Effects of Unemployment on Child Welfare

U. S. DEPARTMENTOF LABOR JAMES J, DAVIS, Seaetery CHILDREN'SBUREAU GRACE ABBOTT. Chief

UNEMPLOYMENTANDCHILD WELFARE

A STUDY MADE IN A MIDDLLWESTERNAND AN EASTERNCITY DURINGTHE INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSIONOF I92I AND 1922

By EMMA OCTAVIA LUNDBERG

BueauPublication No, | 25

WASHINGTON GOVERNMET.IT PRINTING OFFICE 1923

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University I

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CON1SNTS.

?asP' Letter of transmittal-. . . IX What the father's unemployment means to the children- - I The field of the study. -. 5-11 Purpose D Citiesincluded- -. ---. 6.10 Reasonsto.,"r".tioo- -. -- -: - - - -. - - - - - : - - .' 6 Extentofunemployment--.- ..---.-.----.-.--.---.:..: 7 tr{easurestakea to provide employment-. I Sourcesof information l0 The familiesof the unemployed..------. 13-96 Racine,Wis-----.-.- 75-2L Duration of unemplolment.. -. 15 Number of children afrected- 15 General facts concerning the fathers- 16 Previouswork statusof fathers------17 Ownership of home-. - -. - - 18 Housing conditions- -. - t9 Rentspaid--.. 20 Springfield, Mass..-. -. 22-27 Duration of unemployment... - 22 Number of children affected- 22 General facts concerni:rg the fathers- 23 Previous work status of fathers. -. -. - 24 Ownership of home- -. -. - - 26 Housrng conditions. -. - 26 Rents paid-. - - 27 Remurces during unemployment- -. - - - - 27-35 Sourcesof livelihood- - 27 hoportions of total maintenance derived from the various soruces--.-. 30 Weekly resourcesat the time of inquiry. - -. - 31 Average monthly resourcesduring unemployment-. - 32 fncome during year preceding unemployment 32 Lowered standards of living. - - - - 36-45 Monthly resourcesbefore and during unemployment-. . . - 36 Comparison of resources during unemploJment with estimated family budgetn--.. -. - 36 Illuetmtions of the effect of unemployment on standards of living. -. - 39 Employment of the mother. 45-56 Relation to unemployment of father-. 45 Work at homeand away from home-.-.----.- 46 Eours employed per week- 46 The children of working mothere..---.- 47 Care of the children duri:rg the mother's absence-- -. - -. 48 The mother's earnings- - - 49 fypical instaaces.. - -. - 49

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University w c0NTENTS.

The families of the unemployed-Continued. Pase' - - - 57-60 Employment-Family of the children income from children's earnings-- - - - 57 Number of chjldren employed- - -. - 57 Agesof worki'g children------57 Gldes completed by children who went to work" - " " 58 OccuPations- 59 Wages-.-....-- 59 Savings"exhausted-.-.-.----- '- 60_6b Atount of savings-.--- 60 Charitable aid in relation to saYings----- 61 Loss of homes- 61 Families who bad used up their savings-' 61 Theburdenofdebt------'-''''' 65-79 Extentand formsofindebtednesE------65 Proportion of maintenance secured through credit or loans-""'-'' ' ' ' - 66 The cost of cash loans-- 67 Families who had mortgagedthe future- - - - 68 Credit for food suPPlies-. 76 Cbaritable aid by public or private agencies-- ' - ' ' ' ' - ' ' ' - 79-84 Assistancegiven the families----- 79 Interval between loss of work and application for aid- ' 80 Durationof aid.-----..- 80 Aid to iamilies of skilled and unskilled workers- ' - - - ' ' 81 Relation of aid received to total resourceg------82 The coincidenceof illness and unemployment------"' - - 85-90 Extent of illnese-.--.- 85 Debtsfor medicalcare------86 Unemployment amongfamilies given nursing serYice''''-'-- 86 Familieshandicappedbyillness----- 92 Unemplolment and the relief problem in B,acine- - - ' ' ' 97-108 The ciiY semmiesary- 97 Relief work and loans by factories- 99 The city poor ofrce..--. 100 Theprivatereliefagency------' 100-102 Relief to families of unemployed men- - - 10f fncrease i.lr the relief problem- 102 Familieggivenaicl becauseof unemplolment- - - - "'-- 103-105 Duration of unemplol'ment before applyrng Ior aid ' 103 Nativity and reeidenceof fathers- - 103 Children in families given aid- - - - - 104 EmPlolment of children- 104 . Illnese in the fami lies . 104 Free milk to school children- 105 Children brought to the day nursery- - - - - 106 Mothers'pensionsand unemplolment----- 107 Families of men given emergency employment in Springfield- " " ' 109-114 thefather'spreviousemplolment '"-- 109-111 Interval between loss of employment and application for city work- " 109 Weeklywa,ge8..---- 110 OccuPations. 110 socialdata- "- 111-114 Ages of fathere 111 Nativity and length of residencein city- 111

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CoNTDNTS. v

Families of men given emergency employment in Springfield-Continued. Social data-Continued. Pago. Number and agesof children- 11I Debts. - - IIz Assistanceby public and private agencies.-. 11g Child ]abor in an unemployment period- . . . - 11b-132 Children eligible for work- 115 Effect on child Iabor in Racine. - - - - Children euolled in continuation school-- - - : . - . . . - - . . : . - - - - . - - . - itti?8 Tine elapsed since leaving regular school. _ lL7 Decline in child labor- - ]rl7 Jobs secured by children during unemployment period- 11g Effect on child labor in Springfeld .. - -. _ 1ZO-IS2 Employment certificates- -. - irz} Child labor before and during the unemploy'ment period- - - l.2T Cbjldren attending continuation school-. l2Z Children securing .Why work during the unemployment period. I2S tle children left school to go to work. - _ 126 Unemplol'ment of children- 726 Summariesof conditions by districts--. 1g3 Appendixes- Appendix A. Tables. r43 Appendix B. Formsused in the study- 169 TABLES. Text- Table I.-Sources of family maintenanceduring father's unemplolment; based on reports of 136 families g1 Il.-Comparison of average monthly tesourcesand estimated budget requirement; fami_liesfor whom average monthly resources were reported gg Itetaued- Table A.-Sources of maintenance during father's unemployment- . _ - - .. 34 B.-trfothers working away from home during father,s unemployment- _ U C.-Debts incurred or unpaid becauseof unemployment_ _-. - - -. . _ 74 D.-Families receiving charitable aid during unemployment of father.--.- 8g E.-Familisg reporthg illness duriag the period of the father's un- employnenl. gg F.-Springfield: Children 14 and 1b years of age to whom employment certificates had been issued since IIay 1, 1g21, who were unemployed February 1,1922- I2g G.-Springfield: Children 14 and 1b years of age to wbom employment certificatcs had been issued prior to May 1, 1g21, who were unemployed February I,7922,-- 129 Appendix- , Table l.-Racine: Duration of unemplolment of father and last regular occupation.... 143 2.-Springfield: Duration of unemployment of father and last regular occupation lr41 3.-Racine: Country of birth of unemployed fathers, by length of residence in United States and work status_ I44 4.-Springfield: Country of birth of unemployed fathers, by length of residence in United States and work status. I4b

