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Adaptations of Yoga: Christian Interpretations University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2012 Adaptations of Yoga: Christian Interpretations Eleanor Freyhan Odenheimer [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Odenheimer, Eleanor Freyhan, "Adaptations of Yoga: Christian Interpretations. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1453 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Eleanor Freyhan Odenheimer entitled "Adaptations of Yoga: Christian Interpretations." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Kinesiology and Sport Studies. Joy T. DeSensi, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Allison D. Anders, Lars Dzikus, Rob Hardin Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Adaptations of Yoga: Christian Interpretations A Dissertation Presented for the Doctorate of Philosophy Kinesiology and Sport Studies The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Eleanor F. Odenheimer August 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Eleanor F. Odenheimer All rights reserved. ii Acknowledgements It took a village to raise this dissertation. My family, friends and committee were integral in developing this body of work over the past four years. To Mike, I would have not wanted to walk this journey with anyone else, words cannot express my deepest appreciation for your adventurous spirit and encouragement. Your perseverance has been a source of inspiration. Thank you. Makenzie, thank you for hanging on with me through this journey and being seemingly happy to listen to sociological theory as much as nursery rhymes. To my parents- for your unwavering support in every venture I undertook, I am eternally grateful. Sarah thank you for being my comic relief and Eric for your academic insight. To Rita, Merl, Amie, Rob, Mort and Frances thank you for your support, encouragement, enthusiasm, and constant interest, even if I did not make sense. To my friends in Knoxville, Treva, Michelle, Erin, Rachel, and Emily thank you for keeping me sane. Dissertation life was better with you in it. Drs. Rebecca Buchanan and Kelly Balfour, thank you for going before me, sharing your struggles and triumphs with me. I owe both of you my sincerest thanks. Lastly, to Drs. DeSensi, Dzikus, Anders and Hardin, thank you for guiding me in this work over the past few years. Dr. DeSensi, thank you for your patience, caring, and providing me with an opportunity and environment conducive to conducting this research. Like a compass, you kept me on track and pointed me in the right direction at times when I felt lost. This dissertation would have not been possible without your iii knowledge and insight. Dr. Dzikus, thank you for challenging me and being a role- model for me in the classroom. Dr. Anders, you shed light at each turn of the dissertation trail, I am grateful for that guiding light. Dr. Hardin, I am sincerely thankful for the support and insight shown to me throughout my dissertation writing. This body of work would have not been possible without my committee. iv Abstract The yogic phenomenon in the West is multi-dimensional and threads through areas of history (DeMichelis, 2008), market trends, fitness and exercise, medicine (Guarracino, Lazo, Savino, & Edelstein, 2006); religion and spirituality (DeMichelis, 2008); and health and wellness (Iyengar, 1989). Coakley (2004) called for “more information about the connections among various religious beliefs around the world, ideas of the body, and participation in physical activities and sports” (p. 543). A dearth of literature exists concerning the connections between how Christian beliefs, the dominant religion in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2008), related to the body and physical activity participation inform other cultures’ fitness modalities. Pertinent to this study, is the debate over who should practice yoga. The purpose of this project was to explore Christian-centered yoga and specifically how teachers who ascribe to this method create meaning of their own yoga experiences and operationalize it in their classes. Purposeful sampling as well as snowball sampling methods were employed to select 10 CCY teachers. Participant observations and instructors’ archival data, websites, marketing material, training manuals, and class descriptions were used for triangulation. Based on thematic analysis, the researcher produced four major themes: (a) Gateway; (b) Dueling Dualities; (c) Embodied Spirituality; and (d) Operationalization. Ritual appropriation theory and Bourdieu’s sociological concepts were used to interpret the findings and position Christian-centered yoga inside the larger discourse on sociology, sport, recreation, yoga, spirituality, and religion. This study adds knowledge to the fields of religious studies, recreation, sport sociology and psychology, and health promotion. For v those in the fields of spiritual and religious studies, the results of this text offer opportunities for readers to find yogic experiences within a Christian context. The excerpts from the data offered in each theme help to explore the spiritual marketplace, spaces where religion and spirituality are packaged, outwardly marketed, and consumed; in this case, the spiritual marketplace happens to be group-fitness settings. My work continues to develop typologies related to religious studies, physical activity, and modern yoga studies and augments existing scholarship by exploring how religiously affiliated corporal beliefs may influence physical activity. Keywords: Bourdieu, Christian, ritual appropriation, yoga vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………...……………….....…..1 Statement of the Problem……………….………………………….. …………..…2 Purpose of the Study……………………………………………..………………..6 Research Questions………………………………………………....……………..6 Key Terms……………………………………………….………………………...7 Delimitations and Limitations……………………………………………………12 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………...12 Organization of the Dissertation..………………………………………………..15 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Chapter Introduction……………………………………………..… ……………17 History of Religion and Spirituality in Yoga………………….....… ……………17 Vedic Period and Indus Valley Civilization (ca. 4500-2500 BC)……….18 Pre-classical Period, Upanishadic Era, and Tantra (ca. 1500-100 BC)….19 Classical Period and Patanjali's Yoga Sutras (ca. 200 BC-200 AD)…….20 AD Adaptations of Yoga (900 AD-present)……………………………..22 Religious Privatization and Christian-based Yoga………..……………..24 Yoga and Health…………………………………………………… ……………26 Motivation for Physical Activity………………………………………………...29 Intersection of Sport Sociology, Religion, and Spirituality……………………...31 Philosophical Understanding…………………………………………….32 vii Wellness………………………………………………………………….34 Sport-Spirituality Relationship…….…………………………………….35 Religious Privilege…………………………………. …………………...37 Some Spiritual Perspectives in Sport and Physical Activity…………….38 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………..45 Introduction to Bourdieu…………………………………………………45 Habitus…………………………………………...........................47 Capital……………………………………………………………48 Field……….……..………………………………………………53 Ritual Appropriation……………………………………….. …………...54 Chapter Summary…………………………………….………….………………60 III. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….......................63 Chapter Introduction………………………………….………….………………63 Qualitative Research…………………………..……….………………………...64 Orientation and Positionality………………………..…..……………………….65 Introduction………………………………………..……..........................65 Ontology……..…………………………………..………………………66 Epistemology…..………………………………………………………...67 Methodological Assumptions…………………….……………………...71 Product of Knowledge………………………….….…………………….72 Positionality in Research………………………..….................................74 Positionality in Yoga…………………………………………………….75 viii Participant Selection and Data Collection Procedures……….….…………….....77 Introduction………………………………………………………………77 Participant selection……………………………………………………...77 Data Collection……………………………………..……………………77 Sampling Techniques……………………….....…… …………...77 Interviewing Process and Guide ……………….…...…………...79 Confidentiality, Risk and Benefits …..…………………………..80 Data Analysis………………………..………………………...…………………81 Transcribing and Coding.…………..………………….…………………81 In-vivo Coding.……………..…………….……….......................82 Value Coding………………………………..……………….......83 Sociological Constructed Coding ..……………...………………83 Thematic Analysis..……………………………………………………...83 Constant Comparative Method…………………………………………..84 Validation Strategies..…………..………..………………………………………85 Commentary on Narrative…..……………………………………………………88 IV. FINDINGS AND DICSUSSION…………………………………………………..89 Chapter Introduction……………………………………………………………..89 Re-presentation of the data………………………………………….………..90 Introduction of thematic analysis. ……………………………..………...91 Thematic Analysis
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