THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG DIRK SCHUBERT THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG: “STRING OF PEARLS”, HAFENCITY AND IBA (INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION) DIRK SCHUBERT

Figure 1: HafenCity Hamburg, view over Magdeburger Hafen and Überseequartier, Elbphilharmonie with tower cranes on the left hand side in the background. Source: Dirk Schubert

Hamburg is the site of Europe’s second largest port ledge infrastructure. However, the Hamburg Metro- it is declining. To capture this housing market, sub- companies and the 800,000 inhabitants of the and is a tidal seaport city on the estuary of the politan Region not only has to strengthen itself stantial attention will need to be paid to improv- Süderelbe region. Their order reads “strengths River Elbe, 100 kilometres upstream from the North within the region, acting “from the region for the ing the available housing stock and creating new strengthen” for growth, creation of value, and jobs. Sea. Hamburg’s topography is shaped by the con- region”, but also has to compete with other regions housing for present inhabitants, young families, The port also represented a great opportunity. fluence of the smaller River Alster and its tributar- of Germany and Europe. Therefore border-crossing and newcomers. As older less efficient port facilities began to de- ies that flow into the Elbe. The city is characterised alliances and networks of large-scale partnerships At the same time, the sites to accommodate this cline, these areas represented potential redevelop- by Lake Alster in its middle and a port with ocean with other regions and among the three federal demand were effected by restricted land avail- ment opportunities gifted with waterfront views. liners on the Elbe. The city-state Hamburg is part of states have to be contracted. ability. Unless this spatial imbalance was resolved Additionally, there are the national and global the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which covers a In addition, as the economy of the region grows, there was a good possibility that many future issues which might ensue from climate change, settlement and economic area on both sides of the several challenges needed to be resolved at a commuters might end up living and paying their global warming, and climate protection are river Elbe of approximately 20,000 km² containing regional, national and global scale. taxes in the suburban villages and towns not in important City and metropolitan topics. Hamburg about 4.5 million inhabitants and 1.9 million One challenge is to meet the demand of the Hamburg where they work. accepts this challenge with a broad climate protec- employees. The functional interdependencies in metropolitan housing market where there is a Another regional challenge is the expan- tion concept, which is interdisciplinary, integrative, the region can easily be understood by studying need for more suitable housing for the growing sion of the port of Hamburg. Without regional and has a regional aspect. It relies on active man- commuter patterns. Reflecting this regional inter- number of one- and two-person households and cooperation, the city would be unable to provide agement of spatial resources, taking into account dependency, governance is based on the voluntary for older buyers, who are likely to choose quality space and accommodations to capture all of the the increasing conflicts of use and the need for participation of three German federal states- over quantity. A 2004 forecast predicted that the demand. An example of this type of cooperation is economical and sustainable land use in the port Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and Hamburg. city can gain an additional 80,000 inhabitants or “Süderelbe AG”, a public private partnership which area and the region. In addition, 14 counties from Schleswig-Holstein 60,000 households by 2020. Altogether, Hamburg was established to promote the mutual develop- Therefore, regional marketing and internation- and Lower Saxony are members of an informal should have a positive balance of migration, ment of the regional competence cluster, i.e. “port alisation are therefore the new key projects of a “common sense” strategy for the metropolitan re- with a focus on 15 – 30 year olds. The city offers and logistics”, “aviation industry (Airbus/EADS)” metropolitan region. So-called “soft” location gion based on the Regional Development Concept attractive housing, employment, and education and others associated with the synergies between factors like quality of life and regional image are (REK Hamburg 2000). to this group, thus presenting an appealing living science and research facilities of the region. The becoming increasingly important for successful As the metropolis and core of a region, Hamburg space. By contrast, the balance of migration within goal of this project was to secure a high-quality economic development. The HafenCity and the IBA offers an outstanding technical, social, and know- the surrounding suburban area is still negative, but location and quality of life for the almost 30,000 are two important examples of this.

