Summary of Results

Summary of results

Afrobarometer Round 8 survey in Botswana, 2019 Compiled by: Star Awards

Afrobarometer Round 8 Summary of results for Botswana, 2019

Afrobarometer, a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, heads a pan-African, nonpartisan research network that conducts public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, economic conditions, and related issues across Africa. Seven rounds of surveys were completed in up to 38 countries between 1999 and 2018. Round 8 surveys are planned in at least 35 countries in 2019/2020. Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice with nationally representative samples.

Regional coordination of national partners in about 35 countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network.

The Afrobarometer National Partner in Botswana, Star Awards, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,200 adult Batswana between 26 July 2019 and 10 August 2019. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous surveys have been conducted in Botswana in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, and 2017. The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) provided technical backstopping for the survey. Technical details of the survey, including descriptions of stratification and household selection, translation languages, and related information, can be found in the survey Technical information form that follows.

Below is an outline of the survey findings from all the questions posed to respondents. We also present the findings by some critical demographics such as gender and place of residence (urban-rural).

Financial support for Afrobarometer Round 8 has been provided by Sweden, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society Foundations, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) via the U.S. Institute of Peace.

Contact information: For more information, please visit www.afrobarometer.org or contact:

Mogopodi H. Lekorwe (PhD) Lucky L. Mokgatlhe (PhD) Wilford B. Molefe (PhD) Director Director Researcher Star Awards Star Awards Star Awards [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +267 71 312 942 Tel: +267 72 554 903 Tel: +267 72 106 799

Table of contents

Technical information form ...... 4 Respondents and their households...... 5 Country’s overall direction and most important problems ...... 13 Economic life ...... 16 Development and international relations ...... 22 Democracy and politics ...... 28 Freedoms ...... 34 Citizenship and participation ...... 36 Rule of law...... 39 Elections ...... 41 Institutions and leaders ...... 48 Traditional leaders ...... 52 Corruption ...... 55 Public services and government performance ...... 58 Taxation ...... 64 Identity and society...... 67 Crime and security ...... 71 Climate change ...... 72 Media and access to information ...... 73 Youth ...... 79 Country-specific questions ...... 80 Other ...... 83

Technical information form

Universe: Citizens of Botswana who are 18 years and older

Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample

Stratification: Region and urban-rural location

Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents

PSU selection: Probability proportionate to population size (PPPS)

Cluster size: 8 households per PSU

Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval

Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Weighting: Weighted to account for individual selection probabilities

Margin of error: +/-3 percentage points at 95% confidence level

Fieldwork by: Star Awards

Survey languages: English, Setswana

Main researchers: Mogopodi Lekorwe, Mpho Molomo, Batlang Seabo, Keneilwe Mooketsane, Lucky Mokgatlhe, Wilford Molefe, Kabelo Moseki, Itumeleng Oageng, Refilwe Sinkamba

Outcome rates: Contact rate: 89% Cooperation rate: 72% Refusal rate: 9% Response rate: 64%

Dates of fieldwork: 26 July to 10 August 2019 Sample size: 1,200 Sampling frame: 2011 Statistics Botswana Population and housing census EA substitution rate: 3/150 = 2% ______

Note: All figures in the following tables are percentages, rounded to whole numbers. Due to rounding, columns may not add up to exactly 100. Readers are reminded that the sample size in Botswana of 1,200 yields a margin of sampling error of +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. A dash (“-“) or blank cell indicates that there were no responses in this category. For questions 1 through 100, weighted frequency distributions are reported.

Note: This presentation of findings does NOT reflect the order in which survey questions were asked during the interview. We have numbered the questions as in the questionnaire but have ordered them by topic. To see the questionnaire, please visit www.afrobarometer.org.

Respondents and their households

Demographic distribution of the sample Unweighted Weighted Gender Male 50 50 Female 50 50 Location Urban 22 21 Rural 29 29 Semi Urban 49 49 District Barolong 3 3 Central Bobonong 3 3 Central Boteti 3 3 Central Mahalapye 5 5 Central Serowe/Palapye 9 9 Central Tutume 7 7 Chobe 1 1 Francistown 5 5 Gaborone 12 12 Ghanzi 2 2 Jwaneng 1 1 Kgalagadi North 1 1 Kgalagadi South 1 1 Kgatleng 5 5 Kweneng East 13 14 Kweneng West 3 2 Lobatse 1 1 Ngamiland East 5 5 Ngamiland West 3 3 Ngwaketse 6 6 Ngwaketse West 1 1 North East 3 3 Selibe Phikwe 2 2 South East 5 4 Sowa 1 0 Education No formal education 11 11

Primary 19 19 Secondary 44 44 Post-secondary 25 25 Don’t know 1 Religion Christian 82 83 Muslim 0 0 Other 18 17 Refused

Q1. How old are you? Urban Rural Semi-urban Male Female Total 18-25 28 18 20 22 21 21 26-35 28 22 30 27 27 27 36-45 24 22 18 21 19 20 46-55 14 14 14 13 15 14 56-65 3 11 9 6 10 8 Over 65 3 13 9 11 7 9 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q2. What is the primary language you speak in your home now? Semi- Urban Rural Male Female Total urban English 3 2 1 2 1 2 Setswana 87 72 89 83 83 83 Sesarwa 2 0 0 1 1 Sekgalagadi 1 5 1 2 3 2 Sesubia 0 1 0 1 0 Ikalanga/Sekalaka 8 11 5 8 7 7 Seherero 0 2 1 1 1 1 Sembukushu 0 3 1 2 1 1 Sebirwa 1 1 0 1 1 Sengologa 0 0 0 Seyeyi 0 0 0 0 Afrikaans/Seburu 0 0 0 0 0 Other 1 1 1 1 1 1

Q81. What is your ethnic community, cultural group, or tribe? Semi- Urban Rural Male Female Total urban Mokgatla 9 4 10 8 7 8 Mokwena 5 5 11 9 7 8 Mongwato 14 7 10 10 10 10 Mongwaketse 9 3 8 8 6 7 Motlokwa 1 0 1 1 1 1 Moherero 1 1 1 1 1 1 Morolong 4 5 3 4 3 4 Mosarwa 4 2 2 2 2 Mokalaka/Mokalanga 23 15 11 14 15 15 Mosubeya 0 2 1 1 1 Motawana 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mokgalagadi 3 12 3 5 6 6 Moyeyi/Moyei 1 3 3 3 3 3 Mohurutshe 2 0 1 1 1 1 Mokhurutshe 3 1 4 3 3 3 Mmirwa 4 3 4 3 4 4 Mongologa 0 0 0 0 0 Mombukushu 0 5 1 2 2 2 Molete 3 1 6 3 4 4 Motswapong 5 10 4 5 7 6 Motlharo 0 0 0 Mokgothu 0 0 0 Motswana only, or “doesn’t 9 15 12 11 14 13 think of self in those terms” Other 2 3 2 3 2 2 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 1 0

Q97. What is your highest level of education? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No formal schooling 2 15 11 11 10 11 Informal schooling only 0 1 1 1 1 1 (including Koranic schooling) Some primary schooling 3 12 8 8 9 8 Primary school completed 6 12 11 8 12 10 Intermediate school or Some 14 18 17 16 17 17 secondary school / high school Secondary school / high 28 24 29 26 29 27 school completed Post-secondary 12 8 10 13 7 10 qualifications, other than university e.g. a diploma or degree from a polytechnic or college Some university 10 1 5 5 4 5 University completed 20 8 7 10 10 10 Post-graduate 3 1 0 1 1 1 Refused 2 0 1 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q98A. What is your religion, if any? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 12 18 12 17 10 14 Christian only (i.e., 55 52 56 54 55 55 respondents says only “Christian”, without identifying a specific sub- group) Roman Catholic 6 1 4 4 3 3 Orthodox 0 0 0 0 Anglican 1 0 1 1 1 1 Lutheran 0 1 1 1 0 1 Methodist 1 1 0 0 1 1 Presbyterian 0 0 0 0 Baptist 2 1 0 1 1 Quaker / Friends 0 0 0 Evangelical 1 1 1 0 1 1 Pentecostal (e.g., “Born 7 4 5 4 6 5 Again” and/or “Saved”) Independent (e.g., “African 6 4 6 6 6 6 Independent Church”) Jehovah’s Witness 0 0 0 Seventh Day Adventist 1 2 2 2 2 2 Muslim only (i.e., respondents 1 0 1 0 0 says only “Muslim”, without identifying a specific sub- group) Ismaeli 0 0 0 Traditional / ethnic religion 1 2 1 1 1 Atheist (Do not believe in a 0 0 0 God) Dutch Reformed 0 0 1 0 Calvinist 0 0 0 Church of Christ 0 0 0 Zionist Christian Church 6 9 7 8 8 8 Other 1 3 3 2 3 2 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q92A. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Radio? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 14 24 19 15 24 19 owns Someone else in household 16 16 15 15 17 16 owns Yes (personally owns) 70 60 65 71 59 65 Refused 0 0 0

Q92B. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Television? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 9 36 21 21 25 23 owns Someone else in household 19 13 16 18 14 16 owns Yes (personally owns) 72 52 62 62 60 61 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q92C. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Motor vehicle or motorcycle? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 30 48 45 38 47 42 owns Someone else in household 30 24 29 28 27 28 owns Yes (personally owns) 40 28 26 34 25 30 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q92D. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Computer? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 35 68 56 49 60 55 owns Someone else in household 19 17 24 21 20 20 owns Yes (personally owns) 47 16 20 30 19 25 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q92E. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Bank account? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 10 39 24 23 28 26 owns Someone else in household 10 19 20 16 19 18 owns Yes (personally owns) 79 41 55 60 52 56 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 1 1 1 1

Q92F. Which of these things do you personally own? [If “No”:] Does anyone else in your household own one: Mobile phone? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, no one in the household 0 5 3 2 4 3 owns Someone else in household 1 6 6 6 4 5 owns Yes (personally owns) 98 89 91 92 92 92 Refused 0 0 0

Q92G. Does your phone have access to the Internet? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No (does not have internet 22 44 38 36 37 36 access) Yes (have internet) 77 42 52 56 53 54 Not applicable 2 11 9 8 8 8 Don’t know 2 1 1 2 1

Q92H. How often do you use: A mobile phone? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 0 5 4 3 4 4 Less than once a month 1 0 0 1 1 A few times a month 0 2 1 1 1 1 A few times a week 5 9 9 8 8 8 Every day 94 83 86 88 86 87 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q92I. How often do you use: The Internet? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 22 55 48 40 49 44 Less than once a month 3 3 3 4 2 3 A few times a month 6 6 8 7 7 7 A few times a week 16 13 15 16 13 14 Every day 53 21 25 32 27 30 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 1 1 1

Q93A. What is your main source of water for household use? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Piped water into dwelling 69 20 26 33 34 33 Piped water into yard, plot or 30 44 67 53 52 52 compound Public tap or standpipe 15 4 6 6 6 Tubewell or borehole 9 0 3 2 3 Protected dug well 6 2 2 2 Unprotected dug well 1 0 0 0 Protected spring 0 0 0 Unprotected spring 1 0 0 0 Purchased from a cart with a 0 0 0 0 0 small tank or drum Purchased from a tanker 1 0 0 0 0 truck Surface water, like a river, 1 0 0 0 0 dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation channel Other 0 3 2 2 2 2 Refused 0 0 0 0

Q93B. Do you have a toilet, water closet or latrine available for your use? [If yes] Is it inside your house, inside your compound, or outside your compound, or is there none available? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, none available 1 18 5 7 9 8 Yes, inside the house 79 25 33 40 41 40 Yes, inside the 20 56 61 52 50 51 compound Yes, outside the 0 1 1 1 1 1 compound Refused to answer 0 0 0 0

Q94A. Do you have an electric connection to your home from the national power grid? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 13 43 18 24 25 24 Yes 86 57 82 76 75 76 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q94B. [If yes to Q94A] How often is electricity actually available from this connection? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 1 1 1 1 2 1 Occasionally 10 10 15 11 13 12 About half of the time 5 6 7 6 6 6 Most of the time 38 21 36 33 31 32 All of the time 33 20 23 25 23 24 Not applicable 14 43 18 24 25 24

Q94C. Does your house use electric power from any source other than the national power grid? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 97 93 94 94 94 94 Yes 3 6 6 6 5 5 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0

Q94D. [If yes to Q94C] What is the source of the electricity for this connection? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Batteries or power bank 1 1 0 1 1 1 Generator 1 1 1 1 1 1 Solar panels 1 4 2 3 2 2 Hydro power 0 0 0 Other 0 2 0 1 1 Multiple sources 0 0 0 Not applicable 97 94 94 94 95 95 Don’t know 1 1 0 1

Q94E. [If yes to Q94C] Is the electricity source owned by your household, or does it come from outside of your household? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Owned by household 2 6 2 4 3 3 Owned outside of household 1 2 1 2 1 Get power from sources both 0 0 1 1 0 1 within and outside of household Not applicable 97 94 94 94 95 95 Refused to answer 0 0 0

