NATIONAL RURAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT AGENCY MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT GOVERNMENT OF Public Disclosure Authorized

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) - Social Assessment of World Bank Funded Second Rural Road Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Volume I Study Report - Draft Report

February 2008 Public Disclosure Authorized

1 FAITH HEALTHCARE PRIVATE LIMITED f AITH 57. NEHKU PLACE (5THFLOOR), NEW DELHI - 110 01 9 CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (1) PVT. LTD. 57, NEHRU PLACE (5TH FLOOR), NEW DELHI - 110 01 9

Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet i of i Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \Contents Revision: R3 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

2.0 WORKAPPROACHANDMETHODOLOGY 2.1 Study Approach 2.2 Study Methodology 2.3 State-wise Samples 2.4 Operational Limitations

3.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE STATES 3.1 3.2 Bihar 3.3 Jammu and Kashmir 3.4 3.5 Uttarakhand

4.0 REVIEW OF RELEVANT POLICIES AND ACTS 4.1 International Policies 4.2 National Policies and Acts 4.3 State Specific Acts

5.0 WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS AND SALIENT RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Workshop Objectives 5.2 Workshop Participants 5.3 Workshop Proceedings 5.4 Salient Recommendations and Future Actions for Stakeholders

6.0 STUDY Fl NDINGS 6.1 Assessment of Current Processes and Impacts 6.2 Findings from the PAP / PAF Survey 6.3 Findings from the FGDs 6.4 Constraints and Gaps

ANNEXES Annex I - List of Abbreviations

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Project: Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 1of 2 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 1 Revision: R3 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Prime Minister's Rural Road Program - Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana - is an intervention undertaken by the Ministry of Rural Development as a poverty alleviation strategy. The program was launched in December 2000, and aimed specifically at connecting rural habitations with the construction of all weather roads. In the first phase of the program, those rural habitations with populations of over 1000 would be eligible, and in the second phase habitations with populations between 500-1000 would be eligible. In hill states, desert and tribal areas with populations of over 250 would be connected. No further work can be undertaken by the PMGSY once a habitation is connected to another by an all weather road.

The PMGSY is a means of increasing agriculture and other income by improving economic and social services in rural areas. Along with the technical feasibility study of core link roads, it is mandatory to analyse the strategic and practical needs of the people before reaching a final decision of building the road with particular alignment and quality. Thus, a Social Analysis of those who are affected and benefited by the road connectivity should be conducted. The assessment and recommendations, both, demand-people oriented approach and micro-planning. Planning and implementation of PMGSY should also assess demand, absorptive capacity, rehabilitation issues as well as adverse impacts (if any) of such road links. Hence, the scheme not only needs to take care of technical aspects, or quality of all- weather road, but also take into account local people's views, options, needs and experiences.

Keeping this in mind, in 2003, the Ministry of Rural Development (MORD) prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for application on Bank funded works under this project, which was endorsed by participating states in 2004. The safeguard instruments that were developed are (i) Environment and Social Management Framework; and (ii) Resettlement and Participation Framework (R&PF). The implementation of the measures suggested in these instruments need to be in conjunction with Operations Manual (OM) prepared for the PMGSY road projects. Furthermore, the concerned legislations, policies and special provisions (Tribal, Vulnerable Groups etc.) need to be reviewed. The social issues are to be addressed through participatory mechanism (Community Planning) involving information sharing and sensitisation of PAPs / PAFs with the help of various agencies and community groups.

The process may be difficult and time consuming and sometimes steps are skipped. The Ministry of Rural Development, NRRDA and Planning Commission have commissioned studies to understand the impact, constraints, gaps etc. These studies have pointed out various gaps like: The Memorandum of Understanding signed between the project proponent and PAPs is not a legal entity for mutation. No verification of ownership of land impacted or likely to be impacted is done unless the landowner has raised an objection during land width accretion.

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During finalisation of alignment, no provision has been made to mitigate the loss of vulnerable groups such as small and marginal farmers, women headed households, scheduled community, households below poverty line and physically challenged persons. Assessment of dependence of the community on existing natural resources, non timber forest produces and other resources have not been addressed during the project planning and implementation stage. There is no formal grievance redressal mechanism in place Absence of Nodal Social Officer at NRRDA - There is no budget head to mitigate losses suffered by the community members.

The current study 'Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)" assesses the social concerns in five PMGSY project states - Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram and Uttarakhand. Furthermore, the study has also developed Social Management Frameworks (SPIFs), namely:

i) Resettlement Policy Framework; ii) Tribal Development Framework; iii) Screening And Consultation Framework and iv) Information Package for Dissemination;

This Social Assessment study, on the whole, focused its attention on the following:

w Assessment of social processes and procedures during the PMGSY projects and people's perspectives on the difficulties faced and benefits of new PMGSY roads; Preparation of state-specific frameworks to manage social issues, with the subsequent review and endorsement of the governments of the project states.

However, keeping in mind the suggested revision of Institutional Mechanism, expansion of committees (such as BLSC, DISC, SISC.) by incorporating other line departments (WCD, SW, LRD, TD etc), the PMGSY projects may require a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with these agencies for their specific inputs in the PMGSY projects. Further, Affidavits between the PAPS / PAFs and the PMGSY project execution level i.e. DPIU Executive Engineer (EE) may also be required with regards to land acquisition.

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2.0 WORK APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 APPROACH

The study had two dimensions, i) assessment of compliances towards PMGSY guidelines of the processes and procedures for planning and implementation of the project, and (ii) understanding the role/participation of all beneficiaries, focusing on the critical issues related to Project Affected Persons (PAPs). The second dimension is essential, as it involves legalities of land transfer, mitigation of problems arising from construction of the road rehabilitation of people whose homes, land and livelihoods are aversely affected by the project. In other words, the study assessed the processes followed for PMGSY projects and the Impact of the project, both direct and indirect, on individuals (PAPs) and the community as a whole. The approach of the study broadly adopted participatory research techniques, analysis of secondary information/documents as also anthropological techniques of observation (of the research team) and inferences thereof.

2.2 METHODOLOGY

In order to evaluate whether the PMGSY Guidelines were being adhered to, the relevant documentation was obtained at planning stage and implementation stage. In each of the stage, the technical component including legal aspects and the social components, were separately noted and assessed through (a) Examination of records/ documents; (b) Interaction/Interview with official/implementers, (c) Discussion with Project Affected Persons, (d) Focused Group Discussions, and (e) Survey of Project Affected households.

The assessments were carried out through both qualitative and quantitative techniques. All villages linked, and all people affected by each selected PMGSY (project) link road, were under investigation for the study. The process - starting with project cycle; sub-project details - mandatory ground work for district rural road plan; identification of core network and approval by District Panchayat; finalization of alignment etc. - all were assessed and analysed. At the same time the study also investigated the process of information sharing, confidence building, sensitization/ awareness building of communities of habitations/villages for whom the project was to bring benefit as also for people who are directly affected by the project (PAP). The issue of loss of land, asset, shelter by PAP and mitigation of problems both legal and economic aspects as also provision of alternative arrangements for shelter, livelihood etc. were critically examined. The study tried to understand all of the above aspects in their proper perspective.

2.2.1 Data

Primary Data were collected through recognized research techniques like in-depth discussions, formal interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Interview schedules, FGD Guidelines and points for field observations were developed in accordance to the study objectives. The consultation meetings were conducted with State and District level government officials, implementing agency, Panchayat functionaries and PAPs in order to verify whether all stakeholders, including the local governments and vulnerable groups (such as women, households Below Poverty Line, Schedule Castes and Tribes, Women headed

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households etc.) participated in selection of core network, planning and designing the PMGSY road.

Household surveys were conducted with Project Affected Households for data generation such as socio-economic status of the household, landholding size, impact of project, assistance received in lieu of loss of property and assets or donated land for the construction of road, etc. The questionnaires were administered to the Head of the Household, if available otherwise any adult member of the household available at the time of survey. The household survey covered all Project Affected Households in each affected village.

The Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 2-3 communities in each selected district. Project road/Package I11 and IV were selected for the purpose as construction work has been initiated in these roads. The group discussions were carried out in a systematic manner in the aforementioned communities. To ensure total participation of all the concerned primary stakeholders, prior intimation to the communities were given in the villages and also informed at the Panchayat level. The meetings were participatory in nature with due representation from all sedions (including women) of the society. The proceedings of the discussions were audio taped and photographed for future references.

Participants for the FGDs comprised:

a Group/clusters of PAPs Village Panchayats: Sarpanch and members Other project stakeholders with special focus on women and PAPs belonging to the vulnerable group

The study was supplemented with the spot observation of field research team during their visits to different project areas and villages.

Secondary Data were collected from number of sources like government documents/ project documents at State Nodal office, District level office of District Programme Implementation Unit (DPIU), District Panchayat in charge, District Panchayat office etc.

2.2.2 Sample Selection

One of the important tasks of the study was selection of districts and project roads respectively. Sampling was carried out in two stages viz., (a) selection of districts and (b) selection of roads.

A. District Selection Three districts were selected from each State covered under the study. Primary considerations for sampling of districts were as under: i) World Bank identified districts ii) Availability of requisite number of projects in the district iii) Geographical spread of districts within the State iv) Different agro-climatic zones of the State FAITH Heathcare Private Limited \\m&l3\Hwr Folbcr (3)\ML nCh 1.b Project Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 3 of 6 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 2 -- Revision: R3

v) SC & ST population in the district

B. Project Roads/ Package Selection Ideally five (5) Project roads/Packages per district under construction, i.e. 15 projects per State were to be selected for the study. The accessibility to project road was important guiding factors for the selection of roads. Moreover, due to non availability of required no. of roads in one district of Uttarakhand - Dehradun (2 projects), was compensated in other districts Tehri (6 projects) and Almora (7 projects). Similarly in J&K - Leh (3 projects) was compensated in Anantnag (7 projects).

The selection was in accordance to the discussion held with the clients. The final selection of exact project/package was done in consultation with District Project Implementation Units (DPIU)/Public Works Department (PWD).

2.3 State Wise Samples

2.3.1 Arunachal Pradesh

i. East Siang ii. Lohit iii. Tirap

Table 2.1 Selected Roads and Projects in Arunachal Pradesh District No. of ~ Selected Road Project/ 7 Road length projects , Package No. (in km) , East Siang 5 Old Deka - New Deka Road AR/04/01 6.08 Tekang Road to Ludurn Road AR/04/03/0 1 1.172 --

PWD Road to Berun Village AR/04/01/RWD

Lohit 5 Kaupatani Road AR/05/03/01 Jaipur Road AR/05/04/087 6.00 Shyarnsuk (Deobeel) Road AR/05/04/02 2.57 Gona Nagar - I1 AR/05/04/023 2.00 Jona Road AR/05/04/0 1 9.54 Tirap 5 Tupi to Noksa Village AR/09/02/02 + Longo to Chassa Village AR/09/02/04 4.00 Dadarn to Laho Village AR/09/02/01 8.00 KL Road to Longliang Village AR/09/03/02 6.00 CK Road to Kolagoan AR/09/02/03 3.00

2.3.2 Bihar

i. East Champaran ii. Jamui iii. Purnia

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Table 2.2 Selected Roads and Projects in Bihar District No. of Selected Road Project1 Road length projecb Package No. (in km) East 8 Mathia Charn~apurto Patahi BR-1113 12.00 I

- p~~ / Jarnui to Gidhor road via Dabil Path I BR/08 9.1 ( Jarnui Lakhisarai PWD Path to I BR 15/18 2.03 1 Lakhanpur Sustain Path Laxrnipur Dharna Path BR 15/11 10.375 Dwarpahari to Lalpairo via Burhi BR 15/19 10.5 Khar, Sahia, Banjarna

Purnia 5 Kasba to Gerua BR 27/09 13.00 Gandhi Nagar (Kasba Geawa Path) BR 27/12 11.675 to Packriya Rupauli to Vijayghat BR 27/08 18.50 -- 03.76 Anwar Chowk to Bahura Pul BR 27/22 5.1

2.3.3 Jammu & Kashmir

i. Anantnag ii. Jammu iii. Leh

Table 2.3 Selected Roads and Proj- in Jammu and Kashmir District No. of Selected Road Project1 Road length projects Package No. (in kin) Anantnag 7 Malipora to Kalipora via Drabkhar JK0105 (02) 1.25 (Phase 111) - L - 090 Manzrnoh to Doonaiwari (Phase IW - JK0116 1.55 L-054 . Dudhwagan to Chohan via JK0105 4.75 I I Heryakadburoo (Phase 111) - L - 031 1 I 1 I Jarnia Masjid Aad pora to D K Marg I JK0106 2.00 (phase III) - L - 028 D K Marg to Sarrnarg (Phase IV) - JK0117 2.00 L - 033 Asnoor to Raiwattan (Phase N)- JK0118 2.50 L- 054 I 1 Poorniwa to Zazripora (Phase 111) - I JK0106 2.00

Jarnrnu 5 Satwari Basti Gulab Garh to Phalora JK0509 3.10 Miran Sahib to Darwpur (Phase IV) - JK0512 0.52 L - 023 Shoara Karnadhani (Phase 111) - JK0510 6.00 L - 053 I Ram Nagar Colony to Raje Chak I JK0511 7.00 FAllH Healthcare Private Limited \\dl3\HRv Folder (3)\WXnG7 2.w Roject. Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 5 of 6 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 2 Revision: R3

-=NO. -=NO. of 1 Selected Road Project/ I Road length I 1 package No. 1 (in km) 1 tpmi- 1 (Phase 111) - ' L-056' I Purrnandal to Panjawa (Phase IV) - I JK0514 7.00

Leh 3 Skebruchan to Skarnbando (Phase JK0902 8.01 111) - ---- L - 044 Kharu to Khaltsi Yoqmos [Phase 111) - JK0902 m -- L - 022 ' - Upgr of SaMi Argyern to Chemray JK0902 2.75 (Phase 111) - L-024

2.3.4 Mizoram

i. Aizawl ii. Charnphai iii. Lunglei

Table 2.4 Selected Roads and Projects in Jammu and Mizoram 1 District I No. of 1 Selected Road Proiectl Road lenath I 1 1 ( projects ) I ~ack&eNO. I (in KM) Aizawl I 5 I Aibawk - Darlung Road From R / MZ - 06/04 1 19.36 MZ-01-21 Sakawrdai - Zohmun Road MZ-01-51 14.00

E Phaileng - Suargpui Lawn Road MZ-01-18

Suangpuilawn - Vanbawng Road MZ-01-27 14.00 Phullen - Phuaibuang Road MZ-01-28 49.00

Charnphai 5 Charnphai - Hmunhrneltha Road MZ-02-09 8.40 - Bunglung Road MZ-02-14 22.00 Khuangleng - Road MZ-02-15 20.00 Rullam Road MZ-02-11 20.46 Rullarn - Langpho Road MZ-08-14 17.63

I I Lunglei I 5 Haulawng - Chhipphin Road 1 MZ-02-51-06 / 16.001 -- MZ-05-16 Buarpui - Kawlhawk Road MZ-05-12 Kawlhawk - Sertlanqpui Road MZ-05-17 Thuarnpui - WdaiRoad MZ-05-10 Leite - S. Mualthuam Road MZ-05-15

2.3.5 Uttarakhand

i. Alrnora ii. Dehradun iii. Tehri Garhwal

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Table 2.5 Selected Roads and Projects in Uttarakhand District No. of Selected Road Project/ Road length projects Package No. (in KM) Almora 7 Km 51 of ODR - 8 to Ara Salpar Motor UTO1-02 16.00 Road (Phase 111) - L - 027 pp Km 51 of ODR - 8 to Ara Salpar Motor UTO1-03 16.66 Road (Phase 111) - L - 030 Km 219 of SH 37 to Sunali Maffi Motor UTO1-01 7.00 Road (Phase 111) - L - 038 MDR 25 - Bhaga Devli Motor Road UTO1-05 10.15 (Phase N) - L - 041 ODR 36 - lalahat Motor Road (Phase UTO1-04 4.70 111) - L - 032 Sarai Khet - Chakargaon Motor Road UTO1-13 5.30 -0 Lakarkot - Mathani Motor Road (Phase UTO1-03 6.22 IV) - L - 037 Dehradun 2 Chakrata - Lankhamanal Road to Lowri - UTO5-01 12.00 Dhatroda (Phase N) - L - 038 TauliILagha to Binar Motor Road (Phase UTO5-01 15.59 111) - L - 030 Tehri 6 Madan Negi - Khola Motor Road (Phase UTll-16 n/) - L - 022 Pratap Nagar - Tehri (Km 20) - Kaflog UTll-17 Motor Road (Phase N) - L - 025 Pratap Nagar-Tehri (km 22) - Nelda 3.00 Motor Road - L - 026

(Phase N) - L - 034 Lamgaon to Khandiyagaon Motor Road UT11-02 8.03 (Phase 111) - L - 039 Syalkund - Mangra Kotirnay Magro

Kilkalashwar - Naithana Motor Road UT 2.31 (Phase N) - L - 029 Shivpuri to Timli Motor Road (Phase 111) UT11-03 16.02 - L - 026

2.4 OPERATIONAL UMITATIONS

Out of five selected states for the primaty survey, our study team faced a few constraints in two states namely Jammu & Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh. It was very difficult to carry out household survey in Anantnag and Leh district of Jammu & Kashmir due to extreme cold, snowfall and closure of all roads. Due to social unrest in North-eastern region, particularly in Assam and adjacent areas of Arunachal Pradesh, our study team had to return back from Arunachal Pradesh after completing one district. Rest of the two districts of Arunachal Pradesh were completed only after the resumption of normality in that region after one month. These two situations actually stretched our field study by a month beyond our time schedule.

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3.1 ARLINACHAL PRADESH

Administrative Setup Arunachal Pradesh attained its statehood on 20th February 1987. It is situated in the North- Eastern part of India with 83743 sq. kms area and has a long international border with Bhutan to the west (160 km), China to the north and north-east (1,080 km) and to the east (440 km) and by Assam and Nagaland in the south. It stretches from snow-capped mountains in the north to the plains of Brahmaputra valley in the south. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state area-wise in the north-east region, even larger than Assam which is the most populous.

It is situated between latitudes 26" 30' N and 29" 30 ' N and longitudes 91" 30' E and 97" 30' E. is the capital of Arunachal Pradesh and located at an altitude of 530 meters above MSL. Arunachal Pradesh is known to be rich in flora, fauna, power and mineral potential. Previously this region was known as the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) which was constitutionally a part of the state of Assam. The State consists of 16 districts, 39 sub- divisions, 57 blocks, 17 towns and 4065 villages

Table 3.1 Amnachal Pradesh: Administrative Divisions I Districts 1 16 1 Sub-divisions 1 36 Development Blocks 1 57 1 No. of Circles Towns Census Villages 4065

Sources of Infonation: htt~:/larunachal~radesh.nic.in/, htt~:llqov.bih.nic.in/, htto:/liammukashmir.nic.in!, ~://miZ~ram.niC.in/, htt~:Ilqov.ua.nic.in/ ,htt~://www.censusindia.qov.inl , unless otherwise mentioned. Maps: ww.mapsofindia.com , unless otherwise mentioned FAnH Healthcare Private Limited \\mdal3\HR* Fdder(3)\WX n(h 3a.w f A~TH Roject: Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 2 of 9 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

3.1.2 Physiography and Climate It is situated fin the Eastern Himalayan province. The entire territory forms a complex hill system with varying elevaticIns ranging from 50m in the foot-hills and gradually ascending to

about 7000m, traversed N P~YIICII Map OF throughout by a number of rivers and rivulets. The State has five major rivers: the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang, the Lohit and the Tirap. All these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and countless rivers and rivulets.

Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the 4a -'="- 3W tw Himalayas, however, ~~,S,~.,,.C. dm-dml albeit parts of Lohit, Chaanglang and Tirap are covered by the Patkai. Kangto (7090m), Nyegi Kangsang (7050m), the main Gorichen peak (6488m) and the Eastern Gorichen peak (6222m) are some of the highest peaks in this part of the Himalayas.

The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. Areas with very high elevation in the Upper Himalayas near the Tibetan border enjoy an alpine or Tundra climate. Below the Upper Himalayas come the Middle Himalayas, where people experience a temperate climate. Fruits like apples, oranges, etc are grown. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation experience a humid sub-tropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters.

The state receives heavy rainfall of 80 to 160 inches (2,000 to 4,000 mm) annually, most of it falling between May and September. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple, fir, and juniper; sal (Shorea) and teak are the main economic species.

3.1.3 Demography The total population of Arunachal Pradesh is 10.97 lakhs (Census of India, 2001) with a sex ratio of 893 females per 1000 males. The work participation rate is about 45 percent indicating high dependent population in the state. More than three-fourth population of the state lives in rural area.

In distribution of population, Arunachal Pradesh can be divided into six regions. The first two regions are the Western parts of Kameng and Tirap Districts where there are large concentration of population. The upper, the middle and the lower belts of the remaining parts of Arunachal Pradesh constitute three distinct regions. The concentrated population pockets on the foot hills constitute the sixth region.

Most of the people living in Arunachal Pradesh are either of Tibetan or Thai - Burmese origin. Another 15O/0 of the population are immigrants, including 30,000 Bangladeshi and Chakma expatriates, and immigrants from other parts of India, notably Assam and Nagaland. FATIH Healthcare Private Limited \\nrrdal3\He* Folder (3)\VW fi01 la &x Roject: Soaal Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 3 of 9 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

Among the working population, cultivators and agriculture labourers comprise about 61 percent of the total working population. The main crops in the state are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards like apples and oranges. Literacy rate in the state is 54.3 percent which is lower than the all India national average of 65.38 percent.

