PHILOSOPHY Martin Heidegger LOGIC LOGIC THOMAS SHEEHAN is Professor of THE QUESTION OF TRUTH Religious Studies at Stanford University. Martin Heidegger Heidegger’s radical rethinking of LOGIC Translated by Thomas Sheehan the meaning of truth THE QUESTION OF TRUTH Martin Heidegger’s 1925–26 lectures on truth and time provided much of TRANSLATED BY Studies in Continental Thought “It would be difficult to overstate the scope the basis for his momentous work, John Sallis, editor Thomas Sheehan of the impact of the English version of Martin Heidegger Being and Time. Not published until Heidegger’s Logic. Heidegger carries 1976 as volume 21 of the Complete out nothing short of a fundamental Works, three months before Heideg- ger’s death, this work is central to reinterpretation of the meaning of truth Heidegger’s overall project of rein- and the foundations of logic. This is a fine terpreting Western thought in terms translation that contributes much to the of time and truth. The text shows the overall strength of the work.” degree to which Aristotle underlies Heidegger’s hermeneutical theory of —Theodore George, Texas A&M University meaning. It also contains Heidegger’s first published critique of Husserl and takes major steps toward establishing the temporal bases of logic and truth. Thomas Sheehan’s elegant and insight- ful translation offers English-speaking readers access to this fundamental text INDIANA for the first time. University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis www.iupress.indiana.edu INDIANA 1-800-842-6796 Logic Studies in Continental Thought EDITOR JOHN SALLIS CONSULTING EDITORS Robert Bernasconi William L. McBride Rudolf Bernet J. N. Mohanty John D. Caputo Mary Rawlinson David Carr Tom Rockmore Edward S. Casey Calvin O. Schrag Hubert L. Dreyfus †Reiner Schürmann Don Ihde Charles E. Scott David Farrell Krell Thomas Sheehan Lenore Langsdorf Robert Sokolowski Alphonso Lingis Bruce W. Wilshire David Wood Martin Heidegger Logic The Question of Truth Translated by Thomas Sheehan Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 47404-3797 USA www.iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] Published in German as Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe 21: Logik: Die Frage nach der Wahrheit (WS 1925–26), ed. Walter Biemel © 1976 German edition by Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main Second edition © 1995 by Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main © 2010 English edition by Indiana University Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any informa- tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses‘ Resolution on Permissions consti- tutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America Heidegger, Martin, 1889–1976. [Logik. English] Logic : the question of truth / Martin Heidegger ; translated by Thomas Sheehan. p. cm. — (Studies in Continental thought) Fifty-three lectures delivered Nov. 5, 1925–Feb. 26, 1926 at Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany. ISBN 978-0-253-35466-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Logic. 2. Truth. 3. Time. I. Title. B3279.H48L6313 2010 160—dc22 2009039679 1 2 3 4 5 15 14 13 12 11 10 CONTENTS Translator’s Foreword ix INTRODUCTION §1. The first, most literal meaning of the word “logic” 1 §2. A first indication of the concept of the subject matter of “logic” 5 §3. A philosophizing logic and traditional scholastic logic 10 §4. The possibility and the being of truth in general. Skepticism 15 §5. Outline of the course. Bibliography 20 PROLEGOMENON. The contemporary situation of philosophical logic. (Psychologism and the question of truth) 27 §6. Psychologism: the name and the concept 29 §7. Husserl’s critique of psychologism 37 a) Some preliminaries of the critique 37 b) Demonstration of the fundamental errors 39 §8. The presuppositions of Husserl’s critique: a specific concept of truth as the guiding idea 45 §9. The roots of these presuppositions 52 §10. Anti-critical questions. The need to take the question of the essence of truth back to Aristotle 74 a) Why must the critique of psychologism be a critique of psychology? 74 b) What positive contribution does the phenomenological investigation of psychologism make to the question of the concept and interpretation of the phenomenon of truth? 