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Editorial Board Editor in Chief Mark Zilberman, MSc, Shiny World Corporation, Toronto, Canada Scientific Editorial Board Viktor Andrushhenko, PhD, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, President of the Association of Rectors of pedagogical universities in Europe John Hodge, MSc, retired, USA Petr Makuhin, PhD, Associate Professor, Philosophy and Social Communications faculty of Omsk State Technical University, Russia Miroslav Pardy, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Lyudmila Pet'ko, Executive Editor, PhD, Associate Professor, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kiev, Ukraine Volume 10, Number 1 Publisher : Shiny World Corp. Address : 9200 Dufferin Street P.O. Box 20097 Concord, Ontario L4K 0C0 Canada E-mail : [email protected] Web Site : www.IntellectualArchive.com Series : Journal Frequency : Every 3 months Month : January - March 2021 ISSN : 1929-4700 DOI : 10.32370/IA_2021_03 Trademark © 2021 Shiny World Corp. All Rights Reserved. No reproduction allowed without permission. Copyright and moral rights of all articles belong to the individual authors. Physics M. Pardy The Thermal Form of The Photoeffect with the Debye and the Wigner Crystal ….... 1 I. Maydykovskiy, The Concept of Space-Time Quanta in Future Technologies …..…..…….…………. 10 P. Užpelkis V. Shcherban, N. Kolva, Algorithmic and Computer Software for Determination of Thread Tension After D. Egorov, Guide Large Curvacity …………………………..………………………………………... 15 A. Petko, Ju. Makarenko Philosophy Attic Philosophy Versus Stoicism: The Problem of the Boundaries of a Citizen's P. Makuhin Moral Autonomy (to the Question of Relevance of Classical Theory of Ethics) …… 21 On the Necessity of Referral to the Category "Randomity" In the Process of Moral P. Makuhin Assessment of Individual's Acts …………………………………………………………. 30 History Historical Science in the Countries of the European Union as a Factor of D. Nefyodov Unification and Reconciliation: Experience for Ukraine in the Context of European Integration …………………………………..……………………………………………… 38 Law N. Pavlovska, M. Kulyk, Best International Practices of Combating Terrorism and Organised Crime by Y. Tereshchenko, Special Units and Law Enforcement Agencies ………………..…….…………………. 42 H. Strilets, A. Symchuk L. Gerasymenko, N. Morhun, The State of Affairs and Prospects of Application of Special Knowledge in the N. Pavlovska, Investigation of Financial Criminal Offences ……….…………………………………... 53 S. Marchevskyi, O. Shevchuk continued (continued) Art Specifics of Modern Video Installations: Projection Mapping as a Form of Digital A. Dokolova Art ……………………………………………………………………………………….…... 60 Education G. Turchynova, L. Pet’ko, The Rose "Ophelia" and Flower Symbolism in “Hamlet” ……………………………… 69 T. Novak Activities of Religious Organizations in Preschool Field of Ukraine (during 2nd half N. Leshchenko of 19th century – 1920s) ………………..…………………………………….………….. 95 V. Мaksymenko, The Methods for Forming Artistic and Creative Experience of the Future O. Shcholokova Choreography Teacher in the Process of Professional Education ……..……….…… 102 Monitoring of the Development Potential of Educational Services in General H. Zvarych Secondary Education Institutions ………………………………………………..…….… 115 S. Yashanov, Forming of Communicative and Communication Competence in Future Specialists E. Bidenko, of Vocational Education in Virtual Learning Environment of Computer Science V. Nazarenko, Discipline …………………………………………………………………………………… 127 T. Olefirenko, Features of Implementation in General Educational Institutions Art Programs …….. 137 Zhao Yuxiang International Studies P.O. Oyewale The Role of Market Associations in the Development of Oja’oba Market in Ibadan .. 147 Technology A. Berhulov Technology for Placing Cargo into Orbit Based on Magnetic Levitation ……..……… 167 Political Studies BUHARI Lateef Understanding the Causes of Electoral and Political Violence in Ekiti State, Nigeria: Oluwafemi 2007-2010 ………………………………………………………………………………….. 172 Engineering B. Demchyna Recommendations for Designing Wooden Arches on Metal-toothed Plates ……….. 189 Manuscript Guidelines …………………………………………………………………….. 197 DOI: 10.32370/IA_2021_03_1 THE THERMAL FORM OF THE PHOTOEFFECT WITH THE DEBYE AND THE WIGNER CRYSTAL Miroslav Pardy Department of Physical Electronics Masaryk University, Kotl´aˇrsk´a2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic e-mail:[email protected] February 17, 2021 Abstract We define the photoelectric effect with the specific heat term replacing the work function. The photon propagator involving the radiative correction is also considered. We consider the Debye specific head for the 3D crystal medium, the specific heat for the 2D medium and specific heat for the Wigner crystal. 