Country’s overall direction and most important problems

Q3. Let's start with your general view about the current direction of our country. Some people might think the country is going in the wrong direction. Others may feel it is going in the right direction. So let me ask YOU about the overall direction of the country: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Going in the wrong direction 59 52 60 57 58 57 Going in the right direction 34 42 38 40 36 38 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 7 5 2 3 5 4

Q48. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (first response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Nothing/ no problems 0 3 0 1 1 1 Management of the 1 3 3 2 3 2 economy Wages, incomes and salaries 5 2 5 4 3 4 Unemployment 50 38 45 44 44 44 Poverty/destitution 4 15 10 9 11 10 Rates and Taxes 1 1 1 0 1 1 Loans / credit 1 0 0 1 0 Farming/agriculture 0 1 2 2 1 1 Drought 1 1 1 1 1 Land 1 2 3 2 3 2 Transportation 0 0 0 Infrastructure / roads 2 3 2 2 2 2 Education 6 3 3 3 4 3 Housing 0 0 1 1 0 0 Electricity 0 0 0 0 0 Water supply 1 3 6 5 4 4 Orphans/street 0 0 0 children/homeless children Services (other) 2 2 1 1 1 1 Health 4 5 4 5 5 5 AIDS 1 0 0 0 0 Sickness / Disease 0 0 0 Crime and security 5 5 3 3 4 4 Corruption 5 3 4 6 2 4 Political instability/political 2 1 1 1 1 1 divisions/ ethnic tensions Discrimination/ inequality 1 0 0 0 0 Gender issues / women’s 0 0 0 rights Democracy/political rights 1 2 0 1 1 1 Agricultural marketing 0 0 0 Other responses 3 2 2 2 2 2

Refused 4 3 4 3 5 4 Don’t know 0 1 0 0 0

Q48. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (second response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Management of the 3 2 2 3 2 2 economy Wages, incomes and salaries 8 4 8 7 6 7 Unemployment 11 14 12 13 12 12 Poverty/destitution 3 11 7 7 8 7 Rates and Taxes 1 1 1 0 0 Loans / credit 1 1 2 1 1 1 Farming/agriculture 0 2 2 2 1 2 Food shortage/famine 0 0 0 Drought 0 1 1 0 1 1 Land 4 3 5 5 4 4 Transportation 0 0 0 Communications 0 0 0 0 Infrastructure / roads 6 7 4 6 4 5 Education 10 5 9 8 8 8 Housing 1 1 0 1 0 1 Electricity 1 1 1 1 1 1 Water supply 3 6 5 6 4 5 Orphans/street 0 1 1 0 children/homeless children Services (other) 3 1 2 1 2 2 Health 14 9 11 11 11 11 AIDS 1 1 0 1 0 1 Sickness / Disease 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crime and security 3 2 3 2 4 3 Corruption 5 3 4 4 3 4 Political instability/political 1 1 0 1 1 1 divisions/ ethnic tensions Discrimination/ inequality 1 0 0 0 0 Democracy/political rights 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural marketing 0 0 0 0 0 Other responses 4 4 2 2 3 3 No further reply 16 20 16 15 19 17

Q48. In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (third response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Management of the 3 3 3 4 3 3 economy Wages, incomes and salaries 6 4 5 5 5 5 Unemployment 4 6 7 7 5 6 Poverty/destitution 4 6 6 6 5 6 Rates and Taxes 0 1 1 0 1 1 Loans / credit 1 0 1 0 1 Farming/agriculture 1 2 1 2 1 1 Food shortage/famine 1 1 0 0 1 0

Drought 1 1 1 0 1 1 Land 3 1 3 3 2 2 Transportation 1 1 0 0 1 1 Communications 0 0 0 Infrastructure / roads 4 6 5 5 5 5 Education 8 5 10 8 8 8 Housing 1 1 1 1 1 1 Electricity 1 2 1 1 1 1 Water supply 3 5 4 4 5 4 Orphans/street 0 0 0 0 0 children/homeless children Services (other) 3 2 3 3 3 3 Health 7 7 8 6 9 8 AIDS 1 1 0 Sickness / Disease 1 1 0 1 1 Crime and security 6 3 4 5 3 4 Corruption 4 0 2 2 2 2 Political instability/political 1 1 1 1 divisions/ ethnic tensions Discrimination/ inequality 0 1 1 1 0 1 Gender issues / women’s 0 0 0 rights Democracy/political rights 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agricultural marketing 0 0 0 0 0 Other responses 2 4 2 3 3 3 No further reply 34 35 29 30 34 32

Economic life

Let’s discuss economic conditions.

Q4A. In general, how would you describe the present economic condition of this country? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very bad 8 11 10 10 10 10 Fairly bad 27 30 29 25 33 29 Neither good nor bad 44 35 36 39 37 38 Fairly good 17 16 16 18 14 16 Very good 3 6 6 6 4 5 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 2 2 2 2

Q4B. In general, how would you describe your own present living conditions? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very bad 10 18 16 15 15 15 Fairly bad 33 45 40 39 41 40 Neither good nor bad 32 21 25 27 24 25 Fairly good 21 13 17 16 17 17 Very good 3 3 2 2 3 3 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q6A. Looking back, how do you rate economic conditions in this country compared to 12 months ago? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Much worse 7 13 12 10 12 11 Worse 15 27 25 21 26 23 Same 48 33 35 38 36 37 Better 23 23 25 26 23 24 Much better 3 3 2 4 2 3 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 0 1 1 1 1

Q6B. Looking ahead, do you expect economic conditions in this country to be better or worse in 12 months’ time? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Much worse 7 7 9 8 8 8 Worse 13 15 15 15 14 14 Same 16 8 9 12 8 10 Better 43 48 48 44 50 47 Much better 17 17 16 18 15 17 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 5 5 4 5 4 4

Q7A. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 75 52 50 58 54 56 Just once or twice 14 19 24 22 18 20 Several times 8 19 18 14 18 16 Many times 3 8 6 5 7 6 Always 1 3 1 1 2 2 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q7B. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough clean water for home use? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 72 43 45 48 52 50 Just once or twice 16 13 17 16 14 15 Several times 8 21 19 17 17 17 Many times 3 16 15 14 12 13 Always 0 8 5 4 5 5 Don’t know 0 0 0 Never 72 43 45 48 52 50

Q7C. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Medicines or medical treatment? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 61 48 47 51 50 50 Just once or twice 19 20 21 20 21 20 Several times 12 20 16 16 16 16 Many times 7 8 11 9 10 9 Always 1 5 3 4 3 3 Don’t know 0 1 1 0 1

Q7D. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough fuel to cook your food? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 69 63 56 62 60 61 Just once or twice 17 17 20 18 18 18 Several times 8 13 16 14 13 14 Many times 5 6 6 5 7 6 Always 1 1 2 1 1 1 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q7E. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: A cash income? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 60 47 44 48 49 49 Just once or twice 17 15 15 16 14 15 Several times 11 19 19 17 17 17 Many times 8 12 15 12 13 12 Always 4 6 6 6 5 6 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 1 0 0

Q5. How often, if ever, are people like you treated unfairly by the government based on your economic status, that is, how rich or poor you are? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 62 60 54 57 58 58 Sometimes 23 23 30 27 26 26 Often 10 11 11 11 12 11 Always 5 5 4 5 4 4 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1 1

Q95A. Do you have a job that pays a cash income? [If “Yes”:] Is it full time or part time? [If “No”:] Are you currently looking for a job? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No (not looking) 25 22 26 21 28 25 No (looking) 30 49 46 40 46 43 Yes, part time 10 11 13 14 9 12 Yes, full time 35 18 15 24 17 20 Refused 1 1 0 0

Q95B. If you have paid employment, that is, regular employment for which you receive something like an hourly wage or a regular salary, are you required to pay an income tax, that is, a tax deducted from your wages by your employer? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, am not required to pay 20 15 15 18 14 16 Yes, am required to pay 25 14 12 19 12 16 Not applicable 55 71 72 62 74 68 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0

Q95C. What is your main occupation? [If unemployed, retired, or disabled:] What was your last main occupation? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never had a job 12 25 18 13 25 19 Student 15 3 9 10 7 9 Housewife / homemaker 3 4 2 0 6 3 Agriculture / farming / fishing 1 8 5 6 4 5 / forestry Trader / hawker / vendor 3 2 2 2 3 2 Retail / Shop 4 2 5 2 6 4 Unskilled manual worker 15 30 26 26 24 25 (e.g., cleaner, laborer, domestic help, unskilled manufacturing worker) Artisan or skilled manual 10 7 12 16 4 10 worker (e.g., trades like electrician, mechanic, machinist or skilled manufacturing worker) Clerical or secretarial 2 2 2 0 4 2 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior 3 1 2 3 1 2 Manager Security services (police, 5 4 5 8 2 5 army, private security) Mid-level professional (e.g., 11 7 5 6 8 7 teacher, nurse, mid-level government officer) Upper-level professional (e.g., 11 2 2 5 3 4 banker/finance, doctor, lawyer, engineer, accountant, professor, senior-level government Other 3 3 3 4 2 3 Refused 1 0 1 0 0

Q95D. Do you work for yourself, for someone else in the private sector or the non-governmental sector, or for government? [If respondent indicated in Q95C that they were unemployed, retired, or disabled:] In your last job, did you work for yourself, for someone else in the private sector or the non-governmental sector, or for government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Works for self 16 29 26 29 21 25 Private sector 24 15 23 25 16 21 Non-governmental 6 3 2 2 4 3 organizations or civil society sector Government 17 16 12 14 15 14 Not applicable 30 33 30 23 38 31 Refused 3 3 4 3 4 4 Don’t know 3 3 3 3 3 3

Q96A. What is the main way that decisions are made about how to use any money that you have or earn, for example from a job, a business, selling things or other activities? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban You make the decisions 64 51 62 60 58 59 yourself Your spouse makes the 3 9 7 7 7 7 decisions You make the decisions 24 22 18 21 20 21 jointly with your spouse You make the decisions 5 10 6 7 7 7 jointly with other family members Other family members make 1 6 3 3 4 3 the decisions without you None of the above / Some 0 0 1 0 1 1 other response Not applicable, no earnings 1 1 2 1 2 1 Refused to answer 1 0 1 1 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q96B. Who is the head of this household, that is, the person who has primary responsibility for making decisions on behalf of the household? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban You [respondent] 46 49 48 58 38 48 Respondent’s spouse 17 14 12 2 26 14 Respondent’s father 8 8 12 10 10 10 Respondent’s mother 13 14 13 14 12 13 Respondent’s son 1 1 1 0 Respondent’s daughter 1 1 0 Respondent’s grandfather 1 2 1 1 1 1 Respondent’s grandmother 1 3 4 3 3 3 Another male relative 7 5 4 7 3 5 Another female relative 5 2 2 3 3 3 Someone else 1 1 1 0 2 1 More than one person 1 1 2 2 1 1 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

Q96C. What is the main occupation of the head of the household? [If unemployed, retired, or disabled:] What was his or her last main occupation? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never had a job 5 13 11 10 11 10 Student 0 0 0 0 0 Housewife / homemaker 2 2 2 2 2 2 Agriculture / farming / fishing 1 5 4 3 4 4 / forestry Trader / hawker / vendor 1 0 1 1 1 1 Retail / Shop 2 1 2 2 1 1 Unskilled manual worker 4 9 10 5 13 9 (e.g., cleaner, laborer, domestic help, unskilled manufacturing worker) Artisan or skilled manual 4 3 8 4 8 6 worker (e.g., trades like electrician, mechanic, machinist or skilled manufacturing worker) Clerical or secretarial 3 1 1 1 1 Supervisor / Foreman / Senior 3 1 1 1 1 1 Manager Security services (police, 9 1 2 3 4 3 army, private security) Mid-level professional (e.g., 8 7 4 5 7 6 teacher, nurse, mid-level government officer) Upper-level professional (e.g., 7 3 1 3 3 3 banker/finance, doctor, lawyer, engineer, accountant, professor, senior-level government Other 4 3 3 3 4 3 Not applicable 46 49 48 58 38 48 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

Development and international relations

See related question(s) under “Public services and government performance.”

Now let’s talk about how our country should relate to other countries in Southern Africa and in the world.