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Appendix-Oontinued. Page Table 5.-Racine: Literacy and nativity of father, by duration of unem- Ploynent of father. 146 6.-springfield: Literacy and nativity of father, by duration of unemplol'ment of father- I46 7.-Racine: Citizenship of foreign-born unemployed fathers, by length of residencein the United States-- Iro 8.-springfield: Citizenship of foreign-born unemployed fathers, by length of rcsidence in the United States- - 147 9.-Racine: Tenure of homes occupied by families of unemployed men, by duration of occupancy- r47 10.-springfield: Tenure of homes occupied by families of unemployed men, by duration of occupancy- 147 1l.-Racine: Monthly rental of families occupying rented houses during father's unemployment, by number of roomsin house- 148 12.-springfield: Monthly rental of fa"miliesoccupying rented houses during father's unemplolment, by number of roomsin house- 148 l3.-Racine: Number of personsin householdsof unemployed men, by number of rooms in house- r48 14.-Springfield: Number of persons in households of unemployed men, by number of roomsin house. r49 15.-Racine: Ilonthly rental at time of study of families of unemployed men, by monthly rental previous to unemployment 149 16.-springfield: Monthly rental at time of study of famiiies o{ unemployed men, by monthly rental previous to unemployment-. 150 l7.-Racine: Total resources of family during father's unemployment, by duration of unemplol'ment and ownership of home - - 151 18.-springfield: Total resourcesof family during father's unemployment, by duration of unemplo)'ment and orvnershipof home- - t52 19.-sources of income during unemplo)'ment in lamilies of unemployed men, by city------L52 20.-Racine and Springfield: Average monthly resoulcesof families of unemployed men, prior to unemplopnent and during unemplo)'ment------153 2l.-Racine: Duration of father's unemploym.ent, by father's total earnings from temporary work during unemploynent------153 22.-springfield: Duration of father's unemployment, by father's total earnings from temporary work during unemployment- - 751 23.-Racine: Number of personsin families'ofunemployed men, by weekly income at time of stud,v. TM 24.-springfield: Number of personsin families of unemployed men, by weekly income at time of study. IDO 25.-Racine and Springfield: Number of children in families iu rvhich the average monthly resources during father's unemplolment were specified percentages of receipts prior to unemployment,by ageof child- --. -.. 155 26.-Racine: Average monthly resourcesduring unemplo;'ment and estinated budget requirements for families of unemployed men.-.. 156 27.-Springfield: Average monthly resourcesduring unemplolment and estimated budget requirements for families of unemployed men-- - lDo

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Appendix--Continued. page. Table 28.-Racine: Interval elapsing between beginning of unemployrnent and receiving charitable aid, by previous work status of unemployed men- - - -. 156 29.-Springfield: fnterval elapsing between beginning of unemployment and receiving charitable aid, by previous rvork status of unemployedmen.. -. lrb7 30.-Racine: Amount and duration of charitable aid received bv familiesof unemployedmen. - - . .. - . . -. -. -.. Ibz 3l.-Springfeld: Amount and duration of charitable aid received by familiesof unemployedmen.--._-- 1b8 32.-Racine: Average number of working hours per week for mothers who worked during father,s unemplolrnent, bv type of work and placeof employment-_----.- lbg 33.-Springfield: Average number of working hours per week for mothers who worked during father,s unemplolment, by tlpe of work and place of employment- - - - -. 159 34.-Racine and Springfield: Employ'ment of mothers during unem- ploJment period of.fathers,by place of employment_.- - - -. . 159 35.-Racine: School gade of children of unemployed men, by age and sex... - 160 36.-Springfield: School grade of children of unemployed men, by ageand sex--._-_-_.. 161 37.-Racine and Springfield: Amount of weekly salnings of working children of unemployed men, by age and sex. . - - 162 38.-Racine: Occupation of working children during father,s unemployment, and time of beginning work, by ageand Bex_. - -. 162 39.-Springfield: Occupation of working shilfllsn during father's unemploy'ment, and time of beginning work, by ageand sex.. 163 40.-Racine and Springfeld: Time of beginning work and grade in school of working children of unemployed men, by age and sex.-... - -.... - 164 4l.-Racine and Springfield: Length of time since leaving school of working children of unemployed men, by ageand sex._ _. - _- 16b 42.-Springfield: Emplol'ment status February l, L922, of children whose fust employment certificates were issued subsequent to May 1, 1921,by ageand sex.-.. 16b 43.-Springfield: Length of time since original emplolment certificate was issued to children who received certificates subsequent to May 1, Ig2l, but who were not at ryork February 1, 1922; by amount of time worked- _- 16b 44.-Springfield: Number of jobs held and total amount o{ time child had worked prior to February I,1922; children with employment certificates,unemployed February L, Ig2Z. . . - - 166 45.-Springfield: Grade completed by children between 14 and 16 years of age to whom emplolm.ent certificates had been issued but who were not at work February l, Ig22, by age and sex. 166 4d.-Springfield: Length of emplol,ment history of children between 14 and 16 years of age to whom employment certificates hac been issuedbut who were not at work February I, lg22,by amount of time worked in all positions 16Z 47.-Sprirgfield: Period of residence in the city, of unemployed men who weregiven city work, by courtry of birth. . - -. . -..... - 16Z 48.-Springfreld: Previous weekly wages of unemployed men, by length of unemployment before application for city work. _.. 169

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.HARTS' Pase. Chart I.-Ages of children in families of unemployed men..... -.. - - - 14 Il.-Duration of unemployment. .. - 2'l' Ill.-Percentages of families reporting various sources of maintenance during the fathers'unemplolment 28 IY.-Average monthly resourcesduring the unemployment period compared with incomes in the preceding year.. 33 V.-Employment of mothers before and during unemployment of fathers- 47 Vf.-Interval between loss of work and application for aid- 81 YII.-Racine, \\ris.-Employment of children----- 118 Vlll.-Springfieid, Mass.-Emplol'ment of children- -. - 122 IX.-Springfield, Mass.-Employment of children. - - - 125

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University LETTER OF TRANSMITTAT.

U. S. DepeRTMENTon L.rnon, Cmr_onnN'sBunnau, srn:rhereistransmiir"an","*i{TW.t""r";J3#Kr:;;l,Yrt;,u child welfare v'hich is based on a study made in tx.o cities. Bmma o. Lundberg, director of the social service division, was in charge of the investig;ation and has also *,ritten the report. Assist- ance.in -conducting the field stud}, a1d preparing the' material for publication was given by Mary E. Ititbur'u'a noiil Bloodgood, both of the stafl of the social service division of the children's g,;"*". The findings of this report make it clear that large groups of temporary "hi1d".r, :qr" lo-t but permanent lossesu. u i".].,rt of a period of industrial depression' Those who are interested in raising the standard of our citizenship through better care of the children of the country can not regard as outside the field of their concern,proposals for preventing-unemploymentand, failing irr a program of prlvention, measures which are necessaryfor safeguarding the childrJn during a period of unemployment. Respectfullysubmitted. Gn,lcn Annorr, Chief. Hon. Jauns J. Dar.rs, Seuetary of Labor. IX

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University UNEMPLOYMENTAND CHILD . WELFARE. WIIAT THE FATIIER'S UNEMPLOYMENT MEANS TO TIIE CHILDREN.

During the industrial depression of 192L and 1922, the Children's Bureau undertook a careful study of the efrect of unemplo5,'ment, upon local problems of child welfare. For this inquiry two cities were selected in which there was successful coordination of the public and private resources and generous expenditure for the mitigation of the hardships incident to that period. They were cities in which the industries required a large percentage of skilled workers and paid wages that permitted a higher standard of living than the workers in many industrial co-munities enjoy; both had been unusually prosperous during the period irn-mediately preceding the industrial depression. The families for whom scheduieswere taken were selectedfrom tho Iists of the men who were registered in the 1o"sl smplo5zmentoffices and represented,as nearly as possible,a cross section of families of ulsmployed men in which there were two or more children under 18 years of age. The evidence shows that their earnings prior to the period of depressionhad permitted the families of many of these workingmen to begin payments on homes, lay aside money for the education of their children, for possible emergenciesand for old age, and that they were at the same time living comfortably. It is probably safe to say that the families of these two cities had resoulces both in actual savings and in credit which the workers in many com- munities did not have. But a long period ol ulsmployment-more than two-thirds of the fathers included in the study had been out, of work for more than a year-had gradually exhausted ths resources of the families, and recourse to public and private relief as well as great changesin the fsmily life had becomenecessary. A large proportion of the men being skilled workerc, the incomes in the families had, in normal times, ranged from $75 to more than $200 per month. More than nine-tenths of the men for whom complete information as to income was securedhad been earning between $100 and $175 per month. During the period of unemplo5rment, the complete family resources in four-fifths of the families of_these t

