Aurelio Ciancio Function, Evolution and Biological Ties

Aurelio Ciancio Invertebrate Bacteriology Function, Evolution and Biological Ties Invertebrate Bacteriology Aurelio Ciancio Invertebrate Bacteriology Function, Evolution and Biological Ties Aurelio Ciancio Sustainable Plant Protection Institute National Research Council Bari , Italy ISBN 978-94-024-0882-9 ISBN 978-94-024-0884-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0884-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948707 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht Pref ace The associations between invertebrates and bacteria represent today a research fi eld particularly active and fertile, yielding a deeper and broader comprehension of many evolutionary mechanisms and life processes. This new horizon has been reached through a large number of specialized research work in many distant fi elds, extensively explored. They include bacteria associated to insects, nematodes and other invertebrates, present in various habitats from a wide range of environments. Many recent discoveries highlighted the role of bacteria in the evolution of species that have a deep social or economic impact. As a consequence, a review on some fundamental topics may represent an useful tool, helpful for a broad range of researchers and students. This compendium concerns various invertebrate bacteriology facets, examining processes acting on bacteria that evolved with Metazoa. The term “invertebrate” is indeed a simplifi cation that does not correspond to a common, unique evolutive history or metazoan lineage. In a broad sense, all metazoans lacking a chord or a notochord present in even a larval stage may be included in the category. The defi nition hence does not fi t a given, specifi c and consistent clade and dates back to the fi rst phylogenetic and morphological categorizations . However, the term is largely used as a synthetic defi nition, in reference to lineages including metazoan groups that are important for agriculture , for animal and human health or environment ecology. The term is used throughout the volume with this meaning. Being present in all environments, from deep oceans to plants or animal bodies, the invertebrates represent the most signifi cant and ancient fraction of the eukary- otic biomass present on earth. The evolutive adaptations and links that they estab- lished with bacteria are enormous, and occurred over ages and within environmental niches highly diversifi ed. Examining in a single compendium the whole exploration of the invertebrate evolutive radiations, performed by the huge number of bacteria that are (or were) present on earth, is indeed as a very complex, and unaffordable, endeavour. However, aim of this volume is to provide a basic view of most important processes and to produce an excursus about recent advances achieved by most v vi Preface clever studies. One or more aspects of the evolutive paths of prokaryotes and their associates are examined, offering a perspective for current studies on bacterial ecology and evolution. Since the bacteria identifi ed thus far represent only a mini- mal fraction of the total numbers present on earth, attention has been given to the most fundamental and signifi cant relationships. Rather than proceeding through the structure of taxonomies and phylogenetic ordering, the volume relies on processes. After two general chapters on bacterial structural organization and evolutive mechanisms, the fi rst Section covers processes found among distant invertebrate Phyla, in trophic niches from diversifi ed environments and ranging from the insect body to deep ocean fl oors. They include symbiosis, parasitism, vectoring and phoresy that are addressed, at a fi ner level, focusing on examples from different taxa. In the second Section some molecular mechanisms underpinning the functional and evolutive adaptations of bacteria to invertebrates are examined. They include defense and parasite evasion, main immunity and anti- bacterial factors, the effects of horizontal gene transfer and the recent advancements in the fi eld of molecular biology and genomics. Finally, in the third Section, the effects of processes related to human activities are reviewed, including climate changes, biological invasions and agriculture, with particular attention to crops and animal transmitted diseases. I hope the reader will fi nd interest in this work and that the data gathered and analysed will result useful, as an informative basis, for the production and develop- ment of advanced research activities and renewed intellectual endeavours. Bari, Italy Aurelio Ciancio Acknowledgements I am indebted with C.M. Adema, O. Giere, V. Girard, O. Gros, J. Hubert, R. Kochevar, D. McKenzie, H. Mehlhorn, M. Siddall and D. Silverman for providing, with other authors and co-authors, part of the volume iconografi c materials used in some of the figures. I also acknowledge my colleagues L.C. Rosso, I. Pentimone and M. Colagiero for text reading and suggestions, A. Troccoli for nematode slide loans, and R. Favre and M. Cermola for electron microscopy work. Editor Z. Bernhart is gratefully acknowledged, together with M. van der Stigchel, for providing me all the support and extra-time I required for completing the volume. This book would never have been produced without the help, enthusiastic comments and patient suggestions given by my wife Mariella, that I acknowledge with love. vii Contents Part I Structure and General Processes 1 The Bacterial Cell ................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 3 2 Structure and Functionning ................................................................. 4 2.1 The Cell Wall ............................................................................. 4 2.2 Secretion Systems (SS) .............................................................. 8 2.3 Cytoskeleton .............................................................................. 12 2.4 Chromosome and Plasmids ........................................................ 13 2.5 Flagella and Pili ......................................................................... 18 2.6 Quorum Sensing ........................................................................ 18 2.7 CRISPR-CAS System ................................................................ 20 3 Metabolism ......................................................................................... 21 4 Identifi cation ....................................................................................... 22 References ................................................................................................. 25 2 Bacteria and Eukaryotes Evolution ....................................................... 31 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 31 2 Evolutionary Processes ....................................................................... 33 3 Bacterial Diversity .............................................................................. 37 4 Eukaryota and Metazoa Evolution ...................................................... 41 References ................................................................................................. 44 3 Symbiotic Relationships ......................................................................... 49 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 49 2 Symbiosis and Evolution .................................................................... 53 2.1 The Age of Symbiotic Associations ........................................... 53 2.2 Endosymbiosis ........................................................................... 55 2.3 Ectosymbionts ( Epibionts ) ......................................................... 66 3 Functionality of Symbiosis ................................................................. 72 3.1 Specifi city .................................................................................. 72 ix x Contents 3.2 Acquisition ................................................................................. 74 3.3 Benefi ts of Symbiosis ................................................................ 76 4 Adaptive Processes ............................................................................

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