Abd Al-ʿazīz Ibn Marwān (D

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Abd Al-ʿazīz Ibn Marwān (D Book Review Joshua Mabra, Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid State: The Life of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān (d. 86/705). Islamic History and Thought, vol. 2 (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2017), bibliography, index. ISBN 9781463206321. Price: $76.00 (cloth). Matthew S. Gordon Miami University ([email protected]) hose subject to Arab-Islamic rule engagement with the new Umayyad rulers are likely to have wondered at the took on urgency. The policies of the newly life span of the new religio-polit- ascendant branch of the Umayyad clan Tical order at the close of the first/seventh (the Marwānids) sought a new sectarian- century. The conquerors were a quarrel- style unity. The effort sparked a response some lot, as quick to engage in interne- from Christian communities and their cine violence as they were to subdue local respective elites against whom such opposition: the ‘believers’ were at each policies were often aimed. Thus, in Egypt, other’s throats. From, in part, the accounts attitudes shifted on the part of the Coptic of a then burgeoning and variegated popu- Church and its adherents. Joshua Mabra, lation of clients and slaves (mawālī), it is in his concise and understated new book, clear that a new religious program was sees the shift as having taken place under taking shape. But sharp disagreements ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān (d. 85/705), the over its central precepts were no less newly appointed governor, and, again, in obvious; divisions of belief ran as deep as good measure, because of his approach to those of kinship. How long could the new office. masters carry on this way? ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz governed Egypt for twenty The Christians of the Levant and Egypt years—65/685 to 85/705—during which had certainly a special interest in the time he stood as heir to ʿAbd al-Malik fortunes of the nascent order given their (d. 85/705), the caliph, his far better majority standing. If, at first, somewhat known half-brother. The two men had detached, as some modern scholars have assumed office, respectively, following the argued, following the clashes at Marj Rāhiṭ untimely death of their father, Marwān (c. 64-65/683-684) and a more aggressive ibn al-Ḥakam ibn al-ʿĀṣ (d. 65/685). assertion of Arab-Muslim authority, Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 25 (2017): 184-189 185 • MATTHEW S. GORDON State brings together literary, numismatic, His theses are two in number. There is and archeological information in a close his argument that the new governor sought discussion of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s tenure in independence from central authority; I office. A political biography, it has much take this up below. The other thesis is that to say about ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz but also widens Marwān assigned ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz over Egypt a useful window onto the quarrels of the because of the legitimation conferred new empire and emergent patterns of by his mother’s “royal Kalbī lineage” Arab-Islamic legitimation. (p. 11). Through her, Marwān and, Mabra sees, as a failing of modern following the latter’s demise and his own scholarship, its passing treatment of ʿAbd ascent to office, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz himself, could al-ʿAzīz. (A quick survey of the indices of count on the backing of the Quḍāʿa. This modern studies of the Umayyad period is to see ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz as having continued confirms the point: mentions of ʿAbd where Muʿāwiya had left off, decades al-ʿAzīz are scattered and few). The lion’s earlier, in drawing support from the Syrian share of attention has been devoted to ʿAbd tribes, led by the Kalb. Modern scholarship al-Malik. This is as it should be given the has long recognized this feature of early latter’s achievements, and on many fronts: Umayyad politics. But Mabra seems he is typically held to be the architect of justified in seeing that modern (Western) the first Islamic state. ʿAbd al-Malik, more historiography often moves too quickly than any other Arab/Muslim leader, drew through the intricate Arab tribal politics on Islamic symbols and rhetoric in a bid of the Second Fitna. It often overlooks, in to join a fractious Muslim realm under particular, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s role in moving Marwānid rule. But Mabra would have ʿAbd the Quḍāʿa-Marwānid alliance forward al-ʿAzīz play a “paramount role” (p. 10) and, thus, consolidating the authority of in this regard as well. He makes a strong the Marwānids following Marj Rāhiṭ and pitch for the significance of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s the collapse of the Zubayrids. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz contribution and the lessons it offers on provided continuity: he was the best choice Umayyad politics. The book joins a now to succeed his father as amīr of Egypt upon fairly substantial and growing library of his (Marwān’s) rise to the caliphate. revisionist scholarship on the early Islamic Mabra stays with tribal politics in period. But it has problems, and I address his second chapter (“The Coalition of these below. Kalb and Umayya”). He points to the Princely Authority opens with a strained efforts by Julius Wellhausen, discussion of the introduction of Umayyad among others, to explain the rise of the family rule over Egypt, a situation that Marwānids. Why that Umayyad house? would prevail into the early second/eighth Again, Mabra locates Marwānid success, century. Mabra only gets to his main and does so convincingly, in the support arguments at the close of the first chapter from powerful Quḍāʿī circles following (“Egypt and the Early Umayyads”). This is Marwān’s marriage to Laylā bint Zabān a touch annoying: history writing ought ibn al-Aṣbagh from the ruling house not adhere to narrow formulas, but there of Dūmat al-Jandal, a key site linking is reason to provide direction early on. Syria to the Najd (north-central Arabia). Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 25 (2017) Joshua Mabra’s Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid State • 186 The marriage was only one in a series: be the case of future Egyptian claimants, the early Muslim elite long knew to forge local poets did much to serve political such ties to the Kalb powerhouse. Marwān ambitions along the Nile. (Michael Bonner did so in style, marrying twice, in fact, has demonstrated as much for Aḥmad ibn into the Kalb, then in his appointment Ṭūlūn of third/ninth century fame1). Two of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz as governor and second poets, in particular, lauded ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz: heir to the caliphate (after ʿAbd al-Malik). Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyāt (d. 85/705) and Mabra provides two handy charts of these al-Aḥwaṣ al-Anṣārī (d. 105/723). Six poems alliances, and in a rare addition to such survive, four from Ibn Qays, two from his charts, includes the women to whom the counterpart, and Mabra investigates them Marwānid chiefs were married (pp. 31-32). with care. He includes selections, both The marital ties were critical: “ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz in the original Arabic and in serviceable b. Marwān was well aware of the value of translation. I find the latter passages often his maternal lineage, and he leaned heavily too close to the Arabic: here, as in other on his mother’s name and nobility” (p. 29). ways, Mabra should have been better A virtue of Mabra’s book is his keen served by his editor and reviewers. But, sense of Umayyad politics: he is a close again, he has studied the poems carefully, reader of his sources, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, and draws out telling evidence that, in al-Kindī, and al-Ṭabarī among the Arabic particular, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz relied heavily on writers. Mabra knows, in other words, how his maternal lineage in gilding his claims, to build an argument. It is ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s both as amīr and as heir apparent. shaping of a “power network” (p. 34) that Mabra turns to the second of his overall concerns the third chapter, “Al-Ḥasham: theses in the final two chapters. The A Provincial Power Base.” Echoing Wilfred argument, I believe, is new: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Madelung and Patricia Crone especially, insisted on ruling Egypt on his own terms, Mabra points to the predominance of the rather than those set out in Damascus Yamānī “super tribal bloc” in Egypt and by ʿAbd al-Malik. Mabra refers to it as the new governor’s efforts, following the independence on the governor’s part: “he Second Fitna, to further consolidate his ruled with almost no involvement from ties (through his Kalbī connections) to that his brother, the amīr al-muʾminīn ʿAbd same bloc. A key decision was to marry the al-Malik…[refusing] to participate in a granddaughter of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ, Egypt’s number of his brother’s Islamicizing and original boss. No less a measure was the centralizing reforms.” (p. 11). Again, it acquisition by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz of a series seems to me, this is a significant statement of properties in central Fusṭāṭ. This is a in the light of a near scholarly orthodoxy, useful insight on Mabra’s part. He argues which holds that, following ʿAbd al-Malik’s that the properties, surrounding the sweeping reforms, the interlocking original congregational mosque, gave the streams of Islamisation and Arabisation governor access to Egypt’s best families: swept forward across the Muslim realm. the properties provided proximity and prestige alike. 1. “Ibn Ṭūlūn’s Jihād: The Damascus Assembly of Poetry is the stuff of Chapter Four: “The 269/883,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Poetic Battle for Succession.” As would 130:4 (2010), 573-605, see, on the poetry, 593-597.