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s&memen amounted to between $25 and $100 a month-this, too, when the earnings of the father in such temporary work as could be secured, the wages of the mother and the children, the savings that were taken from the bank, and the loans that were made, the food and other necessariespurchased on credit, and aid from relatives and public and private relief agencies were all included. Half of the families for which there was complete information averagedfor their maintenance during unemployment one-half as much as while the father was working. It is inevitable that there should be a lowering of the standards of family life when the regular income is interrupted. Frugality in food, even to the point of actual privation, a dangeroussaving of fuel, economyin clothing and householdsupplies, reduction of the housing cost through seeking cheaper quarters or crowdiag the family to secure an income from lodgers, always follow the breadwinnet's loss of work, even though the family does not actually have to seek ouG side sourcesof aid. \4&en the father loseshis job the mother must securework if it is possible for her to do so. Approximately one- third of the children included in the study were in families in which the mother did undertake and was engaged in gainful employment ' either within or outside her home. The evidence indicates that in some of these families the money for the family's food was secured at the cost of permanentinjury to the health of the mother and neglect of the children. The investigation made by the bureau shows that unemployment not only carries with it immsdlsls deprivation and hardship but Ieaves a burden of debt and discouragement for the years to come. More than two-fi-fths of the families included in the study had been able to maintain themselvesin part during the unemplo;zmentperiod on their savi:rgs. In many casesthese savings represented years of economizing and of planning for the future. Homes that had been purchased in whole or in part had to be sacrificed by many families. Over four-fifths of the families rvere in debt for food, rent, fuel, medical attendance, and other necessities. T&en the father even- tually secrrreswork, those families which lived on oredit at the stores, or on borrowed money, will have a burden of debt to meet. It has been pointed out that the families included in this inqutry represented as nearly as possiblo & cross section of families of unemployed men in two cities in which wa,geshad been high. ft is therefore especially significant to find that over half of them had received charitable aid from public or private agencies during the father's unemplo;rmeut. fn almost t hree-fourths of the families receivin such aid, the men had been skilled workers, and 42 per cent of the families that had had savings wheu the father was thrown out of

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TITE FATHER'S UNEMPTO]TMENT AND TTTE CHILDREN. 3

work had been compelled to seek aid from public or private rerief agenciesafter their savings were exhausted.. rn addition to the other hardships, almost two-thirds of the families reported the ilhess or disability of one or more members during the time the father was out of work. of especialinterest io tion with child welfare are the families-almost a fourth of the"oro""- whole numbei-in which the mother was pregnant or had been confined during the father's unegrployment. one of the outstanding conditions incident to the industrial depression, and one that on its face would appear to be entirely bene- ficial, was the shortage of work for children. Many children v,ho hadt-een employedwereforced to go back to school,uoa oJrr"", *to would have tried to eke out the tamlty income while the father was unemployed remained in school becausework could not be secured. But this gave no guaranty of permanent educatioout guio*. savings that would have assuredmany of the childl"o real Educationaloi_ portunities had been spent. Many of the children in the families whose future had been burdened by debts would ,ndoubtedry be sent_to just work &ssoon as they could fiod any kind of a job. Some ghildre_nd-,ring all the time when men and woJen *""".o he*p""ut"ty in need of empioyment left school and secured work. Thus, the hardships that must be endured by a family when the father is out of work do not end when conditions imprlve and he again has job. a steady The savings of years have bein used up in order to provide maintenance during months of enforced idieniess, perhaps the home whose purchase ref,resented the fulflllment of the family's ambitions has been sacrificed. For many -oott, uiter the father secureswork his wages will have to be divided between the purchase of the necessariesof life and the payment of ihe heavy burden of debt. Many of the fathers interviewld had littre hope of successfully taking up again the task of providing a home and com_ forts for those dependent on them. Besides the . deprivation of material needs, there is the sufiering that perhaps can be 'nderstood. only by those who have themselves been the victims of the dread unclrtainty and fear that, besets a workingman's. 'ilaid family when the father is off.,, The most important feature of unemploymentis its efiect on the family morale- the father idle about the house,unsettred, disheartenea; ine mother going out to work if she can secure it, and using up e"e"y uiior n"" strength in the double task of providing for the lu-iy,s Jaintuouo"" and caring for the household and the tne cuaren ,oa""iog fr-op_tlu "Iild""o; depression ua-cerf,inty of what the future -uy *"ur, which 1n{ is even more to be dreadedihan the discomforts oiit. i*- mediate present.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University clrrt-D wELFARE' 4 UNIIMPLoYMENT AND family standards I-Inemployment,then, becauseit meanslowered dread, the loss of savings, and the mortgaging of the welfare of children' iotor","";;;y;"4 Uu, a direct and disastrous efiect upon the their resources so wtit"' are usually able to organize thatchildren&Ienotremove"clfromtheirownhomesbecauseof"o*munities been causedby an industrial crisis, theseresources have not' ;;;;t;t groups stricken sufficient to prevent very real sy{enn-g in family with the misfortune of loss of work by the father'

-l

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE TIELD OF TIIE STUDY. PURPOSE. For - a large proportion of the families of this country, food ancl shelter and all the other things necessary to the maintlnance of a fairly adequate standard of life are so contingent upon stead.y employment that loss of income for even u oe"y short time may speil deprivation or actual hardship. The present study was undertalen {*i"g a period when many sections of tne were sufiering "o,-i"y from serious industrial depression,l and its p*po.L was to secure such concrete first-hand information as could l" obtuio"d with refer- ence to the eflect of the father's unemployment on the welfare of his children. In certain localities unsmploJrment had been prevalent for many months, and all grades of workers had sufiered-the skined u, w"ll as the laborers and casual workers. rn some types of industries the shutdown followed closely the unusual activiiy of the war yeer*. The high wagesthat had prevailed had beenlargely offset by the higher living costs and the fever for spending which-usualy accompaniesa sudden increase in income. Many workers who probably for the first time in their lives fo'nd themselves with eamings which permitted a margin for luxuries spent them for more coilfortableliv- ing, and for automobiles, pianos, phonographs, or other means of recreation that served as &n outlet for the tension of the times. There were, however, m&ny fa'"ilies that put tho surplus income into pa)'ments on homes, bank accounts, iiberty bonis, or other forms of savings which helped them to tide over the period of unemployment. Because of the increased populations in tne centers of war activity, it had been necessaryfor large numbers of families to undertake to buy homes in order to be assured of a placo to live. Loss of work found many of these families suddenry deprived of their incomes while they were burdened by obligaiions assumed when earning conditions were favorable. sometim-es their accuisi- tions could be turned into assets, though often at considerably depreciated values. Employment that had been plentiful for men, women, and children of working age came to be at, a premium for both adults and children in the unemployment areas. There was slight possibility ef 6sking up for the loss of tho father's income through the earnings of the mother or the children. The situation was thus not withlout con- r Tho flelal work of this study was al@obstw€e!. Dec. 5, lg2l, slal Fob. 28, 1923.

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structive features, which must be given due weight. Women, many of them with families needing their care at, home, had gone into industry during the war becauseof the demand for workers and the high pay offered; they now found it difficult to secure work of any kind. Boys and girls 14 years of age and oYer were no longer induced by unprecedentedwages to leave school and go to work, and many working children were compelled to return to the educational system, Unfortunately, the deprivations resulting from the Ioss of employment by the father as well as by the other wage- earning members of the family often outweighed the better chances for schooling and the advantagesof the mother's care in the home. In this study an efiort, was made to discover the relation between the unemployment situation and the more or iess definable factors of child welfare, using this term as applyrng not merely to conditions related to the individual child but also to his welfare as a member of a family group affected by the father's unemployment. The most definite criterion of the results of unemployment is, of course, dependency,interpreted to include not only child dependencybut the need of the family for outside aid. Even dependency, horvever, is not so significant a phaso of the problem as the less clearly defined condition of "half rations" and deprivation of accustomed comforts among families that do not apply for charitable aid. Relief agencies report tremendous drains on their resourceswhen periods of unemployment occur in their iocalities, and point out how quickly many families are brought to the need of outside aid when wagesare cut off. Some families manage, without assistance,to survive the period of stress by living under such conditions of lowered standards and deprivation of ordinary comforts that the children sufier very real harm. While this report includes certain statistical facts in regard to the families that make up the unemployed groups' as a necessarygeneral basis for consideration of the child-welfare problem, the purpose of the inquiry was to throw as much light as possible upon the extent to which the father's loss of work afrected the well-being of his children. Such human facts as those related to the lowering of living standards and other special hardships coincident with a reduction in the family income, can bo analyzed to only a limited extent by the statistical method; they must be dealt with in the main by the " case method," presenting the combinations of elements in the conditions of various representativo f amilies. CITIDSINCLIIDDD. Beasons for selection. The study of unemployment was made in two cities located in difierent parts of the country and having somewhat difiorent indus-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TITE FIELD OF TTTE STUDY.