Q61. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: People living in Southern Africa should be able to move freely across international borders in order to trade or work in other countries. Statement 2: In order to protect their own citizens, governments should limit the cross-border movement of people and goods. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 24 18 17 22 16 19 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 10 10 12 11 11 11 Agree with Statement 2 17 20 18 17 20 18 Agree very strongly with 47 51 51 50 51 50 Statement 2 Agree with neither 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 1 1 1 2 1

Q62. In your opinion, how easy or difficult is it for people in Southern Africa to cross international borders in order to work or trade in other countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very difficult 11 17 17 16 15 16 Difficult 21 27 27 26 25 26 Easy 35 24 25 29 25 27 Very easy 8 8 7 8 7 8 Never try 1 1 1 1 1 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know / Haven’t heard 24 23 24 21 27 24 enough

Q66. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: In order to develop, our country must rely on trade with the rest of the world, including by opening our borders to foreign imports. Statement 2: In order to develop, our country must rely on local production and protect local producers from foreign competition. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 24 17 20 21 19 20 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 11 14 15 16 12 14 Agree with Statement 2 19 17 18 17 19 18 Agree very strongly with 41 49 43 44 45 44 Statement 2 Agree with Neither 1 1 2 2 1 1 Refused to answer 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 3 2 1 3 2

Q67. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: The government should only allow citizens and companies of our own country to trade in consumer goods, even if this means we will have fewer goods or higher prices. Statement 2: The government should continue to permit foreigners and foreign corporations to set up retail shops in this country to ensure we have a wide choice of low-cost consumer goods. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 19 20 19 18 21 19 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 14 13 15 12 16 14 Agree with Statement 2 16 20 19 19 18 18 Agree very strongly with 47 45 43 47 42 44 Statement 2 Agree with neither 3 1 2 2 2 2 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 2 2 2 2

Q63. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: It is important that as an independent nation, we finance development from our own resources, even if it means paying more taxes. Statement 2: We should use external loans for the development of the country, even if it increases our indebtedness to foreign countries and institutions. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 42 38 40 38 41 40 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 24 22 22 24 21 23 Agree with Statement 2 12 15 15 14 14 14 Agree very strongly with 16 17 18 18 16 17 Statement 2 Agree with neither 2 2 2 2 2 2 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 6 4 3 6 4

Q64A. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: When other countries give loans or development assistance to Botswana, they should enforce strict requirements on how the funds are spent. Statement 2: When other countries give Botswana loans or development assistance, they should allow our government to make its own decisions about how to use the resources. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 27 27 28 27 28 28 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 14 13 15 13 16 14 Agree with Statement 2 18 15 18 18 16 17 Agree very strongly with 38 41 37 41 35 38 Statement 2 Agree with neither 0 2 0 1 1 Don’t know 3 3 2 1 4 2

Q64B. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: When other countries give loans or development assistance to Botswana, they should enforce strict requirements to make sure our government promotes democracy and respects human rights. Statement 2: Even if other countries give Botswana loans or development assistance, our government should make its own decisions about democracy and human rights. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 32 30 29 31 30 30 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 13 13 17 14 17 15 Agree with Statement 2 18 16 18 18 17 18 Agree very strongly with 33 35 32 34 32 33 Statement 2 Agree with neither 2 1 1 1 1 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 4 2 2 4 3

Q65A. To your knowledge, does China give loans or development assistance to our country’s government, or haven’t you had a chance to hear about this? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 14 16 16 14 17 16 Yes 43 34 40 47 31 39 Refused to answer 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 43 49 44 38 52 45

Q65B. [If yes on Q65A] Do you think that our government is required to repay China for the loans and development assistance it provides to Botswana, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 5 6 7 7 6 6 Yes 28 20 21 28 17 22 Not applicable 57 66 60 53 69 61 Don’t know 10 8 12 12 9 10

Q65C. [If yes on Q65A] Do you think our government has borrowed too much money from China, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 6 9 9 10 6 8 Yes 17 9 12 15 9 12 Not applicable 57 66 60 53 69 61 Don’t know 20 17 20 22 15 19

Q65D. [If yes on Q65A] When the government of China gives loans or development assistance to Botswana, do you think they put more requirements or fewer requirements on our government compared to other donor countries, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Far fewer requirements 3 4 4 4 4 4 Somewhat fewer 4 8 9 9 5 7 requirements About the same number of 6 5 4 5 5 5 requirements Somewhat more 7 2 3 4 2 3 requirements Many more requirements 3 1 2 3 1 2 Not applicable 57 66 60 53 69 61 Don’t know / Haven’t heard 19 15 19 22 13 18 enough

Q69B. How much influence do you think China’s economic activities in Botswana have on our economy, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 2 2 2 2 2 2 A little 4 7 8 9 6 7 Some 17 9 16 14 14 14 A lot 38 39 38 40 37 38 Don’t know / Haven’t heard 39 44 35 36 42 39 enough

Q69A. In your opinion, which of the following countries, if any, would be the best model for the future development of our country, or is there some other country in Africa or elsewhere, that should be our model? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None of these / There is no 1 1 1 1 1 1 role model United States 18 19 24 24 19 21 China 27 25 24 25 25 25 Former colonial power 7 3 7 7 6 6 Rwanda 3 2 1 3 1 2 South Africa 25 33 29 29 29 29 Ethiopia 2 0 1 2 1 1 We should follow our own 6 4 2 3 4 4 country’s model Other country 4 2 2 3 1 2 Don’t know 7 11 8 4 13 9

Q70A. In general, do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following organizations on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: African Union? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 2 3 1 2 2 2 Somewhat negative 4 1 3 4 1 2 Neither positive nor negative 5 5 4 5 5 5 Somewhat positive 29 22 32 32 24 28 Very positive 17 22 20 21 19 20 Don’t know 43 46 40 36 49 42

Q70B. In general, do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following organizations on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: SADC? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 2 1 1 1 1 1 Somewhat negative 2 1 4 3 2 2 Neither positive nor negative 5 6 3 5 4 4 Somewhat positive 33 21 28 30 24 27 Very positive 25 37 34 34 32 33 Don’t know 33 35 30 27 37 32

Q70C. In general, do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following organizations on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: United Nations agencies? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 3 4 2 4 2 3 Somewhat negative 4 2 1 2 3 2 Neither positive nor negative 7 4 5 5 5 5 Somewhat positive 26 19 28 29 21 25 Very positive 22 23 25 25 23 24 Don’t know 39 47 39 35 47 41

Q70D. And what about the following countries? Do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following countries on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Britain? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 2 3 3 4 2 3 Somewhat negative 4 4 4 4 4 4 Neither positive nor negative 6 4 4 4 4 4 Somewhat positive 36 29 38 38 32 35 Very positive 8 15 12 13 11 12 Don’t know 43 45 40 37 47 42

Q70E. And what about the following countries? Do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following countries on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: China? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 4 2 4 5 2 3 Somewhat negative 5 4 8 7 5 6 Neither positive nor negative 6 3 3 4 4 4 Somewhat positive 33 29 37 36 31 34 Very positive 22 27 21 23 23 23 Don’t know 31 34 27 25 35 30

Q70F. And what about the following countries? Do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following countries on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: United States? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 2 2 2 2 2 2 Somewhat negative 8 3 4 6 4 5 Neither positive nor negative 8 6 6 5 7 6 Somewhat positive 34 31 35 38 30 34 Very positive 13 16 16 18 13 15 Don’t know 36 41 37 31 44 38

Q70G. And what about the following countries? Do you think that the economic and political influence of each of the following countries on Botswana is mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say: South Africa? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 4 3 3 3 4 3 Somewhat negative 7 4 4 4 5 5 Neither positive nor negative 8 6 7 7 7 7 Somewhat positive 32 33 38 38 33 35 Very positive 20 24 23 25 20 23 Don’t know 29 30 25 24 31 27 Q71. In thinking about the future of the next generation in our country, which of these international languages, if any, do you think is most important for young people to learn? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None of these / No 1 1 0 1 1 1 international language needed English 79 82 80 77 83 80 French 9 4 9 9 7 8 Portuguese 1 0 2 1 1 1 Arabic 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chinese 7 8 5 8 5 6 Kiswahili 1 1 1 1 0 1 Other [Specify] 2 3 2 2 3 2 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 1 1 1 1 1

Democracy and politics

See related questions under “Institutions and leaders.”

Q20A. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives: Only one political party is allowed to stand for election and hold office? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 79 66 66 73 65 69 Disapprove 13 13 17 14 16 15 Neither approve nor 0 0 1 1 1 disapprove Approve 6 10 8 7 9 8 Strongly approve 2 9 8 6 8 7 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0

Q20B. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives: The army comes in to govern the country? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 79 79 77 80 75 78 Disapprove 11 10 13 9 14 12 Neither approve nor 2 1 1 1 1 disapprove Approve 5 6 6 5 6 6 Strongly approve 3 4 3 4 3 3 Don’t know 1 1 0 0 1 1

Q20C. There are many ways to govern a country. Would you disapprove or approve of the following alternatives: Elections and Parliament are abolished so that the president can decide everything? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 81 81 77 80 78 79 Disapprove 13 10 17 13 15 14 Neither approve nor 0 1 0 1 1 disapprove Approve 2 5 3 4 3 3 Strongly approve 3 4 3 3 3 3 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q21. Which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? Statement 1: Democracy is preferable to any other kind of government. Statement 2: In some circumstances, a non-democratic government can be preferable. Statement 3: For someone like me, it doesn’t matter what kind of government we have. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Statement 3: Doesn’t matter 13 12 12 11 14 13 Statement 2: Sometimes non- 11 15 14 13 15 14 democratic preferable. Statement 1: Democracy 75 70 72 75 69 72 preferable Don’t know 1 3 1 1 2 2

Q22. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: It is more important to have a government that can get things done, even if we have no influence over what it does. Statement 2: It is more important for citizens to be able to hold government accountable, even if that means it makes decisions more slowly. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 12 14 13 12 14 13 Agree with 1 11 9 9 9 9 9 Agree with 2 17 18 16 16 18 17 Agree very strongly with 2 59 59 62 63 57 60 Agree with neither 0 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 1 1 0 1 1

Q29. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Parliament should ensure that the president explains to it on a regular basis how his government spends taxpayers’ money. Statement 2: The president should be able to devote his full attention to developing the country rather than wasting time justifying his actions. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 65 59 56 59 59 59 Agree with 1 15 15 20 16 18 17 Agree with 2 7 9 10 9 9 9 Agree very strongly with 2 11 14 13 14 11 13 Agree with neither 0 2 1 0 2 1 Don’t know 1 0 1 1 1 1

Q34. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: The Constitution should limit the president to serving a maximum of two terms in office. Statement 2: There should be no constitutional limit on how long the president can serve. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 67 58 58 63 57 60 Agree with 1 17 18 20 18 20 19 Agree with 2 3 8 8 6 8 7 Agree very strongly with 2 9 15 12 11 13 12 Agree with neither 1 1 1 0 2 1 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 0 1 1 2 1

Q35A. Should there be a minimum age for candidates for president? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 46 34 35 35 39 37 Yes 54 62 62 63 57 60 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don't know 1 4 3 2 4 3

Q35B. [If “Yes”:] What should the minimum age be? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban 18 2 2 4 3 3 3 20 0 0 1 1 0 1 21 2 3 2 2 3 2 23 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 25 3 2 3 3 2 2 26 0 0 0 28 1 1 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 30 12 9 12 11 11 11 32 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 35 10 8 7 8 8 8 36 1 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 38 0 1 1 1 1 1 39 0 0 0 0 40 8 17 14 16 12 14 41 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 45 7 6 7 7 6 6 46 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 50 3 6 7 7 5 6 52 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 60 1 2 1 2 2 2 65 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 Not applicable 46 38 38 37 43 40 Don’t know 2 2 1 1 1 1

Q35C. Should there be a maximum age for candidates for president? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 32 28 30 27 32 30 Yes 68 68 67 71 64 67 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don't know 1 5 3 2 4 3

Q35D. [If “Yes”:] What should the maximum age be? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban 21 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 1 0 0 35 0 0 1 1 0 0 36 0 0 0 40 1 0 2 2 1 1 41 0 0 0 45 2 0 2 2 1 1 48 0 0 0 50 5 6 7 6 6 6 55 3 3 4 3 3 3 56 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 60 14 11 10 11 11 11 64 0 0 0 65 14 13 13 13 13 13 66 0 0 0 0 0 68 1 1 0 69 0 0 1 0 1 0 70 13 15 13 15 12 13 72 1 0 0 0 75 5 5 4 5 4 4 78 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 80 3 6 6 5 5 5 82 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 85 2 0 0 0 1 1 89 0 0 0 90 1 1 1 1 1 1 91 0 0 0 93 0 0 0 95 0 0 0 0 0 96 1 0 0 0 98 0 0 0 100 2 0 0 1 1 Not applicable 32 32 33 29 36 33 Don’t know 2 2 0 1 1 1

Q36. In your opinion, how much of a democracy is Botswana today? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not a democracy 4 4 6 5 5 5 A democracy, with major 22 13 18 18 17 17 problems A democracy, but with minor 51 51 53 55 49 52 problems A full democracy 22 28 20 21 25 23 Do not understand question 2 1 1 1 1 /do not understand what ‘democracy’ is Don’t know 1 1 2 1 2 1 Refused 1 0 0 0 0

Q37. Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Botswana? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban The country is not a 1 0 0 0 0 democracy Not at all satisfied 15 11 16 14 14 14 Not very satisfied 26 25 27 27 26 26 Fairly satisfied 44 40 44 41 45 43 Very satisfied 14 22 10 16 13 14 Refused 0 0 0 Do not know 1 2 2 2 2 2

Q52A. Who should be responsible for making sure that, once elected, members of Parliament do their jobs? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban The President / executive 32 39 34 36 35 35 The Parliament / local 17 14 17 15 17 16 government council Their political party 7 6 9 7 8 8 The voters 38 37 36 39 35 37 No one 0 0 0 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 4 3 5 4