Table 3.2 Arunachal Pradesh: Demographic Indicators (Census of India, 2001) Total Population Male Population 579,941 Female Population 518,027 Sex ratio (Females per Thousand Male) 227,881 ' Percentage of Rural Population 79.2 % Total SC Population 6188 Total 5r Population 705,158 0.51 % 67.77 % 44.98 % 54.3 O/o

3.1.4 Agriculture and Horticulture Agriculture is the primary driver of the economy. The shifting cultivation which has come to be known as Jhuming which means collective farming occupies the central position in Arunachal Pradesh in the field of agriculture. This is the form of cultivation that sustains majority of the people in the area which is been practiced from earlier days.

Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometers of forests, and the forest-products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Paddy, millet and maize are the major crops. The indigenous vegetables are sweet potatoes, brinjal, ginger, chillies, pumpkin, cucumber and local cowpea. Pine apple, oranges, lemon, lichi, papaya, banana and peach walnut, almond, etc are also grown in Arunachal Pradesh.

3.1.5 Indue The state has several medium industries based on its forest products. Plants to produce cement, rice mills and fruit processing units have also come up in the state. There are a number of craft training centres and the states handloom industry has made good progress. Iron scrapers, spear head, and Daos required for day-teday use are made in several villages. To provide training to craftsmen there are two industrial training institutes at and Daporijo.

Arunachal Pradesh is a land of beautiful handicrafts comprising wide range in variety. All the people have a tradition of artistic craftsmanship. A wide variety of crafts such as weaving painting, pottery, smithy work, basketry, cane and bamboo basketry work, woodcarving etc. are found among the people of Arunachal Pradesh.

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Tourism Arunachal Pradesh, also known as ' Land of the Dawn-lit-Mountains' is the first Indian soil to greet the morning sun. It offers an array of flora and fauna that is sure to enchant any tourist. -the state is proud of haMng more than 500 rare species of Orchids. Its mysterious, powerful and beautiful rivers with faces and moods that change dramatically ever so often form the colourful lifelines. The widely scattered archaeological remains at different places in Arunachal Pradesh has rich cultural heritage. The state is ideal for angling, boating, rafting, trekking and hiking. Besides, there are a number of wild life sanctuaries and national parks where rare animals, birds and plants will fascinate the visitor.

The main destinations of Arunachal Pradesh is , Bomdila, mpi, Itanagar, , Daporuo, Along, , , Roing, , , , Parsuramkund, Namsai, Miao and Changlang. Rafting and trekking are also available. The best season to visit arunachal Pradesh is at winter that is November to February. A visitor's permit from the tourism department is required.

Transport Arunachal Pradesh has two highways; the 336km National N RO'd Network of Highway 52, completed in 1998, Arnochrl Prrdesh connects Jonai with Dirak. There is another highway which connects Tezpur in Assam with Twang. Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Corporation operates regular bus-services to various places in Arunachal Pradesh and its neighbouring states. Direct BHUTAN bus-services are there from North Lakhimpur to Itanagar via . Buses run frequently between Naharlagun and Itanagar. Itanagar is also connected by daily buses from Guwahati (429km).

Table 3.3 Arunachal Pradesh: Road Network

The nearest railway station is Harmuty (near Banderdewa check gate) in Assam 23 km from Naharlagun and 33 km from Itanagar. However, nearest convenient railhead is North Lakhimpur in Assam, 50 km from Naharlagun and 60 km from Itanagar.

Nearest Airport is situated at is Lilabari (North Lakhimpur) in Assam, 57 kms from Naharlagun and 67 kms from the capital, Itanagar. Indian Airlines operates direct flight from

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Calcutta to Tezpur (216 kms from Itanagar). There are helicopter services from Guwahati to Naharlagun. Airstrips are located at Itanagar, Daparjio, Ziro, Along, Tezu and Pasighat. However, owing to the rough terrain, these airports are mostly small and cannot handle many flights; they were actually used for transportation of food, when these parts were not connected by the roads.

3.1.7 Resources

Mineral Geologically, Arunachal Pradesh is the least explored State and most of the mineral resources lie hidden underground. Nevertheless, preliminary studies of geological formations promise important economic mineral deposit in considerable quantity. On the basis of the explorations so far carried out by GSI, UL, OIL, MECL, CMPDIL and APMDTCL, mineral reserves reported in Arunachal Pradesh are as detailed below:

Table 3.4 A~nachalPradesh: Mineral Resenre

I 1 Dolomite I Ru~am.KasDi 1 Tidding, Pagin, , Menga 1 Bopi, Khetabari, Taliha Marble Lead & Zinc Shergaon

Forest and Wild Life The forests of Arunachal Pradesh possess a phenomenal range of biological diversity, both in flora and fauna. The richness of life forms i.e. the flora & fauna that occur in these forests has biological diversity with over 5000 plants, about 85 terrestrial mammals, over 500 birds and a large number of butterflies, insects and reptiles. The vegetation of Arunachal Pradesh falls under four broad climatic categories and can be dassified in five broad forest types with a sixth type of secondary forests. These are tropical forests, sub-tropical forests, pine forests, temperate forests and alpine forests. 1. Tropical Forests: These forests occur up to an elevation of 900 metres above MSL. They are present in all the districts along the foothills. These forests can further be classified into two main types: tropical evergreen forests and tropical semi evergreen forests. 2. Subtropical Forests: This type of forests occurs in districts between altitudes 800m to 1900m. These are essentially evergreen and dense in nature. The trees attain large dimensions (25-40m high). The forests are rich in species diversity and dominated by Fagaceae members. Luxurious growth of climbers, orchids and ferns, occurs in these forests. 3. Pine Forests: These forests extend both in the subtropical and temperate belt in between 1000 m to 1800 m elevation. These are generally met with in rain shadow area and are represented by different species.

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lOPlCAL SEMI EVERGREEN FORESTS -3 TROPICk WET EVERGREEN FORESTS SUB TROPlCAL FORESTS PlNE FORESTS 1TEIJIPERATE FORESTS

4. Temperate Forests: Occur in all districts as a continuous belt and can be divided into two subtypes viz. temperate broad leaved forests and temperate conifer forests. 5. Alpine Forests: This type of vegetation occurs on the peaks of higher hills above an altitude of 4000 m upto 5500m above timber line. For major part of the year, the area is covered by snow and plant activity is restricted to a few months when snow melts. These have dwarf branches and shrubs and mainly herbs with deep roots and cushioned leaves and branches. The profusion of bright cdoured flowers which is purely seasonal for a brief period makes the area highly attractive. Plants like Rhododendron nivale., R. anthopogon, R. thomsonii, Sedum sp.., Festuca sp.., Rhodiola sp,.. Saxifraga sp. Saussaurea sp,. Arenaria sp,. Rheum sp., etc. forms the major constituent of this peculiar vegetation. 6. Apart from the above mentioned forest types; there are other three categories of vegetation seen in the state: Degraded Forests, Bamboo Forests and Grasslands.

The fauna of Arunachal Pradesh is equally rich with as many as 25 species of mammals included in Schedule - Iof the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The large herbivores of the foot-hills and adjoining plains are elephants, gaur and the wild buffalo.

Arunachal Pradesh is perhaps the only State which has four major cats, i.e, tiger, leopard, clouded leopard and snow leopard. Lesser cats like the golden cat, leopard cat and the marbled cat are also found here. The State also abounds a variety of reptiles, amphibians and innumerable species of butterflies, moths, beetles and other insects. Several other endangered species are found in the region.

Among the smaller mammals several Rodents, Civets, mongoose, linsang, shrew and bat species are also to be found. On higher elevations, animals like goral, Himalayan black bear, red panda, are met with in various parts of the State. Over 500 bird species inhabit Arunachal Pradesh including some endangered and endemic ones like, white winged wood duck, Sclater's Monal, Temmincks Tragopan, black necked crane, Mishmi wren and Bengal florican.

Arunachal Pradesh is also home of the great Indian Hornbills is also the State bird. The white winged wood duck, a rare endangered species, has been sheltered in Namdapha National Park. Namdapha sanctuary was upgraded to the status of National park in 1983. There are

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two national parks and nine wild life sanctuaries in the State managed by the forest department.

3.2 BIHAR

3.2.1 Administrative Setup Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country (between 83O-30' to 88O-00' longitude) in the lower and middle Gangetic region extending 483 Km from west to east. This state embraces some of the most fertile lands of India with a total area of 94,163 km. Bihar is bounded on the north by Nepal, on the south by Jharkhand, on the east by West Bengal and on the west by Uttar Pradesh. The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the river Ganga which flows through the middle from west to east.

Table 3.5 Bihar: Administrative Divisions

The State is divided into 9 divisons viz. Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Kosi, Magadh, Munger, Patna, Purnia, Saran and Tirhut. Patna is the capital city of the state.

Physiography and Climate Bihar has a vast stretch of fertile flat land. It has several rivers: Ganga, Son, Bagmati, Kosi, Budhi Gandak, and Falgu. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, such as Rajgir hills. The Himalayan Mountains are PbyrScnl Map oi to the north, in Nepal. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called Jharkhand. The Bihar plain consists of a thick alluvial mantle of drift origin overlying in most part: the Shiwalik and older tertiary rocks. The soil is mainly young loam rejuvenated every year by constant deposition of silt, clay

and sand brought by different ,,,- c.~:'~Y.*hlYLI~U"*xul streams. This soil is deficient in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and humus; however, potash and lime are usually present in sufficient quantity.

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There are three major types of soil in Bihar: 1. Piedmont Swamp Soil - found in northwestern part of west Champaran district. 2. Terai Soil - found in northern part of the state along the border of Nepal. 3. The Gangetic Alluvium - the plain of Bihar is covered by gangetic alluvium (both new as well as old).

Bihar is mildly cold in the winter (the lowest temperatures being around 5 to 10 degrees Celsius). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer (40 to 45 degrees Celsius). April to mid June are the hot months. The monsoon months of June, July, August, and September see good rainfall. October to November and February to March have pleasant climate.

3.2.3 Demography The total population of Bihar is 829.98 lakhs (Census of India, 2001) with a sex ratio of 919 females per 1000 males. The work participation rate is quite low i.e. 34.37 percent indicating high dependent population in the state. Among the working population, cultivators and agriculture labourers comprise about 85 percent of the total working population. Literacy rate in the state is 46.42 percent which is lower than the all India national average of 65.38 percent.

Table 3.6 Bihar: Demographic Indicators (According to Census of India, 2001) I Total Population 82,998,509 Male Population 43,243,795 Female Population 39,754,714 Sex ratio (Females per Thousand Male) Total Urban Population 8,681,800 Percentage of Rural Population 89.54% I Total SC Population 13,048,608 ..-I Total ST Po~ulation 758.351 I I Percentage SC 15.7 % I Percentaqe ST Work Participation Rate 34.37Oh Literacy Rate 46.42%

3.2.4 Agriculture and Horticulture The economy of Bihar is predominantly agrarian. More than 85 percent of the working population is directly engaged in agriculture.

The topography of Bihar can be easily described as a fertile alluvial plain occupying the Gangetic Valley. The plain extends from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to a few miles south of the river Ganges as it flows through the State from the west to the east. Rich farmland and lush orchards extend throughout the state. The principal agricultural crops are rice, paddy, wheat, jute, maize and oil seeds. Cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, radish, carrot, beat, etc. are some of the vegetables grown in the state. Also, sugarcane grows wild in the marshes of West Champaran. Potato and barley are some of the non-cereal crops grown.

3.2.5 Indusby Bihar has a number of major public sector projects like the Oil refinery of Indian Oil Corporation and Fertilizer manufacturing plant of Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (HPCL) FAIM Healthcare Private Limited \\m-&l3\He* Wer(3)\VOL llol 3a &x Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 9 of 9 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

at Barauni, Pyrites, Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd (PPCL) at Amjhor; Cotton spinning mills at Siwan, Pandaul, Bhagalpur, Mokamah and Gaya; 13 sugar mills in private sector and 15 in public section located in South and North Bihar. In addition distilleries at Gopalganj, West Champaran, Bhagalpur and Riga (Sitamarhi District); finish leather industry in West Champaran, Muzaffarpur and Barauni; Jute mills at Katihar and Samastipur; Medicine manufacturing unit at Hajipur; Food processing units and Vanaspati manufacturing units at Aurangabad and Patna; Kalyanpur Cement Ltd at Banjari are some of the notable industries in Bihar. Recently, the dairy industry has picked up very well in Bihar. Sugar industry is another one which has started to show up with 25 new sugar factories committed in Bihar.

Tourism Bihar was the main scene of activities of the Buddha and the 24 Jain Tirthankaras. It is also one of the important places in the annals of Indian history which has seen the rise and fall of major empires. With its historical past, there are many tourist destinations especially pilgrim centres in the state like Patna, Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Vaishali and ruins of the world famous, ancient university of Nalanda, etc.

Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation organises trips for Rajgir, Nalanda, etc. from its headquarters in the capital Patna. Bihar's Buddhist circuit to places include Bodhgaya, Gaya, Vaishali, etc. Apart from that, it has places of historical and national parks.

3.2.6 Transport Road he1 The state has a vast network of RIUI National and State highways. National highways like 2, 31, 28, 23, 30, and i 33 connect the state from places all over India.

UTTAR PRlDESH Bihar has three airports - Patna, Bhagalpur Airport and Gaya. Patna airport is connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Ranchi. It is categorised as a restricted international airport, with customs

faalities to receive international JWARKWAWD chartered flights. Gaya airport is a small international airport connected to Colombo and Bangkok. I Railway Network Bihar is well-connected by railway - lines to the rest of India. Most of the towns are interconnected among themselves, and they also are directly connected to Kol kata, Delhi, and Mumbai. Patna, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur and Gaya are Bihar's best-connected railway stations.

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3.2.7 Resources

Mineral Bihar state is rich in mineral resources. Howe~r,there are some mineral widely distributed in the state. It includes Steatite, Pyrites, Quartzite, Gude Mica and Limestone. In some parts of the state extensive quarrying is practiced.

Forest and Wildlife Bihar lies in the tropical to sub-tropical region. Rainfall here is the most significant factor in determining the nature of vegetation. Bihar has a monsoon climate with an average annual rainfall of 1200 mm. The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and Dun ranges in Champaran constitutes another belt of moist deciduous forests. These also consist of scrub, grass and reeds. The rainfall promotes luxuriant Sal forests in the favoured areas. The hot and dry summer gives the deciduous forests. The most important trees are Shorea Robusta (Sal), Shisham, Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. This type of forests also occurs in Saharasa and Purnia districts. Timber, fuel wood, sabai grass and bamboos are the major products from the forest resources.

Apart from the forest resource, Bihar boasts of 2 national parks and 21 sanctuaries. The world's first tiger census had been carried out at Palamau in 1932. 'these include the country's only hideout for wolves, a sanctuary for dolphins, a crocodile centre, a welcome jheel, or lake that is home to an infinite variety of birds migrating from Central Asia. The state has 6 national parks and wildlife sanctuary. Some of the famous national parks are Palamau Tiger Reserve, Betla Wildlife Reserves, The Valmikj National Park, Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary, The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Sanctuary, etc. The common animals in the state are Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Musk Dear, Black Bear and Sloth Bear.

3.3 JAMMU AND KASHMIR

3.3.1 Administrative Setup The state of Jammu and Kashmir is strategically located which constitutes the northern most extremity of India. It is situated between 32'17'~ and 36'58'~ latitude and 37 '2' E and 80 '30' E longitude. The state constitutes three division: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh; and 14 districts.

Table 3.7 Jammu & Kashmir: Administrative Divisions Divisions Districts rqDevelo ment Blocks 119 Munici alities Towns and Notified Area Committee Census Villages (As per 01 census) 6758 (i). . Inhabited Villaqe (includinq 6477 forest settlements) . I (ii) Un-inhabited Village 1 281

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The total area of the State is 22,22,236 sq. kms including 78114 sq kms under Pakistan and 42,685 sq kms under that of China, of which Pakistan illegally handed over 5130 sq kms to China. The State is bounded by Pakistan, Afghanistan and China from the West to the East. The State ranks 6m in area and 17'~ in population among the States and Union Territories of India. The State consists of 14 districts, 59 tehsils, 119 blocks, 3 municipalities, 54 towns and notified area committee, 6477 inhabited villages and 281 uninhabited villages.

3.3.2 Physiography and Climate There is a sharp rise of altitude from 1000 feet to 28250 feet above the sea level within State's four degree of latitude. It has four geographical zones: 1. Sub-mountain and semi-mountain plain known as kandi or dry belt, 2. The Shivalik ranges, 3. The high mountain zone constituting the Kashmir Valley, Pir Panchal range and its off- shoots including Doda, Poonch and Rajouri districts and part of Kathua and Udhampur districts htt~:llwwi.kashmrstudv4rou~.~tiawayforward/masexbn!mmkashmlr.hlml 4. The middle run of the Indus river comprising Leh and Kargil.

A major portion of the State consists of the western Himalayas, which besides mountain ranges with varying heights is also abound by rivers, lakes, passes, glaciers, plateaus and plains. The number of streams, brooks, hill torrents and rivers is also fairly large. The most important rivers are the Indus, Chenab, Jehlurn and Ravi.

The State of Jammu and Kashmir is the northern most state of India comprising three distinct Climatic regions viz. Arctic cold desert areas of Ladakh, temperate Kashmir valley and sub-tropical region of Jarnmu.

The dimate varies from tropical in Jamrnu plains to semi-arctic cold in Ladakh with Kashrnir and Jarnrnu mountainous tracts having temperate climatic conditions. The annual rainfall also varies from region to region with 92.6 rnm in Leh, 650.5 rnrn in Srinagar and 1115.9 rnrn in Jarnmu.

3.3.3 Demography The total population of Jamrnu and Kashrnir is 101.43 lakhs (Census of India, 2001) with a sex ratio of 892 females per 1000 males. The work participation rate is quite low i.e. 37 percent indicating high dependent population in the state. About three-fourth population of the state live in rural area.

Among the working population, cultivators and agriculture labourers comprise about 50 percent of the total working population. The main crops in the state are saffron, almond and walnut. Natural honey too, is a produce that is available in bulk in the state.

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Literacy rate in the state is 55.5 percent which is lower than the all India national average of 65.38 percent.

Table 3.8 Jammu and Kashmir: Demographic Indicators (Census of India, 2001) Total Population Male Population Female Population 4,782,774 Sex ratio (Females per Thousand Male) 892 1I 1 Total Urban Population 2,516,638 Percentage of Rural Population 75.19 O/O Total SC Population 770,155 Total ST Po~ulation 1,105,979. . Percentage SC 7.6 O/O Percentaqe- ST 10.9 O/O Work Participation Rate 37 O/O Literacy Rate 55.5 %

3.3.4 Agriculture and Horticulture Agriculture is the most important industry of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. Even those engaged in other industries depend on agriculture for raw material. About 50°/o people in the State are engaged in agriculture and allied sector. The major crops are Rice, Wheat, Maize and Tobacoo. Rape seed, mustard, linseed, sesamum, toria, cottonseed are the chief varieties of oil-seeds. Saffron is a cash crop and cultivated on the Pampore in the month of July-August. Fruits like apples, pears, cherries, plums, grapes, pomegranates, mulberry, peaches, apricots, walnuts and almonds are common.

The valley of Kashmir is also known for the cultivation of potatoes, turnips, carrots, spinach, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflowers, raddish, onions, lotus-stalk, brinjal, gourd and bitter gourd etc.

Other Agricultural Activities 1. Silk: It is obtained from silk worms which feed on mulberry trees. These trees require a warm and moist dimate. Silk cocoons are, therefore, grown in abundance in the valley of Kashmir Two silk factories, one in Jammu and the other in Snnagar, manufacture silk yarn from these cocoons. 2. Wool: It is obtained from sheep and in the State they are mostly reared in the valley of Kashmir on the grassy meadows. Quality sheep from Australia have been imported for sheep breeding in Kashmir.

3.3.5 Industry Industrial complexes have been established at Rangreth, Khunmoh and Doabagh in Kashmir where the units for the manufacture of TV sets, radios, electronic clocks, stablizers, tape recorders, jewels for watches, joinery articles, automobile batteries, oxygen etc. have been set up.

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Small Scale Industries There has been a remarkable increase in srnall-xale industrial units all over Jammu and Kashmir in recent years. These units manufacture food products, beverages, machinery parts, plastic goods, chemicals, drugs, paper products and automobile equipment.

Handicrafts In Kashmir, with its severe winter when climate conditions are semi-arctic, craftsmen utilize their leisure as well as creative intelligence in creating artifacts of exquisite beauty. Princely patronage encouraged these handicrafts from early times till these products, light in weight and rich in art, found a big market in India and abroad. The State Government has set up many training centres for coaching young boys and girls in traditional arts and crafts. As a result there has been a wide dispersal of handicrafts throughout the State.

Kashmir is known for the following handicrafts throughout the world: 1. -the art of making carpets is a gift of caravans coming into the valley from Central Asia. The Europeans also took a keen interest in it. It resulted in the establishment of more than 15 well known factories with about 350 looms weaving carpets. Finest wool obtained from pashmina goats and marino sheep is used in these factories. 2. Namdas are made of wool of inferior quality and old woollen blankets are used for making gabbas. This cottage industry is concentrated in Anantnag, Rainawari and Baramula. 3. Lois (woollen blankets) of Shopian and Bandipore are well known. Hand-woven blankets of Rainawari are also durable and warm. Woollen pattus, tweeds, and worsted are manufactured in many hand and power looms established in and around Srinagar. 4. The Kangri making is a cottage industry concentrated in the areas on the banks of Wullar lake near Watlab and at Tsrar and Botingo villages. 5. Wicker-work and basket making are arts common to Kashmir and Jammu. Wicker is used for making baskets, boxes, lamp-shades, curtain rings, trays, chairs, tables, and cycle baskets etc. Srinagar, Harwan, Shalabug, Hazartbal, and Sowra are the centres of its production. 6. Papier Mache: Pulp and paper are shaped into a variety of decorative articles and colourful designs are painted on them. The goods prepared are mostly boxes, table lamps, toilet sets, jewellery boxes and other articles of decoration. Srinagar, Rainawari and Anantnag are famous for this cottage industry. 7. Pashmina shawl industry is an old industry of Kashmir. Pashmina wool used to come from via Ladakh but since the invasion of China in 1962 and closing of the Leh Yarkand route, Pashmina shawl and carpet industries have been affected greatly. Now the raw material comes from Ladakh only. 8. Silverware and imitation jewellery: Silver-smiths, engravers and polishers work to make beautiful silverware articles like teasets, tumblers, boxes, trays, soap cases, toilet cases, and other articles of decoration. Engraving is a speciality of the Kashmiri engravers. There are about 80 units of imitation jewellery at Srinagar. They prepare rings, cuff- links, bangles, broaches, bracelets, ear rings and tops etc.

