DOCSLIB.ORG

Pierik(Haushofer) Dissertatie.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pierik(Haushofer) Dissertatie.Pdf KARL HAUSHOFER EN HET NATIONAAL-SOCIALISME Tijd, werk en invloed haushofer dissertatie.indd 1 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 2 27-11-2005 19:21:24 KARL HAUSHOFER EN HET NATIONAAL-SOCIALISME Tijd, werk en invloed KARL HAUSHOFER AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM Time, work and influence Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van rector magnificus Prof.dr. S.W.J. Lamberts en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 12 januari 2006 om 13.30 uur door Perry Wijnand Pierik geboren te Grave. haushofer dissertatie.indd 3 27-11-2005 19:21:24 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. H.J.G. Beunders Overige leden: Prof.dr. P.B.M. Blaas Prof.dr. H. van Dijk Prof.dr. J.M.W. Binneveld © Perry Pierik © 2006, Uitgeverij Aspekt bv Amersfoortsestraat 27, 3769 ad Soesterberg [email protected] www.uitgeverijaspekt.nl Ontwerp omslag: Henny van Mil Binnenwerk: Van Swieten & Partner, Nieuwegein isbn: 90-5911-376-4 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geau- tomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Voorzover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16b Auteurswet 1912 jo het Besluit van 20 juni 1994, St.b. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, St.b. 471, en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912, dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (Postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) uit deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912) dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. haushofer dissertatie.indd 4 27-11-2005 19:21:24 Voor Ester, Puck en Finn haushofer dissertatie.indd 5 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 6 27-11-2005 19:21:24 inhoud Inleiding 5 1. De Duitse Sonderweg 25 1.1 legenden 25 1.2 Midden-Europa 28 1.3 Overzeese gebiedsdelen 30 1.4 Franse revolutie 35 2. Haushofer en de tegenrevolutie 39 2.1 Revolutie en tegenrevolutie 39 2.2 Revolutie in München 42 2.3 Karl Haushofer 49 2.4 De Eerste Wereldoorlog 53 2.5 De veranderingen in Haushofers wereldbeeld als gevolg van de Eerste Wereldoorlog 55 2.6 De universiteit en kennismaking met de nazi’s 58 2.7 Rudolf Hess 62 2.8 Putsch in München 66 2.9 Sondergruppe R 69 2.10 Mein Kampf 71 2.11 Kurt Vowinckel en het Zeitschrift für Geopolitik 74 2.12 Strijd om het Auslanddeutschtum 75 3. Geopolitik: de mores van het vak 81 3.1 Geografische patronen en politieke geschiedenis 81 3.2 Friedrich Ratzel 84 3.3 Rudolf Kjellén en Sir Halford Mackinder 86 7 haushofer dissertatie.indd 7 27-11-2005 19:21:24 karl haushofer en het nationaal-socialisme 3.4 Zoeken naar een synthese 88 3.5 Ruimte-politiek 95 3.6 Groot-Brittannië 103 3.7 Duitslands historische ‘achterstand’ en de ‘plannen’ van de Entente-machten voor Midden-Europa 108 3.8 Geestelijke mobilisatie 111 3.9 Fysisch-geografische factoren 114 3.10 Het water en de zee 117 3.11 Japan 123 4. Haushofers invloed op het nationaal-socialisme 127 4.1 Haushofer in de canon van de literatuur 127 4.2 Antisemitisme 131 4.3 Lebensraum 138 4.4 Blokvorming 145 4.5 Lebensraum en rassenleer 147 4.6 Bewondering voor het Britse wereldrijk 148 4.7 Azië 150 4.8 Directe contacten en de vredesmissie van Rudolf Hess 154 4.9 Ongenade 162 4.10 Albrecht Haushofer 164 4.11 Zelfmoord 167 5. De zwarte magiër 168 5.1 De irrationele variant van het cultuurpessimisme 168 5.2 De speurtocht naar de geheime leermeesters van Hitler 177 5.3 Tussen feiten en fictie 180 5.4 Haushofers ‘tweede gezicht’ 187 5.5 Astrologie en voorspellingen 190 5.6 De mystieke trekken van het geloof in Duitsland 191 8 haushofer dissertatie.indd 8 27-11-2005 19:21:24 inhoud 6. De nalatenschap 194 6.1 Het naoorlogse Duitsland en Haushofer 194 6.2 De Angelsaksische wereld 198 6.3 De Sovjet-Unie 205 6.4 Het tijdperk na de Koude Oorlog 212 6.5 Globalisering 218 Conclusie 227 Noten 230 Literatuur 266 Summary 286 