Q52B. Who should be responsible for making sure that, once elected, the president does his or her job? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban The President / executive 17 19 22 20 21 20 The Parliament / local 37 35 39 39 36 38 government council Their political party 8 7 7 7 7 7 The voters 32 35 26 31 29 30 No one 1 0 1 0 1 1 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 5 3 6 4

Q26. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Our elected officials should listen to constituents’ views and do what they demand. Statement 2: Our elected leaders should follow their own ideas in deciding what is best for the country. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 65 66 63 63 65 64 Agree with 1 18 18 17 19 17 18 Agree with 2 6 7 8 6 8 7 Agree very strongly with 2 9 7 12 11 9 10 Agree with neither 0 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 1 0 0 1 1 1

Q27. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Our elected leaders need to focus on empowering our most capable citizens. Statement 2: Our elected leaders should focus on helping people who have been left behind by economic and social change. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 17 19 18 18 18 18 Agree with 1 10 8 9 10 8 9 Agree with 2 15 17 17 16 17 17 Agree very strongly with 2 56 52 54 54 53 54 Agree with neither 2 3 2 2 2 2 Don’t know 1 1 0 0 1 1

Q28. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Experts with specialized education or skills are needed to help make the most important decisions for our country. Statement 2: The people and their elected representatives know what is best; they do not need the advice of experts to run the country. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 66 68 64 67 65 66 Agree with 1 21 17 20 20 19 19 Agree with 2 2 4 6 4 5 5 Agree very strongly with 2 9 9 8 9 8 8 Agree with neither 1 0 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 1 2 1 0 2 1

Q31. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Whichever party or group wins elections should be able to pursue the policies they prefer, without needing to compromise with others. Statement 2: In a democracy, it is important to make compromises between the preferences and needs of different groups. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 10 10 8 9 9 9 Agree with 1 8 13 7 9 9 9 Agree with 2 13 20 23 20 20 20 Agree very strongly with 2 66 55 61 61 59 60 Agree with neither 1 1 1 0 1 1 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 0 0 1 1

Freedoms

See related questions under “Media and access to information.”

Q10A. In this country, how free are you to say what you think? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all free 7 4 5 5 6 6 Not very free 11 12 14 15 11 13 Somewhat free 24 20 20 21 21 21 Completely free 56 64 59 57 62 60 Don’t know 1 0 1 1 1 1

Q10B. In this country, how free are you to join any political organization you want? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all free 5 3 5 4 4 4 Not very free 5 4 7 6 6 6 Somewhat free 9 6 8 8 7 8 Completely free 81 85 78 80 81 81 Refused 0 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1 1

Q10C. In this country, how free are you to choose who to vote for without feeling pressured? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all free 2 2 2 2 2 2 Not very free 3 1 5 3 3 3 Somewhat free 10 3 4 6 5 5 Completely free 84 93 88 88 90 89 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 1 0 1 1

Q40. In your opinion, how often, in this country, do people have to be careful of what they say about politics? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 22 23 25 22 25 23 Rarely 26 21 20 24 19 21 Often 25 23 30 28 25 27 Always 24 29 22 25 24 24 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 4 2 6 4

Q19A. Let’s talk for a moment about the kind of society you would like to have in this country. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: The government should be able to ban any organization that goes against its policies. Statement 2: We should be able to join any organization, whether or not the government approves of it. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 13 16 15 13 16 15 Agree with 1 8 13 13 12 12 12 Agree with 2 15 14 18 17 15 16 Agree very strongly with 2 61 51 49 52 52 52 Agree with neither 1 3 4 3 3 3 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 1 3 2 1 3 2

Q73. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Even if faced with threats to public security, people should be free to move about the country at any time of day or night. Statement 2: When faced with threats to public security, the government should be able to impose curfews and set up special roadblocks to prevent people from moving around. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 34 32 34 34 33 33 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 21 14 22 18 20 19 Agree with Statement 2 13 17 20 19 16 18 Agree very strongly with 30 36 23 27 30 28 Statement 2 Agree with Neither 0 0 1 1 0 1 Refused to answer 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 0 1 1 1

Q74. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Government should be able to monitor private communications, for example on mobile phones, to make sure that people are not plotting violence. Statement 2: People should have the right to communicate in private without a government agency reading or listening to what they are saying. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 21 25 22 22 24 23 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 10 10 11 12 9 11 Agree with Statement 2 15 14 17 14 17 15 Agree very strongly with 52 46 48 49 47 48 Statement 2 Agree with neither 3 2 1 3 1 2 Refused to answer 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 1 0 2 1

Q75. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Freedom of religion and worship are absolute, meaning that government should never limit what is said in a place of worship. Statement 2: Government should have the power to regulate what is said in places of worship, especially if preachers or congregants threaten public security. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 32 33 26 29 30 29 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 15 16 18 18 16 17 Agree with Statement 2 14 12 16 13 16 14 Agree very strongly with 38 37 38 39 36 37 Statement 2 Agree with neither 1 1 1 1 1 Refused to answer 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1 1

Citizenship and participation

See related questions under “Elections.”

Q9. When you get together with your friends or family, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally, or never? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 28 41 35 32 38 35 Occasionally 47 37 45 41 45 43 Frequently 26 21 20 26 17 22 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q11A. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. [If “No”:] Would you do this if you had the chance: Attended a community meeting? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, would never do this 11 5 7 8 6 7 No, would do it if I had the 40 23 33 32 32 32 chance Yes, once or twice 20 14 21 17 20 19 Yes, several times 19 33 23 27 24 25 Yes, often 10 25 15 16 18 17 Refused 0 0 0

Q11B. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. [If “No”:] Would you do this if you had the chance: Got together with others to raise an issue? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, would never do this 17 12 15 13 16 14 No, would do it if I had the 54 51 52 49 55 52 chance Yes, once or twice 9 10 15 14 11 12 Yes, several times 13 17 11 15 11 13 Yes, often 7 11 6 9 7 8 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q11C. Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year. [If “No”:] Would you do this if you had the chance: Participated in a demonstration or protest march? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, would never do this 40 44 38 38 43 40 No, would do it if I had the 47 46 48 48 47 47 chance Yes, once or twice 6 4 7 7 4 6 Yes, several times 3 2 4 4 4 4 Yes, often 3 3 2 3 2 3 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 0 0

Q12A. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views: A local government councillor? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 78 64 64 64 71 67 Only once 7 15 14 14 12 13 A few times 11 12 14 15 11 13 Often 3 10 7 8 7 7 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0 0

Q12B. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views: A member of Parliament? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 84 84 83 82 85 83 Only once 5 7 6 7 5 6 A few times 7 6 7 7 6 7 Often 3 4 4 4 4 4 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q12C. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views: A political party official? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 86 84 82 81 85 83 Only once 6 6 9 8 6 7 A few times 7 6 6 8 5 6 Often 2 4 4 3 4 4 Don’t know 0 0 0

Q12D. During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views: A traditional leader? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 83 63 75 70 77 73 Only once 6 7 7 6 8 7 A few times 7 13 11 13 8 11 Often 4 17 7 11 7 9

Q91A. Do you feel close to any particular political party? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No (not close to any party) 48 35 40 40 40 40 Yes (feels close to a party) 47 64 58 58 56 57 Refused to answer 4 1 2 2 3 2 Does not know 0 0 0 0 0

Q91B: Which party is that? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Alliance for Progressives (AP) 5 1 2 3 2 2 Botswana Congress Party 2 5 2 3 3 3 (BCP) Botswana Democratic Party 23 39 32 30 34 32 (BDP) Botswana Movement For 0 0 0 Democracy (BMD) Botswana National Front 1 2 2 2 1 2 (BNF) Botswana People’s Party 0 0 0 0 (BPP) Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF) 1 2 1 1 1 1 Umbrella for Democratic 11 11 14 14 11 13 Change (UDC ) Other 0 0 0 Not applicable 53 36 42 42 44 43 Refused 4 4 5 5 4 4

Rule of law

Q30. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Since the president was elected to lead the country, [he] should not be bound by laws or court decisions that [he] thinks are wrong. Statement 2: The president must always obey the laws and the courts, even if [he] thinks they are wrong. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 9 10 9 9 9 9 Agree with 1 5 8 9 6 10 8 Agree with 2 15 17 18 17 16 17 Agree very strongly with 2 70 62 62 67 60 64 Agree with neither 1 1 0 1 1 Don’t know 2 2 1 1 3 2

Q40B. In your opinion, how often, in this country, does the president ignore the courts and laws of this country? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 59 58 51 57 53 55 Rarely 18 15 21 19 18 18 Often 8 7 10 9 8 9 Always 2 3 7 5 4 5 Refused 0 0 0 0 1 0 Don’t know 13 16 11 10 16 13

Q40C. In your opinion, how often, in this country, does the president ignore Parliament and just do what he wants? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 58 60 52 57 53 55 Rarely 16 15 21 19 18 18 Often 10 5 10 10 7 9 Always 4 5 4 5 3 4 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 11 15 14 8 18 13

Q40E. In your opinion, how often, in this country, are people treated unequally under the law? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 26 29 25 25 28 27 Rarely 24 19 19 20 19 20 Often 24 27 32 29 30 29 Always 22 20 20 22 18 20 Don’t know 4 5 4 3 5 4

Q40F. In your opinion, how often, in this country, do officials who commit crimes go unpunished? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 21 26 23 22 25 23 Rarely 23 17 17 20 17 19 Often 23 25 25 25 25 25 Always 26 23 27 28 24 26 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 6 9 7 5 9 7

Q40G. In your opinion, how often, in this country, do ordinary people who break the law go unpunished? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 32 47 45 43 43 43 Rarely 22 18 14 17 17 17 Often 18 14 17 15 18 16 Always 25 18 20 22 19 21 Don’t know 4 3 3 2 4 3

Q32. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: A government that enjoys the support of the people should be free to do whatever the people want, even if it is outside the law. Statement 2: The actions of any government, no matter how popular it is, must always follow the law. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 7 9 7 6 9 8 Agree with 1 5 6 7 5 7 6 Agree with 2 11 17 18 16 17 16 Agree very strongly with 2 75 67 68 72 66 69 Agree with neither 0 0 0 0 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 1 0 1 1

Elections

See also Q41C (trust in electoral commission) under “Institutions and leaders.”

Q24. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: We should choose our leaders in this country through regular, open, and honest elections. Statement 2: Since elections sometimes produce bad results, we should adopt other methods for choosing this country’s leaders. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 56 59 54 58 54 56 Agree with 1 18 18 20 18 21 19 Agree with 2 8 10 7 7 8 8 Agree very strongly with 2 16 12 19 16 16 16 Agree with neither 0 0 1 1 0 0 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 1 1

Q25. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Political parties create division and confusion; it is therefore unnecessary to have many political parties in Botswana. Statement 2: Many political parties are needed to make sure that Batswana have real choices in who governs them. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 14 21 19 16 21 18 Agree with 1 6 9 10 8 9 9 Agree with 2 13 11 15 14 13 14 Agree very strongly with 2 65 59 55 60 56 58 Agree with neither 0 2 1 1 1 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0 0

Q40A. In your opinion, how often, in this country, does competition between political parties lead to violent conflict? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 43 50 43 44 46 45 Rarely 36 27 36 36 31 34 Often 12 17 14 14 15 15 Always 6 4 5 4 6 5 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 2 2 1 1 2 2

Let’s talk about the last national election held in 2014.