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A NEW URBAN tial strategic concept, which shows future empha- DEVELOPMENT ses of action and does not follow the demands of CONCEPT spatially comprehensive planning. At the same time, it is an informal strategy that encompasses Since April 2007, the city of Hamburg has had a the key projects of the city, incorporating a vision new concept of urban development – the Spatial of how these aims shall be realised. In a highly ab- Vision of Hamburg. Since the publication of the stracted form the guiding plan shows the spatial last urban development concept of Hamburg structure of the city region and identifies the im- in 1996, the so-called STEK (Stadtentwicklung- portant topics which will influence future urban skonzept 2007), important new development development. potentials have arisen, and important parameters The Spatial Vision of Hamburg also relies on the have changed for the city. With a perspective of major growth industries of the city to strengthen 10 to 15 years, the Spatial Vision for Hamburg their role as a driving force of the economic dy- identifies important topics and tasks for spatial namic. These are industries that probably make development. Hamburg wants to seize the op- large demands for space and that request specific portunities of a growing metropolis by mobilising locations, including businesses in the compe- its urban potentials and strengthening its charac- tence cluster…“port and logistics” and “aviation”, ter as a “green” metropolis on the waterfront. The which are supported by various promotions. On most important aim of the plan reads “More city the other hand the “creative industries” look for in the city”. With this demand, Hamburg consist- older buildings and conversions close to down- ently gives priority to higher densities, infill, and town. This economic dynamic is carried by a num- sustainable spatial development. ber of small- and middle-sized businesses. The Figure 2: Map with areas The advantages of urban renewal development creative economies like media, Internet technol- of waterfront transformation are obvious: savings can be achieved by using the ogy and communication, film, music, and design in Hamburg existing infrastructure of the city – from public are initiators and at the same time milieu-defin- transport to cultural and educational facilities, ing for the city. Hamburg has already established thus reducing the cost of new buildings. The loss quarters like “Schanzenviertel”, “Karoviertel”, and of often-precious scenic and natural open space “Ottensen”, which offer such a milieu for certain groups and were perceived as “no-go areas”, dan- vitalisation”, “change of use”, and “development” is minimized while built areas with scenic fea- groups, but where displacement and gentrifica- gerous unsafe zones, and “facades of ugliness”, as are often used synonymously. tures will be renewed. The “Green Metropolis on tion are also important topics. well as diasporas and stepping stones for new- The cycle of dereliction, neglect, planning, the Waterfront” will be an important feature of In the period following German reunification, comers. The discourse on appropriate strategies implementation, and revitalisation of old har- Hamburg and a benchmark for the development many conversion areas of the Federal Armed for handling these areas has stirred controversy bour areas, as well as the necessary construc- of the inner city. This requires a responsible and Forces, the Post, the German Rail, and large hos- on the theory and practice of planning goals and tion of port infrastructures, are part of a complex sustainable use of space and resources. “More pital areas provided new urban uses. But most priorities in other cities as well. network of stakeholders and interests. Derelict city in the city” means giving inner-city locations important, as in all seaport cities, is the conver- The term “revitalisation” of ports and water- waterfront sites offer opportunities for new sus- a high-quality urban shape by means of higher sion of derelict former port areas. As little as 10 fronts straddles a range of meanings attached to tainable uses that no longer require sites close to densities, new uses, mixed uses, and upgrading years ago, the rapid worldwide increase in con- very diverse processes and plans. While port plan- the water. New waterfronts in particular mirror public spaces. More apartments and more jobs tainer transhipment and cruise ships could not ning includes (internal) port development meas- globalisation processes and have become loca- contribute to a higher quality of life. have been predicted. In Hamburg, this develop- ures such as the reorganisation and relocation tions for work, housing, and recreation favoured As a growing city, Hamburg needs enough ment is taking place with an active port located of port uses, urban planning now concentrates by the “creative class” (Florida 2005, Peck 2005) in apartments to fulfil the demand of the growing in the middle of the city. The future space, tech- on changing former port economies to activities