1 Introduction The photoelectric effect is a quantum electromagnetic phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. Frequency of radiation must be above a threshold frequency, which is specific to the type of surface and material. No electrons are emitted with a frequency below of the threshold. The photoelectric effect was theoretically explained by Einstein in his paper in 1905 (Einstein, 1905; 1965) and the term "light quanta" called "photons" was introduced by chemist G. N. Lewis, in 1926. Einstein writes (Einstein, 1905; 1965): In accordance with the assumption to be considered here, the energy of light ray spreading out from point source is not continuously distributed over an increasing space but consists of a finite number of energy quanta which are localized at points in space, which move without dividing, and which can only be produced and absorbed as complete units. The linear dependence on the frequency was experimentally determined in 1915, when Robert Andrews Millikan showed that Einstein formula mv2 h!¯ = + W (1) 2 1 IntellectualArchive Vol. 10, No. 1, January - March 2021 1 was correct. Here,h! ¯ is the energy of the impinging photon, v is the electron velocity measured by the magnetic spectrometer and W is the work function of concrete material. The work function for Aluminium is 4.3 eV, for Beryllium 5.0 eV, for Lead 4.3 eV, for Iron 4.5 eV, and so on (Rohlf, 1994). The work function concerns the surface photoelectric effect, where the photon is absorbed by an electron in a band. The theoretical determination of the work function is the problem of the solid state physics. On the other hand, there is the so called atomic photoeffect (Amusia, 1987; Berestetzky et al., 1989), where the ionization energy plays the role of the work function. The system of the ionization energies is involved in the tables of the solid state physics. The formula (1) is the law of conservation of energy. The classical analogue of the equation (1) is the motion of the Robins ballistic pendulum in the resistive medium. The idea of the existence of the Compton effect is also involved in the Einstein article. He writes (Einstein, 1905; 1965): The possibility should not be excluded, however, that electrons might receive their energy only in part from the light quantum. However, Einstein was not sure, a priori, that his idea of such process is realistic. Only Compton proved the reality of the Einstein statement. At energiesh! ¯ < W , the photoeffect is not realized. However, the photo-conductivity is the real process. The photoeffect is realized only in medium and with low energy photons, but with energiesh! ¯ > W , which gives the Compton effect negligible. For h!¯ ≫ W the photoeffect is negligible in comparison with the Compton effect. At the same time it is necessary to say that the Feynman diagram of the Compton effect cannot be reduced to the Feynman diagram for photoeffect. In case of the high energy gamma rays, it is possible to consider the process called photoproduction of elementary particles on protons in LHC, or, photo-nuclear reactions in nuclear physics (Levinger, 1960). Such processes are energetically far from the photoelectric effect in solid state physics. Eq. (1) represents so called one-photon photoelectric effect, which is valid for very weak electromagnetic waves. At present time of the laser physics, where the strong electromagnetic intensity is possible, we know that so called multiphoton photoelectric effect is possible (Delone et al., 1999). Then, instead of equation (1) we can write mv2 h!¯ +h! ¯ + :::h!¯ = + W: (2) 1 2 n 2 The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10−9 seconds. The ejected electron has the final plane wave 1 iq·x p q = p e ; q = ; (3) V h¯ where p is the momentum of the ejected electron. The probability of the emission of electron by the electromagnetic wave is of the well- known form (Davydov, 1976): Z e2p 2 i(k−q)·x · r j j2 dP = 2 e (e ) 0dxdydz dΩ = C J dΩ; (4) 8π "0hm!¯ where the interaction for absorption of the electromagnetic wave is normalized to one photon in the unit volume, e is the polarization of the impinging photon, "0 is the dielectric 2 IntellectualArchive Vol. 10, No. 1, January - March 2021 2 constant of vacuum, 0 is the basic state of an atom. We have denoted the integral in jj by J and the constant before jj by C. 2 Electrons in magnetic field Let us consider the case with electrons in magnetic field as an analog of the Landau diamagnetism. So, we take the basic function 0 for one electron in the lowest Landau level, as ( ) ( ) m! 1=2 m! = c exp − c (x2 + y2) ; (5) 0 2πh¯ 4¯h which is solution of the Schr¨odingerequation in the magnetic field with potentials A = (−Hy=2; −Hx=2; 0; ), (Drukarev, 1988): [ ( ) ] p2 p2 m ! 2 x + y − c (x2 + y2) = E : (6) 2m 2m 2 2 We have supposed that the motion in the z-direction is zero and it means that the wave function exp[(i=h¯)pzz] = 1. So, the main problem is to calculate the integral Z i(K·x) J = e (e · r) 0dxdydz; K = k − q: (7) with the basic Landau function 0 given by the equation (5). Operator (¯h=i)r is Hermitean and it means we can rewrite the last integrals as follows: Z [( ) ]∗ i h¯ J = e · r ei(K·x) dxdydz; (8) h¯ i 0 which gives Z −i(K·x) J = ie · K e 0dxdydz; (9) The integral in eq.

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