Recommended publications
  • The Prince of Martyrs: Account of the Imam Husayn Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE PRINCE OF MARTYRS: ACCOUNT OF THE IMAM HUSAYN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK A.Q. Faizi | 76 pages | 01 Jan 1977 | George Ronald Publisher | 9780853980735 | English | Abingdon, United Kingdom The Prince of Martyrs: Account of the Imam Husayn PDF Book Therefore, know thou of a certainty that these Luminaries of heavenly majesty, though their dwelling be in the dust, yet their true habitation is the seat of glory in the realms above. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid. Continue with Google. They repeatedly wrote letters and called Imam Husayn to them and took bay'at allegiance for his caliphate. Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar". Archived from the original on 30 October After the third caliph Uthman 's assassination by rebels in , the rebels and the townspeople of Medina declared Ali , a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , caliph. Ibn al-Zubayr started secretly recruiting supporters in Mecca, [56] while overtly calling for a shura to elect a new caliph. This essentially split the Islamic empire into two spheres with two different caliphs. Aghaie, Kamran S. Original Title. Husayn did not give allegiance and traveled to Mecca. During this time, Umayyad oppression was rampant, and the stand that Husayn and his followers took became a symbol of resistance inspiring future uprisings against oppressors and injustice. Now, a question which plainly arises here is this. I am not going to plunge headlong into the sea of traditions in which Islamic theology is so rich, so I will confine myself to what is or may be called the region of clear reason and intellect as opposed to the obiter dicta of religious dogmatism and fanaticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 14 the Caliphate: Ummayads and Abbasids
    Roman Empire: UNIT 14 THE CALIPHATE: UMMAYADS AND Political System ABBASIDS* Structure 14.0 Objectives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Ummayad Caliphate: Sufyanid Period 14.3 The Ummayad Caliphate: Marwanid Period 14.4 Later Ummayads 14.5 Ummayad Aesthetics and Material Culture 14.5.1 Court Culture 14.5.2 Palaces and Mosques 14.6 Ummayad Economy: Estates, Trade and Irrigation 14.6.1 Settled Agriculture 14.6.2 Ummayad Trade, Urbanism and Suqs 14.7 Ummayad Monarchs and Provinces (Wilayats) 14.8 Fall of the Ummayad Dynasty 14.9 The Abbasid Caliphate: Abbas and Mansur 14.10 The Abbasid Caliphate: Harun and Al-Mamun 14.11 Later Abbasid Caliphs 14.12 The Abbasid Caliphate: Irrigation, Peasants and Estates 14.12.1 Irrigation 14.12.2 Popular Revolts in the Abbasid Caliphate 14.12.3 Forms of Estates under the Abbasids 14.12.4 Tax Farming in the Abbasid Egypt 14.13 Taxes and Diwans under the Abbasids 14.14 Summary 14.15 Keywords 14.16 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 14.17 Suggested Readings 14.18 Instructional Video Recommendations 14.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit, we will study about the Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphate which were established by Muawiyah I and Abbas As-Saffah respectively. In the same vein the Ummayads continued campaigns and conquests started by the Caliphs — Abu Bakr and Umar. It was the largest empire in terms of geographical extent. But the Caliphate * Dr. Shakir-ul Hassan, Department of History and Culture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 267 RomanSocieties Republic in Central developed hereditary tendencies under the Ummayads.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghazal Poetry and the Marwānids: a Study of Kuthayyir ʿazza
    Ghazal Poetry and the Marwānids: A Study of Kuthayyir ʿAzza Samuel Truman Wilder Trinity Hall January 2019 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge 1 This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 1. Introduction 4-19 1.1 ‘Transitional’ Umayyad Poetry: Approach to the Sources 4-11 1.2 Kuthayyir: Texts and Life 11-18 1.3 The Structure of this Dissertation 18-19 2. Kuthayyir’s Ghazal 20-135 2.1 Reading the Emergence of Ghazal Poetry 20-42 2.2 The Performance Context of Ghazal 43-51 2.3 The Form of Kuthayyir’s Ghazal 52-67 Note on Metre 55-57 2.3.a Poem Openings 57-59 2.3.b The Aṭlāl 59-60 2.3.c The Ẓaʿn Motif 60-62 2.3.d Raḥīl, Oaths, and Transitions 62-64 2.3.e Closing Sections 64-67 2.4 Reading Kuthayyir’s Ghazal 68-103 2.5 The Pilgrimage-Oath and Pilgrimage References In Kuthayyir’s Ghazal 104-118 2.5.a The Pilgrimage as Setting in Ḥijāzī Poetry 107-116 2.5.b The Significance of Pilgrimage-Reference in Marwānid Poetry 116-118 2.6 Illness of Distance: The Poetics of Suqm 119-135 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Ramli Omar Phd Thesis