knowledge-based societies. population. Therefore, the city set itself a goal of nical infrastructure, new container terminals, and such as services, tourism, leisure, and housing. ∙∙ Everywhere, efforts are being made to com- building 5,000 to 6,000 new apartments a year. environmental protection requirements present a Terms like “quay”, “waterside”, and “embankment” pensate structural changes in cargo handling, Urban conversion and infill requires the partici- financial challenge for the entire city. describe areas, buildings, and facilities formerly ship building, and seaport industries, as well pation of many actors and often a large measure associated with ports. Revitalisation, however, has as the resulting loss of employment by way of of long-term endurance. Often, local initiatives WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS no precise definition, but embraces a complex revitalisation projects that exploit structural don’t want higher densities and infill, and there AND CITY/PORT INTERFACE AREAS field of changing uses, rejuvenation and regener- changes in an attempt to modernise urban are many fights against new projects (“Nimby” – ation, redesign, and remodelling at the intersec- economies. Although there are a great variety Not in my backyard). For many decades, the port areas of Hamburg tion of diverse interests connect at the interface of influences such as project size, local and The key strategy shall be understood as a spa- had not been addressed by urban planning of city/country - port/water. Hence, the terms “re- regional office, housing market, and timeframe

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of planning and implementation, a roughly ment (BSU), is the planning authority in the port similar approach can be noted in targets of Hamburg. Thus, urban development planning chosen for regeneration and in the context of can generally not be done in port areas and port governance and planning cultures: related-waterfronts. Cooperation between the ∙∙ Dereliction, relocation of terminals and two Authorities is notoriously difficult.

port uses; Figure 3: “String of Pearls” - Map of Projects ∙∙ Neglect of derelict areas; BEGINNINGS OF REDEVELOPMENT: along the northern shore of River Elbe ∙∙ Planning, concepts, and designs for sub-opti- “STRING OF PEARLS” Source: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Stadtentwicklungsbehörde, perlenkette mally used former port areas; hamburgs hafenrand. Die Revitalisierung ∙∙ Implementation, construction; After the end of the Cold War, Hamburg regained des nördlichen Elbufers, Hamburg 2000 ∙∙ Revitalisation and enhancement of port areas its central position as the most eastern port on and along waterfronts. the North Sea and as a gateway to the Baltic Sea. Most of the port is owned by the city of Hamburg Generally, transformation begins in the oldest and is governed by the Hamburg Port Authority parts of the ports and cities, with small projects (HPA). The port is perceived as part of the urban Most of the new projects are office buildings that housing estates, the wholesale market, industry, such as converted warehouses, and slowly moves infrastructure, and capital investments in quays include ground-floor restaurants. The long per- port facilities, and railway lines. to more peripheral areas that were redeveloped and harbour basins, and the maintenance and iods of time that pass from riverfront sites falling Begun in the late 1990s, HafenCity is the most later. Initially, a step-by-step approach is often dredging of the shipping channel are important derelict to surveys, designs, and implementation important urban redevelopment project in Ham- taken, beginning with the most attractive sites, transactions in the city’s budget. works are due to different reasons specific to each burg. Hamburg has adopted a plan-led, mixed-use but not integrating developments in a sustain- The waterfront along the northern shore of project. The implementation of projects was not approach for HafenCity. Following a competition able urban or regional (re)development strategy. the Elbe in Altona, with splendid views towards strictly governed by planning requirements, but for a Masterplan, specific districts were designed In the context of stronger competition between the shipyards and ocean liners, plays a special by the availability of plots and developers’ inter- with a focus on offices, housing, shopping, and seaports and the challenges of globalisation, role in Hamburg. As in other seaport cities, the ests as well as investment considerations that recreation. In a way, HafenCity is a latecomer pro- waterfront redevelopment has to be integrated oldest facilities and infrastructures from the mid- originated from different periods and planning ject, where planners tried to avoid the mistakes of into a city-wide and regional planning and re- nineteenth century near the city centre became contexts. The metaphor of the “string of pearls” other waterfront revitalisation projects like mono search perspective. vacant or underused in the 1980s, and the port suggests that there had been