Q13. People are not always able to vote in elections, for example, because they weren’t registered, they were unable to go, or someone prevented them from voting. How about you? In the last national election held in 2014, did you vote, or not, or were you too young to vote? Or can’t you remember whether you voted? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban I did not vote 25 19 23 24 20 22 I was too young to vote 15 10 13 12 13 13 I can’t remember whether I 2 1 3 2 2 2 voted I voted in the election 57 70 61 62 64 63 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q14. On the whole, how would you rate the freeness and fairness of the last national election, held in 2014? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not free and fair 3 5 6 6 4 5 Free and fair, with major 4 2 4 3 4 3 problems Free and fair, but with minor 24 17 25 26 19 22 problems Completely free and fair 58 66 54 57 59 58 Do not understand question 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 9 10 12 8 13 11 Refused 1 1 1 0 0

Q15A. Thinking about the last national election in 2014: Did you attend a campaign rally? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 73 70 70 66 75 70 Yes 27 30 30 33 25 29 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 1 1 0 0

Q15B. Thinking about the last national election in 2014: Did you work for a candidate or party? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 87 83 82 83 84 83 Yes 12 17 16 16 15 16 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

Q15C. Thinking about the last national election in 2014: Did any representative of a political party contact you during the campaign? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 57 44 37 44 42 43 Yes 42 56 61 54 57 56 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 1 1 1

Q15D. If someone from a political party contacted you, which party were they from? (first response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Botswana Democratic Party 12 14 14 14 14 14 (BDP) Botswana Movement For 1 1 1 1 1 1 Democracy (BMD) Botswana National Front 1 1 2 2 1 2 (BNF) Botswana People’s Party 0 0 0 0 0 (BPP) Umbrella for Democratic 10 14 15 13 14 14 Change (UDC) Other 1 1 0 0 0 0 No further response 17 25 28 24 26 25 Not applicable 58 44 39 46 43 44

Q15D. If someone from a political party contacted you, which party were they from? (second response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Botswana Movement For 3 1 3 2 2 2 Democracy (BMD) Botswana National Front 0 1 1 1 1 1 (BNF) Botswana People’s Party 0 0 0 (BPP) Marx Engels Lenin Stalin 0 0 0 (MELS) Umbrella for Democratic 8 5 7 7 6 7 Change (UDC) Other 0 0 1 0 1 0 No further response 31 49 49 44 47 45 Not applicable 58 44 39 46 43 44

Q15D. If someone from a political party contacted you, which party were they from? (third response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

Q15D If someone from a political party contacted you, which party were they from? (fourth response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Botswana National Front 1 1 2 2 2 2 (BNF) Botswana People’s Party 0 0 0 (BPP) Umbrella for Democratic 1 1 1 1 1 1 Change (UDC) Other 1 0 0 0 0 No further response 40 54 57 51 54 53 Not applicable 58 44 39 46 43 44

Q15D. If someone from a political party contacted you, which party were they from? (fifth response) Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Botswana People’s Party 1 1 1 1 1 1 (BPP) Marx Engels Lenin Stalin 0 0 0 (MELS) Umbrella for Democratic 0 1 1 1 1 Change (UDC) No further response 41 55 59 52 55 54 Not applicable 58 44 39 46 43 44

Q16A. During the last national election campaign in 2014, how often did the media provide fair coverage of all candidates? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 29 21 19 22 22 22 Sometimes 24 22 27 29 21 25 Often 11 8 8 8 8 8 Always 17 26 23 23 22 23 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 19 23 23 18 26 22

Q16B. During the last national election in 2014, how often, if ever, did a candidate or someone from a political party offer you something, like food, a gift, or money, in return for your vote? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 83 90 84 83 88 86 Once or twice 8 3 8 8 5 7 Several times 4 5 3 5 3 4 Often 2 2 2 1 2 2 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 0 4 3 2 2

Q17A. In the last national election in 2014, how often did each of the following things happen: People’s votes were not accurately counted or not fairly reflected in the results? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 60 60 56 60 57 58 A few times 12 20 20 20 17 19 Often 2 6 7 7 5 6 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 25 14 16 13 21 17

Q17B. In the last national election in 2014, how often did each of the following things happen: People voted more than once? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 63 69 67 67 67 67 A few times 10 12 9 12 9 10 Often 3 4 4 3 5 4 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 24 14 20 18 20 19 Q17D. During the last national election campaign in 2014, how much did you personally fear becoming a victim of political intimidation or violence? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban A lot 4 3 4 4 3 4 Somewhat 5 2 6 4 6 5 A little bit 6 4 8 8 5 6 Not at all 82 89 79 82 83 83 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 1 2 2 3 2

Q18A. During the last national election in 2014, did you witness police or soldiers, rather than election officials, assisting some people to cast their ballot? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 77 85 77 81 78 79 Yes 6 8 10 9 9 9 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know / Can’t 17 7 13 10 13 12 remember

Q18B. During the last national election in 2014, did you witness anyone from the security forces or a political party trying to intimidate voters? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 78 90 84 86 83 85 Yes 5 4 6 5 5 5 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know / Can’t 17 6 9 9 11 10 remember

Q18C. With regard to the last national election in 2014, to what extent do you think the results announced by the Independent Electoral Commission accurately reflected the actual results as counted? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not accurate at all 1 3 2 1 3 2 Not very accurate, with 2 6 6 6 5 5 major discrepancies Mostly accurate, but with 29 14 22 24 19 21 some minor discrepancies Completely accurate 54 67 59 60 61 60 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 14 9 11 9 13 11

Q53A. Think about how elections work in practice in this country. How well do elections ensure that representatives to Parliament reflect the views of voters? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all well 12 9 10 11 9 10 Not very well 33 34 37 37 33 35 Well 31 33 36 31 37 34 Very well 17 17 12 16 13 15 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 6 7 5 5 7 6

Q53B. Think about how elections work in practice in this country. How well do elections enable voters to remove from office leaders who do not do what the people want? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all well 12 7 12 10 11 10 Not very well 35 29 29 30 30 30 Well 23 33 37 33 32 33 Very well 23 25 19 23 20 21 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 7 6 4 4 7 5

Q53C. How often do you think that communities that do not vote for the ruling party suffer negative consequences, such as lack of government support for local services or development projects? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 19 30 23 22 26 24 Rarely 22 23 16 20 19 19 Sometimes 24 14 22 19 21 20 Often 21 18 24 24 20 22 Always 9 9 9 10 8 9 Refused 1 0 0 0 Don’t know 5 5 5 3 7 5

17C. How likely do you think it is that powerful people can find out how you voted, even though there is supposed to be a secret ballot in this country? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all likely 44 55 44 46 49 47 Not very likely 10 10 15 13 12 12 Somewhat likely 19 15 18 18 17 17 Very likely 19 11 16 16 14 15 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 9 9 7 7 9 8

Q99. 99. If national elections were held tomorrow, which candidate or party would you vote for? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Alliance for Progressives (AP) 7 2 2 4 3 3 Botswana Congress Party 1 6 2 2 3 3 (BCP) Botswana Democratic Party 34 50 45 42 46 44 (BDP) Botswana Movement For 0 1 0 1 0 Democracy (BMD) Botswana National Front 1 2 1 1 1 1 (BNF) Botswana People’s Party 1 0 0 (BPP) Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF) 2 2 2 2 2 2 Real Alternative Party (RAP) 0 0 0 Umbrella for Democratic 23 18 25 26 19 22 Change (UDC ) Other 2 1 1 1 1 1 Would not vote 13 5 7 7 8 7 Refused 12 11 10 10 11 11 Don’t know 6 5 5 4 6 5

Institutions and leaders

See related questions under “Public services and government performance.”

Q41A. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The president? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 16 20 19 19 19 19 Just a little 23 22 25 24 23 23 Somewhat 21 12 16 16 15 16 A lot 25 37 32 33 31 32 Refused 4 0 1 2 1 1 Don’t know 11 9 7 6 11 8

Q41B. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Parliament? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 23 25 24 25 24 24 Just a little 27 26 30 30 27 28 Somewhat 23 13 17 16 18 17 A lot 16 30 23 24 22 23 Refused 2 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 8 6 5 4 8 6

Q41C. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Independent Electoral Commission or IEC? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 16 13 17 14 17 15 Just a little 23 16 20 20 18 19 Somewhat 18 16 17 17 17 17 A lot 33 49 41 43 40 42 Refused 1 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 9 6 5 5 8 6

Q41D. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Your local government council? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 20 21 25 24 21 23 Just a little 25 26 25 27 24 25 Somewhat 24 16 18 17 20 18 A lot 23 33 27 28 28 28 Refused 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 7 5 5 4 7 5

Q41E. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The ruling party? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 32 29 29 33 26 29 Just a little 23 18 26 20 26 23 Somewhat 17 10 12 14 12 13 A lot 20 41 30 31 32 31 Refused 1 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 6 2 2 2 4 3

Q41F. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Opposition political parties? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 33 48 39 40 41 40 Just a little 24 20 26 24 24 24 Somewhat 20 12 14 13 15 14 A lot 14 16 18 18 15 16 Refused 1 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 8 4 3 4 6 5

Q41G. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The police? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 17 14 18 17 16 16 Just a little 19 12 20 15 19 17 Somewhat 22 17 18 20 17 18 A lot 39 56 45 47 47 47 Refused 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 2 1 0 1 1 1

Q41H. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The Botswana Defence Force? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 11 9 10 10 9 10 Just a little 15 8 13 13 11 12 Somewhat 22 12 16 15 17 16 A lot 46 66 57 58 57 57 Refused 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 5 5 3 3 6 4

Q41I. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Courts of law? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 12 7 14 13 11 12 Just a little 18 18 18 18 18 18 Somewhat 24 18 21 21 21 21 A lot 38 50 43 44 43 44 Refused 1 0 1 0 Don’t know 7 7 4 3 7 5

Q41J. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The Botswana Unified Revenue Service? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 16 16 16 16 16 16 Just a little 20 14 17 17 16 17 Somewhat 23 17 18 17 20 19 A lot 32 41 39 42 35 38 Refused 2 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 7 12 10 7 13 10

Q41K. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Traditional leaders? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all 9 10 11 11 10 11 Just a little 17 13 15 15 15 15 Somewhat 22 13 19 18 18 18 A lot 42 62 53 53 54 53 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 8 1 1 3 3 3

Q41L. How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Religious leaders? Urban Rural Semi-urban Male Female Total Not at all 21 18 19 20 18 19 Just a little 24 14 22 21 19 20 Somewhat 18 15 15 15 17 16 A lot 32 51 43 41 44 43 Refused 1 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 4 2 1 2 2 2

Q51A. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past 12 months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: President Mokgweetsi Masisi? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 12 19 16 15 17 16 Disapprove 14 16 15 15 15 15 Approve 34 30 34 34 31 33 Strongly approve 21 20 22 22 19 21 Refused 2 1 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 17 15 13 12 17 15

Q51B. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past 12 months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Your member of Parliament? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 33 36 33 34 33 34 Disapprove 22 20 26 25 22 23 Approve 22 27 23 24 24 24 Strongly approve 10 13 12 11 12 12 Refused 1 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 13 5 5 5 8 7

Q51C. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past 12 months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Your elected local government councillor? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 27 30 29 29 30 29 Disapprove 24 20 27 26 23 24 Approve 26 31 25 28 26 27 Strongly approve 10 14 13 12 13 12 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 12 5 6 5 9 7

Q51D. Do you approve or disapprove of the way that the following people have performed their jobs over the past 12 months, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Your traditional leader? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disapprove 2 5 4 4 4 4 Disapprove 17 10 13 13 13 13 Approve 17 10 11 13 12 12 Strongly approve 27 40 43 38 40 39 Not applicable 7 1 2 3 3 3 Refused 3 1 2 2 2 2 Don’t know 26 33 26 28 27 28

Q38A. How much of the time do you think the following try their best to listen to what people like you have to say: Members of Parliament? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 37 33 32 34 32 33 Only sometimes 47 50 51 48 52 50 Often 10 8 8 8 8 8 Always 4 8 6 6 6 6 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 2 3 3 2 2

Q38B. How much of the time do you think the following try their best to listen to what people like you have to say: Members of local government council? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 30 29 30 31 29 30 Only sometimes 47 45 48 47 48 47 Often 12 12 11 11 12 11 Always 8 11 9 9 9 9 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 2 2 1 3 2

Q38C. How much of the time do you think the following try their best to listen to what people like you have to say: Traditional leaders? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 21 13 20 18 18 18 Only sometimes 36 28 33 32 32 32 Often 15 26 21 22 21 21 Always 19 31 24 25 25 25 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 7 2 3 3 4 3

Traditional leaders

Also see related questions in: - Institutions and leaders” above, about trust, Q41; about how often traditional leaders listen, Q38; and about job performance, Q51 - “Citizenship and participation” about contact with traditional leaders, Q12 - “Corruption,” Q42

Now let’s talk about traditional leaders and their role in politics and government in this country.

