DOCSLIB.ORG

AA00058808 00001 ( .Pdf )

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AA00058808 00001 ( .Pdf ) STONEHENGE: ITS VISUAL FORCE By JOHANN KRISTJAN EYFELLS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GIV.DUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA April, 1964 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I should like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor E. E. Grissom, Head, Department of Art, for his encouraging support given to me, particularly during the early stages of my somewhat unconventional approach to the chosen subject matter. I am greatly indebted to Professor J. G. Naylor for the excellent photographs, which he took of Stonehenge, while on a visit to his native country, England, last summer. His many helpful suggestions, and his part in supplying the photographic material presented in this thesis were invaluable . Thanks are due to Professors K. A. Kerslake and W. A. Carter for their suggestions and criticisms given as members of the super­ visory committee. Finally, I should like to thank my wife, Kristin, without whose help and encouragement this work would certainly have been more difficult. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT •••••....•............•..•..•.........••.... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .•..••.....•............•.... ~ . • . • . iii PART I •.••••••.•.•..............•..•••••.•...•............. 1 Introduction •••••.••..••.••.••••••••••.•••...•....••.• 2 PART II 13 meaning ......................................... 15 savage yet refined ••....•••••...•...•••..••.•.••. 17 tradi tional yet original •••••••..••..••••.•...•.. 19 assertive yet frail ••.••••.•.•.•••.•..•.......... 21 heavy yet unstrained .••..••.•••.•.•••.•.......•.• 23 spontaneous yet slow in birth ..•...••...••••...•• 25 spiritual yet earthy 27 convincing yet mute .•..••..•••.••.•...•..•.•..•.. 29 direct yet complex ••.•••...•..•...•.....•..•..••• 31 intimate yet domineering 33 revealing yet mysterious 35 unique yet universal ............................ 37 intui ti ve yet measured •.....•....•.........•...•. 39 mind yet matter •..••••••.•••.•.•.......•...•••... 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..•.................•....•.............. 44 iii PART I Introduction The fundamental drives of a people often find vital outlets in the fields of visual expression. These forces become the main~ springs of the labors of craftsmen in search for forms expressive of both the implicit and explicit values of their culture. A mature image, which is executed within the coherent frame­ work of a living spiritual view of existence, invariably shows an indissoluble union of energies, forms and meaning. Stonehenge, in the county of Wiltshire, England, is such a visual image. It exists as a magnificient example of the fulfill­ ment of human conception and purpose. It is a powerful sculptural statement embracing fundamental characteristics of man in nature. Although our reactions to the impact of this ancient monu­ ment are conditioned by time and place, we need not share the con­ victions of these builders in order to derive inspiration from their mental and physical achievement. Their outstanding t echnical feat and superb sculptural refinement stand as symbols of an even greater spiritual and inner strength. Milestones like these in the long evolution of manls indomitable spirit carry answers for today. Monu­ ments of the past shape the future; they are part of the common heritage of all men. 2 The purpose of this thesis is not to propound new theories nor to discover new facts, but rather to intensify our awareness and appreciation of the mysteries of living images of visual expression, of which we are heirs. It has been rightly said that Stonehenge, the most famous prehistoric antiquity of England, suffers from TIthe disadvantage of a reputation!!. Mr. Frank Stevens, Director ot the Salisbury Mus eum, stated in his article, Stonehenge: Today and Yesterday, that TlNo prehistoric monument can boast such a bulky bibliography, which runs into thousands of books, pamphlets, and newspaper noticesTl. (Stevens, 1941, 447.) Similarly, the distinguished archaeologist, Mr. R. J. C. Atkinson, says that the inquirer into the history of Stonehenge Tlis faced by a bulk of literature which is positively embarrassing, for no prehistoric monument in Britain, or for that matter in Europe, has been the subject of more speculation and controversyTl. (Atkinson, 1960, 182.) Early theories regarding the origin and purpose of the monument have ranged in quality from quasi-scientific conjectures to fantastic guesses. As late as the latter half of the nineteenth century the !little folk!, the Celts, the Phoenicians, the Druids , the Belgae, the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons and even the natives of Atlantis have been hailed as the builders of Stonehenge. Speculations concerning the purpose of the monument have been equally many-sided. During the ages, it has been variously called the work of the devil, a place of human sacrifice, a sun-temple, a ceremonial center of a vast necropolis, a place of great assembly and an astronomical ob­ servatory. Based on new scientific discoveries, speculations con- 3 cerning the monument are of a less