Register 297 9 haushofer dissertatie.indd 9 27-11-2005 19:21:24 haushofer dissertatie.indd 10 27-11-2005 19:21:25 inleiding De negentiende eeuw is wel de tijd van de profeten genoemd. Nieuwe ideeën vochten in heel Europa om voorrang. Idealisme stond hoog in het vaandel, maar engagement was niet zonder gevaar.1 Het denken over land en vaderland was in de loop der jaren veranderd. Onder in- vloed van Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) had zich een organi- cistische opvatting over naties breed gemaakt. Hierbij ging men ervan uit dat landen – net als mensen, dieren en planten – een periode van opkomst, groei, bloei en sterven kenden. Zolang zich deze tot beeld- spraak beperkte was er weinig aan de hand. Maar Herders organicis- tische ideeën sijpelden ook door naar de wetenschap. Onder invloed van Charles Darwin vestigden dergelijke gedachten zich ook in het politieke en wetenschappelijke jargon en denken. De beeldspraak was identiteit geworden.2 Geografie werd politieke geografie en politieke geografie baarde de geopolitiek. Karl Haushofer was Duitslands belangrijkste exponent van de geo- politiek. Geopolitiek probeert, in de woorden van zijn tijdgenoten de geopoliticologen Richard Hennig en Leo Körholz, de invloed van de geografie op de bevolking en het bestuur van een land te onderzoeken op wetmatigheden.3 In zijn Dictionary of Geopolitics kwam auteur John O’Loughlin in 1994 tot de conclusie dat Geopolitik vooral een politiek wapen was, geestelijke munitie, waar Duits expansionisme en hegemo- niegedachten uit voortkwamen.4 In het Duitse taalgebied werd de leer geïnitieerd door Friedrich Ratzel, theoretisch uitgebouwd door de Zweed Rudolf Kjellén en na de Eerste Wereldoorlog door Karl Haushofer aangedragen als een van de noodzakelijke motoren van het Duits buitenlands politiek beleid. 11 haushofer dissertatie.indd 11 27-11-2005 19:21:25 karl haushofer en het nationaal-socialisme O’Loughlin stelde terecht dat hier grote gevaren aan kleefden. Niet al- leen stond het vakgebied onder de slagschaduw van de traumatische Eerste Wereldoorlog, maar bediende het zich ook van bijna ondefi- nieerbare en ongrijpbare begrippen als Lebensraum en heim ins Reich die door de nazi’s tot pseudo-religieuze stokpaardjes zouden worden verheven, en reeds in Hitlers vroegste geschriften een belangrijke plaats innamen. ‘Geopolitics served as a pseudoscientific instrument for a war-promoting political propaganda’, concludeerde O’Loughlin.5 Voordat we ons met Haushofers rol in deze ontwikkelingen zullen bezighouden is een eerste introductie van het vakgebied van belang. De constatering dat de ongelukkige Vrede van Versailles een belang- rijke rol speelde in de wijze waarop het geopolitieke denken zich in Duitsland ontwikkelde, had gevolgen voor het vakgebied: Haushofer meende dat hij het Duitse volk als gevolg van de tragedie van 1914- 1918 moest ‘onderwijzen’.6 David Thomas Murphy concludeerde in zijn boek The Heroic Earth, Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany 1918- 1933 uit 1977 dat zonder het Verdrag van Versailles geopolitiek een klein obscuur vakgebiedje zou zijn gebleven.7 De politieke wil tot obstructie en revisie van het gewraakte verdrag gaf de Duitse geopolitiek de wind in de zeilen. De grote invloed van de geest van Versailles enerzijds en de weten- schappelijke mores anderzijds leverden van begin af aan een groot spanningsveld op binnen de Duitse geopolitiek vanaf de jaren twin- tig. De nationaal-socialisten erkenden al snel dat de geopolitiek zich leende ter legitimatie en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van hun expansionistische plannen. Murphy wijst erop dat de geopolitiek zich bediende van argumenten met betrekking tot de zorgen over de toe- komst van Duitsland, in tegenstelling tot de veelal emotionele reacties van anderen op Versailles.8 Zo stelden sommige geopoliticologen dat het Verdrag van Versailles geen rekening hield met natuurlijke gren- zen, zowel van Duitsland als van het (al even moeilijk te definiëren) Midden-Europa. Versailles hield ook geen rekening met geo-economi- sche wetmatigheden. Zo zouden de herstelbetalingen die de Entente van Duitsland eiste, indruisen tegen de economische cohesie en dus wederopbloei van heel Europa. 