Large Scale Units 1. Superior quality woollen cloth, tweeds, blankets and suiting-cloth, etc. are manufactured in a factory run by the state Government. Besides these, there are many other private wollen Mills in Srinagar and Anantnag. FAIIH Heathcare Private Limited \\m&l3\Neu, FMer (3)\ML I\OI 3b.W Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 5 of 5 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

2. Raven Gaft factory is situated at a distance of about 6 Kms. from Srinagar which makes jams, juices, squashes, sauces and pickles etc. 3. A brick and tile factory is installed near Pompore and is a Government concern. It manufactures about 15 thousand tiles and five thousand fire-proof bricks daily. 4. Government Cement Factory is established at Wuyan (Srinagar). It produces about 60 tons of cement daily. 5. Silk manufacture is the oldest industry of the State which involves the production of raw silk and silk fabrics. Silk worms are raised on mulberry leaves as a cottage industry both in Jammu and Kashmir provinces. 6. H.M.T. Company has recently started a very large watch factory at Zainakot (Sopore) in collaboration with the State Government. 7. Government Spinning Mills, Noshera (Srinagar) manufactures ruffel and knitting yarn to be used in the other local factories for the manufacture of woollen cloth and knitwear.

Tourism Tourism is one of the major industries of the State. This industry provides employment to lakhs of people directly and indirectly Hoteliers, house boat owners, transporters, travel- agencies, traders, guides, porters, ponymen, boatmen, handicrafts and small scale industry units and many others earn their livelihood because of this industry. Private and public sector agencies provide necessary facilities to the tourists and every year the number of tourists increases.

The major tourist destinations in Jammu and Kashmir including the state capital Sri Nagar, Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Gulmarg, Kargil, Amarnath Cave, Kolhoi Glacier and Water Lake. Jammu and Kashmir is also a paradise for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts, attracting thousands of tourists from across the world every year. Jammu and Kashmir has some of the famous wildlife sanctuaries such as Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kishtwar High Altitude National Park and The Hemis Altitude National Park.

3.3.6 Transport

The State is well connected with rest of the ~0.dNetwork 01 country by air, rail and road. Regular flights to Jammu 8 Kasbmir Srinagar, Jammu and Leh are available.

National Highway 1-A connects the capital cities of Srinagar and Jammu to rest of the country. The state is connected to important cities Delhi, Amritsar Ambala, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Pathankot, Shimla and Manali.

The most important railway station is Jammu Tawi, which is served many important trains and is so well connected with the rest of the country. There are daily passenger trains connecting Jammu which is connected with most of the major cities of the country. Railway network is available till Udhampur.

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3.3.7 Resources

Mineral The state is rich mineral resources. The major mineral resources are coal, glass sand, limestone, lignite, natural gas, bauxite, Chromium, Copper, Gold, Manganese, Graphite, Gypsum, Sapphire and Zinc.

Forest and Wild Life Kashmir is rich in forests. A variety of spruce, stately trees some of which are towering masses, grow in them such as Blue Pine, silver Fir, Himalayan spruce, Birch, Maple, Beech, Hazel, wild Oak. Almost all the mountains are coated with dense forests, which, besides lending charm and healthful fragrance to the atmosphere, are a great factor of revenue to the country. The best varieties of pine and Deodar are found in the dense forests of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The Lolab valley too is thick with them. These forests are regular haunt of lovers of sports. Among these forests are situated the famous health resourts like Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Achhabbal, Verinag and Kokarnag etc. Industries Dependent on forests are Match Industry, wood of poplar and willow trees is used for making cricket bats and mulberry wood is used for making hockey sticks, Sentonin Factory in Baramula manufactures sentonin from artimisia, and Rifle Half-Wrought Factory.

Ibex, Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Wolves, red Bear, Markhor, Backbear, Barasingha, etc can be found in these forests. Ibex is a wild goat with very long horns. Snow leopards are found in high forests.

The country also holds a variety of winged game, such as duck, goose, chakor, monal pheasant, Patridge and Snipe. These are found in low forests, in swamps and on banks of the lakes. Kashmir is pre- eminently the land of forests which stately among other things are the mainstay of its economy.

3.4 MIZORAM

3.4.1 Administrative Setup Mizoram is a mountainous region which became the 23' state of the Indian Union in February, 1987. It was one of the districts of Assam until 1973 when it became a Union Territory. Under the British administration, Mizoram was known as Lushai Hills district. In 1954 by an Act of Parliament, the name was changed to Mizo Hills district.

' , Mizoram is situated between 21' 58' to 24' 29' north 1 'I -1 1 latitude and 92' 29' to 93' 22' east longitude. The tropic of Cancer passes near the capital, Aizawl town. Mizoram occupies the north east corner of India. It is bounded on the north by the district of Cachar (Assam) and the state of Manipur, on the east and south by Chin Hills and Arakan (Myanmar) on the west by the Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh

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and the state of Tripura. Mizoram borders three states of India - Assam, Manipur and Tripura. The boundaries with Myanmar and Bangladesh is total of 722 kilometres .Its geographical borders with Assam, Manipur and Tripura extended over 123 km, 95 krn and 66 km, respectively. Mizoram is a land of hills. The hills run in ridges from north to south. They have an average height of 900 metres, the highest point being the Blue Mountain (2165 metres).

Table 3.9 Mizoram: Administrative Divisions 1. Districts 8 2. Development Blocks 22 3. Sub-Division 23 4. Towns 22 5. Census Villages (As per 01 census) 817

The total area of the State is 21,081 q.km. The State consists of 8 districts, 22 blocks, 23 sub-divisions, 22 towns, and 817 villages.

3.4.2 Physiography and Climate Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, rivers and lakes with mainly dayey loam soil mixed with broke angular shale of varying size. The Mizo Hills, which dominate the state's topography, rise to more than 6560 ft near the Myanmar border. There are as many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state with the highest peak 'Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) towering 2,065 metres above the sea level. The terrain has, perhaps, the most variegated topography among all hilly areas in this part of the country. The hills are extremely rugged and leaving some plains scattered occasionally he1-e and there.

Although many rivers and streamlets drain the hill ranges the most important and useful rivers are the Tlawng (also known as Dhaleswari or Katakhal), (Gutur), (Sonai) and which flow through the northern territory and eventually join river Barak in Cachar.

The Koldoyne (Chhimtuipui) which originates in Myanmar, is an important river in the south Mizoram. It has four tributaries and the river is in patches. The Western part is drained by (Khawthlang tuipui) and its tributaries. A number of important towns including Chittagong in Bangladesh is situated at the mouth of the river.

Lakes are scattered all over the state. But the most important of them are Palak, Tamdil, Rungdil; and Rengdil. The Palak Lake is situated in Chhimtuipui District in southern Mizoram and covers an area of 30 Ha. It is believed the lake was created as a result of an earthquake

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or a flood. The Tamdil lake is a natural lake situated 110185 kms from Aizawl.

Mizoram has a mild climate. It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. During winter, the temperature varies from 110C to 210C and in summer it varies between 200C to 290C. The entire area is under the regular influence of monsoons. It rains heavily from May to September and the average rainfall is 254 cm, per annum. The average annual rainfall in Aizawl and Lunglei are 208 centimeters and 350 centimeters, respectively. Winter in Mizoram is normally rain-free.

3.4.3 Demography The total population of Mizoram is 8.85 lakhs (Census of India, 2001) with a sex ratio of 935 females per 1000 males. Mizoram accounts for only 0.09% of India's population. About 50 percent of the total population of the state lives in rural area.

The literacy rate of Mizoram (excluding children in the age group Cb6 years) has been recorded at 88.8 percent, the second highest in India only next to Kerala. The literacy rate has increased by 6.23 percent over 1991 Census

The work participation rate is about 53 percent in the state. Among the working population, cultivators and agriculture labourers comprise about 67 percent of the total working population. The main crop in the state paddy.

Table 3.10 Mizoram: Demographic Indicators (According to Census of India, 2001) Total Population 888,573 Male Population 459,109 Female Population 429,464 Sex ratio (Females per Thousand Male) 935 Total Urban Population 441006

Percentage of Rural Population 50.4 O/O Total SC Population 272

I Literacy Rate 88.8 O/O

3.4.4 Agriculture and Horticulture Agricultural still occupies a very important place in the economy of Mizoram. About 70 percent of the total working population is engaged in some form of agriculture. The age-old practice of Jhum cultivation is carried out annually by a large number of people living in rural areas. The dimatic conditions of the state, its location in the tropic and temperate zones, and its various soil types along with well-distributed rainfall of 1900 mm to 3000 mm spread over eight to ten months in the year. Paddy remains the chief food crop of the state. The major fruits are Mandarin Orange, Hatkora, Lemon, Banana, Pineapple, Papaya, Grape, Passion Fruit, Aonla (Gooseberry) and Avocado. The major plantations are Arecanut, Betelvine, Coconut and Tung.

The major vegetables grown are Squash, Potato, Cabbage, Brinjal, Tomato, French Bean, Lady's Finger, Iskut (Chow chow), Pumpkin, French Mustard, Bitter gourd, khGourd. Spices FAllH Healthcare Private Limited \\ndinNeU Folder (~)\YoLnm kdx Project: Sodal Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 4 of 13 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Dtaft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

crops like Turmeric, Chillies, Ginger are chillies are also grown of which Ginger is the most dominant.

The mild climate of the hills in Mizoram has the unique advantage of growing almost all type of flowers round the year. Flowers like Anthurium, Roses, Bird of Paradise, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum etc. are grown successfully round the year.

3.4.5 Industry There are not many major industries in the state due to lack of mineral resources, lack of transport and communication and infrastructure. Mostly in the state are cottage industries of handloom, handicraft and bamboo products. Mizoram has plenty of raw materials for industry mostly from forest, agriculture and horticulture.

In Mizoram traditional industries weavers and blacksmiths played an important role - first was a home industry for respective home consumption only and the second was for making weapons and implements for war, hunt, agriculture and domestic use.

A craft centre was started in Aizawl which produces floor rugs, bags, aprons, cane works, etc. In fact, these types of local produce including Mizo hats, side bags and Mizo shawls have become very popular all over India.

Some ginger and fruit processing plants have come up in the state, Zoram industrial development corporation (ZIDCO) has been set up by the state government in collaboration with the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). It is setting up industrial units of its own and is also assisting various enterprises.

A State Government undertaking - Mizoram Food and Allied Industries Corporation has been set up to develop, industries based on agro-horticultural products. Apart from the ginger, maize and fruit juice plants, there is potential for setting up different industrial projects based on locally produced fruits, tea, coffee, chillies, oilseeds, sugar cane, meat, milk, etc.

Government unit, Zoram Electronics Development Corporation, has been set up to promote the electronics industry. The climate condition, pollution free atmosphere and delicate sldll of the Mizo women are conducive for successful electronic units like manufacture and assembly of television, radios, amplifiers, calculators, etc.

Apart from ginger, maize and fruit juice plants, there is a potential for setting up different industrial projects based on locally produced fruits, tea, coffee, chillies, oilseeds, sugarcane, meat, milk etc. There are 4600 registered SSI Units in Mizoram upto March 2001. Recently, Godrej Agrovet Limited has entered for a new venture wherein Oil Palm and Jatropha cultivation is their main theme in Mizoram.

The State Government had made commendable break-through in all round development of Sericulture in Mizoram. The total number of farmers engaged in sericulture activities during 2000-01 was 3332 and the total production of raw-silk during 2000-01 was 2064.88 kg. Sericulture has played a significant role for reconstruction and upliftment of the rural economy.

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Hand looms and handicrafts Tribal clothes of the north-eastern states with attractive local motifs and designs are becoming wry popular all over the country. Similar demand exists for the typical tribal handicrafts. The State Government has set up the Mizoram Handloom and Handicraft Development Corporation for this purpose.

To promote various types of village industries Mizoram Khadi and Village Industries, board was set up in 1986. The different training cum production centres set up by the Board in the state cover silk spinning and weaving, cotton spinning and weaving, soap making, oil extraction, carpentry, cane and bamboo works etc.

Mizo women typically use a handloom to make clothing and other handicrafts, such as a type of bag called Pawnpui and blankets. Currently, the production of handlooms is also being increased, as the market has been widening within and outside Mizoram.

Tourism With its abundant scenic beauty and a pleasant climate, Mizoram scope to develop its tourist-related industries. Specific tourist projects can be developed to put Mizoram on the "tourist map" of India. With the development of Reiek resort centre and numbers of resort centres in and around kzawl and establishment of tourists' huts across the entire state, tourism has been much developed. Mizoram has a number of places which are of historical interest and are associated with folklore, legends and stories which are passed on from generation to generation.

The major tourist destinations in Mizoram including the state capital Aizawl, Tamdil, Vantawang, , Phawngpui, Saiha, Lunglei, Sibuta Lung, Phulpui Grave, Chhingpui, Pangzawal, Mangkahia Lung, Tualchang, Lungvandawt, Khawnglung Run, Thangliana Lung, Suangpuilawn and Thansiama Sena Neihna.

3.4.6. Transport The State is well connected with rest of the country by air and road. Aizawl is connected to Kolkata, Imphal and Guwahati. Nearest railhead is Silchar which is in Assam (184 km away) from Guwahati.

NH - 54 connects Aizawl with the rest of the country through Silchar. Buses and taxis are available from Silchar to Aizawl. Aizawl is also accessible by road from Shillong and Guwahati. Almost 50% of the total road network has bituminous surfaces. Excepting NH - 54, which is under u~radationto double-lane standards, all Mizoram roads are single lane, having carriageway widths of mostly 3.00 metres.

FAITH Healthcare Private Limited \\mmbl3\NR mr (~)\voL fi~h&.doc f A~TH Roject: Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 6 of 13 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3 Formidable terrain had been Road Network owhs.3mr/ the major obstacle in road Mizoram . building in Mizoram. During the expeditions into the hills, BANGLADESH the British took with them a large number of work forces mainly to clear the jungles, make earth cuts for the laden animals to proceed and for the entire cdumn to move to the interior. Thus, bridle paths fit for loaded ponies came into existence. The main bridle paths connected Mizoram with Chittagong in the west, Cachar plains in the north and the Chin Hills in Burma in the east. By 1935, the important bridle paths were: Demagiri (border of Chittagong Hill Tracts) - Lunglei (70 Km), Dwar band (cachar) - Aizawl (125 Ian), Aizawl - Falam (Burma) (165 Km) and Lunglei - Haka (Burma) (90 Km). Inside Mizoram the bridle paths were: Sairang - Changsil (10 Km), Aizawl - (128 Km), Aizawl Lunglei (165 km), Aizawl Tipaimukh (115 Km) Lunglei Serkawar (108 km), Dokhma - Koladyne (50 km) Zawngling - Tongkolong (67 Km), Tuipang - Chakang (72 km) and Loch's trace road (83 km). These totalled 1,248 Km of bridle path in the Mizo Hills. In addition, some unmetalled roads fit for animal drawn carts also came up. These were Aizawl - Sairang (22 Km) and town roads in Aizawl (10 Krn), Lunglei (4 Km), Sairang (3 Km) and Demagiri (2 Km) making a total of 41 Km. The bridle paths were mostly used for maintenance of supplies to the Assam Rifle Posts in the interior.

During the Second World War (1939-45) with the Japanese occupation of Burma, the strategic importance of the Mizo hills came into focus. A 190 Km jeepable road was constructed connecting Silchar and Aizawl. In 1950, construction of the 205 Km Aizawl - Lunglei jeep road was completed.

After the Chinese invasion into Arunachal Pradesh in 1962, the Government accorded priority to strategic road building in the border areas of the north - east. The Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) was deployed in Mizoram in 1963 and they started up-gradation of the Aizawl - Lunglei road to good black topped standard fit for heavy vehicles and cars. They later took up the Aizawl -Silchar road and other trunk roads in the state. The PWD was strengthened to take up construction of subsidiary road. Under the employment generation scheme, about 700 Km of jeep able roads were constructed in the early 1970s connecting the remote villages with the nearest BRTFIPWD road. These roads were of much use to the villagers as essential commodities like rice and other food articles auld be sent to the interior by jeeps instead of depending on costly and uncertain airdropping and head loads.

Even though numbers of roads have been constructed, the road position in the state is not up to the requirement. The road density in Mizoram is 22 Km per 100 Sq Km as against the national average of 49 and average 39 in the other areas of the north - eastern region. By

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the end of the seventh plan 623 villages got road connection. During the Eighth Plan this number have been increased to 746.

There is a good scope for the development of inland water ways in Mizoram. Before partition of India in 1947 there was an excellent waterway between Chittagong in Bangladesh and Demagiri in Mizoram through the Karnafuli River. With coming up of Kaptai dam on the Karnafuli in Bangladesh, a huge area around Demagiri has been submerged. This has created a good potential of inland water transport in the area. Another waterway in the south is the Kolodyne.

In the north, the most frequently used waterway was the Tlawng by which the British used to move men and material from Silchar to Sairang, gateway to Aizawl. It was a journey of about seven days inward and three days outward.

There is a big scheme for development of water ways in Mizoram for having a dam on the Tlawng at Bairabi which will provide navigation from Bairabi to Lunglei, a distance of about 350 Km, in addition to a supply of 100 MW of hydel power. There is good possibility of inland water transport in the River near Chawngte and also on the Koladyne.

3.4.7 Resources

Mineral The present main mineral of Mizoram is a hard rock of teriary period formation. This is mainly utilised as building material and for road construction work. However, several reports (both from Geological Survey of India and State Geology and Mining Wing of Industries Department) revealed that the availability of minor mineral in different places.

Forest and Wild Life Mizoram has a vast area of forest covering as much as 18,338 sq.km which forms about 87 per cent of the total Geographical area of Map oC the State. About 20 per cent of the 0r.m Geographical area is under dense forest while 68 per cent are open forest. The reservedlprotected forests constitute about 38 per cent of the geographical area. Mizoram has mainly three types of forest: Sub-Tropical forest, Semi-evergreen forest and Sub-montane tropical forest.

Type of forest found in Mizoram are mainly Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest, semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests and sub-mountain forests. Forest in Mizoram support variety of Flora and Fauna. More than 400 medicinal plants and 22 species of Bamboo have been reported to exist. The total Forest produce during 1999-2000 was valued at Rs. 125.85 lakhs. The State Government is aware and active to the needs of

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the conservation of wildlife. At present, the State Government has notified 8 protected areas for preservation and management of wildlife.

The socio-economic life of the rural people depends on their local vegetation from where they derive all their material requirements - timber, food, fuel wood, medicinal plants etc. About 95 population of the interior population depends on herbal medicine and nearly 98 percent of raw materials are harvested from the wild plant resources without replenishing the growing stocks. The villages' herbal preparations include uprooting of the plants, which is detrimental to both the plants themselves and the growing area. As a result of this practice, many commonly used and effective medicinal plants have become rare and endangered species. Some are on the verge of extinction unless conservation measures are taken up for revival.

The state has 8 national parks and Sanctuaries i.e. Dampa Tiger Reserve, National Park, Blue Mountain National Park, Ngenpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary and Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary which includes different types of species Tiger, Elephant, Sambar, Barking deer, Hoolock gibbon, Humes bar- tailed pheasant, Serrow, Ghoral, Leopard, Himalayan black bear, Tragopan, Barking deer, Sloth Bear and variety of birds.

3.5.1 Administrative Setup

Uttaranchal was formed on 9th Nov 2000 and was carved out of Uttar Pradesh with a total area of 53,566 krn2. Uttarakhand lies in the Northern part of India surrounded by Himalayas and dense forests. The state is bordering Himachal Pradesh in the north-west and Uttar Pradesh in the South and has international borders with Nepal and China. It extends from 2B043'and 31°27' North latitude to 77O34' and 81°02' East longitude.

The State is divided into 13 Districts viz. Amora, Pauri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar, Chamoli, Haridwar, Champawat, Nainital, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag. Dehradun is the interim- capital city.

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Table 3.12 Uttarakhand: Administrative Divisions I Divisions 02 j

Develo ment Blocks

Census Vilbges (A per 16828 census)

(i)~. Inhabited Village (including 15761 forest settlements) (ii) Un-inhabited Village 1 1065 )

(iii) Nagar Panchayats 31 I (iv) Cantonment Boards 09 ( (v) Census Towns 12 (vi) Industrial Townships 02

3.5.2 Physiography and Climate Uttarakhand can be grouped into three distinct geographical regions: the High mountain region, the Mid-mountain region and the Terai region. Uttarakhand lies on the south slope of the mighty Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to tropical forests at the lower elevations. At 7,817 m above sea level, Nanda Devi in the district of Chamoli is the highest point in the state. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. The Western Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows eco-region lies between 3000-3500 and 5000 meters elevation; tundra and alpine meadows cover the highest elevations, transitioning to Rhododendron-dominated shrub lands below. The Western Himalayan sub-alpine conifer forests lie just below the tree line; at 3000-2600 meters elevation they transition to the Western Himalayan broadleaf forests, which lie in a belt from 2,600 to 1,500 meters elevation. Below 1500 meters elevation lies western end of the drier Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands belt, and the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. This belt is locally known as Bhabhar. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.