an urban planning structures in the London Docklands. Approxi- In the meantime, while much experience in moved south-west-seawards, where new contain- concept, but it was not coined until the project mately 5.500 apartments for 10.000 to 12.000 transforming central urban waterfronts has been er terminals were built. When its port-related ac- was already under way. More than two decades inhabitants were planned, with projections for gained, frequently the targets of the projects are tivities declined, public attention became increas- after the start of the retrieval of public access to required social infrastructure, such as schools and not adequately defined, and it is not clear what ingly focused on new uses for the area. In the early the waterfront, a promenade along the river con- community centres, based on these figures. The the indicators are for best practice and “success 1980s, the northern shore of the Elbe comprised nects the different parts of the transformation. area is within the Elbe flood plain, making built stories”. Often, this kind of project-based “research” a heterogeneous mix of land uses with buildings and organisational solutions for the protection of is done with local studies and merely compares from the mid-nineteenth century to the post-war A GIANT STEP: HAFENCITY people and buildings indispensable. the situations before and after revitalisation. As period. The idea of upgrading of this waterfront The Masterplan (2000) specifies the phased not much trans-disciplinary comparative research area raised high expectations. New uses had to be The approach for HafenCity differs from the implementation of developments in sub-districts. in this field is available, such studies offer oppor- found, identification points created, and attrac- “string of pearls”. It is the most important urban It lays down the principal development sequence tunities for identifying different structures of de- tions for citizens, visitors, and tourists established. redevelopment project in Hamburg – the most from west to east, avoiding uncontrolled con- cision-making processes, different types of urban Revitalising measures on the waterfront were ex- significant reclamation of the (outer) city centre struction activities throughout the development (re)development, and diverse socio-cultural con- pected to have a positive impact on the city. The for housing in Germany – and one of the largest area. A zoning plan for HafenCity’s first phase was ditions (Wolman and Ford III and Hill 1994, p. 838). best locations were presented to companies and projects of its kind in Europe. The HafenCity re- drawn up in 2000, and land sales started in 2001. Compared with other planning tasks, a compli- investors looking for new sites. A catchy name establishes the connection between the River A development agency was devised in 2002, and cated set of competencies exists for waterfront was found for the zone: “String of Pearls”. It was Elbe and the city centre, giving Hamburg a new the first buildings were completed by 2004. The revitalisation projects. They include national assumed that applying a coherent strategy for the direction for growth: down to and along the river. newly founded GHS (Gesellschaft für Hafen- und state responsibilities and ownership relations whole area would be difficult, but that a string of HafenCity extends from the Speicherstadt (Ware- Stadtentwicklung GmbH, later HafenCity Ham- (like customs and regulations of the “freeport” spectacular projects based on a market-led ap- house District), to the Elbbrücken, the bridges burg GmbH) is responsible for the area and the - abandoned in Hamburg in 2013), different lo- proach would generate enough interest and, con- across the river. For the first time, a large area is implementation of its projects. A typical quango cal authority competencies, and finally private sequently, higher land values to upgrade the area. being taken from the port area and put to other (Quasi autonomous nongovernmental organiza- rights and interests. However, the Hamburg Port Since then, a number of new buildings and con- uses. The existing site covers approximately 155 tion) was set up to hasten development, and soon Authority (HPA), with its special rules, and not the versions of older warehouses have significantly hectares of both old and new operational port owned most of the land. Ministry for Urban Development and the Environ- gentrified the area along the northern Elbe bank. facilities. It is surrounded by several neglected The federal state government fosters opportun-

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Figure 4: Masterplan HafenCity Figure 6: Public transport in the HafenCity district: U4 Hamburg 2000. subway, H Bus stops, Fähre (Ferry). Source: HafenCity Source: www.hafencity.com1 Hamburg, Projekte, October 2014