12 haushofer dissertatie.indd 12 27-11-2005 19:21:25 inleiding Naast deze rationele bezwaren was de geopolitiek in Duitsland ech- ter ook in de ban van de irrationele tijdgeest waar de nazi’s garen bij sponnen. Zo streden de geopolitieke ideeën om voorrang met het de- terminisme dat uitging van de (fysische) geografie en het (raciale) de- terminisme van de mens (en zijn techniek). Soms gingen ze samen, in een soort romantisch geodeterminisme, bijvoorbeeld wat betreft de poolgebieden, die verkend en bruikbaar moesten worden gemaakt voor de mens. Anderzijds was er de afkeer van bepaalde technische vooruitgang, zoals de urbanisatie, de grote stad en de industriële ont- wikkeling, waardoor er een moeilijke spagaat ontstond tussen weten- schap en technisch Vernunft aan de ene kant en een romantisch-defai- tistische maatschappijvisie aan de andere kant, die op Spengleriaanse wijze staat en samenleving als een organisme zag dat via geopolitieke scenario’s beschermd diende te worden. Om met Leni Riefenstahl te spreken, de ‘triomf van de wil’9 stond soms haaks op het geodetermi- nisme dat zich natuurwetenschappelijk ontpopte. Dit dilemma, waar- door O’Loughlin voor wetenschappelijke distantie pleitte ten aanzien van de Duitse geopolitiek, kenmerkte ook het werk en de geest van Karl Haushofer. Hij leunde enerzijds zwaar op zijn grote kennis van het geo- determinisme, maar tegelijkertijd predikte hij het Caesarentum (een sterke leider) als uitweg voor Duitslands machtspolitieke dilemma.10 Murphy wees er terecht op dat deze moeilijke spagaat veroorzaakt werd door het feit dat het Duitse cultuurgebied ingeklemd zat tussen twee duidelijk definieerbare krachten: het Russisch-byzantinisme en de Westerse Wereld.11 De Duitsers meenden dan ook dat de Duitse ‘cul- tuurbodem’ bedreigd werd.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tangled Complicities and Moral Struggles: the Haushofers, Father and Son, and the Spaces of Nazi Geopolitics
    Journal of Historical Geography 47 (2015) 64e73 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Historical Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg Feature: European Geographers and World War II Tangled complicities and moral struggles: the Haushofers, father and son, and the spaces of Nazi geopolitics Trevor J. Barnes a,* and Christian Abrahamsson b a Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada b Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Postboks 1096 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway Abstract Drawing on a biographical approach, the paper explores the tangled complicities and morally fraught relationship between the German father and son political geographers, Karl and Albrecht Haushofer, and the Nazi leadership. From the 1920s both Haushofers were influential within Nazism, although at different periods and under different circumstances. Karl Haushofer’s complicity began in 1919 with his friendship with Rudolf Hess, an undergraduate student he taught political geography at the University of Munich. Hess introduced Haushofer to Adolf Hitler the following year. In 1924 Karl provided jail-house instruction in German geopolitical theory to both men while they served an eight-and-a-half month prison term for treason following the ‘beer-hall putsch’ of November 1923. Karl’s prison lectures were significant because during that same period Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. In that tract, Hitler justifies German expansionism using Lebensraum, one of Haushofer’s key ideas. It is here that there is a potential link between German geopolitics and the subsequent course of the Second World War. Albrecht Haushofer’s complicity began in the 1930s when he started working as a diplomat for Joachim von Ribbentrop in a think-tank within the Nazi Foreign Ministry.