The temperature ranges between -2.70 C in Mukteswer during winter to 41.50 C in Dehradun during summer. The average rainfall is 1,397 mm. The state has two distinct climatic regions: the predominant hilly terrain and the small plain region. The climatic condition of the plains is very similar to its counterpart in the Gangetic plain-that is, tropical. Summers are unbearable with temperature going over the 40°C mark and a lot of humidity. Winters can be chilly with temperatures going below 5OC at times.

The Himalayan region has Alpine conditions characterized by cold winters with snowfall for quite a long time, good rainfall in the monsoon, and

3.5.3 Demography The total population of Uttarakhand is 84.89 lakhs (Census of India, 2001) with a sex ratio of 962 females per 1000 males. The work participation rate is quite low i.e. 36.9 percent indicating high dependent population in the state. Among the working population, cultivators and agriculture labourers comprise about 60 percent of the total working population. FAITH Heathcare Private Limited \\mdal3\Hew Fd6er (3)\VDL nCh 3c.W LU Roject: Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 10 of 13 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

Literacy rate in the state is 71.6 percent which is higher than the all India national average of 65.38 percent.

Table 3.13 Uttarakhand: Demographic Indicators (According to Census of India, 2001) I Total Population 8,489,349

1 Female Population 4,163,425 Sex ratio (Females per Thousand Male) 962 Total Urban Population 2,516,638 Percentage of Rural Population 74.33% Total SC Population 1,517,186 Total 9 Population 256,129

Percentage SC 17.9 O/O

Percentage ST 3 O/O Work Partici~ationRate 36.9 % I Percentage Main Worker 27.4 % 1 I Percentaqe Marqinal Worker 9.6 '10 Percentage Non Worker 63.1 O/O Percentage Cultivators 50.1 % Percentaqe- Aqricultural- Workers 8.3 O/O Percentage Household Industrial Workers 2.3 O/O Percentage Other workers 39.3 % Literacy Rate 71.6 %

3.5.4 Agriculture and Horticulture

The economy of Uttarakhand is predominantly agrarian. More than 50 percent of the working population is directly engaged in agriculture. Agriculture in Uttarakhand is fraught with another peculiar characteristics. The topography of the area is steep, the rainfall is high (120Ck1600 mm) and the soils range from sandy to sandy loam. As a result of these factors, percolation losses of rainwater from individual farmers' terraced fields are very high. The soil does not hold water for long and in the absence of available soil moisture, agricultural crops would not do too well. The important crops are wheat, rice, sugarcane, ragi and potato.

The very specific agrcclimatic conditions of the region offer tremendous potential for the development of horticulture. The varied climatic and soil conditions are ideally suited for growing different sub-tropical and temperate fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. Sub- tropical fruits like mango, citrus, litchi, guava, jackfruit, etc. adapted to lower elevations occupy the largest area in the zone.

Among temperate fruits, apple is the main crop Apple can successfully be grown at mid and high elevations (1700- 2500m) that experience cold climate for at least 3-4 months during winter and are not prone to hail-storms and strong winds. The average productivity of apple is very low as compared to other states of North-West Himalayan region mainly due to critical resource and technological gaps.

Other temperate fruits like peach, plum, apricot, pears and cherry are grown on a very limited area though there is great potential for their commercial production. Apart from that, nuts and dry fruits are also grown in limited quantity.

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The major production constraints for non-adoption of these crops on commercial basis are their perishable nature, lack of technical knowhow with the growers, poor transportation, storage and communication infrastructure, lack of proper marketing facilities and non- availability of suitable cheap packaging materials.

3.5.5 Industry

Mostly in the state there are traditional industries. They are as follows: 9 Handicrafts 9 Handlooms 9 Wool based industry 9 Khadi and village industry 'P Waxed based industry

In addition to the above there are certain sunrise industries too including: 'P Biotechnology 'P Agro based and food processing industry 'P floriculture 'P Industry based on herbal and medical plants

There is also a potential to develop tea industry, forest based industry and information technology and recreation and entertainment industry.

Tourism The state has recognized tourism as an industry and source of major financial resource. From the very beginning tourism is an important activity in these regions. Since times immemorial the Hindus have considered the land sacred. Legends and myths have it that this is the abode of the Gods with the holy river Ganges and numerous temples.

A travel to Uttarakhand would take one to the land of breathtaking snow-capped mountains, wooded valleys and magnificent glaciers, which is a source of many rivers of India. Large numbers of people travel to Uttarakhand to learn a few lessons of Yoga and get a treatment of Ayurveda. These ancient Indian medical sciences have phenomenal healing power for many modern day maladies. There are places for adventure tourism, eco-tourism and religious tourism. Road Network of Ul-rARANCHAL 3.5.6 Transport HIY*CMLPRCSESH

Although Uttarakhand is a very young state in India, an extensive road network covers the state. The state has road connection with Delhi and state highways link the destinations and important places like Nainital, Corbett National Park, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Almora, to each other. Uttarakhand is served by five FArlH Healthcare Private Limited \\~IJ\NRFdJer (J)\VDL nm 3c.w LY Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 12 of 13 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

National Highway: 73 NH, 58 NH, 74 NH and 87 NH. The detail road network in the state is given in the following table.

Table 3.14 Uttarakhand: Road Network Items Year/ Period Length in Krn Motor Roads Maintained by PWD (i ) National Highways 2004-2005 1328.30 (ii) State Highways 2004-2005 437.12 (iii) Major District Roads 2004-2005 1368.92 (iv) Other District Roads 2004-2005

(vi) L. V. Roads 2004-2005 2632.98 Motor Roads Maintained by BRTF (i) National Highways 2004-2005 875.93 (ii) State Highways 2004-2005 101.95 (iii) General Staff Road 2004-2005 231.95 Roads Maintained by Local Bodies (i) District Panchayats (ii) Urban Local Bodies & Others 1 2004-2005 1649 Roads Maintained by Other Departments (i) Irrigation 2004-2005 702 (ii) Cane Development 2004-2005 704 (iii) Forest 2004-2005 3358 (iv) Others 2004-2005 500.47 Source: http://qov.ua.nic.in

Rail network is also very convenient in Uttarakhand. The keys Railway Stations in the state are Dehradun, Haridwar and Kathgodam. The state has its only airport in Jolly Grant, which is close to the state capital Dehradun. Nearly all public and private airlines operate regular flights to Dehradun.

3.5.7 Resources

Mineral Uttarakhand state is not rich in mineral resources. Moreover, it is also part ecologically sensitive area, extensive quarrying is not practiced in the state. However, there are some mineral sparsely distributed in the state. It includes limestone, Gypsum, Iron Ore, Graphite and Copper.

Forest and Wild Life Uttarakhand is rich in forest resources. The total area under the forest is 34,651 sq. km which 64.69 percent of the total area. Out of the total forest area, 70.19 percent of the land is under forest department. The total land under the forest department, 99.38 percent of is reserved forest. Apart from that, there are other forest area i.e. Civil and Soyam Forest, Panchayati Forest, Private/Municipal and other, etc.

The state has diverse forest types. Near the snow line occur the forests of creeping Rhododendron and Birch (Bhojpatra). They are succeeded down by forests of Silver fir (Abies pindrow), Spruce (Picea smithiana), Deodar (Cedrus deodara), Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) and Oaks (Quercus spp.). On the foot hills and in adjoining plains of Bhabhar and - - Tarai occurs the most valuable Sal (Shorea robusta) forest. Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), being a pioneer species, is abundant, especially along river courses. FAIM Healthcare Private Limited \\&lab Fdder (3)\VOL nm 3c dm Roject: Social Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 13 of 13 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 3 Revision: R3

The major forest types based on altitude (Champion and Seth, 1968) consist of four broad vegetation zones, mainly on the basis of climate and altitude with some overlapping of transitional features:

i. Tropical- sub Tropical Forest zone: This zone is dominated by deciduous- sub deciduous types. Sal is the most predominant species found up to an elevation of about 1300 m. The other prominent species are Khair, Semal, Kanju, Sissoo and Haldu etc. ii. Sub Tropical- Temperate zone: The sub tropical to Temperate pine forests (with 'chir' pine as the dominant coniferous tree) and sub-Tropical to Temperate shrubs dominate at elevations varying between 900 m and 2100 m. iii. Temperate- sub Alpine zone: This zone of natural vegetation extends generally between 1500 & 3300 m and contains mixed coniferous forests of fir, spruce and birch. iv. Alpine forests and shrubs: These are found generally up to 4200 m of altitude. With increasing altitude, a gradual transition from larger flora to smaller bushes and Alpine pastures can be observed, beyond which there is a total lack of vegetal cover.'

With the vast forest coverage in Uttarakhand, there is excellent potential for the development of forest resources based industry in the State, while taking due care to maintain the ecological balance and compliance with laws relating to forest conservation and environmental protection. Some such industries could include paper and paper products, plywood/flush boards, furniture, wood carvings, sports goods, toys, educational aids (in particulars pencils), matchsticks, katha, bamboebased products, etc. Uttarakhand is a storehouse of a rich variety of species of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants. This massive potential has remained largely unexploited in the absence of a well planned and coordinated strategy for commercial cultivation and integrated arrangements for processing and marketing.

Apart from the forest resource, the state has 6 national parks and wildlife sanctuary. The common animals in the state are Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Musk Dear, Black Bear and Sloth Bear.

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4.0 REVIEW OF RELEVANT POLICIES AND ACTS

All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalise the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. In case of PMGSY, there are certain International Policies, i.e. World Bank policies and UN directives and policies, which are abiding on projects funded by the World Bank. At the same time, there are National Policies and legislations on some relevant issues like Resettlement & Rehabilitation, Indigenous/Tribal population, cultural properties etc. In addition to, International and National policies and Acts, there are certain state specific policies and acts applicable to projects implemented in the state.

Keeping all the above in mind, an attempt has been made within the present study of PMGSY social assessment to analyze the relevant policies and acts as under:

1. International Policies i) Indigenous Peoplesfrribes ii) Operational Policies OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement iii) Operational Policies OP Cultural Properties Draft

2. National Policies and Acts i) National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii) Land Acquisition Act, 1985 iii) 73' Constitution Amendment Act, 1992 iv) North Eastern Council Act 1971 (Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram)

3. State-Specific Acts i) Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (Land Settlement and Records) Act, 2000 Arunachal Pradesh Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 2003 The State Land Acquisition Act, 1990 ii) Bihar Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Bihar Panchayat Raj Ordinance 110. 1, 2006 Bihar Public Land Encroachment Act, 1956 iii) Jammu and Kashrnir The State Land Acquisition Act, 1990 The Jarnmu and Kashmir Land Revenue Act, 1996 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (Ladakh and Kargil) The Jamrnu and Kashrnir Forest (Conservation) Act, 1997 iv) Mizorarn Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy The Bamboo Policy of Mizoram Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984 Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963 The Mizo district (land & revenue) Acts, 1956

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The Lushai Hills Districts (House Site) Act, 1953 v) Uttarakhand Tehri Dam Rehabilitation Policy Panchayat Raj: 73* Constitution Amendment Act 1992 Land Acquisition Act, 1984 (as amended till lStSeptember 1995)

4.1 INTERNATIONAL POLICIES

4.1.1 Indigenous Peoples/Tribes

o The policy contributes mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. The policy points out the need for (a) free, prior, and informed consultation which results in broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples; (b) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples communities; or (c) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects; (d) to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive.

o The policy recognizes that the identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. These distinct circumstances expose Indigenous Peoples to different types of risks and levels of impacts from development projects, including loss of identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, as well as exposure to disease.

Gender and intergenerational issues among Indigenous Peoples also are complex. As social groups with identities that are often distinct from dominant groups in their national societies, Indigenous Peoples are frequently among the most marginalized and vulnerable segments of the population. As a result, their economic, social, and legal status often limits their capacity to defend their interests in and rights to lands, territories, and other productive resources, and/or restricts their ability to participate in and benefit from development. At the same time, the policy recognizes that Indigenous Peoples play a vital role in sustainable development and that their rights are increasingly being addressed under both domestic and international law.

o For purposes of this policy, the term 'Indigenous Peoples" is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: - self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; - collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; - customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and - an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.

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9 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) On the basis of the social assessment and in consultation with the affected Indigenous Peoples communities, an Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) is developed that sets out the measures through which it will be ensured that (a) Indigenous Peoples affected by the project receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits; and (b) when potential adverse effects on Indigenous Peoples are identified, those adverse effects are avoided, minimized, mitigated, or compensated for. The IPP is prepared in a flexible and pragmatic manner.

Special Considerations:

4 Lands and Related Natural Resources Indigenous Peoples are closely tied to land, forests, water, wildlife, and other natural resources, and therefore special considerations apply if the project affects such ties. In this situation, when carrying out the social assessment and preparing the IPP particular attention needs to be paid to:

a) the customary rights of the Indigenous Peoples, both individual and collective, pertaining to lands or territories that they traditionally owned, or customarily used or occupied, and where access to natural resources is vital to the sustainability of their cultures and livelihoods; b) the need to protect such lands and resources against illegal intrusion or encroachment; c) the cultural and spiritual values that the Indigenous Peoples attribute to such lands and resources; and d) Indigenous Peoples' natural resources management practices and the long-term sustainability of such practices.

If the project involves (a) activities that are contingent on establishing legally recognized rights to lands and territories that Indigenous Peoples have traditionally owned or customarily used or occupied (such as land titling projects), or (b) the acquisition of such lands, the IPP sets forth an action plan for the legal recognition of such ownership, occupation, or usage. Normally, the action plan is carried out before project implementation; in some cases, however, the action plan may need to be carried out concurrently with the project itself. Such legal recognition may take the following forms: a) full legal recognition of existing customary land tenure systems of Indigenous Peoples; or b) conversion of customary usage rights to communal and/or individual ownership rights.

If neither option is possible under domestic law, the IPP includes measures for legal recognition of perpetual or long-term renewable custodial or use rights.

4 Commercial Development of Natural and Cultural Resources If the project involves the commeraal development of natural resources (such as minerals, hydrocarbon resources, forests, water, or huntinglfishing grounds) on

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lands or territories that Indigenous Peoples traditionally owned, or customarily used or occupied, it is ensured that as part of the free, prior, and informed consultation process the affected communities are informed of (a) their rights to such resources under statutory and customary law; (b) the scope and nature of the proposed commercial development and the parties interested or involved in such development; and (c) the potential effects of such development on the Indigenous Peoples livelihoods, environments, and use of such resources.

The IPP arrangements must ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive, in a culturally appropriate manner, benefits, compensation, and rights to due process at least equivalent to that to which any landowner with full legal title to the land would be entitled in the case of commercial development on their land.

If the project involves the commercial development of Indigenous Peoples' cultural resources and knowledge (for example, pharmacological or artistic), it is ensured that as part of the free, prior, and informed consultation process, the affected communities are informed of (a) their rights to such resources under statutory and customary law; (b) the scope and nature of the proposed commercial development and the parties interested or involved in such development; and (c) the potential effects of such development on Indigenous Peoples livelihoods, environments, and use of such resources. Commercial development of the cultural resources and knowledge of these Indigenous Peoples is conditional upon their prior agreement to such development.

The IPP reflects the nature and content of such agreements and includes arrangements to enable Indigenous Peoples to receive benefits in a culturally appropriate way and share equitably in the benefits to be derived from such commercial development.

Physical Relocation of Indigenous Peoples Because physical relocation of Indigenous Peoples is particularly complex and may have significant adverse impacts on their identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, alternative project designs to avoid physical relocation of Indigenous Peoples.

In exceptional circumstances, when it is not feasible to avoid relocation, the borrower will not carry out such relocation without obtaining broad support for it from the affected Indigenous Peoples' communities as part of the free, prior, and informed consultation process. In such cases, the borrower prepares a resettlement plan in accordance with the requirements of Involuntary Resettlement that is compatible with the Indigenous Peoples cultural preferences, and includes a land- based resettlement strategy. As part of the resettlement plan, the borrower documents the results of the consultation process. Where possible, the resettlement plan should allow the affected Indigenous Peoples to return to the lands and territories they traditionally owned, or customarily used or occupied, if the reasons for their relocation cease to exist.

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+ Indigenous Peoples and Development In furtherance of the objectives of this policy, the Bank may, at a member country's request, support the country in its development planning and poverty reduction strategies by providing financial assistance for a variety of initiatives designed to:

a) strengthen local legislation, as needed, to establish legal recognition of the customary or traditional land tenure systems of Indigenous Peoples; b) make the development process more inclusive of Indigenous Peoples by incorporating their perspectives in the design of development programs and poverty reduction strategies, and providing them with opportunities to benefit more fully from development programs through policy and legal reforms, capacity building, and free, prior, and informed consultation and participation; c) support the development priorities of Indigenous Peoples through programs (such as community-driven development programs and locally managed social funds) developed by governments in cooperation with Indigenous Peoples; d) address the gender and intergenerational issues that exist among many Indigenous Peoples, including the special needs of indigenous women, youth, and children; e) prepare participatory profiles of Indigenous Peoples to document their culture, demographic structure, gender and intergenerational relations and social organization, institutions, production systems, religious beliefs, and resource use patterns; f) strengthen the capacity of Indigenous Peoples' communities and IPOs to prepare, implement, monitor, and evaluate development programs; g) strengthen the capacity of government agencies responsible for providing development services to Indigenous Peoples; h) protect indigenous knowledge, including by strengthening intellectual property rights; and i) facilitate partnerships among the government, IPOs, CSOs, and the private sector to promote Indigenous Peoples' development programs

4.1.2 Operational Policies Op 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

The World Bank has extended different categories of bilateral support to facilitate implementation of development projects since its inception. It also simultaneously ensures that Structural Adjustment Programs are duly implemented by the countries receiving monetary support (loans / credit / grant) as a condition attached to such financial assistance. So adherence to the World Bank's R&R Policy Guidelines on the part of national and / or state governments is imperative in order to be eligible for any project support.

"The World Bank's involuntary resettlement policy states that project planning must avoid and minimize involuntary resettlement, and that if people lose their homes or livelihoods as a result of Bank-financed projects, they should have their standard of living improved, or at least restored ."'

Project implementing authorities that seek World Bank funding must ensure proper adherence to the Bank's policy guidelines in order to qualify for long-term financial support

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and assistance. Comprehensive R&R policy frameworks must be prepared in this connection as one of the preliminary tasks during the project preparatory phase.

"Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term hardship, impoverishment and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. For these reasons, the overall objectives of the (World) Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement are the following:

a) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs. b) Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs. c) Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.'I2

It covers direct economic and sodal impacts that caused by involuntary taking of land resulting in relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location, and the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated areas having negative impact on livelihood of the displaced persons.

It is evident that the World Bank intends to maintain all possible sodal safeguards in order to mitigate / reduce negative impacts caused by development project interventions. So policy planners of the concerned implementing agencies who acaept World Bank funding should prepare their R&R guidelines in accordance with the Bank' social and environmental prescriptions. Such guidelines must also be in tune with the national context and ground realities of specific projects.

4.1.3 Operational Policies: Cultural Properties Draft

"The United Nations term 'cultural property' includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), palaeontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls.

The World Bank's general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically:

(a) The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non- replicable cultural property, ...

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(b) The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance... (c) Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities

to be unavoidable, minor ...'13

Measures to protect the cultural properties have to be ensured. Methods and provisions to relocate and rehabilitate or repair or preserve of the same through design modifications have been identified.

4.2 NATIONAL POLICIES AND ACTS

4.2.1 The National Tribal Policy (2006)

The population of the tribal communities scheduled in the Constitution of India, known as Scheduled Tribes (nearly 700 State specific) is 84.3 million (2001 census) and accounts for 8.2% of the total population of the country. The STs have traditionally lived as isolated entities in about 15O/0 of the country's geographical areas, mainly forests, hills, undulating inaccessible terrain in plateau areas, rich in natural resources.

The problems and difficulties being faced by the scheduled tribes and tribal areas in the country are to be addressed by the National Tribal Policy, 2006. A periodic review of implementation of various initiativeslmeasures outlined in the policy is essential to ensure accountability of the different public agencies responsible for implementation and to reveal the practical difficulties in implementation.

P Objectives of the Policy

+ Regulatory Protection - Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. - Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. - Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. - Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NW). - Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Ad, 1996. - Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels.

FAITH Healthcare Private Limited \\RTdal3\NRYFdder [3)\KX I\CI +.doc Roject: Soaal Assessment of Radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 8 of 20 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 4 Revision: R3 + Alienation of Tribal Land Alienation of tribal land is the single most important cause of pauperization of tribal peoples, rendering their vulnerable economic situation more precarious. Poor land record system in tribal areas coupled with the illiteracy, poverty and ignorance of tribal peoples and the greed of others have resulted in the continuous transfer of resources from tribals to non-tribals for several decades. Lands lost are usually the most productive, leaving the tribals to cultivate poor quality land, the total effect of land transfers has been devastating to the fragile tribal economy. Competent legal aid will be made available timely to tribals at all stages of litigation.

State Land laws will be in conformity with the PESA Act [rhe Provisions of the (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. The Act is meant to enable tribal society to assume control over their own destiny to preserve and conserve their traditional rights over natural resources.

+ Displacement, Rehabilitation and Resettlement The process of legally extinguishing traditional rights of the ST communities over the natural resource base began during the colonial period and continued unabated in independent India because of steady exploitation of natural resources from tribal areas for the purpose of nation building. .

Displacement is a multi-dimensional trauma, with far reaching impacts, which cannot easily be compensated. The principle of least displacement would be mandatorily followed. An exhaustive social impad assessment would be conducted before initiating a development project. Displacement would be after mandatory consultation with the community as provided in the PESA Ad. The principle of 'land for land' in the command area or zone of influence would be followed scrupulously. There will be mandatory consultations with Tribes Advisory Councils in case of displacement of STs from the Scheduled Areas. STs displaced from Scheduled Areas shall be allotted alternative lands in Scheduled Areas only. Compensation would be computed not merely on the basis of the replacement value of the individual land rights lost, but on the market value of land, the concept of net present value, loss of opportunity cost, community rights, and livelihoods. The PAFs would have first right to get employment in the project. Training should be organized for the induction of PAFs even before the project is initiated. The implementation of R&R would be upfront to make the process of displacement more humane. A ground level monitoring mechanism, involving representatives of the PAFs and post implementation social audit will also be ensured. In application to Scheduled Areas, the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, the National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Families - 2003, the Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act, 1957 and the

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National mineral Policy, 1993 will be amended to harmonize with those of the PESA Ad, 1996.