trial backgrounds-Racine, wis., and springfierd, Mass. Both cities were reported by the united states Employment service as having serious unemploSzment. The first was rated as having a situation that was as severe as any in the country; in the second city the industrial depression was less general, though affecting a large number of men over a considerable period oi time. Tf,ese cities were chosen for the study also because their populations included a number of nationalities and represented a vaiiety of social and economicconditions. Racine, Wis., had in 1920a population of over bg,000. When the study was undertaken the unemployment situation had been serious for more than a year. Springfield, IUass., had a population of almost 130,000. ti- tne time tiis city *u.'visited, unemployment had been prevalent for about 10 months. Among the leading industries in Racine were manu_factureof agri- cultural implements, foundries and machine shops, manufacture of automobiles and automobile parts, electrical-mu"hitr" apparatus and supplies, boots and shoes, trunks, furniture, and hardware. In springfield, the main industries were foundry and machine shops, manufacture of electrical-machine apparatus and supplies,^stationery, briss and bronze products, automobile bodies and parts, sporting goods, and games and toys. Extent of unemployment. Rari'ne'---The estimates given in regard to the number of unemployed men indicated that the total w&s somewherebetween 10,000 and 12,000. This apparently included a consid.erablenumber of single men, ma,ny of whom had come to the city when workers were in demand and had left when they lost their jobs. rt was impossible to secure a fair estim.ate of the probable proportion of unemployed men in the city at the time the study was-made. The fotio#ing data secured from the wisconsin rndustrial commission in to the numbers of workers in three Racine factories qive an".gu"I indication of the unemplo5rmentsituation: Plant No. 1: Men employedJuly, 1920--. _ 948 Men employed October,t92I- - -.. - 199 Plant No. 2: trIenemployed July, 1920---_ - -... - 4.282 Men employed October,1921-. _ -. -. g24 Plant No. 3: }{enemployedJuly,lg20--.- ._..-. t,ZgI Men employed October, 1921-- __ -. 484 The manufacturers' associationhad compiled a chart on which were plotted figures from the reports of z0 factories giving monthly 490e0._23_2

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 8 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

information to the association on the number of emplovees. The following figures were given: Month snalyear. Employees. March,1920...... -.-- 19,351-The employ'mentpeak. April, 1921. 9,215-42 per cent less than the peak' June, 1921- 7,785---60 per cent less than the peak' August, 1921.--. 6,415-47 per cent less than the peak. October, 1921.. . - 6, 600--66 per cent less than the peak. December,1921- - . 6,192--48 per cent less than the peak. The reports made by the State and city emplo;rment office on the number of registrations for jobs give something of a guide to the situation, though one not entirely reliable because of the fact that when jobs are very scarce men do not keep on applying. Syr;,ngf.eld^-No definite data on the extent, of unemployment, - could be securedfor Springfield. Excerpts from the Industrial Em-' ployment Survey Bulletin, published monthly by the Emplo;ment Service of the Lrnited States Department of Labor, give a general indication of the situation in the city. The bulletin published in April, 1921,states: "There is much unemploymentin the metal and building trades, and in tho textile, paper, motor-vehicle, and motor- accessoriesindustries. A large rubber company in this vicinity nor- mally employing 5,000,now employing 1,600, has increased working schedulefrom 32 to 48 hours a week." May, 1921: "A large motor- vehicle plant, employing 900 is working three days a week, with pros- il pects for improvement not promising. A large tool plant is closed I indefinitely. A machine tool plant, closedfor one week, has reopened and is working three days a week with a small force. A large plant' l engagedin manuJacturing games and toys has reduced its force from 550 to 400." June, 1921: "IJnemployment,continues in metal and building trades." July, 1921: "Unemployment,is generalin all lines. il:l The mayor of Springfeld has appointed a committee to deviso ways tl and means of relieving the situation. Textiles are working full time, but with reduced forces. Manufacturing plants are running with greatly reduced fotces." August, 1921: "There is much unemploy- in the metal trades and paper industry, while part time prevails il ment in nearly all plants." November, 1921: "The general opinion of those engagedin businessis that the next, three months will show a I slow but, steady improvement. The metal trades show the largest unemployment. There is no activity in the building trades. A large I firearms plant is closed, affecting 800. An automobile plant has but few working. Paper has shown some improvement. 'Paper-box l workers advertising for night crews. Certain textiles report shortage of skilled help." December, 1921: "Metal trades are Yery quiet. One large industry, employing 1,000hands, is about to lay ofr zO0. I Two plants, employing 1,250, are still closed. Paper and textiles I show a steady upward trend. Railroad shops are on full time. Iron )

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TEE IrELD OT,THE STUDY. g

fo_undriesare good. Auto-tire industry very busy." January,Ig22: "rce cutting, now at its height, will give employment to hundreds of men for several weeks. unemployment conditions improved in someindustries, but the metal trades continue to be the hardest hit. Building trades are dull, wiih indications of improvement in the spring. One drop-forge plant is practically closed, afiecting about 500 hands. one plant, m.anufacturing small arrns closed, ab"out270 afiected. * * * 9r" textile plant which was closedhas reopened. one concern, closed since last July, with a normar force of gz-5,has reopened with a force of 250 men. One plant manufacturing agri- cultural implements closed, afiecting about 1b0.,' Measures taken to provide employment. Raci,n-e.-Tn ^ August, 1921,the city of Racine appropris,ted$1b0,000 for road work, bridge building, and park work, in-order to reiieve the unemployment, situation. The selection of the men for this work was placed in the hands of the state and city employment ofrce. The superintendent of the emplo;;'ment office reported that a chance at-this city work had been given to about, b00 men a week, the usual p.olicy being one n'eek of employment and two weeks ofi. Some_ times a man \^'as giren work loi two or three weeks in succession, with a proportionate period of unemployment following. The pay was 35 cents an hour. Park work was for g hours u duy and street work for 8 hours. It was stated by the employment offi"" tlat the men ayeraged about 5 days a week when employed, and their pay g15 averagedabout a week. The employment officereceived between 200-and 300 applications a day for work on the streets and in the parfs; a large proportion of these men had been skilled factory workers. Bpri,ngfield.-In August, 1921, the mayor of Springfield put into operatio_n plan a for city eTplo),ment, and ur, ,pp-p"i-ution of $5,000 was made for specialwork by the street and park defartments for the month of August. This work was continued,and the amount available for wages was increasedas needed. The expendituresfor the city g4,000-to work ran from $6,000a month, except in December, lg2l, v'hen wagesamounted to more than $1d,000. This was not due to increase_in unemployment, but was to be accounted for almost entirely.by the policy of giving employment to as many men as possi_ ble during the christmus .ea.on.- the distribution tf this special city work was placed in the soldiers' Relief ofrce, and investigatiorr were made in all casesby the union Relief Association, which relorted t-o the employment office. Employment was limited to mei with dependent children or with more than one adurt dependent oo th"-. The work was given for b hours a day, 6 days a rieek, usually I20 hours at a time. Then the man was iaid ofi, and reemployment de_

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown Universify 10 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CITILD WELFARE.

pended on the number of appiications on hand. Usually there was about a week'sinterim. The wageswere $12 for 30 hours' work. It was stated at the employment, offi.ce that the aYerage amount earnedby the men was about $10 a week, becausebad weather and other conditions inter{ered with steady work. X'rom August through November, 1921,there were 975 applicationsfor work, of which 213 were disapproved becauseof absenceof dependentsliving in the city, residencein the city for less than a, year, or for some other reason. By February 15,1,017men had been given city work through the emor- gency employment office. SOUBCESOT' INFORMATION. General information in regard to the unemplo5,'mentin the two cities and the basic data for the various sections of the study were obtained from the following sources, efiort being directed toward securing facts which bore a special relation to the welfare of the children of unemployed men. 1. State and city employment offices. 2. City officials and others concerned with special efforts to relieve the unemployment situation. 3. Manufacturers' associationssad ssmmiltees dealing with tho problem. 4. Industrial concerns afrected, and especially welfare workers of factories giving assistanceto families of employees. 5. Public and private relief agencies,visiting nurse associations, and other organizations assisting families. 6. Offices issuing emplo;rment certifcates, and vocational or continuation schools attended by working children. 7. Child-welfare agencies, including the juvenile coult, the agency administering mothers' pensions, children's aid and protective societies,institutions for dependent,children. The inquiry difrered somewhat in the two cities, in accordancervith the features of the situation that appeared especially significant in each place. Aside from the general information concerning the background, the study included the following main divisions: A. Schedulessecured through interviews with families of unemployed men. B. Data from records of relief agenciesconcerning families given assistancebecause of unemployment. C. Data from employment-office records relating to men with dependent children. D. Comparative data on the extent of child labor, and the efiect of the unemployment situation on schooling. By far the most important part of the inquiry was the securing of direct information from 366 families of unemployed men. Tho re-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TI{E I'IELD OF AEE STUDY. 1L