    [Show full text]
  • Alwin Seifert and Nazi Environmentalism
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of 5-2020 Advocates for the Landscape: Alwin Seifert and Nazi Environmentalism Peter Staudenmaier Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac Part of the History Commons Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications/College of Arts and Sciences This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; but the author’s final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation below. German Studies Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (May 2020): 271-290. DOI. This article is © Johns Hopkins University Press and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e- Publications@Marquette. Johns Hopkins University Press does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Johns Hopkins University Press. Advocates for the Landscape: Alwin Seifert and Nazi Environmentalism Peter Staudenmaier ABSTRACT Reexamining debates on ostensibly green facets of Nazism, this article offers a case study of the "landscape advocates" led by Alwin Seifert from 1934 to 1945. In contrast to previous accounts focused on the role of the landscape advocates in the construction of the Autobahn, the article assesses their work on a wide range of projects in Nazi Germany and across occupied Europe. It argues that existing scholarship has not fully recognized the extent of the landscape advocates' involvement in Nazi structures and has sometimes misunderstood the relationship between their environmental activities and blood and soil ideology. Seven decades after the defeat of Hitler's dictatorship, the European landscape still bears the scars of war and genocide.
    [Show full text]
  • Filhos De Nazistas: Os Impressionantes Retratos De Família Da Elite Do Nazismo / Tania Crasnianski ; Tradução Fernando Scheibe
    DADOS DE COPYRIGHT Sobre a obra: A presente obra é disponibilizada pela equipe Le Livros e seus diversos parceiros, com o objetivo de oferecer conteúdo para uso parcial em pesquisas e estudos acadêmicos, bem como o simples teste da qualidade da obra, com o fim exclusivo de compra futura. É expressamente proibida e totalmente repudíavel a venda, aluguel, ou quaisquer uso comercial do presente conteúdo Sobre nós: O Le Livros e seus parceiros disponibilizam conteúdo de dominio publico e propriedade intelectual de forma totalmente gratuita, por acreditar que o conhecimento e a educação devem ser acessíveis e livres a toda e qualquer pessoa. Você pode encontrar mais obras em nosso site: lelivros.love ou em qualquer um dos sites parceiros apresentados neste link. "Quando o mundo estiver unido na busca do conhecimento, e não mais lutando por dinheiro e poder, então nossa sociedade poderá enfim evoluir a um novo nível." Copyright © 2016 Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle Copyright © 2018 Editora Nemo/Vestígio Título original: Enfants de nazis Todos os direitos reservados pela Editora Nemo/Vestígio. Nenhuma parte desta publicação poderá ser reproduzida, seja por meios mecânicos, eletrônicos, seja via cópia xerográfica, sem a autorização prévia da Editora. GERENTE EDITORIAL Arnaud Vin EDITOR ASSISTENTE Eduardo Soares ASSISTENTE EDITORIAL Paula Pinheiro PREPARAÇÃO Sonia Junqueira REVISÃO Aline Sobreira CAPA Diogo Droschi (sobre imagem de ullstein bild Dtl./Getty Images) DIAGRAMAÇÃO Larissa Carvalho Mazzoni Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil Crasnianski, Tania Filhos de nazistas: os impressionantes retratos de família da elite do nazismo / Tania Crasnianski ; tradução Fernando Scheibe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marshall Plan in Austria 69
    CAS XXV CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIANAUSTRIAN STUDIES STUDIES | VOLUME VOLUME 25 25 This volume celebrates the study of Austria in the twentieth century by historians, political scientists and social scientists produced in the previous twenty-four volumes of Contemporary Austrian Studies. One contributor from each of the previous volumes has been asked to update the state of scholarship in the field addressed in the respective volume. The title “Austrian Studies Today,” then, attempts to reflect the state of the art of historical and social science related Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.) • Austrian Studies Today studies