+ Empowerment The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA) came into force on 24th December, 1996 with the objective of safeguarding and preserving the traditions and customs of the people living in the Fifth Schedule areas, their social, religious and cultural identities, and traditional management practices of community resources.

4.2.2 National Policy On Resettlement And Rehabilitation For Project Affected Families - 2003

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for the Project Affected Families 2003 also stresses the need to minimize large-scale displacement to the extent possible. Wherever, the displacement is inevitable Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families should be handled with utmost care especially vulnerable groups such as tribal, small and marginal farmers, landless agriculture workers, forest dwellers, tenants, women and SCfSTs.

'The main objectives of the policy are as follows: a) To minimize displacement and to identify non- displacing or least displacing alternatives; b) To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of Project Affected Families, (PAFs) including special needs of Tribals and vulnerable sections; c) To provide better standard of living to PAFs; and d) To facilitate harmonious relationship between the Requiring Body and PAFs through mutual cooperation.'*

The Policy provides possible safeguard measures (both as cash and kind) to various categories to mitigate negative impacts caused by land acquisition.

4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until lStSeptember, 1985)

The act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition.

Provisions under the Ad: Section 4 deals with the Publication of preliminary notification and power of officers thereon Section 5 mentions Payment of damage and 5A hearing of objections Section 6 enunciates Dedaration that land is required for a public purpose Section 7 of the ad provides the procedure for declaration, Collector to take order for acquisition Section 8 deals with procedure for Land to be marked out, measured and planned Section 9 dexribes the process of Notice to the person interested Section 11 defines the process of Enquiry and award by collector

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Section 16 deals with Power to take possession Section 18 to 28 discusses the procedure for the Reference to court Section 29 to 30 mentions the procedure for Appointment of compensation Section 31 to 34 describes the procedure of payment Section 38 to 44 of the act deals with the Acquisition of land for companies.

It is a safeguard measure to protect the interest of the people whose land has to be acquired for public interest. The act will facilitate to acquire land under the PMGSY project (identification of land for public interest, acquisition of land, distribution of compensation, address to the grievances, etc.). The collector will be the responsible person to acquire the land under the act for PMGSY, to oversee distribution of the compensation and address to the grievances.

4.2.4 73rdConstitution Amendment Act, 1992

In 1992, the Indian Constitution was amended through the 73d Constitution Amendment Act to enable the State Government to empower the Panchayati Raj Institutions in preparation and implementation of development programs.

The Act enables participation of Panchayat level institutions in decision-making by broadening the village level functions, supporting implementation of development schemes. As per the amendment, the rights and duties of the Panchayat have been included in the XI Schedule of the Constitution. The provisions under the Act empower the PRIs at the appropriate levels to implement the project activities through the following sections:

Article 243A, Responsibilities of the Gram Sabha for management of (a) common and grazing land; (b) mutation of land, and (c) implementation of grass root schemes. Article 243B, Constitution of three-tier Panchayat system at District/Block/Village level. Article 2436, Empowers the Panchayat for: (a) Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice, and (b) Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as mentioned in the XI Schedule.

The Act provides for involvement of the PRIs especially, the Gram Sabha/ Panchayat during project preparation and implementation. The Panchayats at the village level will be involved for preparation and implementation of the project. The Gram PanchayatJSabha will coordinate with the PIU to finalize the alignment, land width accretion, incorporation of suggestions made by the community, identification of eligible persons, entitlement provisions, grievance redressal and collection of MoU/Affidavit for land transfer or assets.

4.3 STATE-SPECIFIC ACTS

4.3.1 Arunachal Pradesh

4.3.1.1Arunachal Pradesh (Land Settlement and Records) Act, 2000

The Act deals with matters pertaining to land settlement and records in the State.

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Sections 3 to 8 empower the State Government to create, alter or abolish Revenue districts, sub-divisions and blocks, appoint various classes of Revenue Officers (viz. Revenue Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Director of Settlement and Land Management. Additional Deputy Commissioner, Sub-divisional Officers etc. for the specified districts and matters related therewith.

Sections 9 to 20 deals with rights over land viz. title of lands, State Government's right to trees, forest etc., assignment of land for special purposes, allotment of Government land for agricultural and housing purpose, liability of land to land revenue etc. In terms of Section 9, all land, public roads, lanes and paths and bridges, ditches, dikes, and all canals and watercourses etc., which are not the property of any person or community, are dedared to be the property of the State Government.

Sections 21 to 37 contain the provisions pertaining to survey and settlement of land revenue.

Sections 38 to 49 prescribe the procedure for preparation of records of rights for each village, their publication, jurisdiction of Village council and Civil courts, preparation of field index, register of mutations etc.

Sections 50 to 56 contain provisions relating to boundaries and boundary marks, viz. determination of village boundaries, effect of settlement of boundary, construction and repair of boundary marks, description of boundary marks, responsibility for maintaining boundary marks. While Section 55 empowers the Deputy Commissioner to have charge of boundary marks, Section 56 deals with penalty for tempering of boundary marks.

Sections 57 to 78 pertain to realization of land revenue and other public demands. Section 57 provides that Land Revenue assessed on any land shall be the first charge on that land on the crops, rents and profits thereof. Section 78 deals with recovery of other public demands as arrears of land revenue, viz. rent, fees and royalties due to the State Government for use or occupation of land or water or any product of land etc.

Sections 79 to 87 contain provisions relating to Appeals and Revisions, viz. land etc.

Sections 88 to 92 deal with rights of land owners: Section 88 - Accrual of ownership rights on Government land allotted for agricultural purposes; Section 89 - Rights of land owners on Government land allotted for agricultural purposes; Section 90 - Rights to lease; Section 91 - Land left uncultivated and Section 92 - Relinquishment by the land owner of the Government land.

Sections 93 describes the interest of a tenant in any land held by him as such shall be in accordance with such terms and conditions as agreed between the parties. Sections 94 to 100 contain general and miscellaneous provisions, e.g. recovery of amount due as an arrear of land revenue; exclusion of jurisdiction of civil courts, power of the State Government to make Rules etc.

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Applicability: The Act extends to the whole of the State of Arunachal Pradesh in respect of matters relating to land settlement and records on different dates and for different areas as the State Government has notified in the Official Gazette.

4.3.1.2 Arunachal Pradesh Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 2003

The Act provides for eviction of unauthorized occupants from public premises and matters connected therewith. The Act received the assent of the Governor on the 22"d March, 2003.

Section 3 authorizes the State Government for appointment of Estate Officers for the purpose of the Act and defines the local limits within which or the categories of public premises in respect of which the Estate mcer shall exercise the power conferred and perform duties imposed by or under the Act.

Sections 4 and 5 prescribe the procedure for issuance of notice of eviction to a person who is in unauthorized occupation of any public premises.

Section 6 prescribes the procedure for disposal of property left on public premises by unauthorized occupants.

Sections 7 & 8 empower the Estate Officer to issue Order of demolition or Seal unauthorized construction.

Sections 10 empower the Estate Officer to require payment of rent or damages in respect of public premises.

Section 12 deals with the matters relating to Appeals against order of the Estate Officer made in respect of any public premises under Sections 5 or 7 or Section 7 or 8 to an Appellate Officer who shall be the Deputy Commissioner of the District in which the public premises are situated.

Section 14 provides penalty to any person who unlawfully occupies any public premises with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to six months, or with fine, which may extend to two thousand rupees, or with both.

Applicability: The Act received the assents of the Governor on 22* March, 2003. Section 23 provides that anything done or any action taken under the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorized Occupants) Act, 1971 (Central Act) shall be deemed to have been done or taken under this Act.

4.3.1.3 The State Land Acquisition Act, 1990

Safeguards and protection to the displaced people are also available under the Schedule V of the Constitution (which empowers the States to enact special laws and issue regulations to help the disadvantaged people). Besides, the customary laws of the tribes will provide an added safety valve.

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4.3.2 Bihar

4.3.2.1 Land Acquisition Act, 1984

The legal authority of the State to acquire privately owned land for 'Public Purposes' is primarily derived from the above act. This act has since been amended over time and also interpreted by the SupremeIHigh Courts of the country especially with reference to the manner of its implementation and the procedures for payment and quantum and nature of compensation.

The 1894 Act embodies the basic concept of "Eminent Domain" whereby the state may exercise its untrammelled right to aquire any land for 'public good'.

Land Acquisition (Amendment) Ad, 1984 was passed whereby procedures for acquiring land cannot be quite so arbitrary but owner friendly. Also the compensation has to be paid as per 'true market value' calculated as per 'true area of the land' both to be legally recorded and guaranteed and acted upon under the orders of the concerned District Collector. However, 'compensation' does not take into account the loss of livelihood and neighbourhood and cultural and spiritual relationship of the owners with their land. This stipulation is provided in the policy objectives proposed by the Central (Indian) Government though not yet included in any relevant act.

4.3.2.2 Bihar Panchayat Raj Ordinance No. 1, 2006

The above ordinance was passed to repeal and replace Panchayat Raj Act, 1993. Under this law various institutions of Panchayat Raj namely Gram Panchayat (at the village level), Panchayat Samiti (at the Block level), Zila Parishad (at the District level) have been given lot of responsibility and legal jurisdiction to operate, advise and intervene in all matters of public interest, welfare and development for the area and people under their direct concern. Panchayati Raj Institutions grant the people at various levels direct access for redressal of any grievances and resolution of any disputes. Panchayats have also responsibility to inform and educate the people about new development projects, hear their views and seek their active cooperation within the scope of the laws of the land.

4.3.2.3 Bihar Public Land Encroachment Act, 1956

Originally enacted as Act 31, 1950, its intention was to make better provision for removal and prevention of Encroachments on Public Land. It was amended vide Amendment Ordinances 1975 and Ordinance No. 210, 1976 etc. and these were finally converted into Act 3 of 1982.

Under this Act wilful and illegal occupation and misuse of large tracts of public land involving malafide intentions could be removed through due legal process. Under emergency situations the District Collectors were empowered to take suitable action during the pendency of the legal process also.

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However, srnall-scale reclamations and encroachments by small-scale farmers etc. under certain circumstances and following prolonged use of the land may not be evicted but allowed continued use of the land without any hindrance. The overall merits of the case will be a decisive factor.

Obviously any takeover of such land areas for 'public purpose" would entitle the owners normal compensation under the law.

4.3.3 Jammu And Kashmir

4.3.3.1 The State Land Acquisition Act, 1990

The Jammu and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act has been adapted from the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.

The sections under the Act which are changed for Jammu and Kashmir keeping the requirements of the state in mind which are as follows: Section ll-A deals with the correction of clerical or arithmetical errors etc. However, the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India under Section ll-A dealt with period shall be which an award within made. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India Section 13 - A dealt with the correction of clerical or arithmetical errors etc. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India Section 15 - A dealt with power to call for records, etc. has been deleted in the Land Acquisition Act of Jarnmu and Kashmir The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India Section 17, which deals with Special Powers in case of Urgency (sub-section 2), has been deleted. The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of Jammu and Kashmir in Section 19 - e has been added. The Land Aquisition Act, 1894 of India Section 23, which deals Matters to be considered on determining compensation subsection [(IA)], has been deleted from the Land Acquisition Act of Jammu and Kashmir. Land Acquisition Act of Jammu and Kashmir Section 25 on Rules as to Amount of Compensation has been dealt in detail and it has been divided into three sub-sections. Land Aquisition Act of Jammu and Kashmir Section 41 on Agreement with the Government Sub-section 4A deleted. Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Section 44 on How Agreement with Railway Company may be proved have been deleted from Land Acquisition Act of Jammu and Kashmir. Land Acquisition Act of Jarnmu and Kashmir Section 52 A on Delegation has been added specifically to cater to the requirement of Jammu and Kashrnir.

The State of Jarnmu and Kashmir is guided by the State Land Acquisition Act. According to this Act also the collector will be the responsible person to acquire the land under the act for PMGSY, to oversee distribution of the compensation and address to the grievances.

4.3.3.2 The Jammu and Kashmir Land Revenue Act, 1996

It is an act to amend, consolidate and re-enact the Jammu and Kashmir Land Revenue Regulations No. 1 of 1980. It is measure to consolidate, amend and declare the law in force

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in Jammu and Kashmir State with respect to the making and maintenance of records-of- rights in land, the assessment and collection of the land revenue and other matters relating to land and the liabilities incident thereto.

Provisions under the Act Section 24 describes the making of that part of the annual record, which relates to landholders, assignees of revenue and occupancy tenants. Section 25 deals with the making of that part of the annual record which relates to the other persons Section 26 mentions determination of disputes Section 27 provides restriction on variation of entries in records Section 29 details the penalty for neglect to report acquisition of any right referred to in Section 24 Section 30 deals with obligation to furnish information necessary for the preparation of record Section 41 to 53 gives details about the procedure of the assessment = Section 93 to 103 deals with the procedure of land revenue survey

When the land is acquired for the PMGSY the records have to be updated and survey have to be conducted with the revenue department. The lists of PAPS are prepared from the land survey conducted by the revenue department.

4.3.3.3 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (Ladakh and Kargil)

Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council was constituted in accordance with the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act, 1995. It was introduced in Kargil during the year 2003. The council came into being with the holding of elections on August 28, 1995.

Provisions under the Act relevant for PMGSY: Chapter I11 deals with powers and functions of the council, where Section 22 states mechanism to conduct of business Section 23 mentions matters under the control and administration of the council. The council will have the executive powers in the district where sub-section (xxxiv) mention about the local road transport and its development. Section 29 to section 37 mention the powers of the executive council Chapter VII deals with Transfer of Land to the Council, where Section 42 mentions that the land may be transferred to the council in the district unless the land may be required for public purpose or in the interest of the defence of the country. Section 48 deals with formulation of the district plan Section 49 states the Council to be the District Planning and Development Board.

The democratic constitution of the Council has heralded democratic decentralization of planning process for developmental works including rural roads (PMGSY) with the involvement of people at the grass root level. Owing to the difficult geographical problems, the need for greater public participation in the planning and development process was all the

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more necessary. Work plans are being made at the grass root level taking the Councillors, Panchayats and Sarpanchs into confidence and are further reviewed at the Block Headquarters in the presence of the Chief Executive Councillor and Executive Councillors.

4.3.3.4 The Jarnrnu and Kashrnir Forest (Consenration) Act, 1997

Jammu and Kashmir Forest (Conservation) Act, 1997 provides guidelines and matters for the conservation of forests.

Provisions under the Act relevant for PMGSY: Section 2 details the procedure for Restriction on de-notifying of demarcated forest or deservation or use of forestland for non-forest purpose. Section 4 mentions the penalty for contravention of provisions of the Act.

It gives procedure when the land is required for the development of rural roads under PMGSY when passing through the demarcated or non-demarcated forestland.

Section "The compensation to be awarded for such property is to be paid out of the funds of a corporation owned or controlled by the State, such compensation shall be deemed to be compensation paid out of public revenues.]

It should be published in the Official Gazette and in two daily newspapers circulating in the locality in which the land is situated of which at least one shall be in the regional language, and the Collector shall cause public notice of the substance of such declaration to be given at convenient places in the said locality (the last of the dates of such publication and the giving of such public notice, being hereinafter referred to as the date of the publication of the declaration), and such declaration shall state] the district or other territorial division in which the land is situate, the purpose for which It is needed, its approximate area, and, where a plan shall have been made of the land, the place where such plan may be inspected."

4.3.4 Mizorarn

4.3.4.1 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy

Originally enunciated and enacted in the context of Mizoram State Highway Project, the Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy (RRP) of the Mizoram State government defines its basic approach and attitude in dealing with problems of displacement of people on account of development projects in general. The policy is comprehensive and deeply concerned with humanitarian issues. Its highlights are: 1. Displacement only when there is no other choice and with prior consent. 2. Compensation to be all-inclusive - loss of land, assets, livelihood etc. all to be taken care of and quite promptly with prior budget provisions. 3. Tribal leadership to be involved and tribal customs to be honoured.

Consultation and dialogue with people affected to be a continuous process.

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4.3.4.2 The Bamboo Policy of h4izoram6

The Policy of the Bamboo Development Agency (an autonomous society under Government of Mizoram) for development and promotion of bamboo cultivation on commercial scale was prepared in 2002. The policy had ten sections. They are as follows: 1. preamble; 2. socio-economic status; 3. resource scenario of bamboo; 4. need for bamboo policy; 5. aims and objectives; 6. approach to bamboo sector development; 7. the strategy for protection of mountain ecology and environment, bamboo resource assessment, dedicated land use for bamboo development, regulation of bamboo harvest, bamboo regeneration in natural bamboo stands, bamboo plantation development, bamboo flowering and strategy to utilize surplus bamboo before mautam, bamboo trade, bamboo industries, entrepreneurial development, market information dissemination, research development; 8. funding support; 9. institutional arrangement; 10. acts and rules; 11. action plan; and 12. Policy review.

Many people in the state are dependent on bamboo cultivation on commercial basis. Bamboo cultivation is practiced on open forest. Bamboo is used for housing, engineering works, handicrafts, furniture that earns income through export. Thus, it is source of employment opportunities for many people in the state.

This policy may act as a guideline for this linear road project as it covered several important aspects of bamboo development. Thus, the areas under bamboo cultivation should be avoided as it will have an impact on the socio-economic activities. In case, it is essential that part of the area which is under bamboo cultivation have to be aquired for construction of PMGSY roads; compensation packages, employment and livelihood opportunities, alternative areas for development of bamboo plantation and income-generation programs are to be addressed for the people whose livelihood is affected.

4.3.4.3 Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984

The legal framework for acquiring privately owned land for "public purpose" is provided by the above Act. Under this "true market value" of the acquired land "measured with great accuracy" is paid as compensation to the owners. But the spirit and provisions of this Act are further enhanced and strongly supported by the Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy adopted, by virtue of the powers vested with the Mizoram State Government, under Schedule VI of the Constitution.

Under this Policy additional safe guards provided are as under:

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1. Dislocation of people will be avoidedlminimized as far as possible. 2. The displaced people losing land, assets livelihood etc. will be assisted to regain their losses in every way. 3. People will be consulted at all levels of planning and implementation of the concerned project. 4. Common Property ResourcesIAssets lost will be replaced in whatever way possible. 5. All matters relating to compensation Resettlement and Rehabilitation will be settled promptly. 6. Efforts will be made to keep suitable budget and other provisions for compensating any unforeseen and anticipated adverse social and cultural, economic and environmental impact on the people. 7. All land acquisitions will be made after harvesting of the standing crops. 8. Village Councils and Village Chiefs will be kept fully in the picture regarding all matters and developments during the planning and implementation of the Project. Their opinions on the Tribal customary Law will be noted with due care.

The above Policy, when faithfully implemented, fully meets the requirements and instructions of the World Bank and the Policy approach approved by the Central Government.

4.3.4.4 Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963

Mizo District (Agricultural land) Act was passed by the Mizo District council for providing for the control over the agricultural land in the Mizo district. The act shall apply to all lands with Mizoram except,

Land included in the state forest reserve The soil of all Government and Public roads All lands in the station reserves of Aizawl, Lunglei, Sairang, Demagiri, Champhai or any other areas notified. The Administrator or the officers authorized by it, in writing shall have the power to allot any vacant land for the purpose of agriculture activities. The allotment shall be in a patta form. No person shall occupy and taken possession of any land for agricultural activities unless allotted and patta obtained in accordance with the provisions of this act.

4.3.4.5 The Mizo district (land & revenue) Acts, 1956

This legislation was passed by the Mizo Council, 1956, and was enacted to provide for the ragnition of rights on land and assessment of revenue on such land by the district council.

This legislation elaborates the rights of the pass-holders over the lands allotted, settlement holders' right over land, and the power of the administrator over vacant land, etc. Works out the methodology for recording and demarcation of land, and the certificate of possession and assessment. Details the procedure for the transfer of ownership of land

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Fixes the rate of revenue for the land and the payment of the land revenue.

When the land is acquired for the PMGSY, the records have to be updated and surveys have to be conducted with the revenue department. The lists of PAPs are prepared from the land survey conducted by the revenue department.

When the land is acquired for the PMGSY, the records have to be updated and surveys have to be conducted with the revenue department. The lists of PAPs are prepared from the land survey conducted by the revenue department.

4.3.4.6 The Lushai Hills Districts (House Site) Act, 1953

This legislation was enacted to provide for the allotment of sites for residential or other non- agricultural purposes in the state of Mizoram. Under this act,

The administrator or any other person or body authorised in that behalf by the administrators shall allot sites for residential and other non-agricultural purposes in Aizawl, Lunglei, Dernagiri, Sairang, Kolasib, Dhampai and Vanlaiphai and also sites for shops, stalls and other business purposes. Apart from the urban areas specified, for other areas of the state, the Village council shall be competent enough to allot sites within its jurisdiction for residential and other non-agricultural purposes with the exception of commercial establishments. In cases of protected areas, the allotment of village sites shall be done by the village council only with the prior approval of the administrator. On the allotment of the residential site, the allottee shall be given a patta as documentary evidence.

4.3.5 Uttarakhand

4.3.5.1 Tehri Dam Rehabilitation Policy

The Poliq of the Tehri Hydel Development Corporation for Rehabilitation and Resettlement regarding Project Affected Persons in Tehri am^ was prepared in 1995 that was modified in 1998. The rehabilitation policy had four sections: rural rehabilitation package; urban rehabilitation package; employment and income generating schemes; and redressal of grievances.