spectacular nature. Modern writers generally agree that it was built during the middle of the second millennium B. C. From the contents of the Wessex Culture tombs of this period it may be inferred that the monument was erected by a rich community of mercantile aristocrats trafficking mainly in copper, tin and gold between Ireland and the Continent. However, the controversies about Stonehenge persist. The overwhelming profuSion of theoretical and speculative writings on Stonehenge, briefly referred to above, is, in part, re­ sponsible for the eventual direction taken in this thesis, namely, its chiefly visually oriented approach. As a comprehensive historical survey of this controversial monument is not within the scope of this paper, an attempt will be made to include herein a short descriptive account of the structural arrangement of Stonehenge, and to point out the major features per­ taining to the monument. Stonehenge is situated on a level, slightly elevated ground amidst the undulating, rolling downs of the Salisbury Plain in the south of England. From a distance it seems minute and dejected. The full visual impressiveness of its immense bulk does not assert itself until it is seen entire, silhouetted against the sky. The basic design of Stonehenge is composed of various con­ centric structures, of which the outermost feature is an enclosure of circular earthwork, measuring about 320 feet in diameter, and made up of an outside ditch and a chalk rubble bank. During the course of centuries most of the bank, which once stood about six feet in 4 - - - - o o ~ +'0 o o 5 height, has slipped back into the ditch, from which it was quarried. This circular earthwork was unbroken except at the entrance cause- way, from which the so-called Avenue leads downhill into the valley. The center line of the Avenue coincides approximately with the major axis of the monument, which has long been considered to be aligned on the summer solstice. The significance of this approximate alignment is not known and has been the subject of much speculation. With a particular reference to the difficulties involved in calculating the date of the monument from these alignments, Mr. Atkinson brought out the important fact that we have no me ans of telling what the original builders regarded as 'sunrise'. Was it the first gleam of light; or when the sun's disc was exactly cut in half by the horizon; or when the whole disc was just visible, with the horizon a tangent to its lower margin? The date computed using the first of these positions differs by nearly 4,000 years from that using the last. (Atkinson, 1960, 95-96.) The Avenue is made up of two parallel chalk banks, wh ich lie about forty seven feet apart. Its fine layout, running in a straight line for over 720 yards, is suggestive of a cer emonial use . Within the Avenue, at a distance of about 250 f eet from the center of the monument, stands a single large sarsen stone called the Heel Stone. This huge bolder, standing about sixteen f eet above ground level, is the only unwrought sarsen stone at Stonehenge. Its lozenge form is the commonest shape of natural bolders of sars en, which were formed many millions of years ago on the ocean bed by the solidification of beds of sand. The extreme hardness and dura- bility of these rocks may be appreciated in the fact that to shape 6 their surface it T1 requires from two and a half to three times the effort necessary to produce a comparable result on granitT1 • (Atkinson, 1960, 124.) The Heel StoneTs position, slightly to the right of the center line of the fairway, has long been wrongly thought to mark the point of sunrise on midsummer day as observed from the center of the monument. Nearer to Stonehenge proper in front of the causeway entrance is a large prostrate sarsen stone known as the Slaughter Stone. This large elongated block of sarsen is carefully dressed to shape, its cross-section being approximately a rectangle. The stone is said to have been once upright, and, together with a similar companion, formed an entrance gateway to the enclosure. Within the circular earthwork, and concentric with it, stand the remains of the great outer circle of Stonehenge. This structure, measuring about 100 feet in diameter, consisted originally of thirty hewn sarsen uprights, spaced at equal distances apart, and supporting on their tops a continuous row of lintel stones. Of the surviving uprights, seventeen remain standing today, and only six of the original thirty lintels remain in position. All of these sarsen stones have been dressed to shape and finish. The uprights stand about thirteen and a half feet above ground level, with an average width of seven feet and a thickness of three to four feet, with an upward taper. The sides of some of the stones are dressed to convexly curved shapes of great sculptural r e­ finement. This skill in dressing the stones is carried to a unique 7 perfection on the lintels, which are cut to a curve to fit the cir­ cumference of the circle. Each of the thirty uprights had two tenons which fitted into corresponding mortices in the lintels with which they were capped.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Concrete Prehistories: the Making of Megalithic Modernism 1901-1939