of Austria over the past century, without claiming to be comprehensive. The volume thus covers many important themes of Austrian contemporary history and politics since the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918—from World War I and its legacies, to the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, to the reconstruction of republican Austria after World War II, the years of Grand Coalition governments and the Kreisky era, all the way to Austria joining the European Union in 1995 and its impact on Austria’s international status and domestic politics. EUROPE USA Austrian Studies Studies Today Today GünterGünter Bischof,Bischof, Ferdinand Ferdinand Karlhofer Karlhofer (Eds.) (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Studies Today Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 25 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2016 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Luise Haus',Intro
    Introduction The Haushofers And The Nazis Luise Haushofer’s Jail Journal follows on from Albrecht Haushofer’s Moabite Sonnets, a bilingual edition of which appeared in 2001 with an introduction about the Haushofers, Geopolitics and the Second World War. Luise (née Renner) was Albrecht’s sister-in-law. After Moabite Sonnets appeared, her daughter—Andrea Haushofer-Schröder, Albrecht’s niece—contacted me and gave me some documents which illustrate the family consequences of Albrecht’s resistance activities. One of these was that Luise served time in jail as the Gestapo suspected her of helping Albrecht to elude capture after the 20th July 1944—a phrase which is shorthand for the attempt to assassinate Hitler and establish an alternative Government that would attempt to negotiate an end to the Second World War, and re-establish democracy in Germany. Because of the Nazi policy of Sippenhaft— arresting the family of an accused—Albrecht landed the Renner as well as the Haushofer families in trouble with the Gestapo and caused some dispute and ill- feeling between the two. The documents Andrea gave me appear here in the original German and in English translation. They comprise a communication from Martha Haushofer to Anna Renner; another from Karl Haushofer to Paul Renner; a reply from Renner; and a surviving fragment of a Jail Journal written by Luise Haushofer in 1963. In addition, there are several illustrations from the Haushofer archive (provided by Andrea). Albrecht was summarily executed in the closing hours of the War for his part in the Resistance to the Hitler regime. He had been captured in December 1944 and kept on ice in the Berlin Moabite Prison by the Nazis, in case his English contacts would be useful in the event of a negotiated end to the war.
    [Show full text]
  • (1!~,1'/~ '--L Robert S
    May 5, 1964 As director of this Senior Thesis, I recommend that it be accepted in fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors. (1!~,1'/~ '--l Robert s. Sears Associate Professor Foreign Language THEMES OF RESIGNArrI()N AND PF.SSTMISM IN AI~RECHT HA.USHOFER' 8 MO~:B.I 'Tlf.:3 ~.Ql.!~~.1'1? THEMES OF RESIGNATION AND P1':SSIMISM IN ALBRECHT HAUSHOFER'S ¥O~~ITER SONE~~E A RESEARCH P.4.PRR SUBMITTED TO THE HONORS COMMITTEE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree BACHELOR OF ARTS "VITH HONORS by LINDA MAPJE HANOOCK ADVISER - ROBERT SEARS BALL STATE TEACHERS COLLBGE MUNCIE, INDIANA. MAY. lq64 ! , " .' , DANKE SCHOEN an Her:rn Sears, who took the blame for m,?ny of my failures, and al:3o Drs. Rippy and MacGi bbon for "fachliche Rilfe." NOTES: where material was duplicated in several sources, it is footnoted as having come from one book, generally the one in which the best, most detailed, and most comprehensive coverage of the material was found, which sometimes results in what appears to be a preponderance of fl"lotnotes from only OIle source, due to the sonnets having been reprinted in fragments in variouEI articiles, all sonnets Quoted are documented as though their source were the book MO ABITER ~(YN~TrrE and not the individual a,..ticle in which thev anpeared. Spellin,Q" however has been Anglicized due to the difficulty in reproducing German diacritical markings. althou~~ criticism was translated from the German when quoted, the sonnets were lp-ft intact to p~eserve the effect that would h~ve been lost by an inadequate rennering into English.