The additional measures and benefits agreed after December 1998 for rural area was: 'Minimum amount of cash in lieu of land allotment, equivalent to cost of 2 acres of allotted land, has been increased from Rs. 2 Lakh to Rs. 5 Lakh. House Construction Assistance to fully affected rural house owners, whose Landlhouses have been acquired, to be given @ Rs. 1 Lakh each. = Cash Grants admissible for shifting and purchase of seeds and fertilizers" was also increased from the previous grants mentioned in the policy of 1995. Eligibility criteria for land allotment: GOUP orders of 1976178 to stand modified so as to make eligible for land allotment, those land owners in rural area who sold their part land

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after 1978, but before issue of sector 4(1) notification under LA Act or 02.05.2001 whichever is earlier. Rural shopkeepers top be paid cash compensation @ Rs. 60,0001- each to those having shops on Nationallother Highways and large market areas, and @ Rs. 40,0001- each to shopkeepers on other roads in submergence areas.

This policy may act as a guideline for this linear road project as it covered several important aspects of R&R of Project Affected Persons and the policy was revised to address the requirements of the PAPs. Critical factors such as the standard of living, the worse off factor related to the material well-being of PAPs, compensation packages, employment and livelihood opportunities, civic facilities and multiple income-generation programs were addressed by this policy that may serve as a benchmark to develop the R&R Policy Framework of the PMGSY project.

Following state specific acts are under analysis by legal experts for utilization of provisions within the state specific social management framework.

UP Land Acquisition Manual UP Tenancy Act UP Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (UP) UP Land Revenue Act, 1901 UP Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorized Occupants) Act with Rules, 1972 The India Forest Act, 1927 (UP) The Environment (Protection) Ad & Rules, 1986 (UP) UP Protection of Trees Act, 1976 UP Roadside Land Control Act, 1945

4.3.5.2 Panchayat Raj: 73'* Constitution Amendment Ad 1992

It enables the state government to empower the Panchayati Raj Institutions at various levels to Plan, discuss, intervene, take deasions and recommend action with regards to the use of land for development purposes as also other development programmes in direct consultation with the concerned people.

4.3.5.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1984 (as amended till 1" September 1995)

The amended act provides for "compensation" at "market value" through a fair and open legal process under the direction of the District Cdlector.

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5.0 WORKSHOP PR0CEED:tNGS AND SALIENT RECOMMENDATIONS

The Social Assessment of Current Situations related to construction of PMGSY roads in the five (5) states (Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram and Uttarakhand) focused on the Process and Impact (direct and indirect) of the PMGSY. Based on the findings, draft state-specific frameworks, to manage the social issues (arising from PMGSY Project) were prepared. The base documents were used for State level Workshops on the issues, with state level officials from the concerned departments, World Bank representatives and representatives from the Community. The draft documents included the four Social Management Frameworks: i) Resettlement Policy Framework; ii) Tribal Development Framework; iii) Screening And Consultation Framework and iv) Information Package for Dissemination; for the subsequent review and endorsement of each State Government.

Keeping these objectives in mind, State-level workshops were held in each of the five State capitals - Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh), Patna (Bihar), Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir), Aizwal (Mizoram), Dehradun (Uttarkhand) - to share the findings of the study and more importantly, to obtain suggestions and recommendations towards finalising the draft Social Management Framework (SMF) developed by the research team. Subsequent to the workshops, the SMFs for each state were finalised (ref. Chapter 6).

5.1 WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES

The major objectives of the workshop were:

To understand the ground realities of implementing the PMGSY in each State and to assess the constrains and gaps thereof; To brainstorm and finalise the state specific draft Social Management Framework (SMF) and Action Plan indicating - Who will do What, When and How; To consider the possible recommendations of the study for adaptation by the state

5.2 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

The Participants in each workshop included: PMGSY Officials, NRRDA and SRRDA Officials, World Bank Representatives, PWD Representatives, Other line department representatives of the State as well as NGOs.

5.3 WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS

The workshops were divided into five substantive sessions. In the first session, an introduction to the PMGSY and the current study was made. The second session was generally devoted to the presentation of findings from the Social Assessment study and the salient recommendations (based on the understanding of the study) by the research team. In the third substantive session, workshop participants were divided into groups, wherein each group discussed a specific SMF of the four (4) SMFs, developed for countering social issues of the PMGSY, as well as the 'Entitlement Matrix' ~ro~osedfor the relief of PAFs. FAITH Healthcare Private Limited \\dl%~~wFok!er(3)\KX nm s.& Project: Soaal Assessment of hadhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 2 of 3 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 5 Revision: R3

Following their discussions, in the fourth substantive session, the groups presented their views about the SMFs the Entitlement Matrix. After the presentation by the groups, in the fifth substantive session, the floor was open for comments from all participants on suggested changes, feasibility of those changes with remarks from representatives of the SRRDA, PWD, other Line departments, World Bank representatives and Research team.

5.4 SALIENT RECOMMENDATIONS & FUTURE ACTIONS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

The salient recommendations and future actions that evolved from the five (5) state level workshops are presented below. The recommendations are grouped for actions by the different stakeholders, namely, the NRRDA the State Government, and the State RRDA. Recommended actions for the research team were regarding the SMFs and have been duly incorporated.

The common recommendations for all five states are given below. In addition to these, some state specific recommendations are also provided.

A. Actions for State Government As discussed in the workshop with RWD & other line departments, they agreed to offer assistance to the PMGSY officials and for the PAPs/PAFs.

To issue the order and follow-up at the earliest for the appointment of one Social Development official at State level and one staff personnel/consultant in each DPIU. These persons will be involved in various actions on social issues such as - countering the adversities of PAPs/PAFs, coordination and liaisoning with all relevant departments and agencies; monitoring of actions on social issues etc. Land acquisition / transfer need to be settled more systematically and as per legal provision - it may include prior notification, checking of land records for identification of genuine owners, their claims, Affidavits, disbursal of compensation and change in land records (mutation). Cooperation of Revenue department to be ensured. A sample affidavit for the individuals (PAPslPAFs) and community has been annexed in Volume 11. For non-title holder affected persons, whose livelihood is adversely affected or likely to be affected should be linked with priority basis for various Government Welfare Schemes (both Central & State Govt.). An order has to be issued to that effect. The implementing agencies shall also form Self Help Groups for women members of affected households to supplement household income. For extending support to vulnerable families under various state level poverty alleviation schemes, State Government should issue a government order indicating that all vulnerable PAPs be covered under the schemes irrespective of eligibility criteria. District level Committee may be formed with representatives of all line departments. Tribal council organisations, NGOs and reputed social organizations as also opinion leaders like Teachers, Medicos, etc. of the district may also be made members. This will help extending support to vulnerable PAPs under various government schemes and its post implementation monitoring addressal of grievances. The information dissemination or transfer of information should be as part of local media news items rather than advertisements.

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Panchayats members, especially Women Panchayat members and Anganwari Workers should be informed about the dissemination of information regarding PMGSY projects. Letters may be issued to this effect. On completion of a PMGSY project, all resettlement action plans have to be verified, to ensure that resettlement has been conducted correctly. The State should allot funds for the handling of social issues. Costlbudget estimates ought to be made on the basis of the number of PAPs/PAFs, their entitlements and the actions planned for their resettlement.

B. Action by SRRDA/DPIUs Social issues should be included in DPR. Arrange for series of meetings (around 2-4) before the finalisation of alignments. The DPIU should not identify the "starting point" of the road in the village at the first instance. Rather the various possibilities/options for the starting point should be discussed and finalised in consultation with community. Opinion leaders of villages should be identified and informed about the PMGSY Road, prior to finalisation of alignment. Their support to be sought for information dissemination, motivation/ counselling of villagers, finalisation of alignment and similar matters. SRRDA to sign MoU with various line departments in order to extend support to vulnerable PAPs under various government schemes and its post implementation monitoring addressal of grievances. Existing avenues/options for PAPs/PAFs like inclusion/priority in various income generating activities, shelter, skill building creditlfinance and so on, have to be seriously thought of and dealt with. Census Survey and soci@economic profiling of all project affected families should be conducted by DPIU Mitigation measures for PAPs should be handled by the PIU and finalised in consultation with the PAP. DPIU should further follow-up with the relevant line department. DPIU to make requisition to Revenue department for verification of land ownership and prepare gift deeds / affidavits for private land transfer. DPIU should obtain Land availability certificate duly verified and signed by Revenue Department official at District level before award of contracts.

C. Actions for Ministry of Rural Development / NRRDA Appoint a nodal officer for coordinating and monitoring social issues To prepare annual training calendar for social nodal officer of various SRRDAs To issue instructions for the inclusion of social issues in DPR. To ensure that Social Management FrameworlS/Actions are included in the O.M. and Guidelines, to be used by the DPIU (for reference and action). Should monitor all social issues and their mitigation measures within an "Action taken" Report. For extending support to vulnerable families under various central funded poverty alleviation schemes, MoRD to issue a government order indicating that all vulnerable PAPs be covered under the schemes irrespective of eligibility criteria.

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6.0 STUDY FINDINGS

The PMGSY scheme is based on "Human Oriented Growth/Development Approach", a special central intervention as part of poverty reduction strategy, by providing connectivity to unconnected habitation of rural and remote areas. The scheme has meticulously drawn out plans and procedures of the scheme - starting with prioritisation, planning, preparation of project proposal; implementation, monitoring, quality control; and all such technical details. The scheme also envisages people's participation from the start of the process till completion and thereafter. There is pivotal role of the grassroots democratic system i.e. Panchayat Raj Institution/Village Councilflribal Organisation etc. Administrative and Technical aspects of the PMGSY scheme are well thought of.

Each state under study also deserves its due credit for planning and implementation of PMGSY roads in areas hitherto cut off from main land development process. Every villager, irrespective of hardships suffered by many of them (PAPS) in the process, welcomes the gestures and has high expectation of economic prosperity and their overall development through these roads. At the same time, all administrators and implementers of this scheme should be cautions about various gaps within the process which leads to suffering of many peoples, loss and hardship. What actually has been overlooked in the process is the "Human" face of development i.e. people for whom these roads are meant.

6.1 ROAD-WISE VILLAGE PROFILES INTHE STllDY DISTRICTS

6.1.1 Arunachal Pradesh

a. District - East Siang Villages Population Sex O/O O/O Literacy Work Marginal Distance from 1 covered 1 (Households) I Ratio / SC 1 ST I Rate (Ole) / Participation I Workers I the Nearest I 9(O/O) / Town (in Krn 1 Road/ Package N- 1. New Deka 1 369 (69) 995 3 61.2 1 44.6 53.9 1 14.1 40 2. Old Deka 1 213 (35) 902 0.5 49.8 ( 30.2 63.8 1 16.4 45 Road/ Package No.-AR/04/03/01 1. Tekang 1 426 (671 936 0 98.6 1 66.3 37.6 1 1.6 14 2. Yagrung 1 778 (142) 975 0.6 93.6 1 37.9 48.6 1 14 Road/ Package No.-ARJ04/01/01- 1. Berung ( 543 (106) 1 1004 1 0 1 65 1 55.9 1 23.4 0 9 Road/ Package No.-AR/04/04 1. Mer 1 613(95) / 880 0 (94.1 1 29.5 1 48.3 I 0.2 I 69 *Package No.-AR/04/01/RWD 1. Serum 1 827 (126) 1012 I 0 1 94.4 ( 48 1 42.6 1 5.3 1 4 1 b. District - Lohit

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Villages 1 ~iterag. Marginal Distance from covered (~w~~~~~)1 :aye 1 2 1 ST010 Rate (%) Participation Workers the Nearest under ( Rate~0;:~ ) (%) Town (in Krn) Road/ Package No.-AR/05/04/02 1. Deobeel 1 1637 (313) 1 841 / 0 1 1 1 38.9 1 47 Road/ Package No.-AR/05/04/023 1. Jona - I 642 (111) 894 0 56.7 48.2 34.4 2. Jona - I1 146 (25) 780 0 100 41.4 61 3. Jona - 111 598 (93) 1020 0 0 61.4 46.5 RoadIPackage No.-AR/05/04/ 01 1327 (309) 754 0 9.3 59.7 39.4 (West''Guy- 1 1 1

c. District - Tirap Villages Population I Sex O/O O/O Literacy ' Work Marginal Distance from cove red 1 (Households) Ratio I X 1 ST Rate (O/o) Participation 1 Workers 1 the Nearest I under - -11 ~ate-(~/o) (%) 1 Town (in Km) Road/ Package No.-AR/09/02/02 1. Old Tupi 448 (88) 923 0 100 32.8 52.5 0 I 19 2. Noksa 394 (98) 950 0 99.7 61.9 34.3 1 20 Road/ Package No.-AR/09/02/04 1. Longo 406 (82) 1040 0 97.8 54 44.3 6.7 15 2. Chasa 812 (144) 1087 0 99 40.8 47.3 0.4 23 Road/ Package No.-AR/09/02/01 1. Dadam 1182 (214) 1041 0 99.7 20 49.3 2.5 48 2. Laho 1110 (199) 930 0 99.9 24.9 56.8 13.2 37

Road/-- Package No.-AR/09/03/02 1. Kolaqaon 1 386 (74) 1 1169 1 0 1 100 1 28.4 1 59.3 1 0.8 1 50 Road/ Package No.-AR/09/02/03 1. Longliang -135) 1 1043 1 0 1 99.8 ( 21.8 1 51.2 0 29

6.1.2 Bihar

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Villages Population Sex 010 010 Literacy Work Marginal Distance from covered under (Households) Ratio SC ST Rate (010) Participation Workers the Nearest Rate (Oh) (010) Town (in Km)' 1. Gunjrawaliya 4162 (655) 897 14.9 0.1 44.2 29.2 3.4 14 2. Sirni 1248 (183) 956 15.1 0 53 36.6 0.2 10 Road No/Package No. - BR/1118A 1. Rarnpur 1 14752 (2129) 1 864 1 12.7 1 0 1 33 1 29.7 1 3.6 1 21

b. District - Purnia

c. District - Jamui Villages Population Sex O/O O/O Literacy Work Marginal Distance from covered under (Households) Ratio SC ST Rate (%) Participation Workers the Nearest Rate (%)

1. Maura 1 5409 (1062) 1 959 1 14.7 1 0 1 40.4 1 46.7 RoadIPackage No.-BR/15/08 1. Narbada 1074 (194) 901 30.4 0 31.3 34.6 3.8 1 12 2. Garsanda 3861 (678) 897 1 23.2 0 49.8 33.8 3. Kundri Son Kurha Harla 4739 (1176) 923 31.4 0 45.8 40 0.13'17-7 Road/ Package No.-BR/15/18

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Jammu and Kashrnir

Marginal Distance from

I Road No. L - 028 & L- 033 Kandi 7123 (899) 866 0 15.6 31 Marag y'L-054 1. Asnur 2106 (306) 923 0 16 2. Rewtan 278 (41) 917 0 61 37 24 22 18 Road No. L-090 970 (104) 1 851 I 0 I 0 1 46.5 1 22.1 I 1.5 / 8

1. Manz Moh 3261 (458r 905 1 0 72.2 1 33.5 1 24.4 2 9 Road No. L-045 1 1. Paniwah 2654 (321) 994 1 0 0 40.7 43.5 1 19.4 ( 4 2. Zazripora 492 (64) 8641 0 0 42 33.3 1 14.6 1 5 1 Road No. L-031 100 10 1. Gawas 1960 (211) 0 0 0 39.7 43.3 17.7 2. Chhohan 395 (50) 881 0 0 53.5 26.3 , 21.5 38

b - District - Leh Population Sex O/O SC O/O ST Literacy Work I :%z: under (Households) / Ratio 1 1 Rate (%) Participation

c. District - Jammu

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Villages Population Sex O/o O/o Literacy Work Marginal Distance from covered under (Households) Ratio SC ST Rate Participation Workers the Nearest (VO) Rate (O/O) (010) Town (in Km) Road No. L-060 1. Phalora 848 (173) 986 7.2 0 79.5 24.8 5.1 5 2. Suchetgarh 1040 (186) 937 46.6 0 69.9 23.5 21.3 6 Road No. L-023 1. Darsopur 1597 (282) 979 59.7 11.7 75.3 26 20.4 5 2. Ganda 560 (101) 979 81.6 0 60.9 3. Chak Khana 5.8 0 180.7 4. Chak Chandu 724 (154) 1069 0.8 0 79.4 50.3 23.3 8 Road No. L-056 1. Chak Raja 1169 (101) 305 9 0

3. Chhatha Jagir 1513 (299) 777 81.5 0 65.6 28.4 0 15 4. Dab Sudan 718 (138) 910 52.8 1.3 71.8 26.4 1.8 14 Road No. L-053 1. Kamdhani 1500 (100) 11000 1 0 I 0 1 54.5 1 54.5 1 27.3 1 16 Road No. L-054 1. Bajyal 1 932 (163) 970 48 / 4 1 65 1 25 2 22 2. Pan'oa 1 30 Source: Census of India, 2001

6.1.4 Mizoram

a. District - Champhai I Villages I Population ) Sex 1 O/o I O/o ( Literacy 1 Work 1 Marginal Distance from 1

RoadJPackage No.- MZJ02J11 1. Chhawrtui 1 892 (157) 1 918 ( 0 1 99.8 1 96.2 1 60.9 1 8.9 1 54 2. ( 1503 (265) ( 985 1 0 1 99.3 1 93.1 1 69.7 1 20.4 1 40 RoadJPackage No.- MZ/02/14 1. Lungphunlian 1 315 (57) 1 981 ( 0 1 100 1 97.5 1 60.3 1 0.6 1 68 b. District - Aizawl ' Villages Population Sex O/o SC O/o ST Literacy Work Marginal Distance from covered under (Households) Ratio Rate (O/O) Participation Workers 1 the Nearest I ~ 1 ) Rate (O/o) (010) I Town (in Km) 1 1 RoadJPackage No.-MZ/06/04,01/21

I 2. Lower I Sakawrdai 1 1998 (353) 1 976 / 0 99.5 1 93.6 ( 65.6 1 16.5 1 45 3. Upper I 1 sakiwrdai / 136 (24) 1 1030 1 o / 99.3 ( 95.8 1 84.6 1 27.2 1 5 1 I RoadJPackage No.-MZ/01/26,18,23

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Villages Population Sex O/O SC O/O ST Literacy Work Marginal Distance from covered under (Households) Ratio Rate (O/O) 1 Participation Workers the Nearest

I 1 Rate (%) I (010) I Town (in Km) RoadIPackage No.-MZ/02/51/06,16 1911 (373) 952 0 99.8 97.5 58.1 15.9 40 503 (82) 935 0 99.8 96.7 54.7 2.8 80 1221 (220) 1015 0 100 95.2 53.2 0.1 64 RoadfPackage No.-MZ/05/12 1. Kawlhawk 139 (30) 759 0 100 98.2 58.3 0 50 , 2. Buarpui 1258 (232) 972 0 97.9 97.3 55.3 8 40 RoadlPackage No.-MZ/02/07 1. Sertlangpui 1 546 (44) 1 812 1 0 1 96.7 1 88.3 1 56.1 1 13.6 1 46 Road/Package No.-MZ/O2/10 1. Thuarnpui 393 (86) 828 0 95.2 1 96.4 1 62.3 1 1.5 19 2. S.Lungdai 212 (44) 812 0 96.7 1 88.3 1 56.1 1 7.5 46 RoadIPackage No.-MZ/02/15 1. Leite 689 (152) 969 0 97.7 1 90.3 1 60.5 1 0.1 13 2. E.Rotlang 582 (117) 960 0- 98.1 89.2 1 63.1 1 2.6 16 1

6.1.5 Uttarakhand

under Rate Marginal Cultivators' Agriculturals Worker

Road No. LO30 5. Binhar 1 2912 (493) 1 42.5 ( 15.3 1 60.8 1 20.1 31.3 20.6

b - District- Tehri Garhwal Villages Covered Population O/O SC O/O ST Literacy 010 O/O O/O Under Rate Marginal Cultivators' Agricultural (O/O) Worker Road N0.L-022 6. Khola 790 (147) 25.8 0 58.9 2.5 91.1 2.3 7. Bangdwara 165 (38) 0 0 64 0 80 0 8. Jalwal Gaon Talla 240 (57) 1.8 0 78.1 11.7 62.3 0 9. Jalwal Gaon Malla 283 (77) 1.7 0 78.3 20.8 64.8 0 10. Rindol 425 (81) 0 0 68.7 28.2 68.9 21.5 11. Paturi 36.6 0 55 4.5 100 0 FAKH Healthcare Private Limited \\orrdal3\New Fdaer (3)\VOL nol 6.dn Project: Soaal Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 7 of 29 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Repolt \ Vol. I \ Chapter 6 Revision: R3

Villages Covered Population O/o SC O/o ST Literacy 010 O/o O/o Under Rate Marginal Cultivators' Agricultural (O/O) Worker Road N0.L-026 12. Nelda 717 (142) 8.2 0 62.3 3.8 92.4 0.3 13. Bisatali 316 (63) 58.9 0 56.5 40.2 85.1 1.2 (Road N0.L-034) 14. Koti Maya Magaro 1336 (288) 23.1 0 65.1 22.8 85.5 0.3 (Road N0.L-029) 15. Naithana 1 1158 (231) 1 17.6 1 0 1 77.6 1 15.3 1 64.8 I 0.6

c - District - Almora

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60. Patal Gaon 212 (43) 9 0 73.8 17 95 0 61. Masmoli 613 (121) 22.5 0 58.1 14.4 96 0 62. Babalia 336 (68) 31 0 63 22.6 92 0 Road No. 1-037 63. Matakhani 1198 (206) 23 0 55.2 15.2 92 2 64. Kafalgaon 549 (98) 7 0 44.7 42 I 99 0

6.2 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES

The state-specific findings regarding the process and procedures are presented below in three stages, Planning, Preparation and Implementation. Further, the impact of the PMGSY as perceived by the local beneficiaries is also discussed.