    Concrete Prehistories: The Making of Megalithic Modernism Abstract After water, concrete is the most consumed substance on earth. Every year enough cement is produced to manufacture around six billion cubic metres of concrete1. This paper investigates how concrete has been built into the construction of modern prehistories. We present an archaeology of concrete in the prehistoric landscapes of Stonehenge and Avebury, where concrete is a major component of megalithic sites restored between 1901 and 1964. We explore how concreting changed between 1901 and the Second World War, and the implications of this for constructions of prehistory. We discuss the role of concrete in debates surrounding restoration, analyze the semiotics of concrete equivalents for the megaliths, and investigate the significance of concreting to interpretations of prehistoric building. A technology that mixes ancient and modern, concrete helped build the modern archaeological imagination. Concrete is the substance of the modern –”Talking about concrete means talking about modernity” (Forty 2012:14). It is the material most closely associated with the origins and development of modern architecture, but in the modern era, concrete has also been widely deployed in the preservation and display of heritage. In fact its ubiquity means that concrete can justifiably claim to be the single most dominant substance of heritage conservation practice between 1900 and 1945. This paper investigates how concrete has been built into the construction of modern pasts, and in particular, modern prehistories. As the pre-eminent marker of modernity, concrete was used to separate ancient from modern, but efforts to preserve and display prehistoric megaliths saw concrete and megaliths become entangled.
    [Show full text]
  • Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present
    Parker Pearson, M 2013 Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present. Archaeology International, No. 16 (2012-2013): 72-83, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.1601 ARTICLE Researching Stonehenge: Theories Past and Present Mike Parker Pearson* Over the years archaeologists connected with the Institute of Archaeology and UCL have made substantial contributions to the study of Stonehenge, the most enigmatic of all the prehistoric stone circles in Britain. Two of the early researchers were Petrie and Childe. More recently, colleagues in UCL’s Anthropology department – Barbara Bender and Chris Tilley – have also studied and written about the monument in its landscape. Mike Parker Pearson, who joined the Institute in 2012, has been leading a 10-year-long research programme on Stonehenge and, in this paper, he outlines the history and cur- rent state of research. Petrie and Childe on Stonehenge William Flinders Petrie (Fig. 1) worked on Stonehenge between 1874 and 1880, publishing the first accurate plan of the famous stones as a young man yet to start his career in Egypt. His numbering system of the monument’s many sarsens and blue- stones is still used to this day, and his slim book, Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions, and Theories, sets out theories and observations that were innovative and insightful. Denied the opportunity of excavating Stonehenge, Petrie had relatively little to go on in terms of excavated evidence – the previous dig- gings had yielded few prehistoric finds other than antler picks – but he suggested that four theories could be considered indi- vidually or in combination for explaining Stonehenge’s purpose: sepulchral, religious, astronomical and monumental.
    [Show full text]
  • A303 Amesbury to Berwick Down
    A303 Amesbury to Berwick Down TR010025 6.3 Environmental Statement Appendices Volume 1 6 Appendix 6.1 Annex 8 Influences of the monuments and landscape of the Stonehenge part of the World Heritage Site on literature and popular culture APFP Regulation 5(2)(a) Planning Act 2008 Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 October 2018 HIA Annex 8 – Influences of the monuments and landscape of the Stonehenge part of the WHS on literature and popular culture Introduction Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 1986, one of the original list of seven sites in the UK to be put forward for inscription. The Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) was adopted in 2013. The Statement of OUV notes that ‘the monuments and landscape have had an unwavering influence on architects, artists, historians and archaeologists’ (UNESCO 2013). The 2015 Management Plan (Simmonds & Thomas 2015) identifies seven Attributes of OUV for the entirety of the WHS, of which the seventh is: ‘The influence of the remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape setting on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.’ The landscape around Stonehenge, comprising natural and cultural elements, is not just a physical environment, but an abstraction that is perceived by the human observer. Such observers have included literary writers, poets and travel writers, who have used their sense of the place as they experienced it to inspire their creative writing. The unique strength of Stonehenge is that the monument is an instantly recognisable structure which resembles no other and onto which a range of fantasies can be projected (Hutton 2009, 45).
