Do Female Mayors Make a Difference? Evidence from Trentino-South Tyrol
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Do female mayors make a difference? Evidence from Trentino-South Tyrol MASTER THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Strategic Management A.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Kurt PROMBERGER Department of Strategic Management, Marketing and Tourism The University of Innsbruck School of Management Submitted by Tobias GATTERER Innsbruck, May 2020 Abstract Gender role differences always existed and different attributes were assigned to both, male and female role models. Every day we are surrounded by stereotypes. Especially in politics, these stereotypes are still considered very strong. While for example male mayors are often viewed as a ruling individual, with a strong mindset, female mayors are viewed in a more social way, caring more about social topics and the ideals of responsibility. However, we still lack knowledge whether these stereotypes also occur once women receive a political position such as mayor. Thus, it was the aim of this study to investigate whether there is a difference between men and women regarding the usage of the yearly budget at municipality level. 34 municipalities in Trentino-South Tyrol with female mayors were investigated and compared with male leading municipalities by looking at the yearly budget from 2016-2018. Significant differences were found for the public savings rate, the Missions “education and right to study”, “youth policies, sports and leisure”, as well as all Missions in 2018. These results lead to the conclusion that even though there might be some minor differences, each mayor abides by certain rules and does not have a lot of leeway regarding the distribution of the budget. 2 Table of contents Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 Literature review ........................................................................................................................ 7 Factors influencing why women are not voted ....................................................................... 8 Differences of women and men in politics ............................................................................. 8 Women in politics ................................................................................................................. 11 Differences in financial performance ................................................................................... 12 Calculating the financial performance. ............................................................................. 14 The municipality missions .................................................................................................... 15 Aim of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 19 Method ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Research approach ................................................................................................................ 19 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 20 Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 22 Measures ............................................................................................................................... 23 Analytical approach .............................................................................................................. 24 Test 1 - key figures. .......................................................................................................... 24 Test 2 – difference in social areas. .................................................................................... 26 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Test 1 – key figures .............................................................................................................. 27 Test 1 – key figures by groups .............................................................................................. 28 EFQ. .................................................................................................................................. 30 Group 2 (500-1000). ..................................................................................................... 30 Group 3 (1001-2500). ................................................................................................... 30 Group 4 (2501-5000). ................................................................................................... 30 Group 5 (5001-10000). ................................................................................................. 30 FSQ. .................................................................................................................................. 30 Group 2 (500-1000). ..................................................................................................... 30 Group 3 (1001-2500). ................................................................................................... 31 Group 4 (2501-5000). ................................................................................................... 31 Group 5 (5001-10000). ................................................................................................. 31 ÖSQ. .................................................................................................................................. 31 Group 2 (500-1000). ..................................................................................................... 31 Group 3 (1001-2500). ................................................................................................... 31 3 Group 4 (2501-5000). ................................................................................................... 32 Group 5 (5001-10000). ................................................................................................. 32 SDSQ. ............................................................................................................................... 32 Group 2 (500-1000). ..................................................................................................... 32 Group 3 (1001-2500). ................................................................................................... 32 Group 4 (2501-5000). ................................................................................................... 32 Group 5 (5001-10000). ................................................................................................. 32 Test 2 – missions .................................................................................................................. 33 Missions (4 / 5 / 6 / 12). .................................................................................................... 33 Ʃ Missions (2016 / 2017 / 2018). ...................................................................................... 33 Test 2 – missions by group ................................................................................................... 35 Group 2 (500-1000). ......................................................................................................... 35 Group 3 (1001-2500). ....................................................................................................... 35 Group 4 (2501-5000). ....................................................................................................... 36 Group 5 (5001-10000) ...................................................................................................... 37 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 39 Differences regarding EFQ, FSQ, ÖSQ and SDSQ ............................................................. 39 Differences by groups. .......................................................................................................... 41 Differences by missions........................................................................................................ 43 Differences between missions by group. .............................................................................. 44 Theoretical and managerial implications .............................................................................. 45 Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 47 4 List of tables Table 1: Areas of responsibility according to gender from 2017 (data taken from Atz et al., 2019) ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Table 2: Gender distribution of political areas in Tulln, Austria (Kletzer & Neumayr, 2006) 13 Table 3: Investigated municipalities and their population divided by gender of mayor .......... 21 Table 4: Reference