Hallucinogens How Are They Taken?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Hallucinogens How Are They Taken? Hallucinogens How are they taken? • Eaten – fresh or dried, crushed leaves or seeds, as a tea or decoc:on, smoked (a new world custom) • Snuffing – yopo, epena, ebil , rape dos indoios • Plant addi:ves – plants added to mix of other hallucinogens to prolong or intensify the effects. Hemispherical differences • Fewer examples from the old world that the new world. There are 15 to 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere but more than 100 in the Western. • Exepons from the Eastern Hemisphere would be Cannabis, Henbane, nightshade, Belladonna and Mandrake. Mushrooms • Amanita muscaria – used in northeastern Siberia • Taken alone or with reindeer milk or wild plants’ juice • Ac:ve compounds passed in urine • Said to be connected to Rig-Veda Mushrooms, con:nued • Psilocybe cubensis and other species. • Used in ancient ceremonies in Mexico • Visual and auditory hallucinaons, a disembodiment and intensificaon of senses Old world plants Cannabis • Old world in origin, nave to central Asia • Kif, Bhang, Charas, Marihuana, Hasheesh, Hemp • Some:mes called a “camp follower” because of its presence around human habitaons. • Cons:tuents concentrated in a resin of the female flower with much variaon from races and strains of the plant. • Ancient use across China and the middle east. Old World Plants Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) • Highly poisonous and hallucinogenic. • Part of medieval Europe’s witches brews. • A beauty aid in medieval Italy – as eye drops • Alkaloid hyoscyamine, scopolamine, the psychoac:ve component, and atropine Old world plants Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger • Another for the witches pot in old Europe • Hallucinaons and sensaon of flight • Alkaloid, Hyocyamine but also scopolamine Plants of the old World Mandrake Mandragora officinarum Mandrake • “Its complex history as a magic hypno:c in the folklore of Europe cannot be equaled by any species anywhere. Mandrake was a panacea.”* • Remember the Doctrine of Signatures? This looks like a human figure, thus magic. • When pulled from the ground there is a shriek. • Alkaloids are hyoscyamine, scopolamine etc. Richard Schultes, Plants of the New World Mescal bean – Saphora secundiflora • Used in northern Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas. Red Bean Dance • Highly toxic with deaths, replaced by Peyote but beans s:ll used on dancers costums in the Peyote ceremony • Cysine is the alkaloid, causing nausea, convulsions, and asphyxiaon Plants of the new world Ayahuasca/Caapi Banisteriopsis species • An hallucinogenic drink made from the bark • Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia • Visual hallucinaons • Involved in religious ceremonies and disease diagnosis. • "the vine of the soul" Plants of the new world Peyote, Lophophora williamsii • A cactus, some:mes referred to as the most spectacular hallucinogenic plant of the new world. • Above ground rounded head (mescal bueons) cut off ofen the root sprouts. • Nave to the Rio grande valley and northern parts of Mexico. • Suppressed by the Spanish conquistadors • Vivid hallucinaons, ofen of geometric shapes • Part of the Nave American Church which blends Chris:an and nave rituals. • The cactus produces several alkaloids. New world plants Sacred Mexican morning glories – Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea • Of major importance to the Aztecs • Pain-relief, visions, prophecy Jimsonweed Datura stramonium • Jamestown 1676, a salad of Jimsonweed was served and… As told by Robert Beverly in The History and Present State of Virginia (1705): The soldiers presented "a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural fools upon it for several days: one would blow up a feather in the air; another would dart straws at it with much fury; and another, stark naked, was sing up in a corner like a monkey, grinning and making mows at them; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his companions, and sneer in their faces with a countenance more an:c than any in a Dutch droll. "In this fran:c condi:on they were confined, lest they should, in their folly, destroy themselves - though it was observed that all their ac:ons were full of innocence and good nature. Indeed they were not very cleanly; for they would have wallowed in their own excrements, if they had not been prevented. A thousand such simple tricks they played, and aer 11 days returned themselves again, not remembering anything that had passed." • Atropine, Hyoscine (scopolamine), Hyoscyamine, Tropane alkaloids .