    [Show full text]
  • 2019-2020 Annual Report and Financial Statements
    ANNUAL REPORT and FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - for the year ended 31 MARCH 2020 STATEMENTS REPORT and FINANCIAL ANNUAL The Museum, 41 Long Street, Devizes, Wiltshire. SN10 1NS Telephone: 01380 727369 www.wiltshiremuseum.org.uk Our Audiences Our audiences are essential and work is ongoing, with funding through the Wessex Museums Partnership, to understand our audiences and develop projects and facilities to ensure they remain at the core of our activities. Our audience includes visitors, Society members, school groups, community groups, and researchers. Above: testimonial given in February 2020 by one of our visitors. Below: ‘word cloud’ comprising the three words used to describe the Museum on the audience forms during 2019/20. Cover: ‘Chieftain 1’ by Ann-Marie James© Displayed in ‘Alchemy: Artefacts Reimagined’, an exhibition of contemporary artworks by Ann-Marie James. Displayed at Wiltshire Museum May-August 2020. (A company limited by guarantee) Charity Number 1080096 Company Registration Number 3885649 SUMMARY and OBJECTS The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Researchers. Every year academic researchers Society (the Society) was founded in 1853. The carry out important research on the collection. Society’s first permanent Museum opened in There are over 500,000 items in the collections Long Street in 1874. The Society is a registered and details can be found in our online searchable charity and governed by Articles of Association. database. The collections are ‘Designated’ of national importance and ‘Accreditation’ status Objects. To educate the public by promoting, was first awarded in 2005. Overseen by the fostering interest in, exploration, research and Arts Council the Accreditation Scheme sets publication on the archaeology, art, history and out nationally-agreed standards, which inspire natural history of Wiltshire for the public benefit.
    [Show full text]
  • Stonehenge and Ancient Astronomy Tonehenge Is One of the Most Impressive and Best Known Prehistoric Stone Monuments in the World
    Stonehenge and Ancient Astronomy tonehenge is one of the most impressive and best known prehistoric stone monuments in the world. Ever since antiquarians’ accounts began to bring the site to wider attention inS the 17th century, there has been endless speculation about its likely purpose and meaning, and a recurring theme has been its possible connections with astronomy and the skies. was it a Neolithic calendar? A solar temple? A lunar observatory? A calculating device for predicting eclipses? Or perhaps a combination of more than one of these? In recent years Stonehenge has become the very icon of ancient astronomy, featuring in nearly every discussion on the subject. And yet there are those who persist in believing that it actually had little or no connection with astronomy at all. A more informed picture has been obtained in recent years by combining evidence from archaeology and astronomy within the new interdiscipline of archaeoastronomy – the study of beliefs and practices concerning the sky in the past and the uses to which people’s knowledge of the skies were put. This leaflet attempts to summarize the evidence that the Stonehenge monument was constructed by communities with a clear interest in the sky above them. Photograph: Stonehenge in the snow. (Skyscan/english heritagE) This leaflet is one of a series produced by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). An electronic version is available for download at www.ras.org.uk. It has been written by the following members of the RAS Astronomical Heritage Committee: Clive Ruggles, Bill Burton, David Hughes, Andrew lawson and Derek McNally.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SINCEREST FORM of FLATTERY: an ANALYSIS of FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS of WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS
    THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS (Under the Direction of WAYDE BROWN) ABSTRACT Full-scale, ex situ replicas of UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be found in five countries and their constructions predate even the World Heritage Convention itself. Clearly, the desire of humans to copy the architectural wonders of the world has a long and enduring history. This thesis will attempt to answer three related questions. First, what is the intent behind constructing these replicas? Second, how do the public and cultural heritage professionals receive these replicas? And third, how do these replicas fit into the ongoing discussions on authenticity and interpretation in historic preservation? INDEX WORDS: Replica, Full-Scale, Ex Situ, World Heritage Convention, World Heritage Sites, Stonehenge, Maryhill Stonehenge, Foamhenge, Parthenon, Nashville Parthenon, Hallstatt Village, Luoyang Hallstatt, Great Sphinx at Giza, Chuzhou Sphinx, Duplitecture, Nara Document, Venice Charter, Postmodernism, Forgeries, Umberto Eco, Jean Baudrillard, Richard Handler, Albert Lessing, Biana Bosker. THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS BA, Emory University, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Rebecca Leigh McManus All Rights Reserved THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY: AN ANALYSIS OF FULL-SCALE, EX SITU REPLICAS OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES by REBECCA LEIGH MCMANUS Major Professor: Wayde Brown Committee: Scott Nesbit Akela Reason Taylor Davis Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, who encouraged me to keep pursuing knowledge, and to Alex Green, Sophia Latz, and Lesa Miller for their support and editorial advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Megaliths, Monuments & Tombs of Wessex & Brittany
    From Stonehenge to Carnac: Megaliths, Monuments & Tombs of Wessex & Brittany Menhhir du Champs Dolent SLM (1).JPG May 25 - June 5, 2021 (12 days | 14 guests) with prehistorian Paul G. Bahn © Jane Waldbaum ©Vigneron ©AAlphabet © DChandra © DBates Archaeology-focused tours for the curious to the connoisseur “The special tour of Stonehenge was a highlight, as well as visiting the best of the best of prehistoric sites with Archaeological Institute an immensely knowledgeable guide like Paul Bahn.” of America - Grant, Ontario Lecturer xplore the extraordinary prehistoric sites of Wessex, England, & Host and Brittany, France. Amidst beautiful landscapes see world renowned, as well as lesser known, Neolithic and Bronze Age Emegaliths and monuments such as enigmatic rings of giant standing stones and remarkable chambered tombs. Dr. Paul G. Bahn is a leading archaeological writer, translator, and broadcaster in the Highlights: field of archaeology. He is a Contributing Editor of the AIA’s Archaeology magazine, • Stonehenge, the world’s most famous megalithic site, which is a and has written extensively on prehistoric UNESCO World Heritage site together with Avebury, a unique art, including the books Images of the Ice Neolithic henge that includes Europe’s largest prehistoric stone circle. Age, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art, and Cave Art: A Guide to • Enigmatic chambered tombs such as West Kennet Long Barrow. the Decorated Ice Age Caves of Europe. Dr. • Carnac, with more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones, the Bahn has also authored and/or edited many world’s largest collection of megalithic monuments. books on more general archaeological subjects, bringing a broad perspective to • The uninhabited island of Gavrinis, with a magnificent passage tomb understanding the sites and museums that is lined with elaborately engraved, vertical stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Joint World Heritage Centre / Icomos Advisory Mission to Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 27-30 October 20
    REPORT ON THE JOINT WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE / ICOMOS ADVISORY MISSION TO STONEHENGE, AVEBURY AND ASSOCIATED SITES Stonehenge October 2015 copyright UNESCO 27-30 OCTOBER 2015 Chris Barker, Civil Engineer, ICOMOS Nathan Schlanger, Archaeologist, ICOMOS Marie-Noël Tournoux, Project Officer Europe and North America Unit, World Heritage Centre Stonehenge October 2015 copyright UNESCO 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………….…… 4 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………..… 5 2 MISSION REPORT ……………………………………………………………………….. 7 3 MISSION CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………. 24 4 MISSION RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………………...