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WRA Species Report Family: Acanthaceae Taxon: Odontonema tubaeforme Synonym: Justicia coccinea hort. Common Name Fire Spike Justicia tubaeformis Bertol. (basionym) Odontonema strictum (Nees) Kuntze Thyrsacanthus strictus Nees Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 11 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 3/16/2011 Odontonema tubaeforme (Acanthaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 1 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 y areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 11 Print Date: 3/16/2011 Odontonema tubaeforme (Acanthaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2008. Gargiullo, M.B./Magnuson, B.L/Kimball, No evidence L.D.. A field guide to plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press US, New York, NY 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Ornamentals: A "…native to Central America but is widely cultivated for its dense inflorescences Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR of red flowers." 201 2007. Hosking, J.R./Conn, B.J./Lepschi, "Region of Origin: Native of Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, Belize B.J./Barker, C.H.. Plant species first recognized and Mexico." as naturalised for New South Wales in 2002 and 2003, with additional comments for species recognized as naturalised for 2000-2001. Cunninghamia. 10(1): 139-166. 202 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Ornamentals: A "...native to Central America…" Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR 203 2006. Irish, M.. Perennials for the Southwest: "Distribution: From southern Mexico to Panama at elevations from sea level to plants that flourish in arid gardens. Timber Press, 4600 ft. (1400 m)." [elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating Portland, OR environmental versatility] 204 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Ornamentals: A "...native to Central America…" Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR 205 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiensis Nova - A New "cultivated from near sea level to about 250 m. elevation" [Fiji] Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 5.. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii 205 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Ornamentals: A "…widely cultivated for its dense inflorescences of red flowers." Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR 301 2006. Irish, M.. Perennials for the Southwest: "Naturalized in the United States in Florida" plants that flourish in arid gardens. Timber Press, Portland, OR 301 2007. Hosking, J.R./Conn, B.J./Lepschi, "Locations where the species has been collected are where garden waste had B.J./Barker, C.H.. Plant species first recognized been dumped. These areas are on the edge of disturbed tall open forest. In the as naturalised for New South Wales in 2002 and first collection area O. tubaeforme was growing with Delairea odorata, Monstera 2003, with additional comments for species deliciosa, Lantana camara, Cinnamomum camphora and native trees and recognized as naturalised for 2000-2001. shrubs...Odontonema tubaeforme has also been observed in Hunt’s Creek Cunninghamia. 10(1): 139-166. Reserve at North Rocks and remnant bushland at Pennant Hills, Sydney and is recorded as naturalised in Queensland (Cook and Moreton pastoral districts) (Bean in Henderson 2002) with the first naturalised specimen (Sharpe 4302 & Batianoff – BRI) collected from Noosa National Park, Noosa in March 1986 (Barker 1996). This species is naturalised on Lord Howe Island (Batianoff 200311, Le Cussan 1128 – both BRI) and is widely naturalised in French Polynesia, Hawaii and Samoa where it forms dense monospecific stands (between 100 and 500 m2 in area) in wet forests (Meyer & Lavergne 2004)." 301 2010. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest "An introduced species originally from Central America, now naturalized in NEQ Plants [online database] - Odontonema and also in south eastern Queensland. Altitudinal range in NEQ not known but tubaeforme. http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- collected at 760 m. Grows in disturbed areas on the margins of rain forest and server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- around settlements." 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Odontonema_tu baeforme.htm 302 2010. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest "An introduced species originally from Central America, now naturalized in NEQ Plants [online database] - Odontonema and also in south eastern Queensland. Altitudinal range in NEQ not known but tubaeforme. http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- collected at 760 m. Grows in disturbed areas on the margins of rain forest and server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- around settlements." [a weed of disturbed areas with environmental impacts. See 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Odontonema_tu 3.04] baeforme.htm 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds -Odontonema tubaeforme [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/odontonema_tub aeforme/ Print Date: 3/16/2011 Odontonema tubaeforme (Acanthaceae) Page 3 of 7 304 2002. Space, J.C./Flynn, T.. Report to the "Odontonema tubaeforme (totoe, fire spike, cardinal flower) is invasive at a Government of Samoa on invasive plant species number of locations on both Upolu and Savai‘i. It is a serious problem due to its of environmental concern. U.S.D.A. Forest ability to invade the understory. While it is present on a number of Pacific islands, Service, Honolulu, HI the infestations seen in Samoa are the worst seen to date...nvasive in a number of locations; control in sensitive and natural areas such as Vailima Reserve." 304 2002. Space, J.C./Flynn, T.. Report to the "Odontonema tubaeforme (fire spike, cardinal flower) was seen to a limited extent Government of the Cook Islands on invasive in the wild on Rarotonga and Mangaia. This species is invasive at a number of plant species of environmental concern. U.S.D.A. locations in moist forests in Samoa. Although it primarily spreads by vegetative Forest Service, Honolulu, HI means, it is a problem species due to its ability to invade the understory. " 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of "environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed" Weeds -Odontonema tubaeforme [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/odontonema_tub aeforme/ 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of O. cuspidatum, O. strictum, & O. callistachyum listed as naturalized or weeds, Weeds - Index [Online Database]. but taxonomic confusion makes differentiation of impacts between putative http://www.hear.org/gcw/ species difficult.
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