Captured Documents Collection

    German Captured Documents Collection

    German Captured Documents Collection A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Allan Teichroew, Fred Bauman, Karen Stuart, and other Manuscript Division Staff with the assistance of David Morris and Alex Sorenson Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2011 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms011148 Latest revision: 2012 October Collection Summary Title: German Captured Documents Collection Span Dates: 1766-1945 ID No.: MSS22160 Extent: 249,600 items ; 51 containers plus 3 oversize ; 20.5 linear feet ; 508 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in German with some English and French Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: German documents captured by American military forces after World War II consisting largely of Nazi Party materials, German government and military records, files of several German officials, and some quasi-governmental records. Much of the material is microfilm of originals returned to Germany. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Wiedemann, Fritz, b. 1891. Fritz Wiedemann papers. Organizations Akademie für Deutsches Recht (Germany) Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Deutsches Ausland-Institut. Eher-Verlag. Archiv. Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Germany. Reichskanzlei. Germany. Reichsministerium für die Besetzten Ostgebiete. Germany. Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion. Germany. Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda.