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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81928-2 - Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism Through the Ages Trevor Palmer Index More information Index Abbas, Asfar and Samar, 206 Alvarez, Walter, 214–18, 222, 223, 226, 234, 235, Abu Ruwash (Egypt), 325, 326 237, 238, 242, 250, 272, 278, 280, 282, 283, acid rain, 204, 222, 232, 233, 239, 336, 342, 365 350 American Association for the Advancement of acquired characteristics, inheritance of, 29, 33, 61, Science, 124 80, 86–8, 91, 93, 167, 173. American Museum of Natural History, 107, 138, Acraman impact structure (Australia), 257 151, 164, 300 actualism, principle of, 19, 46, 77 amino acids, 92, 235 adaptive evolution, 88–91, 97, 102, 147, 148, 151, ammonites, 215, 229, 265, 269 155–7, 169, 178, 181 ammonoids, 133, 265, 269 adaptive mutations, 175 Amor asteroids, 192 Afar region (Ethiopia), hominid fossils from, 108, 1999 AN10 (asteroid), 200 161, 162, 289 Ancient Mysteries (James and Thorpe), 319, 320, Africa–Eurasia collision, 26, 287, 302 347, 348 Agassiz, Louis, 41, 49, 53, 54, 59, 72 Anders, Mark, 233 Ager, Derek, 30 Anderson, David, 352 age of the Earth, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, 33, 34, 82, 83, Andromedid meteors, 57 172, 173 Angkor complex (Cambodia), 328, 329 Ahrens, Thomas, 208 Annals of Fulda, 353–8 Akkad civilisation, 340 Annals of St. Bertin, 353–6 Akrotiri (Santorini), 131, 132, 335 Annals of Xanten, 353–7 Al’Amarah Crater (Iraq), 348 anoxia, 256, 257, 259–64, 267, 268, 284–6, 315, Alamo Crater (Nevada), 261 366 Alaska earthquake, 211 Antarctica–Australia separation, 269, 270, 288 Alaska fireball, 201 ape–hominid divergence, 112, 161–6, 369 Albert (asteroid), 202 Apollo asteroids, 136, 192, 195–7, 199, 201, 339 Albright, William, 119 Aquarid meteors, 196 Albritton, Claude, 137 aquatic ape hypothesis, 289 Allan, Derek, 307–9, 311, 320 Aquinas, Thomas, 9 Allen, Jim, 321 Arago, Franc¸ ois, 31 allopatric speciation, 151, 153–6, 159 Araguinha Dome impact structure (Brazil), 264 All things bright and beautiful (hymn), 67 Archibald, David, 231, 238, 241, 283 Almost Like a Whale (Jones), 186, 187, Ardipithecus ramidus, 289, 292 251 Ardrey, Robert, 113, 288 Alps, 20, 26, 55, 287 Arduino, Giovanni, 42 Alvarez, Luis, 214–18, 222, 223, 226, 234, 235, argon–argon dating, 172, 239, 240 237, 242, 250, 282, 283, 338, 365 Aristotle, 8, 9, 11, 13, 27, 101, 125, 331, 345, 363 503 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81928-2 - Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism Through the Ages Trevor Palmer Index More information Index Arkansas State Act 590, 171 Bailey, Harry, 222 Arroyo el Mimbral (Mexico), K–T boundary at, 237 Bailey, Mark, 207, 341 Arthur, Michael, 274 Baillie, Mike, 342, 347, 348, 350, 351, 360 Arthurian legends, 348 Bakker, Robert, 230 Asaro, Frank, 216, 250 Baldwin Effect, 86, 102 Asbolus (centaur), 193 Balzac, Honor´e de, 26 Asclepius (asteroid), 199, 200 Barbiero, Flavio, 312, 313 Asher, David, 207, 305 Barrell, Joseph, 83 Ashfall Fossil Beds (Nebraska), 213 Barringer, Daniel, 137, 144, 198 asteroids, 1, 56, 129, 132, 145, 191, 192, 194–205, Barringer Crater (Arizona), 136, 137 207–10, 217, 232, 233, 235, 238, 247, 250, Bateson, William, 88 251, 255, 264, 269, 275, 278, 302–4, 306, Bauval, Robert, 323–30, 347 338, 339, 342, 344, 361, 365, 370; see also Beagle, H.M.S., 37, 60–5, 94 asteroids by name Beaumont, Comyns, 115, 116, 130 astronomomical unit (A.U.), 189, 192, 193 Beaumont, L´eonce Elie´ de, 31, 32, 40, 42, 45, 47, Atapuerca (Spain), hominid fossils from, 294, 299 138, 364 Aten asteroids, 192, 195, 197 Beaverhead impact structure (Montana), 257 Athens, 125, 319 Beche, Henry de la, 48 Atkinson, Austen, 25 Becker, Luann, 264 Atlantis, 7, 115, 125–32, 145, 316–35, 338, 365, 369 Bede, the Venerable, 5, 9 Australasian tektites, 303, 313 Bedout Crater (Australia), 264 australopithecines, 107–10, 112, 113, 165, 288–93, Beer, Gavin de, 100 298, 301 Bell, Thomas, 73 Australopithecus aethiopicus, 291, 292 Bellamy, Hans, 127 Australopithecus afarensis, 108, 161, 289–92, 298, 299 Belleek (Ireland) meteorite, 201 Australopithecus africanus, 107, 108, 110, 111, 290–2, Beloc (Haiti), K–T boundary at, 236, 239 298 Bengtson, Stefan, 258 Australopithecus anamensis, 289, 292 Bennot,ˆ Etienne,´ 23 Australopithecus bahrelghazali, 290, 292 Bentley, Richard, 10, 11, 36 Australopithecus boisei, 108, 110, 291, 292 Benton, Michael, 241, 245, 247, 250, 266, 269, Australopithecus garhi, 290, 292 281, 282 Australopithecus robustus, 107, 291, 292 Berger, Lee, 292 autogenesis, see orthogenesis Berlitz, Charles, 316, 317, 319, 323 Avers, Charlotte, 245 Berthelon, Pierre, 57 Avery, Oswald, 92 2000 BF19 (asteroid), 200 Axelrod, Daniel, 222 Biela, Comet, 57 Ayala, Francisco, 147, 248 ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions, 1, 274, 365, 370 Azores, 126, 128–30, 317–19 ‘Bimini Road’, 316, 317 Aztec civilisation, 6, 322, 328, 350 Bimson, John, 337, 341 Biot, Jean Baptiste, 58 1991 BA (asteroid), 200, 208 bipedalism, origin of, 80, 81, 105, 107–10, 112, 161, Babbage, Charles, 65–7 288–90, 292 Bacon, Edward, 131 birds, origin of, 99, 103, 147, 266, 267 Bacon, Sir Francis, 125 Biston betularia, 98, 103, 150 Bada, Jeffrey, 235 Black, Davidson, 106 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 54 Black Death, 360, 361, 368 Baikie, James, 131 Black, Joseph, 18 504 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81928-2 - Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism Through the Ages Trevor Palmer Index More information Index Black Sea, 315, 331, 332, 339 Burgess, Colin, 340 Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, 127 Buen formation (Greenland), Cambrian fossils of, Blegan, Carl, 7 258 Blumenbach, Johan Friedrich, 58 Buffon, Georges-Louis, Comte de, 14, 19, 23, 28, Blyth, Edward, 63 32, 77 Boeing 747 macromutations, 182 Burgess Shale (Canada), Cambrian fossils of, Bohor, Bruce, 219 257–9 Bolk, Louis, 164 Burnet, Thomas, 12, 20, 46 Bonnet, Charles, 27, 28 Bush, Guy, 159 Book of Life, The (multi-author book), 241, 242, 250 Byron, Lord, 56 Boolean networks, 176, 214 Boon, John, 137 Cairns, John, 175 Borrelly, Comet, 195 Caldeira, Ken, 285 Boulanger, Nicolas-Antoine, 344 Callovian–Oxfordian extinctions, 268 Boule, Marcellin, 105 Calvin, John, 11 Boulton, Matthew, 60 Camargo, Antonio, 237 Bourgeois, Joanne, 233 Cambrian explosion, 256–8, 265 Bowler, Peter, 66, 76, 134 Cambrian extinctions, 138, 147, 258, 259 Boxgrove (England), hominid fossils from, 294 Cambridge Conference Network, 346 Boxhole Crater (Australia), 137 Campbell, Bernard, 109, 112, 165, 166 Boynton, William, 236 Campbell, James Hunter, 114 Brace, Loring, 109, 165 Campbell, John, 167, 186 Brahe, Tycho de, 13 Campo de Cielo impact event (Argentina), 198 brains of hominids, 80, 81, 105–11, 161, 164, 165, Candelabra model of human evolution, 295 289–91, 293, 294, 298, 299 Cann, Rebecca, 295 Braman, Dennis, 235 carbonaceous asteroids, 191, 199, 235, 239 Brasseur, Charles-Etienne, 126, 128 carbon isotope shift, 220, 225, 226, 256, 264, 268 Brazos River (Texas), K–T boundary at, 233, 236 Cardona, Dwardu, 122 Brennan, Herbie, 320 Carlisle, David Brez, 235, 236, 239, 282 Brent, Leslie, 174 Carolina Bays (U.S.A.), 129, 307, 320 Bretz, J.Harlen, 314 Carroll, Sean, 181 Bridgewater Treatises, 36, 37, 45, 65, 67 Castleden, Rodney, 335 Briggs, Derek, 257 Catastrophe (Keys), 349–51 Briggs, John, 240 catastrophe theory, 101, 149 Brillat-Savarin, Jean-Anthelme, 31 catastrophism, 5, 9, 10, 16, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29–32, Britain, societal crises in, 339, 340, 344, 348, 349 38–40, 42–60, 64, 76, 77, 82, 83, 109, 114–24, British Association for the Advancement of 125–32, 133–48, 149, 197–251, 279, 280, 283, Science, 37, 74, 223 338, 345, 346, 362–7 Broecker, Wallace, 313 Catcott, Alexander, 15 Broken Hill, see Kabwe Cayce, Edgar, 128, 317, 327, 328 Brongniart, Alexandre, 25, 42, 44 Cenomanian–Turonian extinctions, 268, 269, Bronze Age, 119–21, 130–2, 212, 330–48, 368 283, 284 Broom, Robert, 107, 108 centaurs, 192, 194; see also centaurs by name Brown, Hugh Auchincloss, 114 Central America, societal crises in, 349–52, 359 Bruno, Giordano, 10 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), Bucher, Walter, 137 267, 366 Buckland, William, 37–42, 45, 171 central dogma of molecular biology, 92 505 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81928-2 - Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism Through the Ages Trevor Palmer Index More information Index cerebral rubicon, 108, 110, 111, 291 Clube, Victor, 121, 195, 206, 207, 272, 275, 277, Ceres (asteroid), 56, 191 283–285, 302, 304, 305, 312, 339, 344–8, Chad (Africa), hominid fossils from, 289, 290 351, 358, 360, 368 Chad impact craters, 262 Cochrane, Ev, 122 Chadwick, Robert, 326 Cockburn, Patrick, 15 Chambers, Robert, 54 Cockburn, William, 37 Chao, Edward, 137 coesite, 137 Chapman, Clark, 197, 206 coherent catastrophism, 207, 283, 345, 351, 358 Chardin, Teilhard de, 106 Collina-Girard, Jacques, 321 Charig, Alan, 223, 242 Collins, Andrew, 320 Chariklo (centaur), 192 Colombian Basin, 236, 237 Charlemagne, 353 Colombian fireball, 201 Charlevoix Crater (Quebec), 261 Columbia River basalt formation, 288 Chassigny meteorites, 194 cometary showers, 207, 227, 272, 278, 280, Chengjiang (China), Cambrian fossils at, 283, 366 258 comets, 1, 9, 13, 14, 19, 30, 31, 46, 55–7, 115, 116, Cherfas, Jeremy, 293 121, 126, 127, 135, 136, 145, 146, 170, 190, Chesapeake Bay impact structure (U.S.A.), 271, 192–210, 217, 232, 235, 236, 238, 243, 251, 367 255, 264, 275–9, 283, 302,
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    THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 117:1042È1055, 1999 February ( 1999. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. STELLAR ENCOUNTERS WITH THE OORT CLOUD BASED ON HIPPARCOS DATA JOAN GARCI A-SA NCHEZ,1 ROBERT A. PRESTON,DAYTON L. JONES, AND PAUL R. WEISSMAN Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 JEAN-FRANCÓ OIS LESTRADE Observatoire de Paris-Section de Meudon, Place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, Principal Cedex, France AND DAVID W. LATHAM AND ROBERT P. STEFANIK Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 Received 1998 May 15; accepted 1998 September 4 ABSTRACT We have combined Hipparcos proper-motion and parallax data for nearby stars with ground-based radial velocity measurements to Ðnd stars that may have passed (or will pass) close enough to the Sun to perturb the Oort cloud. Close stellar encounters could deÑect large numbers of comets into the inner solar system, which would increase the impact hazard at Earth. We Ðnd that the rate of close approaches by star systems (single or multiple stars) within a distance D (in parsecs) from the Sun is given by N \ 3.5D2.12 Myr~1, less than the number predicted by a simple stellar dynamics model. However, this value is clearly a lower limit because of observational incompleteness in the Hipparcos data set. One star, Gliese 710, is estimated to have a closest approach of less than 0.4 pc 1.4 Myr in the future, and several stars come within 1 pc during a ^10 Myr interval.
  • Perturbation of the Oort Cloud by Close Stellar Encounter with Gliese 710

    Perturbation of the Oort Cloud by Close Stellar Encounter with Gliese 710

    Bachelor Thesis University of Groningen Kapteyn Astronomical Institute Perturbation of the Oort Cloud by Close Stellar Encounter with Gliese 710 August 5, 2019 Author: Rens Juris Tesink Supervisors: Kateryna Frantseva and Nickolas Oberg Abstract Context: Our Sun is thought to have an Oort cloud, a spherically symmetric shell of roughly 1011 comets orbiting with semi major axes between ∼ 5 × 103 AU and 1 × 105 AU. It is thought to be possible that other stars also possess comet clouds. Gliese 710 is a star expected to have a close encounter with the Sun in 1.35 Myrs. Aims: To simulate the comet clouds around the Sun and Gliese 710 and investigate the effect of the close encounter. Method: Two REBOUND N-body simulations were used with the help of Gaia DR2 data. Simulation 1 had a total integration time of 4 Myr, a time-step of 1 yr, and 10,000 comets in each comet cloud. And Simulation 2 had a total integration time of 80,000 yr, a time-step of 0.01 yr, and 100,000 comets in each comet cloud. Results: Simulation 2 revealed a 1.7% increase in the semi-major axis at time of closest approach and a population loss of 0.019% - 0.117% for the Oort cloud. There was no statistically significant net change of the inclination of the comets during this encounter and a 0.14% increase in the eccentricity at the time of closest approach. Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Comets . .3 1.2 New comets and the Oort cloud . .5 1.3 Structure of the Oort cloud .
  • Close Encounters of the Stellar Kind 31 August 2017

    Close Encounters of the Stellar Kind 31 August 2017

    Close encounters of the stellar kind 31 August 2017 While this is thought to be responsible for some of the comets that appear in our skies every hundred to thousand years, it also has the potential to put comets on a collision course with Earth or other planets. Understanding the past and future motions of stars is a key goal of Gaia as it collects precise data on stellar positions and motions over its five-year mission. After 14 months, the first catalogue of more than a billion stars was recently released, which included the distances and the motions across the sky for more than two million stars. By combining the new results with existing information, astronomers began a detailed, large- scale search for stars passing close to our sun. The movements of more than 300 000 stars So far, the motions relative to the sun of more than surveyed by ESA's Gaia satellite reveal that rare 300 000 stars have been traced through the galaxy close encounters with our sun might disturb the and their closest approach determined for up to five cloud of comets at the far reaches of our solar million years in the past and future. system, sending some towards Earth in the distant future. Of them, 97 stars were found that will pass within 150 trillion kilometres, while 16 come within about As the solar system moves through the galaxy, and 60 trillion km. as other stars move on their own paths, close encounters are inevitable – though 'close' still While the 16 are considered reasonably near, a means many trillions of kilometres.