DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Rosmarinic Acid Biosynthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Phytochemistry 70 (2009) 1663–1679 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Review Evolution of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis Maike Petersen *, Yana Abdullah, Johannes Benner, David Eberle, Katja Gehlen, Stephanie Hücherig, Verena Janiak, Kyung Hee Kim, Marion Sander, Corinna Weitzel, Stefan Wolters Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany article info abstract Article history: Rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid are caffeic acid esters widely found in the plant kingdom and pre- Received 24 February 2009 sumably accumulated as defense compounds. In a survey, more than 240 plant species have been Received in revised form 19 May 2009 screened for the presence of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. Several rosmarinic acid-containing species Available online 25 June 2009 have been detected. The rosmarinic acid accumulation in species of the Marantaceae has not been known before. Rosmarinic acid is found in hornworts, in the fern family Blechnaceae and in species of several Keywords: orders of mono- and dicotyledonous angiosperms. The biosyntheses of caffeoylshikimate, chlorogenic Rosmarinic acid acid and rosmarinic acid use 4-coumaroyl-CoA from the general phenylpropanoid pathway as hydroxy- Caffeoylshikimic acid cinnamoyl donor. The hydroxycinnamoyl acceptor substrate comes from the shikimate pathway: shiki- Chlorogenic acid Phenylpropanoid metabolism mic acid, quinic acid and hydroxyphenyllactic acid derived from L-tyrosine. Similar steps are involved Acyltransferase in the biosyntheses of rosmarinic, chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acids: the transfer of the 4-coumaroyl CYP98A moiety to an acceptor molecule by a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from the BAHD acyltransferase family and the meta-hydroxylation of the 4-coumaroyl moiety in the ester by a cytochrome P450 monooxygen- ase from the CYP98A family. The hydroxycinnamoyltransferases as well as the meta-hydroxylases show high sequence similarities and thus seem to be closely related. The hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and CYP98A14 from Coleus blumei (Lamiaceae) are nevertheless specific for substrates involved in RA biosyn- thesis showing an evolutionary diversification in phenolic ester metabolism. Our current view is that only a few enzymes had to be ‘‘invented” for rosmarinic acid biosynthesis probably on the basis of genes needed for the formation of chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acid while further biosynthetic steps might have been recruited from phenylpropanoid metabolism, tocopherol/plastoquinone biosynthesis and photorespiration. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Rosmarinic acid ..................................................................................................... 1664 1.1. Occurrence of rosmarinic acid in the plant kingdom . ..................................................... 1664 1.2. Screening of plant species for the presence of rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid . .................................. 1665 2. Biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeoylshikimic acid . ............................................ 1666 3. D-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases . ............................................................... 1672 3.1. Hydroxy(phenyl)pyruvate reductase from C. blumei ................................................................... 1673 4. CoA-ester-dependent BAHD hydroxycinnamoyltransferases . ............................................................... 1673 4.1. Hydroxycinnamoyltransferases in phenolic metabolism . ..................................................... 1673 4.2. Properties of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyphenyllactate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (rosmarinic acid synthase; RAS) . 1675 5. Cytochrome P450 CYP98A . .................................................................................. 1675 5.1. CYP98A in phenylpropanoid metabolism . ........................................................................ 1675 5.2. Properties of 4-coumaroyl-4’-hydroxyphenyllactate 3- and 3’-hydroxylase from C. blumei (CYP98A14) . ............... 1676 6. Possible evolutionary relationship of caffeoylshikimic/chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid biosynthesis. ............................ 1676 Acknowledgement . .................................................................................. 1677 References . ..................................................................................................... 1677 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 6421 2825821; fax: +49 6421 2825828. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Petersen). 0031-9422/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.010 1664 M. Petersen et al. / Phytochemistry 70 (2009) 1663–1679 COOH COOH NH2 NH2 HO L-phenylalanine L-tyrosine PAL OH COOH HO TAT O OH HO O COOH COOH t-cinnamic acid C4H homogentisic acid HO O HPPD COOH HO caffeoyl-5'-O-quinic acid = chlorogenic acid 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid OH HO 4C-S/Q 3H tocopherols HO 4-coumaric acid HPPR O 4CL O plastoquinones OH COOH SCoA O COOH HO H HO HO HO 4-coumaroyl-5'-O-quinic acid 4-coumaroyl-CoA 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid + quinic acid RAS + shikimic acid HCS/QT OH O COOH OH H HO O O 4-coumaroyl-4'-hydroxyphenyllactic acid HO O COOH 4C-pHPL 3H 4C-pHPL 3'H HO OH OH 4-coumaroyl-5'-O-shikimic acid O COOH O COOH H H HO 4C-S/Q 3H OH O O OH HO caffeoyl-4'-hydroxy- 4-coumaroyl-3',4'-dihydroxy- O HO phenyllactic acid HO phenyllactic acid HO O COOH Caf-pHPL 3'H 4C-DHPL 3H OH O COOH HO H HO caffeoyl-5'-O-shikimic acid O OH + CoA HCS/QT (?) rosmarinic acid caffeoyl-CoA + shikimic acid HO Fig. 1. Proposed biosynthetic pathways to rosmarinic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid and chlorogenic acid as well as some other phenylpropanoid pathway-derived compounds. The involved enzymes are: PAL = phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H = cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; 4CL = 4-coumaric acid CoA-ligase; TAT = tyrosine aminotransferase; HPPR = hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase; RAS = ‘‘rosmarinic acid synthase”, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:hydroxyphenyllactate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; 4C-pHPL 3H, 4C- pHPL 30H = 4-coumaroyl-40-hydroxyphenyllactate 3/30-hydroxylases; Caf-pHPL 30H = caffeoyl-40-hydroxyphenyllactate 30-hydroxylase; 4C-DHPL 3H = 4-coumaroyl-30,40- dihydroxyphenyllactate 3-hydroxylase; HPPD = hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; HCS/QT = hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; 4C-S/Q 3H = 4-coumaroylshikimate/quinate 3-hydroxylase. 1. Rosmarinic acid phyletic according to Grayer et al. (2003). The presence of RA in the Lamiaceae outside of the subfamily Nepetoideae was, however, re- 1.1. Occurrence of rosmarinic acid in the plant kingdom ported by Pedersen (2000) in Teucrium scorodonia and Aegiphila mollis of the sub-family Teucrioideae and Hymenopyramis brachiata The tanning compounds of Labiates have been known as Labiate of uncertain affinity within the family (according to Olmstead tannins (‘‘Labiatengerbstoffe”) for a long time. Research into the (2005)). On the other hand, RA was found in many species outside identification of these compounds started around 1950, and a com- the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae (Petersen and Simmonds, 2003; pound named rosmarinic acid (RA) was isolated from Rosmarinus Table 1). The use of RA occurrence as a chemotaxonomical marker officinalis (Lamiaceae) by Scarpati and Oriente (1958). Rosmarinic therefore is not recommendable. As can be seen from Table 1,RAis acid is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid already present in the Anthocerotaceae (hornworts), one of the (Fig. 1). It was isolated from many species of the families Lamia- earliest land plant families. Own unpublished investigations could ceae and Boraginaceae and was identified as one of the active com- not show the occurrence of RA in the genus Chara of the green al- ponents of several medicinal plants (e.g. Salvia officinalis, Mentha x gae family Charophyceae which is seen as the algal predecessor of piperita, Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Symphytum officinale) land plants. Within the land plants RA was found in species of the within these families. Not all members of the Lamiaceae, however, hornworts (family Anthocerotaceae), ferns (family Blechnaceae) as contain RA. The occurrence is mainly restricted to the subfamily well as some orders of the monocotyledonous plants and the Nepetoideae (Litvinenko et al., 1975), which is regarded as mono- rosids and asterids within the eudicotyledonous plants (Fig. 2). M. Petersen et al. / Phytochemistry 70 (2009) 1663–1679 1665 Table 1 Published occurrence of rosmarinic acid in the plant kingdom. Systematics are according to ‘‘Strasburger – Lehrbuch der Botanik” (Bresinsky et al., 2008). Subclass Order Family Reference Anthocerophytina Anthocerotales Anthocerotaceae Takeda et al. (1990), Petersen (2003) and Vogelsang et al. (2005) Filicophytina Blechnales Blechnaceae Harborne (1966), Bohm (1968) and Häusler et al. (1992) Spermatophytina, class Magnoliopsida Basal orders Chloranthales Chloranthaceae Zhu et al. (2008) Monocoty ledonous Alismatales Araceae Aquino et al. (2001) plants Potamogetonaceae Petersen (unpublished) Zosteraceae Ravn et al. (1994) and Achamlale et al. (2009) Zingiberales Cannaceae Petersen and Simmonds (2003) and Yun et al. (2004) Marantaceae Abdullah et al. (2008) Liliales Melianthaceae Lee et al. (2008) Eudicoty ledons Myrtales Onagraceae Huang et al. (2007) Celastrales Celastraceae Ly
Recommended publications
  • Apiaceae) - Beds, Old Cambs, Hunts, Northants and Peterborough

    Apiaceae) - Beds, Old Cambs, Hunts, Northants and Peterborough

    CHECKLIST OF UMBELLIFERS (APIACEAE) - BEDS, OLD CAMBS, HUNTS, NORTHANTS AND PETERBOROUGH Scientific name Common Name Beds old Cambs Hunts Northants and P'boro Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder common common common common Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley common common common common Ammi majus Bullwort very rare rare very rare very rare Ammi visnaga Toothpick-plant very rare very rare Anethum graveolens Dill very rare rare very rare Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica very rare very rare Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica common frequent frequent common Anthriscus caucalis Bur Chervil occasional frequent occasional occasional Anthriscus cerefolium Garden Chervil extinct extinct extinct very rare Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley common common common common Apium graveolens Wild Celery rare occasional very rare native ssp. Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort very rare or extinct very rare extinct very rare Apium nodiflorum Fool's Water-cress common common common common Astrantia major Astrantia extinct very rare Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip occasional frequent occasional occasional x Beruladium procurrens Fool's Water-cress x Lesser very rare Water-parsnip Bunium bulbocastanum Great Pignut occasional very rare Bupleurum rotundifolium Thorow-wax extinct extinct extinct extinct Bupleurum subovatum False Thorow-wax very rare very rare very rare Bupleurum tenuissimum Slender Hare's-ear very rare extinct very rare or extinct Carum carvi Caraway very rare very rare very rare extinct Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil common common common common Cicuta virosa Cowbane extinct extinct Conium maculatum Hemlock common common common common Conopodium majus Pignut frequent occasional occasional frequent Coriandrum sativum Coriander rare occasional very rare very rare Daucus carota Wild Carrot common common common common Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo very rare, prob.
  • 38 Plant Species at Risk Accounts in Prince George Timber Supply Area

    38 Plant Species at Risk Accounts in Prince George Timber Supply Area

    38 PLANT SPECIES AT RISK ACCOUNTS IN PRINCE GEORGE TIMBER SUPPLY AREA FIA PROJECT 2668067 Prepared for: Canadian Forest Products Ltd. 5162 Northwood Pulpmill Road Prince George, B.C. V2L 4W2 Attn: Bruce Bradley Prepared by: Timberline Natural Resource Group Ltd. 1512 97 th Avenue Dawson Creek, BC V1G 1N7 March 2008 1 Acknowlegements The authors of these accounts, Mecah Klem, Jen Atkins, Korey Green and Dan Bernier would like to thank Bruce Bradley and the PG FIA licensee group for funding this project. We would also like to acknowledge the work by Timberline staff on related projects – their research and previous related technical reports were useful for completing these accounts in an efficient and comprehensive manner. Gilbert Proulx of Alpha Wildlife Research and Management is also thanked for his contribution to other components of this collaborative project. 2 Table of Contents: Introduction ................................................................................................... 5 Alpine cliff fern .............................................................................................. 6 American sweet-flag ...................................................................................... 8 Arctic rush ................................................................................................... 10 Austrian draba ............................................................................................ 12 Back’s sedge ................................................................................................
  • Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)

    Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)

    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
  • Cally Plant List a ACIPHYLLA Horrida

    Cally Plant List a ACIPHYLLA Horrida

    Cally Plant List A ACIPHYLLA horrida ACONITUM albo-violaceum albiflorum ABELIOPHYLLUM distichum ACONITUM cultivar ABUTILON vitifolium ‘Album’ ACONITUM pubiceps ‘Blue Form’ ACAENA magellanica ACONITUM pubiceps ‘White Form’ ACAENA species ACONITUM ‘Spark’s Variety’ ACAENA microphylla ‘Kupferteppich’ ACONITUM cammarum ‘Bicolor’ ACANTHUS mollis Latifolius ACONITUM cammarum ‘Franz Marc’ ACANTHUS spinosus Spinosissimus ACONITUM lycoctonum vulparia ACANTHUS ‘Summer Beauty’ ACONITUM variegatum ACANTHUS dioscoridis perringii ACONITUM alboviolaceum ACANTHUS dioscoridis ACONITUM lycoctonum neapolitanum ACANTHUS spinosus ACONITUM paniculatum ACANTHUS hungaricus ACONITUM species ex. China (Ron 291) ACANTHUS mollis ‘Long Spike’ ACONITUM japonicum ACANTHUS mollis free-flowering ACONITUM species Ex. Japan ACANTHUS mollis ‘Turkish Form’ ACONITUM episcopale ACANTHUS mollis ‘Hollard’s Gold’ ACONITUM ex. Russia ACANTHUS syriacus ACONITUM carmichaelii ‘Spätlese’ ACER japonicum ‘Aconitifolium’ ACONITUM yezoense ACER palmatum ‘Filigree’ ACONITUM carmichaelii ‘Barker’s Variety’ ACHILLEA grandifolia ACONITUM ‘Newry Blue’ ACHILLEA ptarmica ‘Perry’s White’ ACONITUM napellus ‘Bergfürst’ ACHILLEA clypeolata ACONITUM unciniatum ACIPHYLLA monroi ACONITUM napellus ‘Blue Valley’ ACIPHYLLA squarrosa ACONITUM lycoctonum ‘Russian Yellow’ ACIPHYLLA subflabellata ACONITUM japonicum subcuneatum ACONITUM meta-japonicum ADENOPHORA aurita ACONITUM napellus ‘Carneum’ ADIANTUM aleuticum ‘Japonicum’ ACONITUM arcuatum B&SWJ 774 ADIANTUM aleuticum ‘Miss Sharples’ ACORUS calamus ‘Argenteostriatus’
  • Ngaanyatjarra Central Ranges Indigenous Protected Area

    Ngaanyatjarra Central Ranges Indigenous Protected Area

    PLAN OF MANAGEMENT for the NGAANYATJARRA LANDS INDIGENOUS PROTECTED AREA Ngaanyatjarra Council Land Management Unit August 2002 PLAN OF MANAGEMENT for the Ngaanyatjarra Lands Indigenous Protected Area Prepared by: Keith Noble People & Ecology on behalf of the: Ngaanyatjarra Land Management Unit August 2002 i Table of Contents Notes on Yarnangu Orthography .................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................................ v Cover photos .................................................................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................. v Summary.................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background ...............................................................................................................................................................
  • FL0107:Layout 1.Qxd

    FL0107:Layout 1.Qxd

    S. M. El Naggar & N. Sawady Pollen Morphology of Malvaceae and its taxonomic significance in Yemen Abstract El Naggar, S. M. & Sawady N.: Pollen Morphology of Malvaceae and its taxonomic signifi- cance in Yemen. — Fl. Medit. 18: 431-439. 2008. — ISSN 1120-4052. The pollen morphology of 20 species of Malvaceae growing in Yemen was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The studied taxa belong to 9 genera and three different tribes. These taxa are: Abelmoschus esculentus, Hibiscus trionum, H. micranthus, H. deflersii, H. palmatus, H. vitifolius, H. rosa-sinensis, H. ovalifolius, Gossypium hirsutum, Thespesia populnea (L.) Solander ex Correa and Senra incana (Cav.) DC. (Hibiscieae); Malva parviflora and Alcea rosea (Malveae); Abutilon fruticosum, A. figarianum, A. bidentatum, A. pannosum, Sida acuta, S. alba and S. ovata (Abutileae). Pollen shape, size, aperture, exine structure and sculpturing as well as the spine characters proved that they are of high taxonom- ic value. Pollen characters with some other morphological characters are discussed in the light of the recent classification of the family in Yemen. Key words: Malvaceae, Morphology, Yemen. Introduction Malvaceae Juss. (s. str.) is a large family of herbs, shrubs and trees; comprising about 110 genera and 2000 species. It is a globally distributed family with primary concentrations of genera in the tropical and subtropical regions (Hutchinson 1967; Fryxell 1975, 1988 & 1998; Heywood 1993; La Duke & Doeby 1995; Mabberley 1997). Due to the high economic value of many taxa of Malvaceae (Gossypium, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus and Malva), several studies of different perspective have been carried out, such as those are: Edlin (1935), Bates and Blanchard (1970), Krebs (1994a, 1994b), Ray (1995 & 1998), Hosni and Araffa (1999), El Naggar (1996, 2001 & 2004), Pefell & al.
  • Las Especies Del Género Alyogyne Alef. (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) Cultivadas En España

    Las Especies Del Género Alyogyne Alef. (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) Cultivadas En España