sulting schedulesyielded information pertaining to all phases of the study, and since the group of families visited in each city was selected as fairly representative of the " average run " of familils affected by unemployment, this material is especially significant. rn Racine a cr_oss-sectionstudy was made of unemplo5,'mentcases in the records of a_Iarge private relief agency. . rn springfield an analysis was mad.eof the data recorded concerning the men with dependent children who applied for emergency city work. rn both cities studies were made of the childJabor situation, comparing the period of industrial depression with preceding years. certain other speciar phases of the problem were considered-e-ployment of mothds, heaith conditions in th9 families during_theunemployment period, juvenile delinquency, and dependency, and the credit granted-by retail stores as a'substi- tute for charitable aid in tiding the family oyer the period of unemployment. Because of the difierences inherent in the industrial and social conditions in the two-cities, it is necessaryto present separately the uluty.I_ of the general statistical data relating to the fam'ilies in each city. under special topics, however, the data from the two cities are dealt -with together. rt has already been pointed out that the real meaning of the misfortune o1 unsmployment can best be showu through the presentation of the situalions in individual families are presented, and the coincidenceof various factors that affect the welfare of the children in these farnilies.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University This page is blank in the original document.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE FAMILIES OF TIIE UNEMPTOYED. The section relating to the home conditions of unemployed men constituted the main part of the inquiry, both becauseof the relative importance of the data and the time expended in securing the first- hand information from the fnmilies. A total of 366 families in the two cities were visited by agents of the Children's Bureau, and information was obtained from them in accordancewith a prepared schedule form.2 The study was confined to families in which thero wero two or more children under 18 years of age living in the home. It covered facts as to the father's previous emplo5rment,the duration of his unemployment, the composition of the family, home conditions, resourcesof the family during the unemplo5rmentperiod, specialhandi- caps under which the family was suffering, the losses sufiered, debts accumulated,and the extent of retrenchment intheirmanner of living. In order to be of value for the purpose intended, it was necessa,ry that the group of families selected for scheduling should be representative of the general run of families of unemployed men, and not overweighted by fa,milies known to social agenciesor from the lower occupational groups. In both cities representative lists of unemployed men with dependent children could best be securedfrom the records of the State and city employment offces. While in times of nom.al industrial conditions laborers and casualworkers would probably predominate in the applications for work, the unemplo5rment periods in both cities had been of such long duration, and all classes of workers had been affected so seriously, that the danger was rather that the lists of families might include an undue proportion of skilled workers. This was the caseespecially in one city, where applications by laborers were not being recorded at the time of the inquiry, because these jobs were filled by a,ny men who happened to be in the employment ofrce at the time of the infrequent applications for such workers. Overweighting was guarded against in so far as it was possible to do so. tr'or the most part, families were selected for study in which the father had been out of regular work for at least six months. In Racine only 3 per cent and in Springfield 10 per cent of the fathers of the families included in the study had lost their regular employment less than six months before the agent's visit. On the other hand, in 71 per cent of the families included in Racine and in 48 per cent of those included in Springfield the unemploSrmentof the father had been of a year's duration or longer. As defined in the instruc-

2 For schedule fom see p. 169.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University L4 UNEMpLoyMENTAIID cHrLD wEr,r'ARE.

tions to the agents, the unemplo;rment period was held to cover the time from the loss of the man's regular workl during this period he might have had temporary work at other occupations than his trade or usual emplo5rment. The lists of families selectedin this way from the ernployment-office records were "cleared" through the records of pubEc and private relief organizations, children's agencies,and other sonrcesof information that might supplement the data secured directly from the fami-

CHMT I. AGtr,S Otr CHILDRtrNIN NA.MILItrSOtr UNE,MPLOYtrD MEN 1315 CHILDRE}I IN .366 FAI.IILIES IN TWO CITES

lies. The person interviewed in the home was either the father or the motherl frequently both were seen. The agents were instructed not to attempt to secure any information unless the family under- stood the pu-rposeof the inquiry and was interested in assisting. The instructions to the field agents contained the following paragraph: The purpose of the inquiry is to discover what happened 1efts fnmily--especially the children---as a result of the unemployment of the father. The etatistical items sls important ss furniching a background for aralysis of the situation, but themost valuable part of the material will be information that shows what unemployment meangin human terme.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TEE FAMILIES OF T'I{E UNEMPLOITD. 75

RACINE, WIS.3 Duration of unemployment. At the time the study was undertaken there had been a se'ous 66mployment problem in Racine for about a year and a half. In this city 231 representative families were selected for study, in accordancewith the plan already outlined. n'or only 3 per cent of these had the lack of regular employment of the chief breadwinner covered a period of less than six months; for 26 per cent the unemployment had continued for from six months up to a year, for 67 per cent for from a year to a yeat and a half, and for 4 per cent for still longer periods. The details of the duration of unemployment in months are as follows:

Duration of unomployment, Number of fethers Total.---. ---...._ zBL Lessthan4months . ---- 5 nionths- b 6 months- B 7 months. 11 8 months- fi 9months. --._---._ 10 l0 months- 11 months- 10 12 months. 40 13 months- 24 14 months. 31 15 months- 29 16 months- 1g 17 months- 11 18 months- 4 19 months- z 20 months. 1 21 months- I 22 months- 1 Not reported.. g Number of children affected. rn the 231 families there were 828 children under 1g years of age lioi"g at home. As the following list shows, almost half of these children (48 per cent) were under 7 years of age. Those from between 7 and 14 years of age comprised 42 per cent, and 10 per cent were 14 years of age or oyer.

Ages of children. Number of children. Total ..-- 823

Underlyear.--- .. - . 4g I year-. b1 I Soe Appeodix A, Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, L7, a\d, n.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 16 uNEMPLoYMENf AND oEILD wELFARa'

Agesof ohiltlr€n. Nmb€r of chililron' 2years- "-"-'-' 49 55 3 Years. 60 4year€- --"'--- 'Syears-- "'-"-- 62 67 6 Years- 57 7years- ""-"' 51 8year€- -- 57 9Years. "'-"" 4S 10 Years. 45 lIyears- """" 49 12 Years. 43 13 Years- 29 14 Years. 20 15 Years- 17 16 Years- 14 17 Years. The age distribution of the children did not difrer materially from population, that of ihe children under 18 years of age in the general that there were_proportionately fewer children of possible is shown by the *".fii"g""".pt age in the families of the unemployed, as

following figures:3' Per cent distribution Per cent infamilies distribution of unemployetl in Senerel men, popuauon. AgPs of ehilth€n. Total'-"'- 100 100 ' 48 e Under7y€a,rt-- ' 42 37 7-13 Years- 6 I ll-1-b Years- 4 I 16-17 Years- T\qo-fifths of the 231 families had more than three children. The in following list gives the number of children under 18 years of age .u"6 family:

Nnmber of children Number of families. under 18 years. Total-.------231 * bD 72 32 36 18 E 2 1

Most of the fathers in this group of families were young men; 58 p"" were under 40 years of ug", 49 per cent being between30 and "*t iO. Thirty-three per cent were from 40 to 50; 9 per cent were oYer

soThesmallerproportionsinthoupperagegroupsintbolamiliesstudiedaredueinparttotho years ege' limitetion to families with t]tro chiltlron under 18 of

T-'

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University rHE FAMILIES OF THE UNEMPLOYED. L7

50. Nineteen fathers were from 50 to 60 years old, and B were 60 or over. Among the unemployed men included in the study the proportion of foreign born was much larger than a,mongthe males 21 years of age or over in the general population of the city-the comparative percentagesbeing 77 and 45. Of the foreign-born fathers, however, 85 per cent had been in.the United States for 10 years orlonger and only 1 for less than 5 years. The length of time the 129 foreign- born fathers had been in the United States is shown in the following list: Length ofresidence in tho Number of foreim- United Stats. born fathers.- Total.---- -..--.---- 179

Less than 5 years - I 5-9years----.-:- --.-.__- 2b 1O-14years- 62 1F-19years- 60 20-24yarc- Z0 2lyans and over. 20 Not reported-- 1 tr'our-fifths of these fathers had become citizens or had taken out their first papers. More than half of the 231 men had been residents of the city for 10 years or more, only 6 had lived there for less than two years. The following list gives the length of residencein the city:

L€nsthof resioencsin city. Total--. .-.--"ltff#!. 2gl

I year-- ; 2-3 years. 29 4-5 years- 16 &-7years- ... -. -. _. 28 8-9 years--. -...... - gb 10 years and over. -. - - I2I Not repor0ed-. 1 A11 the nativo-born fathers were reported as able to read and write. Of the foreign-born, 13 per cent were reported as illiterate, but only 2 men were unable to speak English. Previous work status of fathers. Almost three-fourths of the unemployed men had previously been skills4 workers in regular trades or semiskilled operatives, and one- fourth had been unskilled workers; only two men had been casual laborers. A greater proportion of the native born and those who had been in the Ilnited States for 20 years or oyer were rated as skilled workers than of those who had been in the country for a shorter period-that is, 84 per cent as against 67 per cent. The majority of the men had been employed in manufacturirrg or me-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 18 utrpMpt-oyMnNf AND cEnD \vELFARE.

chanical occupations The following list gives the occupations as reported by the men: Number Last regular occupation before unemployment. of fathers. Total..- 23r Laborerin factorl'.- 49 Molder and cas[er--. . . |[nclinisi... 32 Assembler---.- IJ Ilachine operative. t1 Blacksmith, forge or hammer man. . - 7 Truckers and drivers. Coremaker--- - 5 Mechanic..- 5 Tool and pattern maker.-- Riveter---. o Bench worker o Welder.'. a Blacksnith's helper. . - 3 Painter, varnisher, and sander---- 3 Filer, polisher, and buffer- 2 trIiscellaneousmanutacturing and mechanical-- -. . - ee All other-.--- - L4 The father's monthly wages il his last regular emploJrment are shown below: lronthryearnin€s #trr#:. Total.-- .--..- 231

Lessthan$l00---.. -.- n $100,less than $125..- 58 $125,less than $150... 48 $150,lesr than $175---- 29 $175,lees than $200-... 22 $200,less than $225.... 14 $225,lees than $250---- I $250and over- - - I Not reported.- 23 It is seen that prior to the loss of employment more than a third of the families included in the inquiry had had a, monthly income of $150 or oyer through the earnings of the chief breadwinner. The wagesof more than one-tenth of the heads of families had been $200 or more a month. Ninety per cent of the men stated that their loss of employment was causedby shutdown of the factory or "Iay-ofi" of workers. In seyen casesill:ress rvas given as the active cause; in three, "trouble with the boss or company," and various reasonswere alleged in the 1s66ining cases. Ownership of home. Ownership of homes had been almost, a necessity, in order to be assuredof a place to live during the period of congestion of popula- _-!

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TTIE FAMILIES OF TIIE UNEMPLOYED. 19

tion in war time. It was found that, more than three-flfths of the families studied had bought, their houses, only 29 per cent, of these having acquired them before the war period. The true situation, however, is shown by the fact that payments had been completed on only 6 per cent of these "owned" homes,while 94 per.cent were mortgaged. Two of the g families who owned their homes free of encumbrancehad lived in them 10 years or longer, b for from 5 to g y_eg.: 1 for 4 years, and 1 for 3 years. Seven of them had presumably bought the homes before the war period. On the oth& hand, alnnosthaif the families whose homes were mortgaged had lived in them for less than 3 years. of the families who were renters, nearlv three-fourths had livld in the same house for less than B y"ur.. O; the whole, the families of unemployed men representedfairly steady residents, for only 23 per cent, of them had moved into their present li"iog quarters n'ithin a year. Follon'ing are the details as to length of residencein the homes occupied at the time of the inyestiEation:

Fmilies Tamilies gwning lenring Iangth of time in house. nomes. noms. Total-.-- -.--.- I4E 86

Lessthan6months------% 6 months- B 20 25 11 9 rraqm DJI 3 years- 303 69 5-9 I ears. ?o, 10 yearsand over. 91 Time not reported. 52 seven of the families who had previously ov'ned their homes, presumably mortgaged, had been compelled to give them up urr,l to becomerenters. Four families, on the other hand, who irad bcen renting, had had to buy homes bccauseof the housing situation and had invested their savings in this rvay during the unemplolznent, period. Housing conditions. Housing conditions in this city were not, such as to necessitate overcrowding uncler normal conditions, and at the time of the investigation 50 per cent' of the families had a housing standard. of one or more rooms per person; 45 per cent of the families averagedbetween orreand two personsper room, 4 per cent,averaged between two and. three per room, and 1 per cent, three or ''-rore persons per room. In view of the large proportion of owners as compared wilh renters, the crowding that_was found is no doubt to be accountedfor largely by the custom of letting rooms or taking in boarders to eke 6ut the family resources. In five instances t[e overcrowr]ingwas particularly serious. A family with slr members lived in a single room.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 20 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CEII,D WELFARE,

Another o{ the same size occupied only two rooms. A family of eight personshad three rooms, and each of two families with nine members lived in four-room aPartments. Rents paid. homes a Nearly three-fourths of the families renting 1,hsh ^paid rental oi b"t*""o $10 arrd $20 a month' X'our-fifths of the famiiies grving infs16a,tl6a on the amount of rent paid lived-in houses or i6utrr"" having four or more rooms; three-fourths of these families, also,were in the $10 to $20 rent group' TL. u-ooots paid at the time of the visits to these families-in 1922-werc as follows: December, 1921, or January, Number of fanilies renting' Amount of reDt Per month. Total--.. - 86 , Lessthan $10. -....-..-. 28 $10,less than $15------JO 915,less than $20- g20,less than $25------10 g25,less than $30------$30-$35... The difrculties which loss of steady income entailed are indicated by the fact that of the 86 families rvho rented their homes at the time oi trr" study 7 had owned homes before unemployment-and had had to give them up; 1 family remained in the house and was payrng uod 6 had moved to rented quarters. Forty-eight other fam- ".rT, period, of them to ilies moved during the unemplo5rment -some quurte.s having lower rents, and others-appare-ntlyb-ecayse. "it was to moie than pay rent." Of the families who had moved' "huup""25 #ere peyng lower reots at the time of the study than they had paid before un-employment; 5 werepaying more than they had done *hil" tn" father was workingi and 13 were payrng approximately the same as before. Four families had moved from rented houses to homes which they had had to buy. complete information was not, obtained in regard to amount of rent paid by o-nefamily' Of the Bb famif,es who rented previously and had not moved' 7 were paying less than they had done while the father was working, before and for Z"Oti-itie. the rents were apl*oximately the same and during the unemplo5rment,period. For 2 families infornation was not obtained as to the amount of rent paid' In connection with the rentals reported above, it is important to remember that three-fifths of the lamilies visited in Racine had bought their homes. It may well be assumedthat the renters repre- sent"to a considerableextent the families of a lower economicstatus, and those rvho could not afiord to make the payrnentsnecessary to of the large manufac- " own " a home. The estimatesmade by one

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE FAMfi.TES OF TI{E UNEMPLOYED. 2L

turing concernsin the city of the budgets required for workingmen's families, based on data secured from families of their ump1oy""r, placed the amount of rent at $30.{

CHARTII. DURATIONOF UNE,MPLOYME,NT 356 EAMIUES IN TWO CITTES, REPORIING DURAf,ION or TATHERS UNEMPLO'MENT

l- l5%r - Under6 trl l2to l7 l8to 25 rnonthS months monthS monthS rf it had been possibleto ascertain the averagemontlly amounts paid out by the families who had bought their homes and were paying interest and principal on the mortgages, the figures on co.t bf housing would undoubtedly have been found to equal or exceed the amount given in the budget estimate.

r See budget estimate, p. 37.

**ffiT*

Provided by the Maternal and Chitd Health Library, Georgetown University 22 UNEMPLoYMENT AND crrrlD WELFARE.

SPRINGFIELD, MASS.6 Duration of unemploYment. In Springfield 135 families were visited. Almost half the fathers had been out of work for a year or longer. Ten per cent had been unemployed for less than 6 months, 42 per cent for from 6 months to a year, and 48 per cent for a year or more. These percentages contrast strongly with the 3 per cent, 26 per cent, and 67 per cent unemployed for the corresponding periods in Racine. It is seen that the unemployment situation in Springfield had been much less serious than in the first city studied.