ities for growth in Hamburg and its metropolitan An updated Masterplan for the eastern part of Figure 5: View from HafenCity University region (“Metropolis Hamburg – a Growing City”), HafenCity was decided on in 2010. Three districts building along Magdeburger Hafen, Überseequartier (southern part not built HafenCity being its flagship project. In 2006, plans with a variety of uses are in the pipeline: the Baa- yet), temporary cruise ship terminal, for the future centre (Überseequartier) of Hafen- kenhafen neighbourhood will be used for differ- Unilever Building and Elbphilharmonie City were finalised. Construction of the charac- ent types of housing and recreation; Oberhafen (with tower cranes). Source: Photo Dirk Schubert 2014 teristic mixed-use development began in 2007, will be transformed into a creative and cultural starting with a new metro line. In 2004, a tempor- district, where existing older warehouses will be ary cruise terminal received its first passengers reused, and sport facilities right by the water will at Hamburg. The world financial crisis caused be provided; and the most eastern district, Elb- some delays and office space vacancies in the brücken neighbourhood, will be the entrance Überseequartier. Implementation of the south- gate with higher buildings and a mix of offices as ern part of the commercial heart of HafenCity well as residential and shopping facilities. was halted, and a new developer must be found. The overwhelming demand for (affordable) hous- IBA, IGS AND THE ing can lead to more housing projects. In 2008, “LEAP ACROSS THE RIVER” the Maritime Museum was opened in Speicher B (Warehouse B). The most spectacular project is a The river island Wilhelmburg with the area “Leap concert hall (Elbphilharmonie) on top of Speicher across the River Elbe”, and the district Harburg are A (Warehouse A). This landmark project has at- especially affected by the transit traffic. The sep- tracted a good deal of international attention, aration of neighbourhoods by traffic roads and not only because of the spectacular architecture the noise exposure by road, rail, and air traffic but also because of rapidly increasing costs and have become a reality in many other parts of the delays in construction work. In the planning and city. Future important tasks for urban develop- construction phase, it became a distinctive inter- ment are to find solutions that meet the desires national new trademark of the city. of city residents for a better quality of life and

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simultaneously take into account the economic a more regional perspective, “Leap across the Riv- development of the city. So this is a special op- er Elbe” that is planned to improve the housing portunity for Hamburg to move forward within and living conditions within the area. The exhib- an experimental scope during the preparations itions are both intended to speed up the step-by- for the Internationale Bauausstellung IBA Ham- step approach to regeneration. burg (International Building Exhibition) and the The dynamic port and the large river island International Garden Show 2013 (IGA), where Wilhelmsburg with their diverse city landscapes many involved parties are integrated in a future form conflict-laden interfaces, but at the same discussion about sustainable solutions for urban time represent an urban development potential development. of inestimable value. In 2013 the exhibitions vi- A new urban connection is planned from the sualised new ideas and solutions in this area for city centre north of the river via HafenCity across future life in metropolises. The “experience area” the Elbe to Wilhelmsburg to Harburg Riverport river Elbe is connected with the assignment to and the south. Amidst these poles and bridge conserve this multifaceted area, to develop it and heads, Wilhelmsburg Mitte is expected to de- make it accessible and tangible to the people of velop into a new centre. But most importantly, the city. the Reiherstieg, canals, and the watercourses in Stretches along Reiherstieg and the southern Figure 7: Flood protection and wharf concept in the Wilhelmsburg should become its new “life veins”. banks of the Norderelbe are still mainly taken up HafenCity, where parts of the promenades can be overflooded (line means 8.30 over zero = safe). Wilhelmsburg will become the focus of iconic by port-related and industrial uses, while the east- Source: Hafencity Hamburg, Projekte, October 2012 urban design projects. The strategy also includes ern side has a range of different residential neigh-

Figure 8: View along the eastern part of Figure 9: View along Dalmannkai - HafenCity (under construction) with bridge Residential buildings and Elbphilharmonie Baakenhafen West. with tower cranes in the background. Source: Photo Dirk Schubert 2014 Source: Photo Dirk Schubert 2014