    [Show full text]
  • HESS the Missing Years 1941-1945 Copyright ©  by David Irving Electronic Version Copyright ©  by Parforce U.K
    David Irving HESS The Missing Years 1941-1945 Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce U.K. Ltd. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be li- able to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imperfectly educated at Lon- don’s Imperial College of Science & Technol- ogy and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the lan- guage. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including several in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of his Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third vol- ume. Many of his works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. CONTENTS GERMANY A Prisoner of Mankind.............................................. The Private Secretary................................................ The Wailing Wall..................................................... The Bystander.......................................................... The Little Thunderstorm......................................... BRITAIN Fool’s Errand........................................................... The Tower............................................................... Camp Z...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE RUSSIAN ROOTS of NAZISM: White Emigres and the Making Of
    This page intentionally left blank THE RUSSIAN ROOTS OF NAZISM White Emigr´ ´es and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 This groundbreaking book examines the overlooked topic of the in- fluence of anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic Russian exiles on Nazism. White emigr´ es´ contributed politically, financially, militarily, and ide- ologically to National Socialism. This work refutes the notion that Nazism developed as a peculiarly German phenomenon. National Socialism arose primarily from the cooperation between volkisch¨ (nationalist/racist) Germans and vengeful White emigr´ es.´ From 1920 to 1923,Adolf Hitler collaborated with a conspiratorial far right German-White emigr´ e´ organization, Aufbau (Reconstruction). Aufbau allied with Nazis to overthrow the German government and Bolshevik rule through terrorism and military/paramilitary schemes. This organization’s warnings of the monstrous “Jewish Bolshevik” peril helped to inspire Hitler to launch an invasion of the Soviet Union and to initiate the mass murder of European Jews. This book uses extensive archival materials from Germany and Russia, including recently declassified documents, and it will prove invaluable reading for anyone interested in the international roots of National Socialism. michael kellogg is an independent researcher and a past recipi- ent of the prestigious Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Grant. new studies in european history Edited by peter baldwin,University of California, Los Angeles christopher clare,University of Cambridge james b. collins,Georgetown University m´ıa rodr´ıguez-salgado, London School of Economics and Political Science lyndal roper,University of Oxford The aim of this series in early modern and modern European history is to pu- blish outstanding works of research, addressed to important themes across a wide geographical range, from southern and central Europe, to Scandinavia and Russia, and from the time of the Renaissance to the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Anfrage (Elektr. Übermittelte Version) / PDF, 147 KB
    12538/J XXIV. GP - Anfrage (elektr. übermittelte Version) 1 von 18 12538/J XXIV. GP Eingelangt am 16.07.2012 Dieser Text wurde elektronisch übermittelt. Abweichungen vom Original sind möglich. Anfrage der Abgeordneten Albert Steinhauser, Harald Walser; Karl Öllinger, Freundinnen und Freunde an den Bundesminister für Landesverteidigung und Sport betreffend Rechtsextreme und revisionistische Literatur in der Österreichischen Militärbibliothek BEGRÜNDUNG 2008 wurde in der Anfrage 3748/J XXIII.GP thematisiert, dass in der Österreichischen Militärbibliothek (ÖMB) eine verhältnismäßig große Sammlung rechtsextremer und nationalsozialistischer Literatur vorhanden ist. Dies wurde in der Beantwortung durch das Ministerium umfang- und wortreich begründet. Die Situation hat sich seither kaum verändert. Rechtsextreme, den Holocaust leugnende, kriegsrevanchistische, verschwörungstehoretische und rassistische Literatur zu sammeln und der Forschung zur Verfügung zu stellen, ist eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für einen demokratischen Staat. Dies stellen in Österreich mehr als 50 Bibliotheken sicher. Im Österreichischen Bibliotheksverbund sind neben der Nationalbibliothek 15 Bibliotheken von Universitäten samt zahlreichen Fachbibliotheken sowie die der Kunstuniversitäten, Privatuniversitäten und Fachhochschulen geführt. Weiters die Bibliotheken der wichigsten Forschungseinrichtungen, darunter etwa jene der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung oder des Wiener Wiesenthal Instituts für Holocaust-