…...... 24 5 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………... 28 6 ANNEXES…………....……………………………………………………………………... 29 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The joint World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS mission thanks the State Party for the arrangements for the Advisory Mission and the preparation of all the necessary relevant materials, together with the good will in its advancement. Particular thanks are due to DCMS and Historic England and more specifically to Keith Nichol and Hannah Jones from DCMS and Henry Owen-John and Phil McMahon from Historic England, our main focal points. The mission would like to acknowledge and to commend the investment and professionalism of our hosts in addition to logistics and hospitality. The assistance gladly provided by Historic England, English Heritage Trust, the National Trust, and their representatives, be it at organizational level or on the ground, including notably Chris Smith, Historic England, and Heather Sebire, Properties Curator West English Heritage Trust, Kate Davies, Stonehenge General Manager, English Heritage Trust, Beth Thomas & Sarah Simmonds, World Heritage site Coordinator, Nicola Snashall, National Trust WHS archaeologist for Stonehenge & Avebury, Cassandra Genn, Senior project and Stakeholder Manager, Ian Wilson, Assistant Director of Operations, Ingrid Samuel, Historic Environment Director, Janet Tomlin, National Trust, as well as the Wiltshire Council.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever Increasing Circles: the Sacred Geographies of Stonehenge and Its Landscape
    Proceedings of the British Academy, 92, 167-202 Ever Increasing Circles: The Sacred Geographies of Stonehenge and its Landscape TIMOTHY DARVILL Introduction THE GREAT STONE CIRCLE standing on the rolling chalk downland of Salisbury Plain that we know today as Stonehenge, has, in the twentieth century AD, become a potent icon for the ancient world, and the focus of power struggles and contested authority in our own. Its reputation and stature as an archaeological monument are enormous, and sometimes almost threaten to overshadow both its physical proportions and our accumu- lated collective understanding of its construction and use. While considerable attention has recently been directed to the relevance, meaning and use of the site in the twentieth century AD (Chippindale 1983; 1986a; Chippindale et al. 1990; Bender 1992), the matter of its purpose, significance, and operation during Neolithic and Bronze Age times remains obscure. The late Professor Richard Atkinson was characteristically straightforward when he said that for questions about Stonehenge which begin with the word ‘why’: ‘there is one short, simple and perfectly correct answer: We do not know’ (1979, 168). Two of the most widely recognised and enduring interpretations of Stonehenge are, first, that it was a temple of some kind; and, second, that its orientation on the midsummer sunrise gave it some sort of astronomical role in the lives of its builders. Both interpre- tations, which are not mutually exclusive, have of course been taken to absurd lengths on occasion. During the eighteenth century, for example, William Stukeley became obses- sive about the role of the Druids at Stonehenge (Stukeley 1740).
    [Show full text]
  • A303 Stonehenge Amesbury to Berwick Down
    A303 Stonehenge Amesbury to Berwick Down Ploughzone Artefact Sampling and Trial Trench Evaluation: Rollestone Corner April 2019 Table of contents Chapter Pages Foreword 4 Executive Summary 5 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Project Background 6 1.2 Scope of the document 6 2 Site Description 8 2.1 Location, topography and geology 8 2.2 Archaeological and historical background 8 2.3 Previous Archaeological Fieldwork 13 3 Aims and Objectives 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Aims 16 3.3 Specific research objectives 17 4 Methods 18 4.1 Introduction 18 4.2 Ploughsoil artefact sampling 18 4.3 Trial trenching 19 4.4 Recording 19 4.5 Finds and environmental strategies 20 4.6 Monitoring 20 5 Results 21 5.1 Introduction 21 5.2 Soil sequence and natural features 21 5.3 Archaeological features and deposits 22 5.4 Ploughsoil artefact sampling (fieldwalking) and dry sieving of ploughsoil from trial trenches 23 