    Las especies del género Alyogyne Alef. (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) cultivadas en España © 2008-2019 José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres www.arbolesornamentales.es El género Alyogyne Alef. comprende arbustos perennes, con indumento denso o de pelos esparcidos, con las hojas alternas, pecioladas, enteras, palmatilobadas o muy divididas, con estípulas diminutas y caedizas. Las flores son solitarias, axilares, sobre pedicelos largos y articulados. El epicáliz posee 4-10(-12) segmentos unidos en la base; el cáliz consta de 5 sépalos, más largos que el epicáliz, y la corola es más o menos acampanada, regular, formada por 5 pétalos obovados de color blan- co, rosa, lila o púrpura, adnatos a la base de la columna estaminal, cubiertos de pelos estrellados externamente. El androceo posee numerosos estambres (50-100) dispuestos en verticilos, con los filamentos unidos formando una columna que rodea al estilo, y las anteras uniloculares, dehiscentes por suturas longitudinales. El gineceo posee un ovario súpero, con 3-5 lóculos, cada uno de los cuales encierra 3-10 rudimentos seminales. Los estilos están unidos casi hasta el ápice, dividiéndose finalmente en 5 estigmas. El fruto es una cápsula dehis- cente por 3-5 valvas, conteniendo numerosas semillas (3-50) de pequeño tamaño, reniformes o globosas, glabras o pelosas. El nombre procede del griego alytos = unido y gyne = mujer, en alu- sión a los estilos unidos. Según Lewton (1915), el nombre debería ser Allogyne, del griego állos = otro, diferente y gyne = mujer, hembra, en alusión a la diferencia con Hibiscus en cuanto a los estilos. Realmente esta es la gran diferencia con el género Hibiscus, donde los estilos se separan por debajo de los estigmas, mientras que en Alyogyne están unidos justo hasta llegar a los estig- mas, momento en que se dividen.
  • Hollyhock Rust Caroline Jackson and Josephine Mgbechi-Ezeri

    Hollyhock Rust Caroline Jackson and Josephine Mgbechi-Ezeri

    Sample of the week: Hollyhock rust Caroline Jackson and Josephine Mgbechi-Ezeri Have strange orange and brown bumps plagued your flower beds this year? The prolonged cool temperatures and heavy precipitation this spring have allowed fungal pathogens to flourish. Here is one heavy infestation of Hollyhock rust, a disease that is caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia malvacearum. Common hosts include Alcea rosea, (hollyhock), Abutilon spp. (flowering maple), Malvaceae spp. (rose mallow), Figure 1. Yellow spots on upper leaf surface Photo Credit: and common weed mallow. It is Caroline Jackson, University of Missouri Plant Diagnostic Clinic one of the most common diseases of hollyhock. Symptoms of the disease include the yellow to red spots on upper leaf surface, and brown pustules that appear blister-like occur on lower leaf surface and stem. Leaves that are heavily infected often wilt, turn brown and die. This disease is the most common of hollyhock and can spread rapidly from leaf to leaf. The fungus overwinters in the infected plant materials, and in the spring produce spores that are dispersed by wind to initiate infection on new plants. Figure 2. Orange brown pustules on underside of leaf Photo Credit: Caroline Jackson, University of Missouri Plant Diagnostic Clinic For appropriate diagnosis, the MU Plant Diagnostic Clinic can help you confirm if your plant has this disease. Please visit our website http://plantclinic.missouri.edu/ and follow the instructions for collecting, packaging and shipping samples to the clinic. More Resources about Hollyhock Rust: http://www.missouribotanicalgarde n.org/gardens-gardening/your- garden/help-for-the-home- gardener/advice-tips- Figure 3.
  • 51St Annual Spring Plant Sale at the Arboretum’S Red Barn Farm

    51St Annual Spring Plant Sale at the Arboretum’S Red Barn Farm

    51st Annual Spring Plant Sale at the Arboretum’s Red Barn Farm Saturday, May 11 and Sunday, May 12, 2019 General Information Table of Contents Saturday , May 11, 9 am to 4 pm Shade Perennials ………………… 2-6 Sunday, May 12, 9 am to 4 pm Ferns………………………………. 6 Sun Perennials……………………. 7-14 • The sale will be held at the Annuals…………………………… 15-17 Arboretum’s Red Barn Farm adjacent to the Annual Grasses……………………17 Tashjian Bee and Pollinator Discovery Center. Enter from 3-mile Drive or directly from 82nd Martagon Lilies…………………... 17-18 Street West. Paeonia (Peony)…………………... 18-19 • No entrance fee if you enter from 82nd Street. Roses………………………………. 20 • Come early for best selection. We do not hold Hosta………………………………. 21-24 back items or restock. Woodies: • Entrances will open at 7:30 if you wish to Vines……………………….. 24 arrive early. No pre-shopping on the sale Trees & Shrubs…………… 24-26 grounds Minnesota Natives………………… 26-27 • Our wagons are always in short supply. Please Ornamental Grasses……………… 27-28 bring carrying containers for your purchases: Herbs………………………………. 29-30 boxes, wagons, carts. Vegetables…………………………. 30-33 • There will be a pickup area where you can drive up to load your plants. • There will be golf carts and shuttles to drive you to and from your vehicle. • Food truck(s) will be on site. Payment • You can assist us in maximizing our The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum support of the MLA by using cash or checks. 3675 Arboretum Drive, Chaska, MN 55318 However, if you wish to use a credit card, we Telephone: 952-443-1400 accept Visa, MasterCard, Amex and Discover.
  • Circumscription and Phylogeny of Apiaceae Subfamily Saniculoideae Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences

    Circumscription and Phylogeny of Apiaceae Subfamily Saniculoideae Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences

    ARTICLE IN PRESS Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2007) xxx–xxx www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences Carolina I. Calviño a,b,¤, Stephen R. Downie a a Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3707, USA b Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Buenos Aires, Argentina Received 14 July 2006; revised 3 January 2007; accepted 4 January 2007 Abstract An estimate of phylogenetic relationships within Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae was inferred using data from the chloroplast DNA trnQ-trnK 5Ј-exon region to clarify the circumscription of the subfamily and to assess the monophyly of its constituent genera. Ninety- one accessions representing 14 genera and 82 species of Apiaceae were examined, including the genera Steganotaenia, Polemanniopsis, and Lichtensteinia which have been traditionally treated in subfamily Apioideae but determined in recent studies to be more closely related to or included within subfamily Saniculoideae. The trnQ-trnK 5Ј-exon region includes two intergenic spacers heretofore underutilized in molecular systematic studies and the rps16 intron. Analyses of these loci permitted an assessment of the relative utility of these noncoding regions (including the use of indel characters) for phylogenetic study at diVerent hierarchical levels. The use of indels in phylogenetic anal- yses of both combined and partitioned data sets improves resolution of relationships, increases bootstrap support values, and decreases levels of overall homoplasy. Intergeneric relationships derived from maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses, as well as from maximum parsimony analysis of indel data alone, are fully resolved and consistent with one another and generally very well supported.
  • Alyogyne Huegelii (Endl.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fryxell

    Alyogyne Huegelii (Endl.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fryxell

    TAXON: Alyogyne huegelii (Endl.) SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk Fryxell Taxon: Alyogyne huegelii (Endl.) Fryxell Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): lilac hibiscus Synonym(s): Hibiscus huegelii var. wrayae (Lindl.) HibiscusBenth. wrayae Lindl. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 3 May 2018 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Shrub, Ornamental, Unarmed, Non-Toxic, Insect-Pollinated Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces
  • Seedling Growth Responses to Phosphorus Reflect Adult Distribution

    Seedling Growth Responses to Phosphorus Reflect Adult Distribution

    Research Seedling growth responses to phosphorus reflect adult distribution patterns of tropical trees Paul-Camilo Zalamea1, Benjamin L. Turner1, Klaus Winter1, F. Andrew Jones1,2, Carolina Sarmiento1 and James W. Dalling1,3 1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama; 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA; 3Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Summary Author for correspondence: Soils influence tropical forest composition at regional scales. In Panama, data on tree com- Paul-Camilo Zalamea munities and underlying soils indicate that species frequently show distributional associations Tel: +507 212 8912 to soil phosphorus. To understand how these associations arise, we combined a pot experi- Email: [email protected] ment to measure seedling responses of 15 pioneer species to phosphorus addition with an Received: 8 February 2016 analysis of the phylogenetic structure of phosphorus associations of the entire tree commu- Accepted: 2 May 2016 nity. Growth responses of pioneers to phosphorus addition revealed a clear tradeoff: species New Phytologist (2016) from high-phosphorus sites grew fastest in the phosphorus-addition treatment, while species doi: 10.1111/nph.14045 from low-phosphorus sites grew fastest in the low-phosphorus treatment. Traits associated with growth performance remain unclear: biomass allocation, phosphatase activity and phos- Key words: phosphatase activity, phorus-use efficiency did not correlate with phosphorus associations; however, phosphatase phosphorus limitation, pioneer trees, plant activity was most strongly down-regulated in response to phosphorus addition in species from communities, plant growth, species high-phosphorus sites. distributions, tropical soil resources.