    >42 ?7/BB/1 =?002==598- =?002==598 >9 >42 0/65;4/>2 3<97 >42 35<=> 05@56 A/< >9 >42 281 93 >42 ?7/BB/1 1B8/=>B <CNMK 9NCR / >JGSKS =UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 1GIRGG PH ;J1 CT TJG ?OKVGRSKTY PH =T$ /OFRGWS ',,+ 3UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO <GSGCREJ.=T/OFRGWS-3UMM>GXT CT- JTTQ-%%RGSGCREJ#RGQPSKTPRY$ST#COFRGWS$CE$UL% ;MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN- JTTQ-%%JFM$JCOFMG$OGT%'&&()%(+)* >JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQYRKIJT THE UMAYYAD SUCCESSION: SUCCESSION TO THE CALIPHATE FROM THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE END OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY RAMLI OMAR ,ý. CA UNI A . -- Presented in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS 1997 This thesis has been composed by me, Ramli Omar. It is a record of work done by me and has not been accepted in any previous application for any degree. 16 Candidate Date of candidate's admission as a research student: December 1993 Mr Ramli Omar has fulfilled the regulations applying to candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews. Supervisor Access to this thesis in the University Library, if it is approved,shall be unrestricted. Dedication My beloved wife Meriah all my sons and daughters Nailah A. Salami Af ifuddin Hidayati Nazii who patiently waited for me during my study Thank you so much Acknowledgments Dr RA Kimber, of the Department of Arabic Studies, Mrs E. Kerr, the Secretary of the Department of Arabic Studies, Dr H.
    [Show full text]
  • Caliphal Imperialism and Ḥijāzī Elites in the Second/Eighth Century
    This is a repository copy of Caliphal Imperialism and Ḥijāzī Elites in the Second/Eighth Century. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98416/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Munt, Thomas Henry Robert orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-1406 (2016) Caliphal Imperialism and Ḥijāzī Elites in the Second/Eighth Century. Al-Masāq : Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean. pp. 6-21. ISSN 1473-348X https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2016.1153296 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Caliphal imperialism and Ḥijāzī elites in the second/eighth century Harry Munt University of York In 129/747, during the reign of the last Umayyad caliph Marwān b. Muḥammad (r. 127– 132/744–749), a Kharijite rebel called Abū Ḥamza al-Mukhtār b. ʿAwf advanced on Mecca during the hajj season. The Umayyad governor, ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Sulaymān, abandoned both the town and the pilgrims.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islamic Civilization I (Up to 1500 C.E.) Course Number (510:287:02) Fall Semester 2017 Tuesday, Thursday, 10:00 AM – 11:20 CON-342
    Rutgers University-Newark Federated Department of History History of Islamic Civilization I (up to 1500 C.E.) Course Number (510:287:02) Fall Semester 2017 Tuesday, THursday, 10:00 AM – 11:20 CON-342 Dr. Mayte Green-Mercado E-mail: [email protected] Office: Conklin Hall 315 Office Hours: T TH- 2:00-3:00, or by appointment. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is a survey of tHe History of Islamic civilization. In tHis course, we will study social, economic, and cultural aspects of tHe History of tHe Middle and Near East region, between the sixth and fifteentH centuries. THe treatment of tHe subject will be rougHly cHronological, tHougH tHemes sucH as law, science, and pHilosopHy will recur tHrougHout tHe course. In addition to lectures, the course will heavily draw upon discussion sessions, which will give students a hands-on approach to history. In these sessions, we will discuss in detail various Historical problems presented in tHe text and lectures. We will also see different types of historical evidence and learn how they can be used for historical analysis. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: - name and identify individuals, events, tHemes, and issues of major importance in tHe history of Islamic civilization, - demonstrate a basic level of competence in differentiating tHe major periods of tHe History of Islamic civilization and tHe significance of Historical context, - recognize tHe importance of cause and effect in History, and discuss tHe significance of cHange and continuity over time, - develop an understanding toward the use of historical evidence by historians and display some familiarity toward different types of evidence, - critically analyze historical evidence and articulate a synthesis with a thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Umidissertation Information Service
    INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction Is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When It Is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to Indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to Indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tio n in g the orig in al, beginning a t the upper le ft hand com er and co n tin u ­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page Is also filmed as one exposure and Is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or In black and white paper format. * 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available In black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. Dissertation UMI Information Service University Microfilms Iniernational A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Jihad: from Muhammad to ISIS
    ADVANCE PRAISE FOR THE HISTORY OF JIHAD “Robert Spencer is one of my heroes. He has once again produced an invaluable and much-needed book. Want to read the truth about Islam? Read this book. It depicts the terrible fate of the hundreds of millions of men, women and children who, from the seventh century until today, were massacred or enslaved by Islam. It is a fate that awaits us all if we are not vigilant.” —Geert Wilders, member of Parliament in the Netherlands and leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom (PVV) “From the first Arab-Islamic empire of the mid-seventh century to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the story of Islam has been the story of the rise and fall of universal empires and, no less importantly, of never quiescent imperialist dreams. In this tour de force, Robert Spencer narrates the transformation of the concept of jihad, ‘exertion in the path of Allah,’ from a rallying cry for the prophet Muhammad’s followers into a supreme religious duty and the primary vehicle for the expansion of Islam throughout the ages. A must-read for anyone seeking to understand the roots of the Manichean struggle between East and West and the nature of the threat confronted by the West today.” —Efraim Karsh, author of Islamic Imperialism: A History “Spencer argues, in brief, ‘There has always been, with virtually no interruption, jihad.’ Painstakingly, he documents in this important study how aggressive war on behalf of Islam has, for fourteen centuries and still now, befouled Muslim life. He hopes his study will awaken potential victims of jihad, but will they—will we—listen to his warning? Much hangs in the balance.” —Daniel Pipes, president, Middle East forum and author of Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System “Robert Spencer, one of our foremost analysts of Islamic jihad, has now written a historical survey of the doctrine and practice of Islamic sanctified violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Artur Wejkszner, Islamic State. the New Caliphate Was Born?1
    412 INTERNAL SECURITY REVIEW 17/17 Krzysztof Izak Artur Wejkszner, Islamic State. The new caliphate was born?1 Since 2014 there has been ten books on the Polish publishing market on the origin and activity of the Islamic State. They are translations of Western publi- cations. The following shall be listed: P. Cockburn The jihadists return2, P. Dams- gard The ISIS Hostage3, D. Estulin In the Name of Allah4, B. Hall Inside ISIS5, O. Hanne and T. Flichy de La Neuville L’Etat islamique. Anatomie du nouve- au Califat6, S. Laurent Kalifat terroru. Kulisy działania Państwa Islamskiego7, P. Ramsauer Die Dschihad-Generation. Wie der apokalyptische Kult des Islamischen Staats Europa bedroht8, J. Todenhofer Inside IS- 10 Tage im „Islamischen Staat”9, J. Warrick Black Flags: the Rise of ISIS10, M. Weiss and H. Hassan Inside the Army of Terror11. Threats from Islamic State, terrorism and increased migra- tion from Syria and Iraq to Europe in 2015 were indirect inspiration for Polish authors P. Lisiecki Jihad and self-destruction of the West12 and M. Orzechowski My neighbor Islamist. Caliphate at the door of Europe13 and My neighbor Islamist. Tunis-Paris-Brussels...(Second updated edition14).The books are reporting, essay and of science nature. This is a reason why I bought with joy a scientific work by political scientist A. Wejkszner, professor of strategic studies in the Political Sciences and Journalism Faculty at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. He is an author and co-author of papers on terrorism I was familiar with earlier like Evolution of religion motivated terrorism by the example of Salafi movement of global jihad15 or Lexicon of contemporary terrorist organizations16 (with P.