Duration of uDomployment Numb€r of fathers. Total-._ -...135

Lessthan 4 months.....- 'g 4 months. 2 5 months- 2 6 months- 10 7 months. 15 8 months- I 9months- '-"""- 12 10months---- 6 11months.-..- 2 12months. "-----' 6 13 months. 16 14 months- 14 15 monthe. 16 months- 4 17 months 5 18 months. 1 19 months....- 3 24 months. 2 25 montbs....- 2 Not reported.. 7 Number of children affected. The 135 families of unemployed rnen included 492 children under lg years of age living at home. Forty-tbree per-ceirt of these children were under 7, and 43 per cent were from 7 tbrough 13 years of age; 14 per cent were 14 years or over. The corresponding per- cJniuges-for Racine were very nearly the same-48, 42, and 10' The numbers of children of each specific age are shown below: Ages of childr€n. Numb€r of chilalren, Total--_ ..- 492 ; Under1year...----. 2r 1 year-- 27 2 years. 34 3 years- 34 4 years- 28

o $gs dppgnilix A, Tables 2, 4, 6,8' 70' 12' 11,16, 18' a'trd 22' I t

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University T}IE FAMILIES OF TIIE UN]iMPLOYED. 23

Ages of ehildren. Number of children D years.- 32 6years- ..-..--.- 2g 7years- ---"--._- 4L 8 years- I years- 29 1Oyear.s- ..----_-_ 84 llyears- ---..__.- Zz 1.2yearr.---._.. go 13 years- 27 14 years_ 18 I5years- --_-----.. 22 16 years. 16 17 yearr. Iz The following list showsthat the proportion of children of working age was smaller in the group of families studied than in the general population of the city-L4 per oent a,saga.inst lg per cent. Per cert distribution Per e€nt in familie alistribution of unemploycd iu general Ages of children. men. population. Total--. ..-_ 100 100 - Under7 years.-.--..- 43 45 7-13 years. 49 JT 14-15 years. g I 16-17years.. 6 o In 49 per cent of the 13b families there were more Chan three children living at home. seventeen families had six or more children. Nmber ol chit&en Number of under l8 years. families, Total.---.- -..18b

* 25 27 2L q 7. 5 2 9-".-_- ..-..-.-. 1 General facts conceming the fathers. More than half the fathers whose ages were given (54 per cent) were under 40 y_earsof age, the greater proportion being bdtween B0 and 40 years. of the 128 men, only 10 were befin'een50 ind 60 years, and 1 man was over 60. Eight of these 11 older men had been out of work for periods ranging from 1B to 2b months. of the men under 50 years of age,40 per cent had beenout of work for lB months or longer. In the general population of the city the foreign born represented 36 per cent of the white males 21 years of age and over. Among the 49090"_23_3

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown university 24 uNEntPLoYlrENT AND cHILD WELF.{RD,'

group of unemploye

Less than 5 1'ears- "- 6 5-9 Years- 1G-14years. 15-19 years- 20 2A-24yean- 15 '- -'- 15 25years and over " " .l Noireported-- Only aS per cent of the foreign-born fathers had becomenaturalized, but an additional 22 per cent had secured their first papers. Thus, ao per cent, as against 19 per cent in Racine, had taken no step towa^rdAmericanization. It is interesting to note that more thir two-fifths of the men l['ho had been in the LTnited States for 15 years or longer had not becomecitizens, whereas more than three- fiftLs of those t'ho had resided here a shorter time had failed to becomenaturalized. The following list gives the length of residence in the city. It is seen that the greater proportion had been residentsfor 10 years or longer. Number of Length- ofresidence in city. fathers. Total.... 135 , Lessthan 1 1'ear. 1 year-.- 8 2 years. I &5 yeare- 17 &-7 years- 12 &-9 years- t2 10 years and over. to t Not reported. - As in Racine, all the native-born fathers were reported as literate. Five of the 23 ioreign born were found to be illiterate, while 18 could read in their native language only. only 1 man could not speak E"gfirn. Therefore, 17 per cent-of all the men in the unemploved grip were handicapped by inability to read English' ' Previous work status of fathers. By far the largest number of men (83 per cent) had been employed lrr rt iu"a occupa'tion.; 15 per cent were classedas unskilled workers, and 2 per cent as casuallaborers.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMILIES OF THE UNEMPLOYED. 25 A iist of the last regular occupationsof the 185 menfollows: Last rezular-unemplolanent. occupation Number oi before fathers. Total ..... - 135 l{achinist-. -. - JJ Laborerin factory... -. o Painter--.. -. 7 Laborer,other. -...... - t) llolder and caster-.-.. Truckerg and drivers- 5 Tool and patt€rn maker-.. - -. Assembler.. - - Clericalworker- -... -. ^ Ms,shins operative. A Mechanic-.--. 4 polisher, Filer, and buffer J llIigcellaneousmechanical and manufacturing-..-.. - _ 39 All other rn this city there was not found the distinction that misht be expectedbetween the occupationalstatus of the men who we; born in the united states or who had been in this country for a considerable nuno.berof years and those of foreign birth and more recent arrival. The native born and those who had been in the Ilnited states for 20 years or over r€presented6g per cent of the entire group; 84 per cent of them were classedas having been emproyed in ri.iu"a trades. of the 31 per cent who had been in this country for less than 20 years, practically as large a proportion,(g1 per cent) had also been in skilied occupations. The two casuallaborers were native born. The men who had been in the city 10 years and over comprised practically the same proportion of all skilled workers as they aia ot the entire group of unsmployed men-b8 and bb per cent, respec_ tively. Apparently, the occupational status had no direct rela-tion to the length of residencoin the country or in the city. More than one-fourth of the men had earned $rb0 or more a month when regularly employed. The numbers in each monthly wage group were as follows:

Monttrly emilgs rotar-.-. .).,::: "j:i'i?; Lessthan$f00..- . . n $100,less than 9125-- g8 $125,less than 9150-. Bb $150,less than $175-. 28 $175,le*s than $200-- b $200,less than 9225-. B $225,Iess than 9250-... -:. ... z : S250and over.. 1 Not reported--

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 26 t-rNElrpLoYtrrENT AlfD crrrlD WDLFARE.

Practically ali the men gaYe as the reason for their loss of employ' ment the shutdown of the factory or the "laying ofi" of u'orkers. One ascribedhis lack of work to a strike; and in six casesillness was the causeof unemployment. Ownership of home. One-fifth of the families were reported as owning their homes, but in every case there was a mortgage. In this city there had, apparently, not beenthe sameinducements for buying homesas had existed in Racine during its period of increased production and the con- sequent crowding of the population. In the latter eitv more than three-fiJths of the tamilies had bought their homes, a considerable proportion of them before the war period, and a ferv owned their homes free of mortgages. Sixteen of the fwenty-eight families who "owned" mortgaged homes had lived in them for less than five yeals, evidently having bought them during the recent period of industrial prosperity' Of the ienters, almosf a third had lived for less than a yeal in the resi- denceoccupied at the time of the study; only 16 per cent had lived in same place for fivo years or more. the Familie-s r.amiries os.lling renting L€ngth oftime in house. nomes. tromes. Total.- .. 28 107

Lem than 6 monthg. 18 6 months, under 1 year. . . I 15 1 year.-. 6 19 2yeare-- -.------'1 16 3 years-- I I 4 years.- I T2 il9 yeare-. 6 10 years and over.-. -1 q ') Time not reported. - - . In Racine the greater proportion of the families were found at the ad.dressgiven at ihe employment office. In Springfield, on the other hand, riore than one-fhird of the families could not be located becausethey had moved from the addressgiven, and tbough many of them weie traceil to several subsequentaddresses, their present whereaboutswas unknolvn to their former neighbors. Since so large a majority of the families in this city were renters,it is probable that difficulty"in meeting payments of rent was largely responsiblefor this shifting Housing conditions. There were proportionately more families in springfield than in Racineliving under crowdedconditions. In 7 per cent of the families there were 6etween two and three persons per room, and in 1 per cent, three persons or more. The average was between one and trvo personsto a room, in 51 per cent of the families. In 41 pel cent of ihe families there was one or lessthan one personper room.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 'IHE THE FAMILIES OF UNEMPI,OYED, 27 Rents paid. tr'our-fifths of the families visited in springfielcl were renters. Information was obtained regarding the rints paid by these 107 families. The largest number paid from $20 to $2b a month. The number of families paylng rents of the difierent amountsfollows:, Amourt ofrent per month. Number of families renting. Total

Leesthan $10-. . - . -. - - -. z $10,less than $lb-. g20-. $15,less than :- :. - . . . - - . - . . . . - - . . - - - . . . - . - . - - - . . - . . . ;!, 920,less than $2b.- g2 S25,less than 930.. 24 $30,Iess than 935.- 9 The majoritv of the families (87 per cent) lived in housesor '. rene- ments " having four or more rooms, and trvo-thirds of these f amilies paid rents of $20 to $Bb. rt has been stated that there was considerabledifficuity in f:rding families whose addresseshad been secured from the ernployment ofices, becauseof the frequent moving. The proportion of famiiies scheduledrvho had moved obviously does not reprlsent the situation as fairlv as was the case in Racine. However, it is of interesr ro note that 1 family formerly owning its home had moved after unemplovment, and of 2g others who had moved, b were paying iower rents a'd 7 higher rents than when the father *ur ruo"king; i2 *""" payi'g approximately the same rent in the new quarters, and for 5 there was insufficient information. of the 77 renters who had not moved, 4 were payug less for rent at the time of the study than they had paid *L"tr tttu father rvas working; 6 were paying higher rent during the time of 'nemployment; 59 were paying approximately the same, and there was insufficient information concerning S.