6.2.1 PLANNING STAGE

Guidelines: As per the PMGSY Operational Manual and Guidelines, the Rural Engineering Organisation (REO) is responsible for overall management of all actions/activities concerning PIYGSY. In the State of Bihar corresponding overall management lies with Rural Engineering Organisation (REO). The Programme Implementation Unit (PIU) at District level headed by Executive engineer was operationally responsible to RE0 for phase Iand I1 work. However, from phase I11 onward 5 central agencies (CPWD, NBCC, NHPC, NPCC, IRCON) were deputed from planning commission and NRRDA for the implementation work. The manual lays down various steps in the planning process (DRRP, core network, final alignment etc.) and the role of different agencies including the three (3) tier PRI system (Panchayat members and their elected heads), local area MPs & MLAs and the local communities.

RESPONSE OF PROJECT OFFICIALS / PANCHAYAT LEADERS

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3 Arunachal Pradesh: The information were collected through in-depth discussion with state Nodal Office and district officials (EE, AE and JE) District/Village Panchayat official of Arunachal Pradesh can be summed up as under.

In all selected three (3) districts (East Siang, Tirap and Lohit) under the present study, population was the main criteria considered for identification of PMGSY new connectivity and up-gradation road. The other criteria have been considered for selection of core network were connectivity to Market Places, Panchayat Headquarter, Educational Institution, PHC/Hospital, Tourist Places, Police Station, Post Office and Religious Places etc. were given more importance.

All the districts officials reported about existence of master plan for roads and DRRP prepared by Panchayat / DPIU (Rural Works Department), in consultation with and coordination of ARRDA & NRRDA. The DRRP received the apprwal from District planning committee, MCA and MP of these areas. Suggestions given by local MPIMIA were also considered for the same. Apart from habitation connectivity, due weight-age were given to all technical points/soil survey, levelling topography survey, drainage work, climate condition, facilities, ecology and environment etc., responsibilities of road maintenance remain with the contractor for 5 years.

It was noted from discussion with stateldistrict offiaals that information dissemination, i.e. sensitisation of community, display of core network and list of villages were not in practice during the planning stage. However, public heard about PMGSY road from local MP and MIA.

3 Bihar: The information collected through in-depth discussion with the state nodal officer (REO) Engineers of PIU, central agencies (NBCC, NHPC, NPCC, CPWD, IRCON), District Panchayat official, Chairman, Zila Parishad) official of village Panchayat, Mukhiya and other members can be summed up as follows.

In all three districts (East Champaran, Purnia, and Jamui) under the present study, population was the major criteria adopted for identification of PMGSY link roads both constructions as well as up-gradation for connectivity. The other criterion for selection of core network was connectivity of habitation to market as reported mostly by the respondents. All the districts reported about existence of master plan for roads and DRRP prepared by Rural Engineering Organisation (REO)/District work division (PIU) in consultation with and coordination of NRRDA. The DRRP received the apprwal of local MIA and MP of these areas. Suggestions given by local MPs were also considered for the same. PIUs are responsible for making of block level master plan. Apart from habitation connectivity, emphasis was given to all technical points like Topography, cross drainage work, climate condition facilities, ecology/environment factor etc. Responsibilities of road maintenance remain the contractor for 5 years.

In all the sample districts the core network tried to build linkages (with minor variation) with market, Panchayat HQ, educational institution, PHC/Hospital, post office, police station etc.

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Reports of state district official indicate that information sharing about the PMGSY road i.e. sensitisation of commodity, display of core network and list of village etc. were not doneJconducted during the planning stage.

9 Jammu & Kashmir: The information mllected through in-depth discussion with the state nodal officers and district officials (EE, SE, JE, AE, Hill Development Council (Leh), District Panchayat official, Chairperson - District Panchayat) of 1 & K state can be summed up as under:

In all districts (Leh, Anantnag and Jammu) under the present study, Population was the major criteria adopted for identification of PMGSY link roads (both construction as well as up- gradation) for connectivity. The other criteria for selection of core network were connectivity (of habitation) to marketplaces of tourist interest and places, religious importance. All the districts reported about existence of Master Plan for roads and DRRP prepared by PWD (R&B)/PIU in consultation with and coordination of NRRDA, J&KRRDA. The DRRP received the approval of local MIAs, Hill Development Council (for Leh) and MPs of these areas. Suggestions given by local MPs were also considered for the same. Apart from Habitation connectivity, due weight- age were given for all technical points (Plain table survey, levelling, campus survey, topography, drainage, climate condition, facilities, ecology/environment factors etc). Responsibility of maintenance remains with contractor for 5 years.

In all the districts the core network tried to build linkages (with minor variations) with Market, Panchayat HQ, Educational institution, PHCJHospitals, Post office, police station, religion places, tourist spots etc.

However, the discussion with stateJdistrict officials indicates that information dissemination i.e. Sensitisation of community, display of core network and list of villages were not in practice during the planning phase.

9 Mizoram: The information collected through in-depth discussion with the state Nodal Officer and district official (EE, SDO, PWD, JE etc.) District Panchayat/Village Council President, Village Council Member etc. of Mizoram state can be summed up as under.

In all three districts (Champhai, Aizwal, and Lunglei) under the present study, population was the main criteria adopted for identification for new connectivity and up-gradations. The other criteria for selection of core network were connectivity (habitation) to market places. The socio-economic condition and physical infrastructure were also given importance.

All districts reported about existence of master plan for roads and DRRP prepared by PWDJDPIU in consultation with and coordination of SRRDA Mizoram and NRRDA. PIU is also responsible for block level master plan. The DRRP received the approval of PRI, district Panchayat, MIA and MP of these area. Suggestions given by local MPs were also considered. Apart from habitation connectivity, due weight-age were given for technical points (topography survey, drainage, climate mndition facilities, ecology/environment factors etc. They said that

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they followed "IRC SP-20-2001 manual", Hill road manual etc. Responsibilities for maintenance of roads remain with contractor for 5 years.

In all three districts the core network tried to build linkages with market, Panchayat HQ, educational institution, PHC/Hospital, tourist places, police station, post office, religious places etc.

However, the discussion with project officials indicate that information dissemination i.e. sensitisation of community, display of core network and list of villages etc. not in practice during the planning stage. The project official PWD (PIU) told that they informed villagers about PMGSY project before the preparation of DPR.

> Uttarakhand: The information collected through in-depth discussion with the state nodal officer and district officials (EE, SE, JE, AE, District Panchayat official, Chairperson - District Panchayat) of this state can be summed up as under:

In all districts (Dehradun, Tehri, Almora) under the present study, Population was the major criteria adopted for identification of PMGSY link roads (both construction as well as up- gradation) for connectivity. The other criteria for selection of core network were connectivity (of habitation) to market. All the districts reported about existence of Master Plan for roads and DRRP prepared by PWD (R&B)/PIU in consultation with and coordination of NRRDA, J&KRRDA. The DRRP received the approval of local MLAs and MPs of these areas. Suggestions given by local PIPS were also considered for the same. Apart from Habitation connectivity, due weight- age were given for all technical points (Plain table survey, levelling, campus survey, topography, drainage, climate condition, facilities, ecology/envi ronment factors etc). Responsibilities of maintenance remain with contractor.

In all the districts the core network tried to build linkages (with minor variations) with Market, Panchayat HQ, Educational institutions, PHC/ Hospital, Post office, police station, religion places.

However, the discussion with stateldistrict officials indicates that information dissemination i.e. Sensitisation of community, display of core network and list of villages (at this stage) was not in practice during the planning phase.

6.1.2 PREPARATION OF PROJECT PROPOSALS STAGE

Guidelines: As per the guideline following the identification of core network, the Comprehensive New Connectivity Priority Lists (CNCPL) and Comprehensive Upgradation Priority List (CLIPL), clearance from water, Forest/Horticulture department (if need be) at Block and District level (road links) are finalized by DPIU and sent to PRIs, elected members, PllAs and MP for

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identification of their priority. The individual District Panchayats in consultation with lower level Panchayats (Block &Village level) finalize the particular road plan within their Annual Plan.

After approval by the District Panchayat, the proposals (DPR) are forwarded to PIU. Thereafter the PIU along with Panchayat head and members are responsible for dissemination of information, transect walk, finalisation of alignment and joint inventory on site, checking of Revenue records, identification of ownership of land (type - Govt., Private, encroachment, etc.) required for buildingJupgrading the PMGSY road. Along with technical aspects, attached to the DPR should be a separate Benchmark indicator report of each of the habitation reflecting the key indicators of education, health, income etc. The proposals will be scrutinized by State Technical Agencies and thereafter, consolidated state abstracts are sent to NRRDA for their scrutiny and approval.

RESPONSE OF PROJECT OFFICIALS / PANCHAYAT LEADERS

> Arunachal Pradesh: The project implementation unit (District Rural Work Department, district official reported compliance of steps specially technical guidelines including clearance from other department i.e. Forest etc.) wherever applicable for preparation of DPR. After it scrutinized by STA, the DPR submitted to EE and then IVRRDA to get cleared. Regarding information dissemination to communities, there is no record found in the study area. However, it was reported by project official (PIU) they had conducted meeting with villagers, MIA, PRI's at the time of road selection. The discussion with project officials indicated that as such 'No transect walk" was done before the road finalisation and no village member was involved. Finalisation of alignment was Engineers, accompanied by AEJIIE of concern project. It was finalised through priority list and survey.

No revenue officials were involved for identification of PAPS. People were given their private land voluntary for road construction under PMGSY office discussion with village community.

> Bihar: The Rural Engineering Organisation (REO) was the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the Phase Iand 11. All the roads under the current study are within Phase I11 onward work. These 5 central agencies have been appointed by NRRDAJGovt, of India to work as PIU in the state. Both the official from the RE0 and the central agency reported compliance of steps, especially technical guidelines wherever applicable, for preparation of DPR. Regarding information dissemination to communities through poster pamphlets, brochures, wall display etc. there is no record available. However some villagers reported that during the public meeting in the respective constituency area of MPsJMIAs. The scope about the PMGSY road linking with unconnected habitation.

Regarding transect walk, most people including Mukhiya, were not aware about 'transect walk' undertaken by project officials for finalisation of alignment. However, the project official reported they surveyed the proposed road before DPR preparation. Revenue official also reported they were not informed, during the survey work. The project official reported that for

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all the roads (up-gradation road) sufficient land was available for road construction. Therefore, there was no need to involve the revenue official for earmarking the land before the road construction. For the same reason there, was no need to prepare the PAP List.

9 Jammu & Kashmir: The Project Implementation Unit (R&B), district officials including Hill Development Council mem bers reported compliance of steps specially technical guide1ines including clearance from other departments (PHED, Forest, Horticulture etc.) wherever applicable for preparation of DPR. Regarding Information dissemination to communities, through pamphlets, brochures, wall display etc. there is no record available. However, it is understood that village Pradhan, MLAs of the area at times have addressed public meetings informing the plan of building of PMGSY Road linking the habitation to places of importance. One such CD reflecting coverage of a meeting at Shahabad of Anantnag district, covered by Doordarshan (Srinagar) is in the possession of research team.

Finalization of alignment through 'transect walk' were mostly undertaken with number of people including affected village population. DPIU/PWD (R&B) officials mostly undertook the walks; and the MLA of the area, Village Pradhan (Numberdar), Hill Development Councillors along with a few other villagers accompanied them. In Leh, finalization of alignments also considered the 'priority list'.

Following the finalization of alignment, the revenue officials - functioning at village level accompanied by PIU officials, Counsellors of Hill Development Council (Leh) inspects the finalized road (alignments). Thereafter the Revenue Office person identifies the land, shelters property, to be affected by the proposed alignment, including their types, amount, ownership etc. He prepares the List of Project Affected Persons and their details and submitted to PIU official.

9 Mizoram: The Project Implementation Unit (under PWD), district official reported compliance of steps especially technical guideline including clearance from other department i.e. forest etc. wherever needed for preparation of DPR. After preparation of DRP from DPIU the same is submitted to SRRDA, Mizoram and then to STA. After clearance from the STA, the DPR are sent to NRRDA by SRRDA for approval. Regarding information dissemination to communities through poster, wall display, brochure, pamphlet etc. there is no relevant record found during the study. However, PIU official told that they informed the public before the DPR preparation. A meeting was held with Village Leader, PAP, local NGOs but no publicity was done in this regard

9 Uttarakhand: The Project Implementation Unit (R&B), district officials reported compliance of steps specially technical guidelines including clearance from other departments (PHED, Forest, Horticulture etc.) wherever applicable, for preparation of DPR. Regarding Information dissemination to communities through pamphlets, brochures, wall display, etc. there is no record available. However, it is understood that village Pradhan, MLAs of the area at times

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have addressed public meetings informing the plan of building of PMGSY Road linking the habitation to places of importance.

Finalization of alignment through 'transect walk' was mostly undertaken with very limited people. The walks were mostly undertaken by DPIU/PWD (R&B) officials in Almora. In Dehradun, the MLA of the area, village Pradhan (Numberdar), and few other villagers and forest officials accompanied them. In Tehri, the alignments were finalized through 'priority list'.

Following the finalization of alignment, the revenue officials - functioning at village level accompanied by PIU officials inspect the finalized road alignments. Thereafter the revenue person identifies the land, property, shelters to be affected by the proposed alignment, including their types, amount, ownership etc. He prepares the List of Project Affected Persons and their details and submitted to DPIU officials.

6.1.3 IMPLEMENTATION STAGE

Guidelines: In the implementation stage, the following social concerns need to be addressed: - Advance notice encroachers, non-title holder, farmers with standing crops - relocation of common property, redressal of grievances - disbursal of entitlements - enrolment in RD schemes

RESPONSE OF PROJECT OFFICIALS / PANCHAYAT LEADERS

h Arunachal Pradesh: The process of land transfer in the district of Arunachal Pradesh is through voluntary donation/mutual concern of owner of land. They are mostly motivated by Gaon Bura, PILA and PIU officials. No formality of land transfer was done by PIU official of PMGSY. It was also learnt that PAP were seeking compensation but PIU officials expressed their mobility because there is no provision under PMGSY project. Beside the private land, a few common properties were also affected during the construction of road. In spite of fully tribal area of state, there is no specific RD programme etc. is being implemented for PAP of PMGSY.

P Bihar: All PMGSY road of Bihar from Phase I11 onward are up-gradation of existing roads. The project official reported that since no private land was required for the construction - no land acquisition process followed. Though few encroachers on the side of road were there before the construction of earlier road. These people relocated themselves voluntarily without any notice given to them. Officials also reported that there is no provision of any compensation for non-titleholder. However, during the study, it was observed that some encroachers still existed on the roadside of market place. The construction work is undergoing without removal of those people/structure. The PIU (Central Agencies) reported that if they find tree etc. under the ROW - they generally write to circle officer (CO) for it removal. There is no provision of

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assistance for lose/damage of common property resource, loss of livelihood or enrolment in RD scheme etc.

9 Jammu & Kashmir: The processes of land transfer in these districts of 1 & K are through voluntary donation/mutual consent of owners and PIU. They are mainly motivated by PIU officials, Local MLA, Numberdar, Councillors of Ladakh Hill Development Council etc. with assurance of compensation from district plan. Recently the state government has instructed the PIUs to prepare the 'Details of Costing Private Land, Private Structures, Forest Trees, Aforrestation and Forest Land coming under Road Construction under Bharat Nirman (PMGSY) so that these PAPs can be compensated for their property as per revenue rate fixed by the district authorities. This action is under process. However there is no provision of assistance for loss/damage of common property resources; non title-holders/encroachers, loss of livelihood/enrolment in RD schemes etc.

9 Mizoram: The process of land transfer in these three district of Mizoram are voluntary donation/mutual consent through Village Council Member (VCM) in consultation with villagers and PIU. They are mainly motivated by PIU officers and village council president etc. Most of the project official told in this regard MoU was not signed because they donated their land verbally. They also want connectivity of their village. However, a few PIU official reported that MoU were signed with PIU and land owner. Most of private agriculture and residential land were taken for PMGSY road construction. But no any compensation was given to them. The project official also reported there is also no provision of assistance for common property, non title-holder/encroacher, loss of livelihood/enrolment in rural development scheme etc. in the PMGSY project.

9 Uttarakhand: The processes of land transfer in these districts are basically with underlying concept of buying/selling of identified lands as per revenue rate fixed by the district authorities affecter person/families are either to be compensated by estimated cost or structures is to be constructed for individual owner. These are done as per normal procedures of transfer of land. Individual owner's payments are to be made by cheques (loss of structures/shelter/cattle shed etc.). No provision of assistance for common property resources, non-title holders/encroachers, loss of livelihood/enrolment in RD schemes etc.

6.2 FINDINGS FROM THE PAP / PAF SURVE~

This part of the chapter, presents the findings from the household surveys of PAPs and PAFs. In essence, along with the socio-demographic characteristics of the PAPs / PAFs and the extent of their losses, the following also highlights their views regarding the implementation of PMGSY projects.

Table 6.1. Project Affected Vulnerable Households

* Assessment of Bihar did not come out with any PAFs because there was no new road construction or extension. During this phase of PMGSY work, all work was related to upgradation FAKH Healthcare Private Limited \\nrrdal3\New Fdder (3)\VOL I\UI 6.d~ Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 16 of 29 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 6 Revision: R3

Number (Percentage) Arunachal Jammu & Mizoram Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir I Total No. of PAFs 1 172 1 301 1 551 1 727 1 Households Below Poverty 172 (100) 142 (47.5) 548 (99.5) 352 (48.4) Line (BPL) I 1 1 1 I Scheduled Caste (SC) Households Scheduled Tribe (ST) Households Women Headed Households 29 (9.6) - I - I 1 Women Headed Households (WHH)+Single Households having Physically challenged persons I 1 (0.6) I 8 (2.7) 1 8 (1.5) 1 43 (5.9) I Households having Physically challenged persons+Single

Among the total number of PAFs in each state, almost all the households in Arunachal Pradesh and IYizoram were living below the poverty line, and were also all ST households. Whereas, in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, less than 50% of the households were below the poverty line. In addition, in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, there were a small percentage of women headed households, which were completely absent in the other two states.

Table 6.2. Socio-Demographic Profile of PAFs / PAPs Number (Percentage) Arunachal Jammu Mizoram Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Total Number of PAFs 172 301 551 727 Total Number of PAPS 837 1756 3056 4116 Averaqe Family Size 4.9 5.89 5.6 5.66 1 sex I I I I I Male 429 (51.3) 973 (55.3) 1290 (42.2) 2317 (56.3) Female 408 (48.7) 781 (44.7) 1766 (57.8) 1799 (43.7) 1 Age Group 1 I I I 1 0 to 5 yrs 21 (2.5) 91 (5.2) 82 (2.7) 216 (6.6) 6 to 18 yrs 390 (46.6) 446 (25.3) 1310 (42.9) 1017 (24.7) 19 to 60 yrs 388 (46.4) 1104 (62.7) 1424 (46.6) 2473 (60.1) 61 and above 38 (4.5) 121 (6.9) 240 (7.9) 355 (8.6) I Type of Family I I 1 I 1 Joint 117 (68) 161 (53.5) 383 (69.5) 293 (40.3) Nuclear 55 (32) 137 (45.5) 167 (30.3) 419 (57.7) Extended 3 (1.0) 1 (0.2) 15 (2.1) Religion Hindu 52 (17.3) 727 (100)

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Number :Percentage) Jammu Mizoram Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Muslim 195 (64.8) Doni Polo 156 (90.7) Christian 16 (9.3) 551 (100) Others 54 (17.9) Caste SC 12 (4.1) 84 (11.6) ST 172 (100) 75 (25.4) 551 (100) 22 (3.0) Other 208 (70.5) - 621 (85.4)

The average family size in all the states is between 4-6 members. In Mizoram, the proportion of female household members is 57.8%, much higher than the proportion of female household members in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand (less than 45%). However, in Arunachal Pradesh the proportion of males and females is almost equal. In Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, a significant proportion (more than 60%) of the PAFs / PAPS are in the 19-60 year age group; whereas in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, the proportion of 6-18 year olds and 19-60 year olds are similar (around 46% in Arunachal Pradesh and average 44% in Mizoram for both age groups). In terms of the type of family, more than one-third of the households in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram are Joint Families. Also, in Uttarakhand all the households were Hindu and in Mizoram all the households were Christian.

Table 6.3. Main Source of Income of Affected Households Number (Percentaqe) Arunachal Jammu & Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Agriculture 171 (99.4) 186 (61.8) 544 (98.7) 539 (74.1) Business 1 (0.6) 13 (4.3) 5 (0.7) Service 40 (13.3) 7 (1.3) 52 (7.2) Others 62 (20.6) 131 (18.0)

Nearly all the affected households in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were engaged in Agriculture as their main source of income. Similarly, in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand the largest proportion of households (61.8% and 74.1% respectively) were also engaged in Agriculture.

Table 6.4. Monthly Per Capita Income Pattern 1 Number (Percentage) 1 1 Arunachal I Jammu& 1 Himram Pradeah Kaahrnir 1 Uttarakhand 1 Less than Rs. 500 153 (89.0) 101 (3.6) 496 (90.0) 424 (58.3) Rs. 500 - Rs. 1000 12 (7.0) 103 (34.2) 41 (7.4) 150 (20.6) Rs. 1001 - Rs. 1500 5 (2.9) 44 (14.6) 5 (0.9) 8 (11.3) More than Rs. 1501 2 (1.2) 53 (17.6) 9 (1.6) 71 (9.8) In both Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, the vast majority of the households had a monthly income of less than Rs. 500. The situation was only slightly better in Uttarakhand, with 78.9%

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of the households earning upto Rs. 1000 a month. Jarnmu & Kashrnir had a significant proportion (more than 17%) of households who were earning more than Rs. 1500 and the least proportion of households who earned less than Rs. 500 (only 3.6% of affected households).

Table 6.5. Other Sources of Income by Affected Households 1 Number (Percentage)

Land Holding (in Acres) 1 - 3 Acres 135 (94.4) 288 (95.7) 427 (77.5) 688 (94.6) 3 - 5 Acres 6 (4.2) 10 (3.3) 8 (1.5) 33 (4.5) More than 5 Acres 2 (1.4) 2 (0.7) 6 (0.8) Average Land Holding 1.44 1.16 1.59 1.1 Type of House Kutcha 159 (92.4) 81 (27.0) 205 (37.2) 202 (27.8) Semi pucca 12 (7.0) 167 (55.7) 346 (62.8) 288 (39.6) Pucca 1 (0.61 52 (17.31 237 (32.61 Land Use I I I I I Irrigated 156 (90.7) 168 (55.8) 276 (50.1) Non-irrigated 7 (4.1) 70 (23.3) 168 (30.5) 576 (79.2) Wasteland 57 (18.9) 39 (5.4) Others 1 (0.61 17 (5.71 107 (19.41 5 (0.71 Assets I I I I I No Assets 28 (16.3) 133 (44.2) 214 (38.8) 447 (61.5) 1-2assets 114 (66.3) 152 (50.5) 328 (59.5) 252 (34.7) 3 or more assets 30 (17.4) 16 (5.3) 9 (1.6) 28 (3.9) Livestock per House hold

No Livestock 45 (15.0). . 26 (4.71. , 138 (19.0). . I - 5 animals 81 (47.1) 192 (63.8) 512 (92.9) 453 (62.3) 6 - 10 animals 89 (51.7) 33 (11.0) 13 (2.4) 77 (10.6) More than 10 animals 2 (1.2) 31 (10.3) 59 (8.1) The average land holding size per household, in all the states is around 1.3 acres. Only in Arunachal Pradesh, the majority of the households (92.4%) stayed in kutcha housing, in comparison to Jarnrnu & Kashmir and Mizoram where more than 55% stayed in Semi pucca housing. In Uttarakhand, nearly similar proportions of the affected households lived in katcha, pucca or semi pucca houses. Land usage by households in Arunachal Pradesh was largely irrigated land, and similarly more than 50% of the households in Jammu & Kashrnir and Mizorarn also had irrigated land. On the other hand, in Uttarakhand, most households noted that the land was largely non-irrigated. More than 50% of the households in Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Mizorarn had between 1-2 assets, however more than 60% households in Uttarakhand had no assets. Except for Arunachal Pradesh, the majority of the households in the other three states noted that they had between 1-5 livestock animals. More than 50% households in Arunachal Pradesh had more than 6 livestock animals.

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Table 6.6. Loss of Property Reported by Affected Households Number (Percentage) Arunachal Mizotam Uttarakhand Pradesh JammuKashmir No. who Reported Loss 171 (99.4) 287 (95.3) 549 (99.8) 717 (98.6) proportion of Loss 1 Less than 1O0/0

1 Types of Loss I I I I I Land 167 (97.1) 273 (90.7) 261 (47.4) 670 (92.2) House 4 (2.3) 30 (10.0) 289 (52.5) 64 (8.8) Commercial establishment 15 (5.0) Earth 1 (0.6) 7 (2.3) 3 (0.4) Others 17 (5.6) Types of Land Loss Aqricultural 158 (94.6) 245 (89.7) 241 (92.3) 610 (91.0) Grazing land 10 (5.9) 30 (10.9) 33 (12.6) 59 (8.8) Wasteland 1 (0.6) 18 (6.6) 8 (1.2) Part of House Lost 2 (1.2) 11 63 (21.8) 40 - Full house (36.7) (62.5) Cattle-shed portion 1 (0.6) 7 (23.3) 174 (60.2 Platform 1 (0.6) 1 (3.3) 36 (21.8 19 29.7 Others 11 (36.7) 1 (0.3) *I Financial Loss due to Loss of Agricultural Land Less than Rs. 1000 92 (53.5) 63 (20.9) 406 (73.7jP- Rs. 1000 - Rs. 2999 27 (15.7) 66 (21.9) 130 (23.6) Rs. 3000 - Rs. 4999 20 (11.6) 18 (6.0) 11 (2.0) I More than Rs. 5000 1 33 (19.2) 1 154 (51.2) 1 4 (0.7)T 60 (8.3:

Almost all households in all states reported that they faced loss of property as a result of PMGSY projects. However, the proportion, types and financial losses are varied between the states. In Uttarakhand, the more than 50% of the households stated that they had a less than 10% loss. On the other hand, in both Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, most households noted that they had a 10-24% loss, and in Mizoram most households stated that they had between 25-49% loss. Apart from Mizoram, almost all households in the other three states mentioned that they lost land (mostly agricultural) due to PMGSY projects. In all the states, of those who mentioned that they lost their house, most stated that they lost the entire house. In terms of financial loss, in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram the majority mentioned that their loss was less than Rs. 1000, on the other hand more than 50°/o households in Jammu & Kashmir mentioned that their loss was more than Rs. 5000. Table 6.7. Information Dissemination Number (Percentage) Arunachal Jammu & Mizoram Uttatakhand Pradesh Kashmir FAlTH Healthcare Private Limited \\nrrdalnNew Fdder (3)\WL nCh 6.d~ Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 20 of 29 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Vol. I \ Chapter 6 Revision: R3

Did anyone inform you? Yes 16 (9.3) 152 (50.5) 548 (99.5) 669 (92.0) No 156 (90.7) 149 (49.5) 3 (0.5) 58 (8.0) Who gave the information? Project official 117 (76.9) 301 (54.6) 253 (34.8) Gram Pradhan / Village 16 (100) 48 (31.6) 315 (57.2) 176 (24.2) Council Head Others 34 (22.4) 240 (33.0)

More than 90% of PAR in Mizoram and Uttarakhand mentioned that they had received information, in contrast to more than 90% PAR in Arunachal Pradesh who did not receive information. In Jammu & Kashmir, there was almost a 50:50 divide among PAPS who received information about the PMGSY projects prior to land acquisition, and those who did not receive any information.

Table 6.8. Consultations with the Community Number (Percentage) Arunachal I Jammu & I Mizoram I Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Was there any Gram Sabha / Village Council Meeting held? Yes 16 (9.3) 82 (27.2) 550 (99.8) 140 (19.3) No 156 (90.7) 206 (68.4) 1 (0.2) 559 (76.9) Don't Know 13 (4.3) 28 (3.9) 1 Did you participate? I Yes No What information was given? About the road Potential loss Land donation compensation Advantage of road Any other Were you informed that land needs to be donated and no compensation would be paid? Yes No Don't Know

During selection of core 2 (12.5) 2 50 (9.1) network Before transect walk 5 108 (19.6) 11 (9.8) After transect walk 1 97 (17.6) 49 (43.8) After finalisation of 12 (75.0) 3 349 (36.3) 88 (75.0) alignment Any other stage 1 (0.2) 6 (5.3)

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In Mizoram almost all the PAPs / PAFs mention that a Gram Sabha / Village Council meeting was held, on the other hand in the other states a handful of PAPs / PAFs mentioned that a Gram Sabha / Village Council meeting was held. Of these, most also participated in the meeting, except in Arunachal Pradesh where only 5O0/0 participated. Further, in Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Mizoram most PAPs / PAFs mentioned that information about land donation was provided, whereas in Uttarakhand, most PAPs / PAFs said information about the road was provided. Most PAPs / PAFs in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Uttarakhand mentioned that consultation was done after the finalisation of the alignment.

Table 6.9. Transect Walk Number (Percentage) Arunachal Jammu & Mizoram Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Did you participate in - transect walk? Yes - 79 (26.2) 166 (30.1) 91 (12.5) No - 222 (73.8) 385 (69.9) 636 (87.5) Who informed you? - Project Officials - 37 (46.8) 19 (20.9) Gram Pradhan / Village - 32 (40.5) 105 (19.1) 73 (80.2) Council Head Others - 33 (41.8) 89 (16.2) 4 (4.3) Who all participated? - Project official - 59 (19.6) Gram Pradhan / Village 47 (15.6) 128 (23.2) 97 (13.3) Council Head Other PAPS - 22 (7.3) 75 (13.6) Lekhpal - 8 (2.7) 2 (0.4) 92 (12.7) Other Villagers - 32 (10.6) 1 (0.2) 79 (10.9) Don't know 207 (68.8) 1 (0.2) 544 (74.8) Were any suggestions made? Yes 12 (15.2) 25 (27.5) No 67 (84.8) 66 (72.5) Was any Gram Sabha / Village Council Meeting held to discuss the result of transect walk? Yes - 9 (11.4) 28 (30.8) No - 70 (87.6) 166 (100) 63 (69.2) Were those suggestion - implemented? Yes - 3 (33.3) 4 (16.0) No - 9 (66.7) 166 (100) 21 (84.0)

In Arunachal Pradesh, the transect walk was not done. In the other three states, less than one- third of the PAPs mentioned that they participated in ae transect walk. PAPs / PAFs mentioned that the Gram Pradhan / Village Council Head gave them the information about the transect

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walk along with the Project Officials in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Further, along with community leaders and other community members, only in Jammu & Kashmir, did the Project officials also participate in the transect walk.

Table 6.10. Census Survey Number (Percentage) Arunachal Jammu & Mizoram Uttarakhand Pradesh Kashmir Did anybody ask you any household information? Yes 15 (8.7) 35 (11.6) 547 (99.3) - No 157 (92.3) 225 (74.8) 3 (0.5) - Don't Know 41 (13.6) 1 (0.2) - I Who collected information? / I I I 1 Project official 17 (48.6) 280 (5 1.2) Gram Pradhan 15 (100) 9 (25.7) 350 (63.9) Others 3 (8.6) - DK/CS 6 (17.1) - ' Kind of information 1 collected? 1 1 Social 15 (100) 23 (79.3) 1 316 (57.8) 1 Economical 6 (20.7) 1 289 (52.8) 1 -

As no census survey of PAPs / PAFs (as confirmed by them) was conducted in Uttarakhand, no information regarding the issues faced has been recorded. In Arunachal Pmdesh and Jammu & Kashmir, most of the PAPs / PAFs stated that no household information was taken regarding PMGSY. In Mizoram however, household information had been collected from all the respondent PAPs / PAFs. In Arunachal Pradesh, it was noted that the Gram Pradhan collected the information, and in Jammu & Kashmir and Mizoram, the Project Officials also collected information. The kind of information collected was related to social issues.

Land Donation and MoU: although land was acquired in both Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, the PAPs stated that no MoU was signed and that they were not aware that such processes exist.

R & R Support: No R & R support was provided to the PAPs in Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand. This may be due to the selection of roads for the study, as Project Officials have mentioned that such procedures are in place and being provided.

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6.3 FINDINGS FROM THE FGDs - Perceptions of the Community

Issues Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Uttarakhand 1. Information - Mixed reactions among - All FGD participants in - The participants in all - All participants in the - All FGD participants said Dissemination community regarding the the three districts, stated three districts mentioned three districts mentioned that there were no Information that no meetings were that they got information that they got information meetings conducted by Dissemination meetings conducted by the Project about PMGSY projects about PMGSY projects, the Project Officials conducted by the Project Officials / Panchayat from different sources. from different sources. regarding PMGSY Officials or village leader member regarding - In Jammu, when the - Overall, they received projects regarding connecting information of the PMGSY villagers heard that their verbal information from - They also mentioned that their villages by pucca project. villages would be Project Officials, which no leaflets or any other road under the PMGSY - However participants in connected through link was then confirmed by material had been project. all districts admitted that road, they met with PWD the VC?. distributed and no - No leaflets or any other they noticed many staff and got further - However, they also said announcement was made materials were officials of agencies , information. nobody could confirm the about the project either. distributed and no taking road - In Anantnag, villagers existence of any printed - However, a few announcements were measurements. got further information docu ments. participants said that made in this regard. - In Jamui, participants from village opinion - Participants in all districts they heard from the - However, few villagers mentioned that their local leaders. In addition, said that Project Offrials Village Pradhan reported that they heard MP/M!A informed them they were also informed along with KPorganised (Headman) or MUthat from Gaon Bura about PMGSY projects by M!A and PWD meetings to explain the some road consbuction - In one of the FGDs, during the public meeting Engineers. benefits of the new road, may be occurring at participants reported in their - Similarly, people of Leh including talking about some point in the future. mass meeting by local constituency/area. district, admitted that voluntary donation of M!A about such a project Numberdar and land by the community being done in future. Councillor (of Ladakh Hill - During the transect walk, Development Council) Project Officials and VCP held meetings in their took some of the PAPs villages and told them and informed them about about the PMGSY road length alignment. projects. They were also informed that PWD (R & B) would acquire their private land as also a few structures - However, villagers did not have any information about project planning. I 2. Finalisation of 1 - Most of the Gwn Bura - Most participants were I - The participants, I - The PAPs including VCP I - Most of the VCPs

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Issues Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Uttarakhand Alignment stated that transect not aware about the Numberdar and Opinion mentioned that transect mentioned that transect walks were done in their transect walk in their Leaders affirmed that walk was walks were done in their villages before village transect walk was done - Project Officials marked villages by project official finalisation of road - However, they mentioned by the AE & JE, the road area and (AE, JE and others - I alignment, by Project that a few engineers accompanied by Patwari showed it to the PWD officials) and they Officials (AE, JE and along with labourers had - Participants said that community. (Pradhans) accompanied others - PWD officials) surveyed and measured they were not consulted - On some occasions, them. and the Gaon Bura the road. about road finalisation, consultation was done - However, other accompanied them. - The participants stated but officials consulted with others villagers. participants expressed - However, many that they were never among themselves. The Later on, the villagers their concern over the 1 participants opposed the consulted. villagers said they had to agreed because they issue. They had never statements of the Gaon - The Mukhiya and other agree, as they were were convinced. been consulted in the Bura. They said that Community Leaders helpless. - The villagers were finalisation of alignment common villagers, expressed their desire - Participants in Leh district promised that cash during the transect walk. particularly PAPS, had that suggestions of said that their Village compensation would be - One Pradhan explained never been consulted villagers should have Counsellor held a provided in lieu of that although PWD about the finalisation of been incorporated before meeting with them. donation of private land. officials came to his alignment, during the finalisation of the road They were told that PWD - Some participants made house and provided transect walk. alignment. (R&B) would acquire some suggestions during information of final their private land as also transect walk and made alignment, they didn't a few structures for it sure that those ask his suggestion for it. construction of PMGSY suggestions were - The villagers and road. The villagers were implemented through Pradhan expressed their promised that the PIU & Gram Sabha meeting. desire that their Hill Development Officials suggestion should also would try to provide I be incorporated before i compensation in lieu of finalisation of road I donation of private land. alignment. - Due to the topography of the region, options were limited and many suggestions to change the road alignment could not be accommodated - However participants in Jammu and Anantnag expressed their desire that their suggestions FAmHealthcare Private Limited \\nlrdal3\HEw Folda (3)\ML R(h 6.doc ~~ ~ ... - Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 25 of 29 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Chapter 6 Revision: R3

Issues Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Uttara khand should have been incorporated before finalisation of road alignment so that it would have been easier for them to claim compensation. - 3. Land donation / - Land acquisition mainly No private land was - Most of the participants - Most of the participants There were mixed views Transfer handled by the road acquired under the were happy about the of group discussion were regarding land donation contractors. Villagers PMGSY upgradation PMGSY project roads. happy about the PMGSY for road construction. were told to donate land, work in Bihar - The PAPS who lost small project roads, in spite of Where less amount of as the construction of implemented by PIU amount of land acquired their loss of land or land was acquired, roads would be beneficial (central agencies). by PWD - for road property. people were in favour of to their village. However, some construction, were not - Most of the people said donating their land, and - Few participants were encroachers' (Non- concerned. However, that they agreed to those who needed to not very happy about titleholders') land was those PAPS whose donate their land donate larger portions of donationJtransfer of land, acquired by public (front substantive amount of voluntarily for the road. their land, were not in since they felt it would of house/shop especially land, structures, orchards - However, only favour of doing so. adversely affect their in market place). or trees acquired by PWD participants of Champhai Those not in favour, economic condition. Most encroachers for PMGSY road were district reported that quoted adverse economk - However, most of were removed their unhappy. MOU were signed. conditions as a reason for happy about the establishments prior to - At the same time it was not wanting to donate connectivity. road construction. observed that they were their land - Also noted, that the However, it was cooperating with project However, all of them majority of people observed that a few officials and road were happy about the unwillingly consented to encroachments also construction team for the connectivity. donate their land existed mostly at the development of whole It was noted, that most voluntarily, for PMGSY market place. PIUs were village and connectivity people were not road. They also reported constructing road with to market etc. Most of informed about the that no MOU was signed less width without the people told, that they PMGSY road between landowner and removing the donated their land construction, neither was project offices for land encroachers. voluntarily for the road. their consent taken for transfer. In this connection people However, neither the land acquisition. said that they were not compensation was paid They also mentioned that informed by project nor any MOU signed no MOU was signed officials to remove their between PMGSY office between landowner and encroachment. and PAP. project officers regarding

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- Issues Arunachal Pradesh Bi har Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Uttara khand as daily labourers during compensation. property (school, yet this had not been be given in lieu of land road. - However, a few mosque) was also received by any of the acquired as per circle - Most of the respondents encroachments/structure affected by road FGD participants. rate of the area, fixed by expressed their concern were also affected by construction. - People of all districts District Magistrate. for not seeing a road construction. - The PAPs of Leh and were dissatisfied because - Most of the respondents transparent procedure - People were also not Anantnag were the Village Council expressed their regarding compensation. aware about the dissatisfied because, Pradhan also joined with grievances for not getting - Some of them were of compensation matters. during the transect walk project officials and any compensation till the opinion that they and meeting in their promised compensation date. They were of the should get cash villages, the project for land donation during opinion that their compensation as early as officials and counsellors the transect walk and payment should be made possible. promised compensation meeting in their villages. by cash and as early as - Some of the participants by the government for However, there is no possible. expressed their concern land acquired. documentary evidence - Some of the participants over the fact that the - However, there is no with the affected villagers expressed their concern road construction caused documentary evidence in this regard. over the fad that the even damage crops. with the affected villagers road construction caused Those participants were in this regard. damage to other assets very annoyed and - PAPs of Jammu were not like residential structure wanted appropriate aware that compensation and some agriculture compensation for their was promised for land. Those participants losses. donation of their land. wanted appropriate compensation for their losses. The participants also wanted reconstruction of common property like boundary wall of primary school that was damaged during the road construction.

I 6. Tribal - Most of the villages along - Some land and structures In Dehradun district, Development 1 the selected project tribal people exist in all study districts, with Leh owned by tribal people 'Chakrata - Lakhanadal Plan roads are tribal district of the state. being the tribal dominated. However, tribal peoples' dominated district PMGSY road villages served by the - Their land was acquired private land or structures Tribal peoples' private construction. road are tribal dominated for construction of Due to Low socio- and some tribal peoples

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Issues Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Uttarakhand PMGSY project roads. road consbuction. trees were also acquired economic conditions, were also affected. - ~enerall~contractors - The research team did in road construction tribal people suffered a - Their land was acquired handled the tribal not notice any welfare under PMGSY project. lot. They were not given for road construction development plan. programme by - Due to low socio- any special attention for under PMGSY project. It - It is understood from the government agency or economic conditions, their loss of property or is understood that the group discussion that the non-government agency tribal peoples suffered a livelihood. compensation for their no formal compensation for PAP under PMGSY lot. - The study team noticed loss of land was under for their loss of land was project in the areas. - No welfare programme no welfare programme process. given. - Though there is no by government agency or by government agency or - The discussion with - Some of the PAPS were specific tribal non-government agency non-government agency project officials afterward engaged in the development plan, the for project-affected for project-affected indicated that there is no construction work as tribal people were persons, under PMGSY persons, under PMGSY tribal specific plan for daily wage labourers. engaged as labourers in project, in the areas were project in the areas. tribal PAPS under this - The discussion with PMGSY road construction noticed by the study - There is no tribal specific project project officials afterward work. team. development plan for indicated that there is no - There is no tribal specific project-affected person specific plan for tribal development plan for (tribal) as per the PAPS under this project project-affected persons mandate/ guidelines of (tribal) as per the SMF. mandate/guidelines of SMF. Project: Social Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet 29 of 29 Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \ Chapter 6 Revision: R3

6.4 IMPACT OF THE PROJECT ON AFFECTED PERSONS

In spite of the stated shortcomings in the procedures followed, most people in all the states are quite happy and satisfied about the PMGSY projects. They believe these roads will bring them immense benefits in terms of better connectivity within their state, with other neighbouring states and the rest of the country. However, some have also noted adverse impacts. Due to the loss of agricultural land and damage of residential areas, some people bore direct losses. Some people have lost their crops due the construction too. Those who have lost their land are worried about sustaining their livelihood in the future due to the paucity of other avenues of income generation.

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Project: Sooal Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Sheet i of i Document: F2006040 February 2008 Draft Final Report \Annex I Revision: R3 ANNEX - I ABBREVIATIONS

AWW Anganwadi Worker BLSC Block Level Standing Committee CBO Community Based organization CSO Civic Society Organisation DLSC District Level Standing Committee DPR Detailed Project Report DPIU District Programme Implementation Unit GP Gram Panchayat HD Human Development LID Land and Revenue Department M&E Monitoring and evaluation MoRD Ministry of Rural Development MoU IYemorandum of Understanding NGO I\on-government organization NOC No-Objection Certificate NRRDA National Rural Road Development Agency OM Operations Manual PAFs Project Affected Families PAPS Project Affected persons PIU Programme Implementation Units PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana PRIs Panchayat Raj Institutions PWD Public Works Department RAP Resettlement Action Plan RD Rural Development ROW Right of Way RAP Resettlement Action Plan SES Socio-economic Survey SLSC State Level Standing Committee SOM Supplementary Operations Manual SRRDA State Rural and Road Development Agency SW Social Welfare TD Tribal Development VCP Village Council Pradhan WCD Women & Child Development ZP Zila Parishad

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