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Three Contrasting Approaches THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG DIRK SCHUBERT THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG: “STRING OF PEARLS”, HAFENCITY AND IBA (INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION) DIRK SCHUBERT Figure 1: HafenCity Hamburg, view over Magdeburger Hafen and Überseequartier, Elbphilharmonie with tower cranes on the left hand side in the background. Source: Dirk Schubert Hamburg is the site of Europe’s second largest port ledge infrastructure. However, the Hamburg Metro- it is declining. To capture this housing market, sub- companies and the 800,000 inhabitants of the and is a tidal seaport city on the estuary of the politan Region not only has to strengthen itself stantial attention will need to be paid to improv- Süderelbe region. Their order reads “strengths River Elbe, 100 kilometres upstream from the North within the region, acting “from the region for the ing the available housing stock and creating new strengthen” for growth, creation of value, and jobs. Sea. Hamburg’s topography is shaped by the con- region”, but also has to compete with other regions housing for present inhabitants, young families, The port also represented a great opportunity. fluence of the smaller River Alster and its tributar- of Germany and Europe. Therefore border-crossing and newcomers. As older less efficient port facilities began to de- ies that flow into the Elbe. The city is characterised alliances and networks of large-scale partnerships At the same time, the sites to accommodate this cline, these areas represented potential redevelop- by Lake Alster in its middle and a port with ocean with other regions and among the three federal demand were effected by restricted land avail- ment opportunities gifted with waterfront views. liners on the Elbe. The city-state Hamburg is part of states have to be contracted. ability. Unless this spatial imbalance was resolved Additionally, there are the national and global the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which covers a In addition, as the economy of the region grows, there was a good possibility that many future issues which might ensue from climate change, settlement and economic area on both sides of the several challenges needed to be resolved at a commuters might end up living and paying their global warming, and climate protection are river Elbe of approximately 20,000 km² containing regional, national and global scale. taxes in the suburban villages and towns not in important City and metropolitan topics. Hamburg about 4.5 million inhabitants and 1.9 million One challenge is to meet the demand of the Hamburg where they work. accepts this challenge with a broad climate protec- employees. The functional interdependencies in metropolitan housing market where there is a Another regional challenge is the expan- tion concept, which is interdisciplinary, integrative, the region can easily be understood by studying need for more suitable housing for the growing sion of the port of Hamburg. Without regional and has a regional aspect. It relies on active man- commuter patterns. Reflecting this regional inter- number of one- and two-person households and cooperation, the city would be unable to provide agement of spatial resources, taking into account dependency, governance is based on the voluntary for older buyers, who are likely to choose quality space and accommodations to capture all of the the increasing conflicts of use and the need for participation of three German federal states- over quantity. A 2004 forecast predicted that the demand. An example of this type of cooperation is economical and sustainable land use in the port Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and Hamburg. city can gain an additional 80,000 inhabitants or “Süderelbe AG”, a public private partnership which area and the region. In addition, 14 counties from Schleswig-Holstein 60,000 households by 2020. Altogether, Hamburg was established to promote the mutual develop- Therefore, regional marketing and internation- and Lower Saxony are members of an informal should have a positive balance of migration, ment of the regional competence cluster, i.e. “port alisation are therefore the new key projects of a “common sense” strategy for the metropolitan re- with a focus on 15 – 30 year olds. The city offers and logistics”, “aviation industry (Airbus/EADS)” metropolitan region. So-called “soft” location gion based on the Regional Development Concept attractive housing, employment, and education and others associated with the synergies between factors like quality of life and regional image are (REK Hamburg 2000). to this group, thus presenting an appealing living science and research facilities of the region. The becoming increasingly important for successful As the metropolis and core of a region, Hamburg space. By contrast, the balance of migration within goal of this project was to secure a high-quality economic development. The HafenCity and the IBA offers an outstanding technical, social, and know- the surrounding suburban area is still negative, but location and quality of life for the almost 30,000 are two important examples of this. 48 ISOCARP REVIEW 10 49 THREE CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND WATERFRONT TRANSFORMATIONS IN HAMBURG DIRK SCHUBERT A NEW URBAN tial strategic concept, which shows future empha- DEVELOPMENT ses of action and does not follow the demands of CONCEPT spatially comprehensive planning. At the same time, it is an informal strategy that encompasses Since April 2007, the city of Hamburg has had a the key projects of the city, incorporating a vision new concept of urban development – the Spatial of how these aims shall be realised. In a highly ab- Vision of Hamburg. Since the publication of the stracted form the guiding plan shows the spatial last urban development concept of Hamburg structure of the city region and identifies the im- in 1996, the so-called STEK (Stadtentwicklung- portant topics which will influence future urban skonzept 2007), important new development development. potentials have arisen, and important parameters The Spatial Vision of Hamburg also relies on the have changed for the city. With a perspective of major growth industries of the city to strengthen 10 to 15 years, the Spatial Vision for Hamburg their role as a driving force of the economic dy- identifies important topics and tasks for spatial namic. These are industries that probably make development. Hamburg wants to seize the op- large demands for space and that request specific portunities of a growing metropolis by mobilising locations, including businesses in the compe- its urban potentials and strengthening its charac- tence cluster…“port and logistics” and “aviation”, ter as a “green” metropolis on the waterfront. The which are supported by various promotions. On most important aim of the plan reads “More city the other hand the “creative industries” look for in the city”. With this demand, Hamburg consist- older buildings and conversions close to down- ently gives priority to higher densities, infill, and town. This economic dynamic is carried by a num- sustainable spatial development. ber of small- and middle-sized businesses. The Figure 2: Map with areas The advantages of urban renewal development creative economies like media, Internet technol- of waterfront transformation are obvious: savings can be achieved by using the ogy and communication, film, music, and design in Hamburg existing infrastructure of the city – from public are initiators and at the same time milieu-defin- transport to cultural and educational facilities, ing for the city. Hamburg has already established thus reducing the cost of new buildings. The loss quarters like “Schanzenviertel”, “Karoviertel”, and of often-precious scenic and natural open space “Ottensen”, which offer such a milieu for certain groups and were perceived as “no-go areas”, dan- vitalisation”, “change of use”, and “development” is minimized while built areas with scenic fea- groups, but where displacement and gentrifica- gerous unsafe zones, and “facades of ugliness”, as are often used synonymously. tures will be renewed. The “Green Metropolis on tion are also important topics. well as diasporas and stepping stones for new- The cycle of dereliction, neglect, planning, the Waterfront” will be an important feature of In the period following German reunification, comers. The discourse on appropriate strategies implementation, and revitalisation of old har- Hamburg and a benchmark for the development many conversion areas of the Federal Armed for handling these areas has stirred controversy bour areas, as well as the necessary construc- of the inner city. This requires a responsible and Forces, the Post, the German Rail, and large hos- on the theory and practice of planning goals and tion of port infrastructures, are part of a complex sustainable use of space and resources. “More pital areas provided new urban uses. But most priorities in other cities as well. network of stakeholders and interests. Derelict city in the city” means giving inner-city locations important, as in all seaport cities, is the conver- The term “revitalisation” of ports and water- waterfront sites offer opportunities for new sus- a high-quality urban shape by means of higher sion of derelict former port areas. As little as 10 fronts straddles a range of meanings attached to tainable uses that no longer require sites close to densities, new uses, mixed uses, and upgrading years ago, the rapid worldwide increase
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