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Freiheit Bei David Hume Eine Betrachtung Im Kontext Natürlicher Glaubensinhalte

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Freiheit Bei David Hume Eine Betrachtung Im Kontext Natürlicher Glaubensinhalte Freiheit bei David Hume Eine Betrachtung im Kontext natürlicher Glaubensinhalte Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i.Br. vorgelegt von Andreas Nastke aus Freiburg SS 2006 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans- Helmuth Gander Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günter Figal Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Der Gemeinsamen Kommissionen der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Heinrich Anz Datum der letzten Fachprüfung im Rigorosum: 01.02.2007 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Vorbemerkungen...................................................................... 1 1.2 Übersicht über den Forschungsstand....................................... 2 1.3 Zum Begriff der Freiheit.............................................................. 3 1.3.1 Begriffsdefinitionen.................................................................... 3 1.3.1.1 Freiheit allgemein ...............................................................3 1.3.1.2 Zum Freiheitsbegiff bei Hume...........................................5 1.3.2 Humes Kompatibilismus (allgemein)....................................... 7 1.4 Textgrundlagen.......................................................................... 7 1.5 Der klassische Interpretationsgegenstand .............................. 9 1.5.1 Die Doktrin der Notwendigkeit............................................... 10 1.5.2 Humes Pragmatismus ............................................................. 12 1.5.3 Paradoxon der Notwendigkeitsdoktrin.................................. 13 1.5.4 Humes Kausaltheorie............................................................... 15 1.5.5 Hume’scher Kompatibilismus (konkret)................................. 16 2. Aktuelle Forschung ........................................................................ 17 2.1 Historische Bestimmung .......................................................... 17 2.2 Inhaltliche Bestimmung........................................................... 22 2.2.1 Skeptizismus ............................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Naturalismus, Psychologismus .............................................. 25 2.2.3 Rationalismus vs. Empirismus ................................................. 26 2.3 Berührungspunkte dieser Arbeit zur aktuellen Forschung.... 28 3. Aufgabenstellung............................................................................ 30 3.1 Funktionsanalyse eines Freiheitskonzepts ............................. 30 3.2 Rechtfertigung der Aufgabenstellung.................................... 31 3.3 Vorgehensweise ...................................................................... 36 4. Grundlagen...................................................................................... 39 4.1 Biografische Grundlagen ........................................................ 39 4.2 Philosophische Grundlagen.................................................... 43 4.2.1 Die Konzeption........................................................................ 44 4.2.2 Methode.................................................................................. 45 4.2.3 Der Gegenstand des Traktats................................................. 48 4.2.4 Grundlagen der Erkenntnistheorie......................................... 49 4.2.5 Die Bewusstseinsinhalte.......................................................... 51 4.2.5.1 Impressionen und Vorstellungen ...................................51 4.2.5.2 Erinnerungsvermögen und Imagination ......................54 4.2.5.3 Die Relationen...................................................................55 4.2.5.4 Der Skeptizismus................................................................60 II 5. Drei Analysen.................................................................................. 63 5.1 Grundlagen .............................................................................. 63 5.2 Die Objektanalyse................................................................... 64 5.2.1 Der 1. Ansatz (textverlaufend)................................................ 66 5.2.1 Der 2. Ansatz: Perzeptionen im dialektisch-narrativen Kontext..................................................................................... 70 5.2.3 Das philosophische System als Bedingung der Objektanalyse......................................................................... 72 5.2.4 Zusammenfassung .................................................................. 84 5.3 Ich-Analyse – Zur Ontogenese der Identität ......................... 87 5.3.1 Das Selbst und das empirische Prinzip................................... 88 5.4 Die Kausalanalyse ................................................................. 102 5.4.1 Allgemeine und historische Betrachtung ............................ 102 5.4.2 Baldwins Dictionary............................................................... 103 5.4.3 Ducasse................................................................................. 104 5.4.4 Formen der Kausalität........................................................... 106 5.4.5 Humes Kausalauffassung ..................................................... 108 5.4.5.1 Der Begriff der Zeit..........................................................110 5.4.5.2 Der Begriff der Kraft........................................................111 5.4.5.3 Die Kausalrelation...........................................................114 5.4.5.4 Der Ursprung der Kausalvorstellung ............................114 5.4.5.5 Regeln...............................................................................115 5.4.5.5.1 Kontingenz.......................................................115 5.4.5.5.2 Zeitliche Priorität der Ursache gegenüber der Wirkung.............................................................115 5.4.5.5.3 Die notwendige Verknüpfung .....................117 5.4.5.5.4 Das Moment der Empfindung .....................119 5.5 Gegenüberstellung der Analysen ........................................ 125 5.6 Zusammenfassung und erste Schlussfolgerung .................. 125 6. Freiheit im Kontext der trivial principles..................................... 133 7. Der Glaube..................................................................................... 137 7.1 Einführung............................................................................... 137 7.2 Von den Gründen des Glaubens ......................................... 146 7.3 Wissen und Wahrscheinlichkeit ............................................ 150 7.4 Glaube und Metaphysik........................................................ 155 7.5 Glaube und Induktion ........................................................... 159 7.6 Der natürliche Glaube........................................................... 160 7.7 Skeptizismus und natürlicher Glaube................................... 163 7.7.1 Vom Skeptizismus in Bezug auf die Vernunft....................... 163 7.7.2 Vom Skeptizismus in Bezug auf die Sinne............................ 168 8. Glaube als funktionales Konzept der Freiheit............................. 175 III 9. Freiheit als funktionales Konzept des Lebens............................ 177 10. Ethische Implikationen ................................................................. 181 11. Das erweiterte Freiheitskonzept im Kontext der modernen Neurobiologie....................................................................................... 184 12. Schluss und Ausblick................................................................... 186 Anhang ................................................................................................. 193 1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis................................................................... 193 2. Humes Lebensstationen.................................................................. 194 3. Literaturverzeichnis...................................................................... 197 3.1 Zitierte Literatur....................................................................... 197 3.2 Weiterführende Literatur ........................................................ 200 3.3 Hume Studies (moderner Forschungskontext) .................... 207 4. Humes Schriften ........................................................................... 209 IV Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Differenz zwischen Impression und Vorstellung........................52 Abbildung 2: Perzeptionen im Überblick ...........................................................55 Abbildung 3: Relationen im Überblick................................................................56 Abbildung 4: Faktoren der kausalen Vorstellung...........................................120 Abbildung 5: Abhängigkeits-/Unabhängigkeitsstatus von Relationen......151 Abbildung 6: Wissen graduell.............................................................................154 Abbildung 7: Wahrscheinlichkeit graduell.......................................................164 1. Einleitung 1 1. Einleitung 1.1 Vorbemerkungen Dass Freiheit seit über zweitausend Jahren ein Thema von hoher Brisanz ist, haben Philosophen in ihren Schriften und ‚Nicht-Philoso- phen‘ in ihren Gedanken und Gesprächen auf vielfältige Weise demonstriert. Ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür mag in dem Umstand be- gründet sein, dass die Auseinandersetzung
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