Q87A. How much influence do traditional leaders currently have in each of the following areas: Governing your local community? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 10 7 9 10 7 9 A small amount 28 24 21 27 20 24 Some 24 20 25 23 24 23 A lot 33 47 41 38 44 41 Refused 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 5 2 2 2 4 3

Q87B. How much influence do traditional leaders currently have in each of the following areas: Allocating land? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 53 45 50 50 48 49 A small amount 23 26 19 24 20 22 Some 11 12 14 11 15 13 A lot 7 12 14 12 13 12 Refused 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 6 5 2 3 5 4

Q87C. How much influence do traditional leaders currently have in each of the following areas: Influencing how people in their communities vote? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 54 58 59 57 58 58 A small amount 19 17 15 17 16 16 Some 10 9 12 10 11 11 A lot 11 10 9 11 9 10 Refused 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 7 6 4 5 6 5 Q87D. How much influence do traditional leaders currently have in each of the following areas: Solving local disputes? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 15 8 9 11 8 10 A small amount 14 12 11 13 11 12 Some 20 18 17 19 17 18 A lot 46 60 63 55 63 59 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 5 2 0 2 2 2

Q87E. Do you think that the amount of influence traditional leaders have in governing your local community should increase, stay the same, or decrease? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female

urban Decrease a lot 1 2 2 2 2 Decrease somewhat 5 4 4 5 3 Stay the same 29 30 30 26 33 Increase somewhat 33 32 33 33 32 Increase a lot 29 30 30 32 28 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 1 1 2 1

Q88. Which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? Statement 1: Traditional leaders mostly look out for what is best for the people in their communities. Statement 2: Traditional leaders mostly serve the interests of politicians and government officials. Statement 3: Traditional leaders mostly look out for their own personal interests. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Do not agree with any of 1 2 1 1 1 these statements Statement 3: Traditional 10 8 9 9 9 9 leaders mostly look out for their own personal interests. Statement 2: Traditional 15 8 14 15 11 13 leaders mostly serve the interests of politicians and government officials. Statement 1: Traditional 71 82 74 74 78 76 leaders mostly look out for what is best for the people in their communities. Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 1 1 2 2 2

Q89A. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Traditional leaders have a better grasp of political issues than ordinary people; they should give their people advice about how to vote. Statement 2: Traditional leaders should stay out of politics and leave people to make their own decisions about how to vote. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 10 15 10 12 11 12 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 10 5 8 6 10 8 Agree with Statement 2 12 17 18 16 16 16 Agree very strongly with 65 61 61 64 60 62 Statement 2 Agree with neither 1 1 1 1 1 1 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 1 1 2 1

Q89B. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Traditional leaders are mostly in competition with elected leaders for resources, power and influence. Statement 2: Traditional leaders mostly work in cooperation with elected leaders to get things done. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 7 8 7 8 7 7 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 8 5 11 10 7 9 Agree with Statement 2 19 26 27 25 26 25 Agree very strongly with 58 52 50 52 53 52 Statement 2 Agree with neither 1 4 2 2 3 3 Refused to answer 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 6 4 3 3 4 4

Q90. Some people think that because traditional leaders are not elected, they are bad for democracy, but other people think that traditional leaders can work together with elected leaders to make democracy work better. What about you? Do you think that traditional leaders strengthen democracy, weaken democracy, or don’t make a difference? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Weaken democracy 8 7 7 7 8 8 Don’t make a difference 33 23 29 30 26 28 Strengthen democracy 56 64 60 60 60 60 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 5 4 3 6 4

Corruption

Also see questions in “Public services and government performance” about: - Government performance in fighting corruption, Q50 - Bribe-paying for public services, Q44

Q42A. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: The president and officials in his office? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 6 13 10 10 11 10 Some of them 41 34 39 41 35 38 Most of them 19 19 20 20 19 20 All of them 15 14 14 17 12 14 Refused 5 1 2 2 2 2 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 14 19 14 10 21 16

Q42B. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Members of Parliament? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 6 11 8 9 8 9 Some of them 40 43 46 46 42 44 Most of them 24 14 21 22 17 20 All of them 14 13 12 13 12 13 Refused 4 0 1 2 1 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 12 18 12 8 20 14

Q42C. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Civil servants? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 4 11 7 8 7 7 Some of them 50 48 50 50 49 49 Most of them 26 19 27 25 24 25 All of them 8 8 7 9 6 8 Refused 2 0 0 1 0 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 10 14 9 7 14 11

Q42D. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Members of your local government council? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 9 16 13 12 14 13 Some of them 52 47 54 52 51 51 Most of them 17 12 15 17 12 15 All of them 5 7 6 8 5 6 Refused 2 0 0 1 1 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 14 18 12 11 18 14

Q42E. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Police? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 8 17 12 13 12 13 Some of them 48 43 48 46 47 47 Most of them 23 20 22 26 18 22 All of them 8 7 9 8 8 8 Refused 2 0 0 1 0 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 10 13 9 6 15 10

Q42F. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Judges and magistrates? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 17 23 20 22 18 20 Some of them 43 38 47 44 43 44 Most of them 14 9 11 10 12 11 All of them 5 5 5 6 4 5 Refused 2 0 1 0 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 19 25 17 17 23 20

Q42G. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Tax officials, like officials from the Botswana Unified Revenue Service? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 11 21 17 18 15 17 Some of them 50 38 44 46 42 44 Most of them 13 12 13 13 13 13 All of them 6 4 4 5 3 4 Refused 2 0 1 0 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 18 24 21 17 26 21

Q42H. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Traditional leaders? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 26 41 39 39 34 37 Some of them 40 35 36 36 36 36 Most of them 9 6 8 7 9 8 All of them 4 4 4 5 3 4 Refused 2 0 1 1 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 19 15 13 12 17 15

Q42I. How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Religious leaders? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None 19 37 28 28 29 28 Some of them 45 34 42 43 38 40 Most of them 17 11 15 14 14 14 All of them 5 4 5 6 4 5 Refused 2 0 1 1 1 Don’t know/ Haven’t heard 12 14 10 9 14 12

Q43A. In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Increased a lot 25 25 31 29 26 28 Increased somewhat 27 25 19 22 23 22 Stayed the same 23 15 18 17 20 18 Decreased somewhat 14 19 21 22 15 19 Decreased a lot 1 4 2 2 3 2 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 8 12 9 7 13 10

Q43B. In this country, can ordinary people report incidents of corruption without fear, or do they risk retaliation or other negative consequences if they speak out? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Can report without fear 21 27 29 28 26 27 Risk retaliation or other 74 69 68 69 71 70 negative consequences Refused 1 0 0 1 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 2 2 4 3

Public services and government performance

See related questions in the sections on “Respondents and their households” (about electricity at the household level) and “Institutions and leaders”

Now I would like to talk to you about experiences that some people have in accessing certain essential government services.

Q44A. In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public school? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 67 74 72 74 69 72 Yes 32 25 28 25 31 28 Refused to answer 1 0 0 Don't know 0 0 0

Q44B. How easy or difficult was it to obtain the services you needed from teachers or school officials? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 5 11 9 6 10 8 Easy 17 10 13 12 14 13 Difficult 6 3 4 5 4 4 Very difficult 4 1 2 2 2 2 Not applicable 68 75 72 75 69 72

Q44C. And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a teacher or school official in order to get the services you needed from the schools? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 31 25 27 24 30 27 Once or twice 0 1 1 1 1 A few times 1 0 0 0 Often 0 0 0 0 0 0 Not applicable 68 75 72 75 69 72

Q44D. In the past 12 months, have you had contact with a public clinic or hospital Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 38 31 23 36 22 29 Yes 61 69 77 64 78 71 Refused to answer 1 0 0

Q44E. How easy or difficult was it to obtain the medical care you needed? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 10 21 14 12 18 15 Easy 23 30 33 26 34 30 Difficult 19 12 18 15 18 16 Very difficult 9 7 12 11 9 10 Not applicable 39 31 23 36 22 29

Q44F. And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a health worker or clinic or hospital staff in order to get the medical care you needed? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 58 68 73 61 75 68 Once or twice 2 3 2 2 2 A few times 1 1 1 1 1 Often 1 0 0 0 0 Not applicable 39 31 23 36 22 29 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

Q44G. In the past 12 months, have you tried to get an identity document like a birth certificate, driver’s license, passport or voter’s card, or permit from government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 45 42 41 41 43 42 Yes 55 58 58 59 56 57 Refused to answer 1 0 0 Don't know 1 0 0 0

Q44H. How easy or difficult was it to obtain the document you needed? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 23 27 22 24 24 24 Easy 22 23 27 25 24 25 Difficult 7 5 6 6 5 6 Very difficult 3 3 4 3 3 3 Not applicable 45 42 42 41 44 43

Q44I. And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a government official in order to get the document you needed? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 51 56 55 56 54 55 Once or twice 2 1 2 2 2 2 A few times 1 1 0 1 1 1 Often 0 0 0 0 0 0 Not applicable 45 42 42 41 44 43 Refused 0 0 0 0

Q44J. In the past 12 months, have you requested assistance from the police? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 61 70 63 61 68 65 Yes 38 30 36 38 31 35 Refused to answer 1 0 0 Don't know 0 0 0 0 0

Q44K. How easy or difficult was it to obtain the assistance you needed Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 13 7 7 9 7 8 Easy 11 9 13 11 11 11 Difficult 7 9 7 8 7 8 Very difficult 8 6 9 10 6 8 Not applicable 62 70 64 62 69 65

Q44L. And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to get the assistance you needed? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 36 30 33 35 30 33 Once or twice 1 2 2 1 1 A few times 0 0 0 Often 1 0 1 1 0 1 Not applicable 62 70 64 62 69 65

Q44M. In the past 12 months, how often have you encountered the police in other situations, like at checkpoints, during identity checks or traffic stops, or during an investigation? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 44 57 52 45 59 52 Once or twice 19 15 19 20 16 18 A few times 21 10 18 18 14 16 Often 15 17 11 17 11 14 Refused 1 0 0 Don't know 1 0 0

Q44N. How often, if ever did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour for a police officer in order to avoid a problem during one of these encounters? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 47 40 43 48 38 43 Once or twice 5 2 3 4 2 3 A few times 2 1 1 0 1 Often 2 0 1 1 0 1 Not applicable 45 57 52 45 59 52 Refused 0 0 0

Now let’s speak about the performance of the present government of this country.

Q50A. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Managing the economy? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 12 12 11 12 11 12 Fairly badly 20 23 21 21 22 21 Fairly well 58 54 57 56 57 56 Very well 4 8 8 7 7 7 Don’t know 6 3 2 3 4 3

Q50B. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Improving the living standards of the poor? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 15 15 12 15 13 14 Fairly badly 17 18 18 18 17 18 Fairly well 57 52 55 54 55 55 Very well 8 13 14 12 13 12 Don’t know 3 2 1 1 2 2

Q50C. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Creating jobs? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 44 41 38 43 38 40 Fairly badly 26 21 27 25 26 25 Fairly well 25 30 28 25 30 28 Very well 2 6 5 5 4 5 Don’t know 3 2 2 2 2 2

Q50D. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Keeping prices stable? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 19 18 17 17 18 18 Fairly badly 26 21 26 25 24 25 Fairly well 44 45 42 43 44 43 Very well 5 9 7 9 6 7 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 6 7 7 5 9 7

Q50E. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Narrowing gaps between rich and poor? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 30 29 27 30 27 28 Fairly badly 33 26 30 32 26 29 Fairly well 30 33 33 30 35 33 Very well 3 6 5 5 5 5 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 6 5 3 6 5

Q50F. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Reducing crime? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 15 11 15 14 13 14 Fairly badly 17 14 18 15 18 17 Fairly well 53 55 52 53 53 53 Very well 12 18 14 16 14 15 Don’t know 2 2 1 1 2 2

Q50G. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Improving basic health services? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 15 11 15 14 13 14 Fairly badly 20 16 18 16 20 18 Fairly well 54 57 57 58 55 57 Very well 7 14 9 10 10 10 Don’t know 3 1 1 2 1 2

Q50H. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Addressing educational needs? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 13 7 11 11 10 10 Fairly badly 19 10 17 16 15 15 Fairly well 57 60 57 56 59 58 Very well 8 20 13 14 13 14 Don’t know 3 2 2 2 3 3

Q50I. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Providing water and sanitation services? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 9 21 18 18 15 17 Fairly badly 18 19 18 18 18 18 Fairly well 58 47 51 50 53 51 Very well 12 12 13 13 12 12 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 1 1 1 2 1

Q50J. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Fighting corruption in government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total urban Very badly 28 19 21 25 19 22 Fairly badly 18 13 19 16 18 17 Fairly well 42 50 45 45 47 46 Very well 6 13 10 11 9 10 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 5 5 3 7 5

Q50K. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Maintaining roads and bridges? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total urban Very badly 16 24 17 20 18 19 Fairly badly 21 20 22 24 19 21 Fairly well 54 46 50 46 52 49 Very well 7 9 10 9 9 9 Don’t know 2 2 1 1 1 1

Q50L. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Providing a reliable supply of electricity? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total urban Very badly 6 9 6 8 6 7 Fairly badly 12 15 14 14 13 14 Fairly well 63 52 62 56 62 59 Very well 18 21 17 20 17 18 Don’t know 2 3 2 2 2 2

Q50M. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Preventing or resolving violent conflict? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total urban Very badly 3 3 4 3 4 4 Fairly badly 9 7 8 8 8 8 Fairly well 55 50 54 54 52 53 Very well 26 34 30 30 30 30 Don’t know 7 6 3 5 5 5

Q50N. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Addressing the needs of young people? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total urban Very badly 18 15 20 18 18 18 Fairly badly 24 22 24 24 23 24 Fairly well 47 48 44 45 47 46 Very well 7 12 10 10 10 10 Don’t know 4 3 2 3 3 3

Q50O. How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Protecting rights and promoting opportunities for disabled people? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very badly 4 6 5 4 5 5 Fairly badly 9 7 10 9 9 9 Fairly well 60 50 57 54 58 56 Very well 24 34 26 31 25 28 Don’t know 3 3 2 2 3 3

Taxation

Also see Q95B under “Economic life” and Q42G under “Corruption”

Q39A. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: The tax authorities always have the right to make people pay taxes? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 7 7 7 7 7 7 Disagree 8 11 11 9 12 10 Neither agree nor disagree 0 0 1 1 1 1 Agree 48 44 43 46 42 44 Strongly agree 34 30 31 33 29 31 Don’t know 3 8 7 4 9 6

Q45. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: It is better to pay higher taxes if it means that there will be more services provided by government. Statement 2: It is better to pay lower taxes, even if it means there will be fewer services provided by government. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 37 32 26 30 30 30 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 21 17 20 20 19 19 Agree with Statement 2 9 14 19 17 14 15 Agree very strongly with 25 26 23 24 25 24 Statement 2 Agree with neither 5 5 6 6 5 6 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 6 5 3 7 5