Recommended publications
  • Nightshade”—A Hierarchical Classification Approach to T Identification of Hallucinogenic Solanaceae Spp
    Talanta 204 (2019) 739–746 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Talanta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Call it a “nightshade”—A hierarchical classification approach to T identification of hallucinogenic Solanaceae spp. using DART-HRMS-derived chemical signatures ∗ Samira Beyramysoltan, Nana-Hawwa Abdul-Rahman, Rabi A. Musah Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Plants that produce atropine and scopolamine fall under several genera within the nightshade family. Both Hierarchical classification atropine and scopolamine are used clinically, but they are also important in a forensics context because they are Psychoactive plants abused recreationally for their psychoactive properties. The accurate species attribution of these plants, which Seed species identifiction are related taxonomically, and which all contain the same characteristic biomarkers, is a challenging problem in Metabolome profiling both forensics and horticulture, as the plants are not only mind-altering, but are also important in landscaping as Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry ornamentals. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry in combination with a hierarchical classification workflow Chemometrics is shown to enable species identification of these plants. The hierarchical classification simplifies the classifi- cation problem to primarily consider the subset of models that account for the hierarchy taxonomy, instead of having it be based on discrimination between species using a single flat classification model. Accordingly, the seeds of 24 nightshade plant species spanning 5 genera (i.e. Atropa, Brugmansia, Datura, Hyocyamus and Mandragora), were analyzed by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) with minimal sample preparation required.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mandrake and the Ancient World,” the Evangelical Quarterly 28.2 (1956): 87-92
    R.K. Harrison, “The Mandrake And The Ancient World,” The Evangelical Quarterly 28.2 (1956): 87-92. The Mandrake and the Ancient World R.K. Harrison [p.87] Professor Harrison, of the Department of Old Testament in Huron College, University of Western Ontario, has already shown by articles in THE EVANGELICAL QUARTERLY his interest and competence in the natural history of the Bible. Here he examines one of the more curious Biblical plants. The mandrake is one of the plants which still grows widely in the Middle East, and which has claimed magical associations from a very remote period. It is generally assigned the botanical name of Mandragora officinarum L..1 and is a perennial of the order Solanaceae. It claims affinity with the potato and eggplant, and is closely allied to the Atropa belladonna L.,2 with which it is not infrequently confused by some writers. The modern Arab knows it by a number of names, including Tuffah£ el Majanin (‘Madmen’s Apple) and Beid el Jinn (Eggs of the Jinn), apparently a reference to the ability of the plant to invigorate and stimulate the senses even to the point of mental imbalance. The former name may perhaps be a survival of the belief found in Oriental folk-lore regarding the magical herb Baaras, with which the mandrake is identified by some authorities.3 According to the legends associated with this plant, it was highly esteemed amongst the ancients on account of its pronounced magical properties. But because of the potency of these attributes it was an extremely hazardous undertaking for anyone to gather the plant, and many who attempted it were supposed to have paid for their daring with [p.88] sickness and death.4 Once the herb had been gathered, however, it availed for a number of diseases, and in antiquity it was most reputed for its ability to cure depression and general disorders of the mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs That Can Cause Delirium (Anticholinergic / Toxic Metabolites)
    Drugs that can Cause Delirium (anticholinergic / toxic metabolites) Deliriants (drugs causing delirium) Prescription drugs . Central acting agents – Sedative hypnotics (e.g., benzodiazepines) – Anticonvulsants (e.g., barbiturates) – Antiparkinsonian agents (e.g., benztropine, trihexyphenidyl) . Analgesics – Narcotics (NB. meperidine*) – Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs* . Antihistamines (first generation, e.g., hydroxyzine) . Gastrointestinal agents – Antispasmodics – H2-blockers* . Antinauseants – Scopolamine – Dimenhydrinate . Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones* . Psychotropic medications – Tricyclic antidepressants – Lithium* . Cardiac medications – Antiarrhythmics – Digitalis* – Antihypertensives (b-blockers, methyldopa) . Miscellaneous – Skeletal muscle relaxants – Steroids Over the counter medications and complementary/alternative medications . Antihistamines (NB. first generation) – diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine). Antinauseants – dimenhydrinate, scopolamine . Liquid medications containing alcohol . Mandrake . Henbane . Jimson weed . Atropa belladonna extract * Requires adjustment in renal impairment. From: K Alagiakrishnan, C A Wiens. (2004). An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J, 80, 388–393. Delirium in the Older Person: A Medical Emergency. Island Health www.viha.ca/mhas/resources/delirium/ Drugs that can cause delirium. Reviewed: 8-2014 Some commonly used medications with moderate to high anticholinergic properties and alternative suggestions Type of medication Alternatives with less deliriogenic
    [Show full text]
  • PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (P.L) 1. Terminology “Hallucinogens
    PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.l) 1. Terminology “hallucinogens” – induce hallucinations, although sensory distortions are more common “psychotomimetics” – to minic psychotic states, although truly most drugs in this class do not do so “phantasticums”or “psychedelics” – alter sensory perception (Julien uses “psychedelics”) alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, in presence of otherwise clear ability to sense” may increase sensory awareness, increase clarity, decrease control over what is sensed/experienced “self-A” may feel a passive observer of what “self-B” is experiencing often accompanied by a sense of profound meaningfulness, of divine or cosmic importance (limbic system?) these drugs can be classified by what NT they mimic: anti-ACh, agonists for NE, 5HT, or glutamate (See p. 332, Table 12.l in Julien, 9th Ed.) 2. The Anti-ACh Psychedelics e.g. scopolamine (classified as an ACh blocker) high affinity, no efficacy plant product: Belladonna or “deadly nightshade” (Atropa belladonna) Datura stramonium (jimson weed, stinkweed) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant) pupillary dilation (2nd to atropine) PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.2) 2. Anti-ACh Psychedelics (cont.) pharmacological effects: e.g. scopolamine (Donnatal) clinically used to tx motion sickness, relax smooth muscles (gastric cramping), mild sedation/anesthetic effect PNS effects --- dry mouth relaxation of smooth muscles decreased sweating increased body temperature blurred vision dry skin pupillary dilation tachycardia, increased BP CNS effects --- drowsiness, mild euphoria profound amnesia fatigue decreased attention, focus delirium, mental confusion decreased REM sleep no increase in sensory awareness as dose increases --- restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation at toxic dose levels --- “psychotic delirium”, confusion, stupor, coma, respiratory depression so drug is really an intoxicant, amnestic, and deliriant 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Magical Herbalism Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    MAGICAL HERBALISM PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Scott Cunningham | 260 pages | 08 Nov 2001 | Llewellyn Publications,U.S. | 9780875421209 | English | Minnesota, United States Magical Herbalism PDF Book Tend and care of the foxglove, also known as fairies thimbles, to enjoy their protection. Worn or carried, it ensures safety during travel. So, use aconite to wash your ritual tools and space. Nov 19, Natural magic utilizes the world around us for magical purposes. And most importantly, they work! This protection herb can be used in a sachet. Money, luck, healing, obtaining the treasure. Taken to funerals, eases grief and calms mind. Today the name Cunningham is synonymous with natural magic and the magical community. This is a popular Hoodoo charm for gamblers. Use to dress candles for any form of magickal healing. I'm an open-minded person, but I'm logical. Why are herbs magical? Smolder for purification. Any object which holds some caraway seeds is theft-free. Often used as a substitute for the rare mandrake root in poppet magick. Empower with tourmaline. Increases the power of any incense you make. A composition book or spiral bound notebook works perfectly! Magical Herbalism Writer Amaranth Amaranthus hydrochondriacus Love-lies-bleeding, red cockscomb, velvet flower Feminine. Out-of-Body Experiences. The question to ask is, How? Folk magick is accessible to everyone. A bag of camphor hung around the neck keeps flus and colds away. Use with caution. Burn as incense or carry as a sachet for a good psychic power stimulator. Bavarian Root Doctors and Herbal Lore. Corn Zea Mays aka maize, seed of seeds, sacred mother Feminine.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Mandragora (Solanaceae)
    Bull. not. Hist. Mus. Land. (Bot.) 28(1): 17^0 Issued 25 June 1998 A revision of the genus Mandragora (Solanaceae) STEFAN UNGRICHT* SANDRA KNAPP AND JOHN R. PRESS Department of Botany, Tne~Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD * Present address: Waldmatt 6, CH-5242 Birr, Switzerland CONTENTS Introduction 17 Mythological and medicinal history 18 Taxonomic history 18 Materials and methods 19 Material examined 19 Taxonomic concepts 20 Morphometrics 21 Cladistics 22 Results and discussion 22 Species delimitations using morphometric analyses 22 Phylogeny 26 Biogeography 26 Taxonomic treatment 29 Mandragora L 29 Key to the species of Mandragora 30 1. Mandragora officinarum L 30 2. Mandragora turcomanica Mizg 33 3. Mandragora caulescens C.B. Clarke 34 References 36 Exsiccatae 38 Taxonomic index ... 40 SYNOPSIS. The Old World genus Mandragora L. (Solanaceae) is revised for the first time across its entire geographical range. The introduction reviews the extensive mythological and medicinal as well as the taxonomic history of the genus. On morphological and phenological grounds three geographically widely disjunct species can be distinguished: the Mediterranean M. officinarum L., the narrowly local Turkmenian endemic M. turcomanica Mizg. and the Sino-Himalayan M caulescens C.B. Clarke. The generic monophyly of Mandragora L. as traditionally circumscribed is supported by cladistic analysis of morphological data. The ecological and historical phytogeography of the genus is discussed and alternative biogeographical scenarios are evaluated. Finally, a concise taxonomic treatment of the taxa is provided, based on the evidence of the preceeding analyses. INTRODUCTION The long history of mythology and medicinal use of the mandrake combined with the variable morphology and phenology have led to The nightshade family (Solanaceae) is a cosmopolitan but predomi- considerable confusion in the classification of Mandragora.
    [Show full text]
  • The Song of Songs
    ^g*W OF PBI/VCf^js Logical sttt^ BS <T5Z\ THE SONG OF SONGS. THE SONG OF SONGS A REVISED TRANSLATION WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY. BY JOSEPH FRANCIS THRUPP, M.A. VICAR OF BARRINGTON, LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AUTHOR OF "AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AND USE OF THE PSALMS'* &c. MACMILLAN AND CO. ©am&rfoge attD Eontion. 1862. : Cautbribge PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PKESS. PREFACE. The object of this volume is to unfold the meaning of one of the least appreciated portions of Holy Scrip- ture. It is hoped that neither the necessary references to the original Hebrew, nor the discussion, which can be passed over at pleasure, of the principal counter-theories of interpretation, will render it less acceptable to the majority of readers. It seemed undesirable, in the interest of the truth, to leave room for suspicion that the traditional interpretation of tire Song, howsoever it might have ministered to the edification of nearly fifty generations of Christians, would not be borne out by the results of the investigations of modern scholarship. I have therefore sought throughout to build on the surest attainable foundation. That I have written to the best of my own judgment, not defending received VI PREFACE. opinions simply because they were received, the open- ing section of the Introduction will shew. But as it is in reference to the manner in which the Song should be interpreted that the authority of the general consent of the Christian Church will carry most weight, so also am I firmly persuaded that the conclusions of sober criticism will here be found to accord with the traditions of Christian teaching; and that the more closely the Song be examined, the less compatible will its language and structure prove with any other theme than that of the mutual love of the Incarnate Son of God and his redeemed Church.
    [Show full text]
  • Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the Xviith Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses
    Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses Marie-Christine Daunay and Henri Laterrot Jules Janick INRA, Unité de Génétique & Amélioration Department of Horticulture des Fruits et Légumes Landscape Architecture Domaine St. Maurice, BP 94 Purdue University 84143 Montfavet cedex 625 Agriculture Mall Drive France West Lafayette, IN 47907–2010 USA Keywords: alkekenge, belladonna, capsicum pepper, datura, eggplant, henbane, husk tomato, mandrake, nightshades, potato, tobacco, tomato, Renaissance herbals Abstract The systematic study of solanaceous plant iconography has been a neglected source of information although historical records (ceramics, painted and printed images in manuscripts, and printed documents) are numerous. Many wild and domesticated solanaceous species have been associated with human culture from antiquity, as medicinal, ritual or magical herbs and/or food crops in the Old World (alkekenge, belladonna, eggplant, henbane, mandrake) and New World (capsicum pepper, datura, husk tomato, potato, tobacco, tomato). Mandrake (Mandragora spp.) images can be found in Egyptian sources in the second millennium BCE, and along with alkekenge (Physalis alkekengi) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum aff.) are found in the oldest extant copy of the Materia Medica of Dioscorides (Codex Vindobonensis, Aniciae Julianae, 512 CE), as well as in many later Medieval and Renaissance sources. Images of henbane (Hyocyamus spp.) appears in the VIIIth century while belladonna (Atropa belladonna) first appears in the Renaissance. Images of eggplant (Solanum melongena), an Asian crop, are found in Asian and European manuscripts from the XIVth century onwards. Images of New World species are present in pre-Columbian sources, attesting to their wide use by native populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Return of Magic: Wicca As Esoteric Spirituality
    RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD March 2000 Joanne Elizabeth Pearson, B.A. (Hons.) ProQuest Number: 11003543 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11003543 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION The thesis presented is entirely my own work, and has not been previously presented for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. The views expressed here are those of the author and not of Lancaster University. Joanne Elizabeth Pearson. RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY CONTENTS DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC 1 CATEGORISING WICCA 1 The Sociology of the Occult 3 The New Age Movement 5 New Religious Movements and ‘Revived’ Religion 6 Nature Religion 8 MAGIC AND RELIGION 9 A Brief Outline of the Debate 9 Religion and the Decline o f Magic? 12 ESOTERICISM 16 Academic Understandings of
    [Show full text]
  • The Mandrake Plant and Its Legend
    !is volume is dedicated to Carole P. Biggam, Honorary Senior Research Fellow and Visiting Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, who by the foundation of the Anglo-Saxon Plant- Name Survey, decisively revived the interest in Old English plant-names and thus motivated us to organize the Second Symposium of the ASPNS at Graz University. “What's in a name? !at which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet …” Shakespeare, Rome and Juliet, II,ii,1-2. Old Names – New Growth 9 PREFACE Whereas the "rst symposium of the ASPNS included examples of research from many disciplines such as landscape history, place-name studies, botany, art history, the history of food and medicine and linguistic approaches, the second symposium had a slightly di#erent focus because in the year 2006 I had, together with my colleague Hans Sauer, started the project 'Digital and Printed Dictionary of Old English Plan-Names'. !erefore we wanted to concentrate on aspects relevant to the project, i.e. mainly on lexicographic and linguistic ma$ers. Together with conferences held more or less simultaneously to mark the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Linnaeus' birthday in Sweden, this resulted in fewer contributors than at the "rst symposium. As a consequence the present volume in its second part also contains three contributions which are related to the topic but were not presented at the conference: the semantic study by Ulrike Krischke, the interdisciplinary article on the mandragora (Anne Van Arsdall/Helmut W. Klug/Paul Blanz) and - for 'nostalgic' reasons - a translation of my "rst article (published in 1973) on the Old English plant-name fornetes folm.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Compound Outline (Part II)
    Chemical Compound Outline (Part II) Ads by Google Lil Wayne Lyrics Search Lyrics Song Wayne Dalton Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia Lemnaceae Biology 101 Botany Search Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II. Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids Note: When the methyl group containing Jack's head is replaced by an isopropyl group, the model depicts a molecule of menthol. Back To Part I Find On This Page: Type Word Inside Box; Find Again: Scroll Up, Click In Box & Enter [Try Control-F or EDIT + FIND at top of page] **Note: This Search Box May Not Work With All Web Browsers** Go Back To Chemical VI. Phenolic Compounds Compounds Part I: VII. Glycosides Table Of Contents VIII. Alkaloids Search For Specific Compounds: Press CTRL-F Keys If you have difficulty printing out this page, try the PDF version: Click PDF Icon To Read Page In Acrobat Reader. See Text In Arial Font Like In A Book. View Page Off-Line: Right Click On PDF Icon To Save Target File To Your Computer. Click Here To Download Latest Acrobat Reader. Follow The Instructions For Your Computer. Types Of Phenolic Compounds: Make A Selection VI. Phenolic Compounds: Composed of one or more aromatic benzene rings with one or more hydroxyl groups (C-OH). This enormous class includes numerous plant compounds that are chemically distinct from terpenes. Although the essential oils are often classified as terpenes, many of these volatile chemicals are actually phenolic compounds, such as eucalyptol from (Eucalytus globulus), citronellal from (E. citriodora) and clove oil from Syzygium aromaticum.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Plants
    Plants Poisonous Plants ACMT Board Review Course September 9, 2012 Thomas C. Arnold, M.D. 1 Special Acknowledgement • Thanks to Michelle Ruha and other previous presenters for their efforts on this topic. 2 Plants • Natural Products: 5% of tox boards – Includes food and marine poisonings, herbals, plants, fungi, toxic envenomations • ~ 5% of exposures reported to PCC each year, most in children < 6 years – Often a few deaths per year, but most reported exposures minor 3 1 Plants Plant Poisoning by Organ System • GI toxins • CNS toxins • Cardiovascular toxins • Multiorgan-system toxins • Hepatotoxins • Nephrotoxins • Endocrine toxins • Dermal and mucous membrane irritants 4 Lots of calls / Little threat • Euphorbia pulcherrima – Poinsettia • Ilex spp – Holly • Phoradendron spp – Mistletoe • Lantana spp • Spathiphyllum spp – Peace lily 5 • Ingestion of this plant may produce severe vomiting and diarrhea. Purple stains on fingers and a foamy quality to the diarrhea may provide a clue to the species of plant. Pokeweed AKA Phytolacca americana Toxin: phytolaccatoxin 6 2 Plants Phytolacca americana • Edible if parboiled • Root is the most toxic part, mature berries least toxic • Contains pokeweed mitogen – May see plasmacytosis • Supportive care 7 Wikivisual.com Solanum spp wiki • 1700 species; nightshade, potato • Poisoning usually from ingestion of immature fruit • Solanine glycoalkaloids – Usually produce GI irritant effects – Hallucinations and coma reported 8 Melia azedarach Toxin: meliatoxins Chinaberry9 3 Plants Chinaberry • Tree grows
    [Show full text]