    [Show full text]
  • Inscribed Administrative Material Culture and the Development of the Mu Ayyad State in Syria- Palestine 661-750 Ce Tareq Ramadan Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2017 Inscribed Administrative Material Culture And The Development Of The mU ayyad State In Syria- Palestine 661-750 Ce Tareq Ramadan Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Ramadan, Tareq, "Inscribed Administrative Material Culture And The eD velopment Of The mU ayyad State In Syria-Palestine 661-750 Ce" (2017). Wayne State University Dissertations. 1860. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1860 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. INSCRIBED ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UMAYYAD STATE IN SYRIA-PALESTINE 661-750 CE by TAREQ RAMADAN DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2017 MAJOR: ANTHROPOLOGY Approved By: ________________________________ Advisor Date __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY TAREQ RAMADAN 2017 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the honor and memory of some my very dear friends and mentors who passed away before they could witness the completion of my work and who would have been proud. I miss all of them, dearly and I wish they were all here, today. I will forever be there student. They were all beacons of light and impacted my life in ways that are hard to put into words.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours
    The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Greek, Eric E. 2019. The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe After the Battle of Tours. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42004241 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Myth of Charles Martel: Why the Islamic Caliphate Ceased Military Operations in Western Europe after the Battle of Tours Eric E. Greek A Thesis in the Field of History for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University March 2019 Abstract The Battle of Tours and its victorious leader Charles Martel are often presented as a single event that defined the course of historical events in Western Europe. The motives that drove Arab forces to invade Gaul in 732 have their roots in a century of expansion beginning in 634 in the Arabian Peninsula. The factors that drove the success of the conquest, including the incorporation of local forces would weaken over time. By the time the Battle of Tours was fought the forces driving Arab expansion were stretched to the point of breaking.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caliph, the Prophet, Or an Image of an Idol of Solid Hammer-Beaten Metal?’
    DOI: 10.13114/MJH.201428431 Mediterranean Journal of Humanities mjh.akdeniz.edu.tr IV/2, 2014, 89-112 Some Reasons for the Currency Reform of A.H. 77/696-7 A.D.: The Figure on the Obverse, ‘the Caliph, the Prophet, or an Image of an Idol of Solid Hammer-Beaten Metal?’ Hicri Takvim’e göre M.S 77/696-7’deki Para Birimi Reformuna İlişkin Bazı Sebepler: Ön Yüzdeki Figür, ‘Halife, Peygamber, veya Çekiçle Dövülmüş Katı Bir Metal Üzerindeki Figürün Görüntüsü’ T. Mikail P. DUGGAN∗ Abstract: This article suggests there were quite specific reasons for the change in A.H. 77/696-7 to a reformed dīnār, the change from a figural to an epigraphic Islamic currency even though this reformed currency carrying only script was itself bida. It is suggested that this reform was associated with the arrival in Damascus in 696-7 A.D. of the third envoy from Emperor Justinian II demanding the return of the Christian Trinitarian tiraz to the coinage and to other official items, with the associated threat that if this was not done an imprecation on the Prophet would be struck on the widely circulated East Roman currency. It is suggested the depiction of the ‘Standing Caliph’ struck on the obverse of ‘Abd al-Malik’s dīnārs from 74 to 77 A.H. was misunderstood by some Christians as carrying a depiction of the Prophet, or of an idol of the Almighty, an idol thought have been to be worshipped by Muslims, rather than being a depiction of the Caliph. To prevent any further confusion concerning the relationship between legend and image on the obverse of the dīnār, the image was dispensed with, resulting in the epigraphic type of dīnār.
    [Show full text]