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bourhoods. Flood control structures and noisy fice and housing market were possible. In 2000, transport arteries crossing Wilhelmsburg lend it the implementation phase was predicted to last the character of a transit space. Conflicts between about 25 years. port uses, new terminals, the relocation of the The “Leap across the River Elbe”, on the other dock railway, the cross-harbour link (Hafenquer- hand, reorganised urban perspectives for the spange), and new residential areas are inevitable. entire city. Using architectural projects, the geo- It is assumed that the “Leap across the Elbe” is a graphical centre of Hamburg will be moved from task that will span one century, occupying at least the periphery into a new centre by means of a di- two generations. The IBA is not a classical building verse range of projects and plans that are part of a exhibition, but a demonstration project for new long-term strategy. Initially, the existing building ideas of participation and planning procedures. stock will be selectively enhanced and distinct in- The main topics are, briefly: novative projects incorporated into an overall ∙∙ Cosmopolis: Social inclusion, cultural diversity, urban design concept that will restructure the improvements of education, and concepts for interface between port and city. The upgrading of an international urban society; Wilhelmsburg will take many decades and must ∙∙ Metrozones: Concepts for fragmented uses be balanced between requirements of the local and development of inner edges of the city; inhabitants for affordable housing and dangers of ∙∙ Cities and climate change: Concepts for a partial gentrification. sustainable metropolis, demonstration of The projects and plans illustrate paradigm environmentally friendly, renewable energy shifts in urban planning that relate not only to using own resources. Hamburg. Shortage of funding and deficits in the budget make untargeted subsidies impossible On the IBA Dock, a floating exhibition and office and enforce more flexible plans and concentra- dock, the plans and models can be visited. Topics tion on the most important , ie, flagship, projects and goals for the future of metropolis can be ex- with the most impact. plored as well the current status of IBA projects. When more than 30 years ago discussions All projects with an IBA certificate will be evalu- began on the redevelopment of derelict and sub- ated for criteria such as distinctiveness, feasibility, optimally used harbour sites, it was assumed that project capability, and structural effectiveness. By this would be a specific and unique planning task. this project-led, experimental, and incremental Using experiences from North America, the new approach the IBA hopes to generate a valorisation post-industrial waterfront was embedded in a re- for the total island Wilhelmsburg in the long run. invention of the city image. The waterfront was the place where the transformation from an in- REFLECTIONS ON FURTHER dustrial and Fordist city to the post-industrial and PROJECTS FOR THE FUTURE science-based city could be recognised; in a way, it was a shift from ships to chips (Schubert 2001: Plans for the transformation of derelict waterfront 131; Ward 2002: 342). In the 1980s, inexperience sites in Hamburg started with a project and an not only in Hamburg, but in other sites in Europe, architecture-led incremental approach along the unclear responsibilities, a bad image, and want for northern river bank. Conflicts arising between possible future uses allowed “pioneers” to exploit urban and port development were dealt with case niches for their own purposes. This was soon fol- by case among the authorities and stakeholders. lowed by single redevelopments of (often listed) Rapid implementation of building projects was warehouses and the conversion of architectural the prime goal. HafenCity implied a jump in scale heritage sites dating back to early industrialisa- and a more complex implementation strategy tion, into lofts and expensive private apartments. formulated with the city as a developer and a pro- Soon it became clear that standardised regenera- Figure 10: List of IBA ject embedded in urban perspectives of inner- tion models (“do a Baltimore” - referring to the (International Building city extension. HafenCity is a more plan-led and Baltimore Inner Harbour and the festival market Exhibition) procects related to the superior objectives. proactive approach, while improvements and approach) were not delivering the best local solu- Source: IBA Hamburg 2013 updates of the plan related to changes in the of- tions. The partly mono-functional and small-scale

58 ISOCARP REVIEW 10 59 THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG DIRK SCHUBERT approach to redevelopment of central port and tics – and are expected to grow rather than lessen References derelict waterfront sites has now been integrated in the future. Architects’ visions as well as the cov- Florida, Richard. 2005. Cities and the Creative Class. into large-scale strategic and often regional per- etousness of the real estate industry and urban New York: Routledge. spectives. Waterfront sites became integral parts developers, egged on by the media to convert of redevelopment and important components harbour and waterfront sites into promenades Hellweg, Uli. 2013. Building the City Anew: the International of comprehensive urban and regional concepts. and attractive housing, offices, and cultural facili- Building Exhibition in Hamburg, PORTUS 26, November Although waterfront areas similar to Hamburg ties, clash with the requirements of port logistics http://www.portusonline.org/building-the-city-anew-the- are important elements for redevelopment and and economies. international-building-exhibition-in-hamburg/ unique image factors for urban marketing, they The largely automated terminal operation and Juhel, Marc H. 2001. Globalisation, privatisation and are now often integrated in sustainable medium- the ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Facility restructuring of ports. International and long-term regeneration perspectives, togeth- Security Code) have made ports into high-secur- Journal of Maritime Economics. 