82 c) The connection between propositional and intuitional truth. The need to return to Aristotle 90 PART I. The problem of truth in the decisive origins of philosophical logic, and the seedbed of traditional logic (focused on Aristotle) §11. The place of truth, and λόγoς (proposition) 107 §12. The basic structure of λόγoς and the phenomenon of making sense 114 a) The as-structure of our primary way of understanding: the hermeneutical “as” 120 b) The modification of the as-structure in the act of determining: the apophantic “as” 129 §13. The conditions of the possibility of λόγoς being false. The question of truth 136 a) Preparatory interpretation. Metaphysics IV 7 and VI 4, and De interpretatione 1 136 v vi Contents b) Truth and being. Interpretation of Metaphysics IX 10 143 c) The three conditions for the possibility of a statement being false, taken in their interconnection 154 §14. The presupposition for Aristotle’s interpretation of truth as the authentic determination of being 161 PART II. The radicalized question: What is truth? (A retrieval of the analysis of falsehood in terms of its ur-temporality) §15. The idea of a phenomenological chronology 167 §16. The conditions of the possibility of falsehood within the horizon of the analysis of existence 175 §17. Care as the being of existence. Concern-for and concern-about, authenticity and inauthenticity 185 §18. The ur-temporality of care 195 §19. Preparatory considerations toward attaining an original understanding of time. A return to the history of the philosophical interpretation of the concept of time 203 §20. Hegel’s interpretation of time in the Encyclopaedia 208 §21. The influence of Aristotle on Hegel’s and Bergson’s interpretation of time 218 §22. A preliminary look at the meaning of time in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason 224 §23. The interpretation of time in the Transcendental Analytic 226 a) An explanation of the notions “form” and “intuition” 227 b) The constitutive moments of ordering 235 c) Form of intuition and formal intuition 243 d) Space and time as given infinite magnitudes;quantum and quantitas in Kant’s interpretation 246 §24. The function of time in the Transcendental Logic. A characterization of the problematic 252 §25. The question of the unity of nature 258 §26. The original a priori of all combining—the transcendental unity of apperception 264 §27. Time as the universal a priori form of all appearances 275 §28. Time as original pure self-affection 279 §29. The question about the connection between time as original self-affection and the “I think” 284 §30. Interpretation of the First Analogy of Experience in the light of our interpretation of time 286 Contents vii §31. The schematism of the pure concepts of the understanding 294 a) Sensibilization of appearances 297 b) Sensibilization of empirical sensible concepts 298 c) Sensibilization of pure sensible concepts 300 d) Image and schema 301 e) Sensibilization of the pure concepts of understanding 309 §32. Number as the schema of quantity 313 §33. Sensation as the schema of reality 319 §34. Persistence as the schema of substance 323 §35. The time-determination of the synthesis speciosa 328 §36. The now-structure that we have attained: its character of referral and of making present. The phenomenal demonstrability and limits of Kant’s interpretation of time 330 §37. Time as an existential of human existence—temporality and the structure of care. The statement as a making-present 337 Editor’s Afterword 345 Glossaries 347 Abbreviations 355 Translator’s Foreword Martin Heidegger delivered the fifty-three lectures titled “Logic: The Question of Truth,” four days a week from Thursday, 5 November 1925, to Friday, 26 February 1926, at Philipps-Universität in Marburg. It was during the span of this lecture-course that the dean of the phi- losophy faculty walked into Heidegger’s office and told him, “You must publish something now. Do you have an appropriate manuscript?” Within a few months he would. As soon as the course ended, Hei- degger went off to his cottage in Todtnauberg and started writing out Being and Time by hand. By the end of March he had finished much of Division One of the text, and by 20 April he and Husserl were reading page-proofs of those sections. In short, the lecture-course translated here is the last that Heidegger taught before rushing Being and Time to press. This lecture-course and Heidegger’s 1927 text share many points in common, above all a strong focus on the questions of truth and of time. Professor Walter Biemel’s afterword to the present volume sketches a general outline of the course, and identifies the manuscripts and typescripts he used as the basis of his German edition. In this fore- word, I will simply discuss some matters related to this translation of the course. Professor Biemel based his German edition of the “Logic” course on three texts: Heidegger’s handwritten lecture notes, Fritz Heidegger’s typescript of those notes, and the word-for-word shorthand transcript that Simon Moser made during Heidegger’s lectures and then typed up and submitted to Heidegger for corrections and additions.