6 Artefactual evidence 25 6.1 Introduction 25 6.2 Pottery 25 6.3 Flint 26 6.4 Other finds 27 7 Environmental evidence 29 7.1 Introduction 29 7.2 Aims and methods 29 7.3 Results 29 8 Archaeological Potential and Significance 30 8.1 Introduction 30 8.2 Stratigraphic 30 8.3 Finds 31 8.4 Environmental 31 1 A303 Amesbury to Berwick Down| HE551506-AMW-HER-Z2_SR_B20_Z-RP-LH-0001 8.5 Concluding remarks 31 9 Storage and curation 32 9.1 Museum 32 9.2 Preparation of the archive 32 9.3 Selection policy 32 9.4 Security copy 32 10 Tables 33 11 Figures 35 Abbreviations List 36 References 37 Appendix A Trench tables 41 A.1 Trenches 1101 to 1111 41 Table of Tables Table 10-1 Finds
    [Show full text]
  • Jottings on Some of the Objects of Interest in the Stonehenge Excursion
    qass Jl/\ 142,- Book 'D 7 I- I . * JOTTINGS f)\' s<)\!!" m Tijy orjF^T*^ op I INTERKST ^ON 1 : 1 1 E N G E EXC U RS 1 N n\ EDWARD T. STEVENS. F.S.A Hon. Director of tlie, Salisbury and Souin Wilts Museum, Hon. C'jratoi- • m<* IV-.rstee th<? B-ricknioie Miiseuni, ; of trrespoiiding !SFember of the Academy of Nucural Sciences of Philadelphia, Forcicp. Member of ihc Anthropological Institute of New YorT<, A ..nor of Flint CKips," &c. SALISHUKN JOTTINGS ON SOME OF THE OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN THE TONEHENGE EXCURSION. BY EDWARD T. STEVENS, F.S.A., Hon. Director of the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum, Hon. Curator and Trustee of the Blackmore Museum, :orresponding y Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Foreign Member of the Anthropological Institute of New York, Author of " Flint Chips," &c. I SALISBURY : BROWN & CO. LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND CO. 1882. V V ^^ .6 7 SALISBURY : BENNETT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, JOURNAL OFFICE. /WITHDRAWN N0Vl2:«18^ / CO^NTENTS. PAGE. Preface The Route I Traces of Early Occupation 2 Earth-works in the Route ... 2 Names of Rivers, &c., in the Route 3 Salisbury. —The Council Chamber ... 6 The Bull-ring 9 The Market-place II The " Blue Boar" 13 Ludlow and the Royalists H The City Gates 15 Events relating to Salisbury i6 Old Sarum. —General description 24 Remains of Masonry . 29 The Cathedral 30 Roman Roads to the Fortress 32 Palaeolithic Implement found there 33 Events relating to Old Sarum ... 34 Change in the name of the place 37 Removal of the Cathedral from Old Sarum 38 The Bishops of Old Sarum 39 Their remains and Tombs removed to Salisbury Cathedral 39 The Earls of Salisbury 43 The Burgh at Old Sarum 44 Represented in Parliament 44 Hour-glass stand in Stratford Church 46 Heale House.
    [Show full text]
  • The Engineering of Stonehenge
    Proceedings of the British Academy, 92, 231-256 The Engineering of Stonehenge JULIAN FUCHARDS & MARK WHITBY Introduction Julian Richards The experiments THE EXPERIMENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER, and the thoughts which both preceded and arose from them, are the direct result of the involvement of both authors in the production of a BBC programme in 1994. The series, ‘Secrets of Lost Empires’, exam- ined the greatest and most enduring engineering challenges of the ancient world, among which is the construction of Stonehenge, or more precisely, of the sarsen horseshoe and circle which form the most impressive elements of the stone structures. Within these, the single largest element is the Great Trilithon, now ruinous, but the largest of the individual stone settings, each of which consist of two uprights and one horizontal lintel (Fig. 1). The brief was to demonstrate, using human effort and such technology as could reason- ably be expected to have been available to the builders of Stonehenge during the earlier part of phase 3, now dated to between 2550 and 1600 BC (Cleal et al. 1995, 167) how this could have been accomplished. The nature of the experiment was dictated by the evidence provided by Stonehenge itself, the sarsen stones, estimated as weighing up to 40 tonnes, for which no convincing evidence for local origin could be produced. A possible source on the Marlborough Downs, some 30 km to the north, was first suggested by Samuel Pepys in 1665 (quoted in Brentnall 1946) and was reaffirmed by Colt Hoare in the early nineteenth century (Colt Hoare 1812, 149-50).
    [Show full text]