3: 139-174. er with other brownfields, transport, and land- ity zones, strictly controlled and with limited ac- scape planning projects. cess. This in turn implies the reversal of centuries Peck, Jamie. 2005. Struggling with the creative class. Currently, the distribution of resources and of development: cities need their ports, but mod- International Journal of Urban and power between terminal operators and logis- ern container ports no longer need cities; this out- Regional Research. 29(4): 740-770. tics enterprises as “global players” and the cities dated structure has become a hindrance to future Regionales Entwicklungskonzept (REK), Metropolregion and ports as “local actors” has become more and development. The perception of port cities as one Hamburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Kiel 2000. more unbalanced. Whilst the attention of large organisational and spatial unit consisting of city logistics companies is increasingly concentrated and port is replaced through decoupling and spa- Schubert, Dirk. 2008. Transformation processes on waterfronts on investment returns and global optimisation tial specialisation. in seaport cities: Causes and trends between divergence and strategies, (seaport) cities must consider local The flagship projects are an integral part of convergence, In: Port Cities as Areas of Transition. medium- to long-term perspectives for the de- their respective national planning cultures, urban Ethnographic Perspectives, eds, Waltraud Kokot, velopment of their ports and urban areas. Today, regional housing and office markets, and globally Mijal Gandelsman-Trier, Kathrin Wildner, and Astrid the flow of goods is managed from business loca- established real estate and project management Wonneberger. Bielefeld: transcript. tions far from the ports. Important terminal oper- structures. At the same time, they document STEK Stadtentwicklungskonzept - Räumliches Leitbild, ators such as the Port of Singapore (PSA) or Dubai perspectives of European urban development Hamburg 2007. Ports World act globally with a focus on horizontal from monocentric to polycentric (regional) cities. and vertical integration, offering their customers Although the ambivalence, fragmentation, and Ward, Stephen V. 2002. Planning the Twentieth-Century City: bespoke logistics services. The part of global ter- social polarisation continue to be significant on The Advanced Capitalist World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. minal operators (transnational terminal operating a small scale, they are embedded in large spatial Wolman, Harold L., Coit Cook Ford III and Edward Hill. 1994. companies-TTOs) has significantly increased dur- contexts. Evaluating the success stories. Urban Studies. 31(6): 835-850. ing past years (Juhel 2001, p. 143). Spatial planning has thus gained in significance. The postulate to stop thinking in terms of “city Although city marketing is primarily concerned or port“, but of “city and port” instead, incorpor- with landmark projects by “star” architects, they ating aspects of sectoral and comprehensive are now nothing more than important compon- regional planning, collides with harsh reality. Mer- ents within the whole city. The implementation ging the terms “competition” and “cooperation” of integrated and sustainable regional and spa- into “co-optition” signifies a joint approach that tial planning policies on the other hand is linked is, however, still wishful thinking. It is important to different political traditions and planning to abandon romantic and nostalgic views, as the cultures. Countries that have anticipated the in- planning of cities and ports will increasingly fol- creasing competition between seaport cities and, low different development parameters. The fu- in response, adopted forward-looking regional ture development in coastal regions and seaport strategies and new governance structures involv- cities is thus dependant on the interaction and ing the relevant private and public stakeholders development of the global economy, transport are likely to succeed in the long term. and ship building, nature and the environment, as well as climate change and, ultimately, the cit- izens’ interests. The conflicts of interest in costal regions are similar all over the world – amplified Endnote 1 http://www.hafencity.com/upload/files/files/ by global development trends in the field of logis- z_de_broschueren_24_Masterplan_end.pdf

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