Q46A. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to do each of the following: To find out what taxes and fees you are supposed to pay to the government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 7 9 10 9 9 9 Easy 27 26 30 29 27 28 Difficult 35 33 31 34 31 33 Very difficult 15 16 13 16 13 14 Don’t know 15 17 16 13 20 16

Q46B. Based on your experience, how easy or difficult is it to do each of the following: To find out how government uses the revenues from people’s taxes and fees? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very easy 4 5 4 4 4 4 Easy 8 13 10 10 11 11 Difficult 38 28 36 34 35 34 Very difficult 38 39 38 43 34 38 Don’t know 11 14 12 9 16 13

Q46C. Do you think that the amount of taxes that ordinary people in Botswana are required to pay to the government is too little, too much, or about the right amount? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Far too little 2 4 6 4 5 5 Somewhat too little 4 4 5 5 4 4 About the right amount 40 32 36 38 34 36 Somewhat too much 20 17 15 17 16 16 Far too much 26 25 26 28 24 26 Don’t know 8 17 13 9 17 13

Q46D. Do you think that the amount of taxes that rich people in Botswana are required to pay to the government is too little, too much, or about the right amount? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Far too little 23 18 21 25 17 21 Somewhat too little 11 4 8 8 8 8 About the right amount 35 35 34 33 36 35 Somewhat too much 7 10 5 7 7 7 Far too much 7 9 7 7 8 8 Don’t know 16 25 24 20 25 22

Q47A. Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: Government should make sure small traders and other people working in the informal sector pay taxes on their businesses? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 44 44 41 41 44 43 Disagree 21 20 22 21 22 21 Neither agree or disagree 2 1 1 1 2 1 Agree 20 19 21 22 18 20 Strongly agree 8 11 11 12 9 10 Refused to answer 1 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 3 2 5 4

Q47B. Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: It is fair to tax rich people at a higher rate than ordinary people in order to help pay for government programs to benefit the poor? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 13 14 14 14 14 14 Disagree 13 13 20 17 15 16 Neither agree or disagree 1 4 2 2 3 2 Agree 31 24 25 27 26 26 Strongly agree 38 40 35 38 37 37 Don’t know 4 5 4 3 5 4

Q47C. Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: The government usually uses the tax revenues it collects for the well-being of citizens? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 11 14 10 13 9 11 Disagree 13 10 14 13 13 13 Neither agree or disagree 3 2 4 3 3 3 Agree 44 35 36 41 35 38 Strongly agree 19 23 21 20 23 21 Don’t know 11 15 15 11 17 14

Q47D. In your opinion, how often, in this country, do people avoid paying the taxes that they owe the government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 6 14 11 10 12 11 Rarely 28 21 26 27 23 25 Often 39 25 29 33 27 30 Always 12 15 17 16 15 15 Don’t know 15 25 17 13 24 19

Identity and society

Q82B. Let us suppose that you had to choose between being a Motswana and being a ______[R’s ethnic group]. Which of the following statements best expresses your feelings? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban I feel only (ethnic group) 6 11 10 8 11 9 I feel more (ethnic group) 3 2 5 4 3 4 than (national identity) I feel equally (national 51 50 47 50 48 49 identity) and (ethnic group) I feel more (national identity) 7 3 6 6 5 6 than (ethnic group) I feel only (national identity) 22 17 17 18 19 18 Not applicable 10 15 13 12 14 13 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 2 1 1

Q82C. Do you feel comfortable speaking your mother tongue in public? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 5 6 5 6 5 6 Yes 95 93 94 94 94 94 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q82D. Do you feel comfortable wearing your traditional or cultural dress in public? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 8 6 10 10 7 8 Yes 92 93 89 90 92 91 Not applicable 1 1 0 1 1 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 1 1 0 0

Q82A. How often, if ever, are ______s [R’s ethnic group] treated unfairly by the government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 62 65 59 61 62 61 Sometimes 20 11 17 17 14 16 Often 4 4 7 6 4 5 Always 2 2 2 2 3 2 Not applicable 10 15 13 12 14 13 Don’t know 3 2 2 2 3 2

Q98B. How often, if ever, are ______s [R’s religious group] treated unfairly by the government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 77 74 77 72 81 76 Sometimes 7 6 7 7 6 7 Often 1 1 2 2 1 1 Always 1 0 1 1 0 1 Not applicable 12 18 12 17 10 14 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1 1

Q84A. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you personally been treated unfairly by other Batswana based on: Your economic status, that is, how rich or poor you are? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 74 76 67 69 73 71 Once or twice 9 5 9 9 7 8 Several times 12 10 15 15 11 13 Many times 4 9 9 7 9 8 Don't know 1 0 0 1 0

Q84B. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you personally been treated unfairly by other Batswana based on: Your religion? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 83 87 83 83 85 84 Once or twice 4 4 6 6 5 5 Several times 6 7 6 7 5 6 Many times 4 2 4 3 4 4 Refused 0 0 0 Don't know 2 0 1 0 0

Q84C. In the past year, how often, if ever, have you personally been treated unfairly by other Batswana based on: Your ethnicity? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 78 86 80 81 82 81 Once or twice 9 3 5 5 5 5 Several times 7 8 7 9 5 7 Many times 5 4 7 4 7 6 Don't know 1 0 0 1 1

Q68. Which of the following statements is closest to your own opinion? Statement 1: Communities are stronger when they are made up of people from different ethnic groups, races, or religions. Statement 2: Communities are stronger when they are made up of people who are similar to each other, that is, people from the same ethnic group, race, or religion. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 59 57 51 56 53 55 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 17 15 21 20 18 19 Agree with Statement 2 9 10 9 8 11 9 Agree very strongly with 14 17 16 15 16 16 Statement 2 Agree with neither 1 1 0 1 1 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 0 2 1

Q85. Batswana are very diverse. They come from different religions, ethnic groups, political parties, and economic and social backgrounds. Overall, would you say that there is more that unites all Batswana as one people, or more that divides them? Urban Rural Semi-urban Male Female Total Much more that divides us 6 10 9 7 10 9 Somewhat more that divides us 15 16 17 15 17 16 Somewhat more that unites us 31 27 29 30 28 29 Much more that unites us 45 44 42 46 40 43 Don’t know 4 4 4 3 5 4

Q86A. For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People of a different religion? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly dislike 3 5 3 4 4 4 Somewhat dislike 4 6 7 6 6 6 Would not care 62 54 54 53 58 56 Somewhat like 20 25 22 24 22 23 Strongly like 11 10 13 13 10 12 Don’t know 1 0 0 0

Q86B. For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People from other ethnic groups? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly dislike 1 4 3 3 3 3 Somewhat dislike 2 7 5 4 6 5 Would not care 60 52 54 54 55 55 Somewhat like 23 25 21 23 23 23 Strongly like 13 11 16 15 12 14 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

Q86C. For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: Homosexuals? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly dislike 24 49 40 42 36 39 Somewhat dislike 14 11 11 13 11 12 Would not care 44 26 33 31 36 33 Somewhat like 11 9 10 9 10 10 Strongly like 6 4 6 5 6 5 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 0 0

Q86D. For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: Immigrants or foreign workers? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly dislike 2 13 9 8 9 9 Somewhat dislike 6 11 10 9 10 10 Would not care 66 46 52 51 56 53 Somewhat like 18 21 19 21 17 19 Strongly like 8 8 9 10 7 9 Don’t know 1 1 0 0 1 1 Q86E. For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People who support a different political party? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly dislike 2 5 3 3 4 3 Somewhat dislike 4 5 6 4 6 5 Would not care 66 59 61 61 62 62 Somewhat like 18 22 19 22 18 20 Strongly like 9 8 11 10 9 10 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0

Q83. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you must be very careful in dealing with people? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Must be very careful 97 94 93 93 95 94 Most people can be trusted 2 5 7 6 5 5 Don’t know 1 1 0 1 0 1

Crime and security

Q8A. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Felt unsafe walking in your neighbourhood? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 52 64 51 54 55 55 Just once or twice 16 15 15 15 16 16 Several times 15 13 19 17 15 16 Many times 6 3 9 7 6 6 Always 11 5 6 6 7 6 Don't know 1 1 0 1 1

Q8B. Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family: Feared crime in your own home? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 62 73 55 61 62 62 Just once or twice 18 13 19 18 16 17 Several times 9 9 15 12 11 12 Many times 4 4 9 5 7 6 Always 7 2 3 3 3 3

Q54A. In any society, people will sometimes disagree with one another. These disagreements occasionally escalate into physical violence. Please tell me whether, in the past two years, you have ever personally feared any of the following types of violence. [If “Yes”:] Have you actually personally experienced this type of violence in the past two years: Violence among people in your neighbourhood or village? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, Never 79 85 77 79 80 80 Yes, feared but didn't 12 11 15 13 14 13 experience Yes, feared and experienced 5 3 6 5 5 5 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 0 1 2 1 2

Q54B. In any society, people will sometimes disagree with one another. These disagreements occasionally escalate into physical violence. Please tell me whether, in the past two years, you have ever personally feared any of the following types of violence. [If “Yes”:] Have you actually personally experienced this type of violence in the past two years: Violence at a political rally or public protest? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No, Never 81 85 80 81 83 82 Yes, feared but didn't 9 9 14 12 11 11 experience Yes, feared and experienced 5 4 5 4 5 5 Don’t know 4 1 2 3 2 2

Climate change

Q72A. Have you heard about climate change, or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 35 51 47 40 51 45 Yes 56 42 47 53 42 47 Don't know 9 8 7 7 8 7

Q72B. Do you think climate change is making life in Botswana better or worse, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Much better 1 1 2 2 1 2 Somewhat better 3 4 4 4 3 4 Neither/ no change / about 3 2 1 2 2 2 the same Somewhat worse 19 13 13 14 15 14 Much worse 29 19 24 28 19 23 Not applicable 44 58 53 47 58 53 Don’t know 1 3 2 3 2 2

Media and access to information

Also see Q92 on radio/TV/mobile phone ownership and access to the Internet under “Respondents and their households” and Q16A on media coverage in election campaigns under “Elections.”

Now let us talk about the media and how you get information about politics and other issues.

Q55A. How often do you get news from the following sources: Radio? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 15 19 16 12 22 17 Less than once a month 4 4 4 3 5 4 A few times a month 11 11 13 11 13 12 A few times a week 28 29 26 28 26 27 Every day 43 38 41 46 34 40

Q55B. How often do you get news from the following sources: Television? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 13 37 23 24 27 25 Less than once a month 4 3 5 4 4 4 A few times a month 11 8 13 12 10 11 A few times a week 24 17 21 19 22 21 Every day 48 34 37 40 37 39 Don't know 0 0 0 0

Q55C. How often do you get news from the following sources: Print newspapers? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 16 30 22 20 27 23 Less than once a month 5 6 9 7 8 7 A few times a month 18 20 21 18 22 20 A few times a week 36 30 31 33 30 32 Every day 24 14 17 22 13 17 Don't know 0 0 0

Q55D. How often do you get news from the following sources: Internet? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 28 61 50 45 52 49 Less than once a month 3 2 5 3 4 3 A few times a month 9 6 7 7 7 7 A few times a week 20 13 13 16 13 14 Every day 40 17 25 28 24 26 Don't know 0 1 1 1 1 1

Q55E. How often do you get news from the following sources: Social media such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, or others? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 24 58 45 42 48 45 Less than once a month 2 2 2 2 1 2 A few times a month 7 5 7 7 6 6 A few times a week 16 10 11 13 11 12 Every day 50 24 34 36 33 34 Don't know 0 1 1 0 1 1

Q19B. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: The media should have the right to publish any views and ideas without government control. Statement 2: The government should have the right to prevent the media from publishing things that it disapproves of. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 53 45 44 52 41 46 Agree with 1 18 13 18 15 18 16 Agree with 2 8 14 12 11 13 12 Agree very strongly with 2 18 24 24 20 25 23 Agree with neither 1 1 1 1 1 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 2 3 1 1 3 2

Q33. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: The news media should constantly investigate and report on government mistakes and corruption. Statement 2: Too much reporting on negative events, like government mistakes and corruption, only harms the country. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 60 50 54 59 49 54 Agree with 1 15 18 19 19 17 18 Agree with 2 8 10 10 8 12 10 Agree very strongly with 2 16 19 14 14 18 16 Agree with neither 0 1 1 1 2 1 Don’t know 2 1 1 0 2 1

Q56. In your opinion, how free is the news media in this country to report and comment on the news without censorship or interference by the government? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all free 9 7 8 9 7 8 Not very free 22 11 19 19 15 17 Somewhat free 25 15 24 22 21 21 Completely free 43 61 45 48 51 49 Don’t know 1 6 4 2 6 4

Q57A. Please tell me how often, in this country, you think people from each of the following groups spread information that they know is false: Government officials? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 18 34 23 23 26 25 Rarely 23 19 20 20 21 20 Sometimes 30 25 29 30 26 28 Often 15 15 18 18 15 16 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 14 7 10 9 11 10

Q57B. Please tell me how often, in this country, you think people from each of the following groups spread information that they know is false: Politicians and political parties? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 7 13 10 9 12 10 Rarely 11 11 12 12 11 11 Sometimes 24 23 24 25 22 24 Often 49 48 49 50 47 49 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 9 5 5 5 7 6 Q57C. Please tell me how often, in this country, you think people from each of the following groups spread information that they know is false: News media and journalists? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 13 32 23 22 25 24 Rarely 22 17 22 22 20 21 Sometimes 32 26 34 33 30 31 Often 25 17 14 17 17 17 Refused 1 0 0 Don’t know 8 8 7 6 8 7

Q57D. Please tell me how often, in this country, you think people from each of the following groups spread information that they know is false: Social media users? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 4 7 8 7 6 6 Rarely 6 4 5 5 5 5 Sometimes 17 14 17 17 15 16 Often 65 43 51 52 51 52 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 8 33 19 19 23 21

Q57E. Please tell me how often, in this country, you think people from each of the following groups spread information that they know is false: Activists and interest groups? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Never 17 21 18 19 18 19 Rarely 17 16 17 17 17 17 Sometimes 23 20 24 23 22 23 Often 19 12 12 15 13 14 Refused 1 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 23 32 28 26 30 28

Let’s talk about whether the government should be able to limit the sharing of news, information, or opinions on radio and TV, in newspapers, or on the internet and social media.