    [Show full text]
  • The Function of Selection in Nazi Policy Towards University Students 1933- 1945
    THE FUNCTION OF SELECTION IN NAZI POLICY TOWARDS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 1933- 1945 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial hlfillment of the requirernents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History York University North York, Ontario December 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliogaphic Services se~cesbibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your tlk Votre refénmce Our fi& Notre refdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or elecîronic formats. la forme de microfiche/tilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in ths thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be p~tedor othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Towards a New Genus of Students: The Function of Selection in Nazi Policy Towards University Students 1933-1945 by Béla Bodo a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of York University in partial fulfillment of the requirernents for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF YORK UNlVERSlrY to lend or seIl copies of this dissertation, to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this dissertation and to lend or sel1 copies of the film.
    [Show full text]
  • 9783039118458 Intro 002.Pdf
    Introduction Crypto-Public Domains within the Third Reich […] heroism […] is to venture wholly to be oneself, as an individual man, this definite individual man, alone before the face of God, alone in this tremendous exertion and this tremendous responsibility […]. — SØren Kierkegaard The Sickness unto Death (1848) This study concentrates on an analysis of public spheres in National Social- ist Germany in order to identify, locate, and investigate circumstances of possible resistance to Adolf Hitler’s regime. The plural use of the word “sphere” is programmatic, since in every society there exist several realms that can function as places of public discourse. We focus on the space of the crypto-public, defined as a politicized private sphere, as a potential realm for anti-state activism. Based on the activities of four organizations operating in Germany between 1933 and 1944—the Jüdischer Kulturbund Berlin ( Jewish Cultural Alliance Berlin), the Kreisauer Kreis (Kreisau Circle), the Scholl- Schmorell-Kreis (Scholl-Schmorell Circle),1 and the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Organisation (Schulze-Boysen/Harnack Organization)—we analyze how this social locus functioned to foster resistance to National Socialism. We examine the artifacts of these groups—leaflets, pamphlets, politico- 1 Traditionally this group has been referred to as Weisse Rose (White Rose); yet, as Sönke Zankel has pertinently argued, that name is misleading, as the Weisse Rose comprised merely the beginning phase of the activities undertaken by the student group sur- rounding Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell (Sönke Zankel, Mit Flugblätter gegen Hitler. Der Widerstandskreis um Hans Scholl und Alexander Schmorell (Köln, Weimar, Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2008) 13).
    [Show full text]
  • German Captured Documents Collection
    German Captured Documents Collection A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Prepared by Allan Teichroew, Fred Bauman, Karen Stuart, and other Manuscript Division Staff with the assistance of David Morris and Alex Sorenson Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2011 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2011 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms011148 Latest revision: 2012 October Collection Summary Title: German Captured Documents Collection Span Dates: 1766-1945 ID No.: MSS22160 Extent: 249,600 items ; 51 containers plus 3 oversize ; 20.5 linear feet ; 508 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in German with some English and French Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: German documents captured by American military forces after World War II consisting largely of Nazi Party materials, German government and military records, files of several German officials, and some quasi-governmental records. Much of the material is microfilm of originals returned to Germany. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Wiedemann, Fritz, b. 1891. Fritz Wiedemann papers. Organizations Akademie für Deutsches Recht (Germany) Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Deutsches Ausland-Institut. Eher-Verlag. Archiv. Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. Germany. Reichskanzlei. Germany. Reichsministerium für die Besetzten Ostgebiete. Germany. Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion. Germany. Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda.
    [Show full text]