Q58A. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree that the government should be able to limit or prohibit sharing of: News or information that is false? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 10 8 10 12 8 10 Disagree 16 11 12 14 11 13 Neither agree or disagree 1 2 2 2 2 2 Agree 36 34 41 37 39 38 Strongly agree 33 42 33 34 37 36 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 2 2 2 3 2

Q58B. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree that the government should be able to limit or prohibit sharing of: News, information, or opinions that the government disapproves of? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 28 26 28 30 24 27 Disagree 27 23 30 27 28 28 Neither agree or disagree 2 4 3 3 3 3 Agree 23 28 26 25 27 26 Strongly agree 14 15 10 12 12 12 Don’t know 6 5 3 3 6 4

Q58C. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree that the government should be able to limit or prohibit sharing of: News, information, or opinions that criticize or insult the president? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 9 9 10 11 8 9 Disagree 16 7 10 10 11 10 Neither agree or disagree 3 4 3 4 3 4 Agree 33 28 29 29 30 29 Strongly agree 34 49 47 44 45 45 Don’t know 5 3 2 2 3 3

Q58D. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree that the government should be able to limit or prohibit sharing of: Hate speech, that is, news, information, or opinions designed to attack or vilify certain groups in society? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 8 7 8 8 7 7 Disagree 11 5 10 10 8 9 Neither agree or disagree 2 3 3 3 3 3 Agree 37 28 33 31 33 32 Strongly agree 38 54 45 46 46 46 Don’t know 4 3 1 2 3 3

Q59A. Have you heard about social media, for example, Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 10 35 24 23 26 24 Yes 89 61 74 75 72 73 Refused to answer 1 0 0 0 0 Don't know 0 3 2 2 2 2

Q59B. Regardless of whether you personally use social media yourself, please tell me whether you agree or disagree that social media: Makes people more informed about current events? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly Disagree 2 2 1 1 2 1 Disagree 3 3 2 2 3 3 Neither agree or disagree 1 0 1 1 1 1 Agree 40 24 28 31 28 29 Strongly agree 43 30 39 38 37 37 Not applicable 11 39 26 25 28 27 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 2 2 1 2

Q59C. Regardless of whether you personally use social media yourself, please tell me whether you agree or disagree that social media: Makes people more likely to believe false news? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 5 4 4 4 4 4 Disagree 4 7 8 8 6 7 Neither agree or disagree 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agree 32 20 26 26 25 26 Strongly agree 46 26 33 33 34 34 Not applicable 11 39 26 25 28 27 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 3 1 2 1 2

Q59D. Regardless of whether you personally use social media yourself, please tell me whether you agree or disagree that social media: Helps people have more impact on political processes? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 3 1 3 3 2 3 Disagree 10 9 9 9 10 9 Neither agree or disagree 2 1 1 1 1 1 Agree 37 22 29 30 27 29 Strongly agree 34 25 27 28 28 28 Not applicable 11 39 26 25 28 27 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 4 4 4 4 4 4

Q59E. Regardless of whether you personally use social media yourself, please tell me whether you agree or disagree that social media: Makes people more intolerant of those who have different political opinions? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 6 3 6 5 5 5 Disagree 15 9 12 13 11 12 Neither agree or disagree 3 1 2 2 2 2 Agree 33 23 26 30 23 26 Strongly agree 27 20 20 20 23 22 Not applicable 11 39 26 25 28 27 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 5 5 7 6 6 6

Q59F. Overall, do you think that the effects of social media on society are mostly positive, mostly negative, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Very negative 7 9 10 8 9 9 Somewhat negative 18 10 13 13 13 13 Neither positive nor negative 22 14 14 16 16 16 Somewhat positive 25 11 17 18 16 17 Very positive 10 9 8 10 7 9 Not applicable 11 39 26 25 28 27 Refused 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 8 8 11 9 10 10

Q60. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: Unrestricted access to the Internet and social media helps people to be more informed and active citizens, and should be protected. Statement 2: Information shared on the Internet and social media is dividing Batswana, so access should be regulated by government. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 43 31 30 35 32 33 Statement 1 Agree with Statement 1 19 18 18 19 18 19 Agree with Statement 2 11 14 17 14 16 15 Agree very strongly with 21 21 25 23 23 23 Statement 2 Agree with Neither 2 1 1 1 1 1 Refused to answer 2 1 1 1 1 Don’t know 4 13 7 7 9 8

Q39B. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Information held by public authorities is only for use by government officials; it should not have to be shared with the public? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly Disagree 45 42 41 45 39 42 Disagree 29 27 30 27 32 29 Neither Agree Nor Disagree 2 3 2 2 2 2 Agree 13 15 12 14 13 13 Strongly Agree 6 8 10 9 9 9 Don’t know 4 4 5 3 6 4

Youth

See also Q50N under “Public services and government performance.”

Note: In addition to the youth-specific questions and responses included in this section, responses to all questions in the survey can be disaggregated by age group. Visit our free online data analysis facility at http://afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/analyse-online.

Q23. Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: In order for our country to do well, we should listen more to the wisdom of our elders. Statement 2: In order for our country to do well, we should listen more to fresh ideas from young people. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Agree very strongly with 1 20 38 28 28 31 29 Agree with 1 7 10 8 7 9 8 Agree with 2 15 9 11 13 9 11 Agree very strongly with 2 47 37 44 43 42 43 Agree with neither 10 6 9 8 8 8 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

Q49A. If the government decided to make people pay more taxes in order to support programs to help young people, would you support this decision or oppose it? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly oppose 33 35 33 37 30 34 Somewhat oppose 15 16 17 16 17 16 Neither support nor oppose 3 2 3 2 3 3 Somewhat support 19 18 21 19 21 20 Strongly support 25 22 22 23 23 23 It depends 3 3 3 3 3 3 Don’t know 2 3 1 1 4 2

Q49B. If the government could increase its spending on programs to help young people, which of the following areas do you think should be the highest priority for additional investment? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban None of the above / Some 0 1 1 2 0 1 other program Job creation 59 54 55 57 54 55 Education 10 13 10 11 11 11 Jobs training 11 14 11 12 12 12 Business loans 13 11 14 12 14 13 Social services for youth 4 7 8 5 9 7 Government should not 1 0 1 0 increase it’s spending Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 0 0 0 1 0

Country-specific questions

Q76A-BOT. Have you heard the media reports about the misappropriation of funds from the National Petroleum Fund, or NPF, by some senior politicians and government officials or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No 40 63 56 47 62 55 Yes 51 25 33 44 25 34 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 9 13 10 9 12 11

Q76B-BOT. How concerned are you with the misappropriation of funds from the National Petroleum Fund or NPF? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all concerned 1 1 1 0 1 1 Not very concerned 2 1 1 0 1 Somewhat concerned 6 4 4 5 4 5 Very concerned 41 19 27 37 19 28 Not applicable 49 75 67 56 75 66 Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 0 0 0 0

Q76C-BOT. How likely do you think that those accused of misappropriating of funds from the National Petroleum Fund or NPF will be prosecuted in a court of law? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all likely 16 7 9 12 7 10 Not very likely 10 4 8 9 5 7 Somewhat likely 17 8 11 15 8 11 Very likely 5 4 5 7 3 5 Not applicable 49 75 67 56 75 66 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 2 1 1 1 1

Q76D-BOT. How likely do you think that those accused will be imprisoned if found guilty? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Not at all likely 24 8 12 17 10 13 Not very likely 7 2 5 5 4 5 Somewhat likely 12 9 9 13 7 10 Very likely 4 5 6 7 3 5 Not applicable 49 75 67 56 75 66 Refused 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 1 1 2 1 1

Q77A-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: A woman seeking abortion should be free to decide without having to seek permission from anyone. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 50 64 53 55 56 55 Disagree 17 14 22 18 19 19 Neither agree or disagree 1 2 1 2 1 1 Agree 19 9 13 14 13 13 Strongly agree 13 9 10 10 11 11 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 2 1 1 1 1

Q77B-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: Circumcision should be made compulsory as one of the ways of reducing HIV transmissions. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 40 43 34 45 31 38 Disagree 22 14 21 19 20 19 Neither agree or disagree 1 1 1 1 1 1 Agree 15 19 18 16 20 18 Strongly agree 20 20 25 19 26 23 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 2 1 0 2 1

Q78A-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: To increase the number of women in Parliament, a number of seats should be reserved for women Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 22 25 22 25 20 23 Disagree 19 25 26 23 25 24 Neither agree or disagree 1 2 2 2 2 2 Agree 33 24 31 31 28 29 Strongly agree 23 21 17 17 22 19 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 3 2 2 2 3 2

Q78B-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: The fall out between the current and the immediate past president is likely to affect the economic stability of the country Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 6 6 6 7 5 6 Disagree 8 7 10 8 9 8 Neither agree or disagree 0 1 2 1 1 1 Agree 37 35 32 32 35 34 Strongly agree 44 43 46 47 42 44 Refused to answer 1 1 0 0 Don’t know 5 7 5 4 7 6

Q78C-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: The fall out between the current and the immediate past president is likely to affect the political stability of the country Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 3 5 5 5 4 4 Disagree 6 5 7 7 6 6 Neither agree or disagree 2 1 1 1 2 1 Agree 33 35 33 33 35 34 Strongly agree 50 47 49 51 47 49 Refused to answer 1 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 6 6 4 3 6 5

Q78D-BOT. Please tell me whether you disagree or agree with the following statements: Politicians and senior public servants should be disallowed from participating in public tenders in order to reduce cases of corruption in procurement. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 3 6 7 6 6 6 Disagree 7 9 10 8 10 9 Neither agree or disagree 1 2 2 2 1 2 Agree 28 25 25 25 27 26 Strongly agree 59 54 52 56 52 54 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 2 4 3 3 4 3

Q79A-BOT. For each of the statements below, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: I would not mind having someone in a same-sex relationship as a co-worker in my workplace. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 27 48 36 40 36 38 Disagree 13 14 14 14 14 14 Neither agree or disagree 2 1 2 2 1 1 Agree 35 17 27 23 28 26 Strongly agree 22 18 20 20 20 20 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 0 2 1 1 1 1

Q79B-BOT. For each of the statements below, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: I would not mind having someone in a same-sex relationship as my supervisor in my workplace. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 26 50 36 40 36 38 Disagree 14 12 16 15 14 14 Neither agree or disagree 2 2 2 3 1 2 Agree 34 21 28 24 30 27 Strongly agree 24 15 17 18 19 18 Don’t know 1 1 1 1 1

Q79C-BOT. For each of the statements below, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: I would not mind having someone in a same-sex relationship as a member in my religious community. Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 29 56 41 44 41 43 Disagree 13 12 14 14 12 13 Neither agree or disagree 4 1 2 3 2 2 Agree 33 15 25 20 27 24 Strongly agree 20 13 17 16 17 17 Refused to answer 0 0 0 Don’t know 1 2 1 2 1 1

Q80-BOT. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: The political opposition in Botswana presents a viable alternative vision and plan for the country Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban Strongly disagree 21 22 22 19 24 22 Disagree 20 20 17 17 20 18 Neither agree or disagree 6 8 5 5 6 6 Agree 29 23 26 28 24 26 Strongly agree 18 23 27 26 22 24 Refused to answer 2 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 5 4 3 3 4 4

Other

Q100. Just one more question: Who do you think sent us to do this interview? Urban Rural Semi- Male Female Total

urban No one 2 3 1 2 2 2 “Afrobarometer" or national 18 10 14 17 11 14 partner Research Company 4 2 2 3 2 3 Non-government or religious 1 0 1 1 1 1 organization University / School / College 4 2 3 3 2 3 Private company 0 1 0 1 1 Media 0 0 0 0 1 0 Political party or politician 13 12 10 11 11 11 Government 42 51 48 47 48 47 International organization or 1 0 0 0 1 1 another country God 0 0 0 0 Other 2 4 2 2 2 2 Refused to answer 0 1 1 0 1 Don’t know 13 14 16 12 17 15