RESOURCESDI'BING I'NEMPT,OIMENT.6 ' Sources of livelihood. 'Throrrgh emergencywork provided by the two cities, and through other short-time jobs securedby their own efiorts or assignedto them by employment offices, all but 4 of the 866 men whose families were visited had been able to earn something toward the support-their of their families during the months that followed the loss of regular occupations. The inadequacy of these earnings, by men who had previously been the sole or main support of their fa,miri$, is shown bv the facts presented in regard to the sources of livelihood durins unemplo;rment. \{hereas only 82 of the mothers had worked prioi to thg period, in spite of the incentive llemdoyment offered uy ttte 6 See lppoDdir ^4,,Tables tZ-Z+, f*fr.i"t

E-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 28 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD \\,EI,FARE.

war activities, 91 who had not previously workecl had securedem- ployment after their husbands had lost their jobs. AII but 7-of those preoiou"ly employed had had some work during the unemployment of tn" faihers, making a total of 116 mothers who supplementeclthe family income to some extent. This number rn'ould turdoubtedly CIIARTltr. PERCINTAGESOT MFIILIE,S KETOKTING \TARIOUSSOURCES OF MAINTENANCN DURINGTHT. NffHERS UNNXPLOYMTNT 366 FAI'|ILTEs IN T\dO CTTIES n ll tl tl

I Fcraentrauntage of familiesfam rePofiPortingtl eacnrCh l )urce sousourc lftl )l I I Motherd Childrcnf Savin$s Credit Charitable Earnin$s Larningls' Used and Loans Aid have been much larger had not, employment been evell more scarce for women than for men. There had been a slight increase in the proportion of families that, kept boarder€ or lodgers or rented parts of their houses during the p"tioa of unemployment. That this increase rvas not ppeater is readily accountedfor by the unusual demand for housing accommo- dations during the precedingperiod, and the consequenth-clecreased

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMILIES OF THE UNEMPLOYED. 29

opportunities for this type of income during the time of industrial depression. In Racine approximately 5,000 single men who had come in when labor was in demand were said to have left the city when they were thrown out of work. That the proportion of families keeping boa.rdersand lodgers w&s as large as it rvas found to be is indicative of the unusual efforts made by them to gain means of subsistenee. Only 30 of the 191 families who were compelled to apply for charitable aid at this period had previously needed such assistance. Loans, frequently obtained on yery disadvantageous terms; debts contracted, especially for rent,, food, clothing, and medical attendance; aid from relatives; and the expenditure of savings-these were other means of support for the families of the unemployed. The following list gives the number and per cent of the 366 families reporting the various sourcesof livelihood during the unemployment period. Instead of specifying the many confusing combinations of sources,the iterns are given separately, with the percentageof families reporting each source. Many, and sometimes all, of the sourceswere found to have been used by a considerablenumber of the families. Number of fanflies Per Sources of lirclihood. reporting. cent. Total.-.. -.. 366 100

Father'e eanfngs at temporary work. - -. 362 99 Mother's earnings...... 116 2, li) 20 56 15 :.t,, 60 16 iffiijH{Ij$Ilt=l:,,:: :,,,,,,,,,,, 158 43 Loanscontracted--.-- .....7I7 qo Debtsforfood-.--..------240 66 Otherdebts... .-...-..253 69 Aid from relatives.. 38 10 Charitableaid- -...... - 191 52 Other sources. 15 4 Sixty-six per cent of the families had gore into debt for {ood. In Racine, where unemplo5rmenthad been of longer durat'ion, 81 per cent of the families reported debts for food, while in Springfield the proportion was less than half as large. Loans and other debts, exclusive of credit for food, reported by more than three-fourths of all the families, formed the largest source of maintenance, both as to aggregate amount and the number of families reporting them. The percentageof such families in Racine was 82, as compared with 66 in Springfield. The use of savings, on the other hand, was reported by almost the same proportion of the families visited in each city--42 per cent in the first city, and 45 per cent in the second. More than a tenth of the families had received aid from relatives. The families in Springfeld appeared to have had the greater resourcesfrom this

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 30 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

type of aid-almost three times the proportion of families found in Racine-and this no doubt explains to some extent the lower proportions of loans and debts reported in Springfield. More than half the total families visited in the two cities were given assistanceby public or private relief agencies. In Racine61 per cent of the families received such aid, and in Springfield 37 per ceirt. This, again, is apparently to be accounted for by the longer duration and more wide-spread unemployment in the first city. In addition to showing the variety of ways in which the families of unemployed men had been forced to securethe means of subsist- ence, these figures are especially significant for two other reasons. Firct, 191 of the 366 families (52 per cent) had become partially dependentupon charitable aid, presumably after other resourceshad been exhausted. Second,a larle proportion of the families-27S, or 76 per cent of the entire number-had been forced to mortgage the future through loans and other debts. Proportions of total maintenance derived from the various sources. Complete reports on total resources during the unemployment period were securedfrom 136families in the two cities. The information obtained shows that only 4 per cent of these families derived their entire maintenanceduring the unemplo;r'mentperiod from the father's earnings at temporary jobs. The gteater number of fathers were able to provide only betrveen15 per cent and 39 per cent of the total family income by means of temporary jobs. More than half the mothers gainfully employed contributed less than 15 per cent of the family maintenance, and in nearly two-fiJths of the families the wage-earning children under 18 years contributed similar proportions. Aid from relatives was small in amount. Income from lodgers, boarders, and rent constituted in nearly three-fifths of the casesless than 15 per cent of the total resources. Of the families receiving charitable aid, over two-thirds reported less than 15 per cent of their total living from this source; for the remainder, with one exception,charitable aid constituted from 15 to 39 per cent of the total mailtenance during the unemployment period. Approximately three-fi{ths of the families reporting that they had incurred debts for food and other articleshad derived lessthan 15 per cent of their total maintenance, during the unemplo5rment period, from this source. For a third of the families, 15 to 39 per cent of the maintenance was securedthrough credit and for 9 per cent of the families from 40 to 69 per cent. Money loans had supplied less than 15 per cent of the maintenancefor more than a third of the families and from 15 to 39 per cent for almost half the families. In almost a fifth of the families loans accountedfor 40 per cent or more of the resourcesduring unemployment.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University rTtE FAMILIES OF TTTE UNEMPLOYED. 31 Savings,on the other hand, suppliedlarger proportions of the total resources. n'or almost two-fifths of the families, the use of savings furnished from 15 per cent to 3g per cent of the total living turesl for two-fifths, the savings spent during the unemployment"*p"trdi- period representedfrom 40 per cent to 6g per cent of the total maintenance. Table I gives these figures in detail, show-irg the percentagesof total income during unemployment derived from the various sources:

Tesru l.-.so, trcrsof Jo m ils ,o,n,,no t ttnrrnptotnrnt: bascdan reports f ;r,!l;,#{r{:r,.l,n

Families reporting cach sprcified souree of maintenance

Per eent of total familr maintenance from each Sources of family maintenance during spmifled souce, f ath€r,s unemplolment.

Less than 15 100 per @nt. p€r cent

135 39 31 l8 27 10 19 L4 20 I oo I 48 18 86 51 u 48 D 5 Charitable 66 4ti

I Only 136families retwned complete rcports. 2 Oneincludes a strike b€nefit. 3 One includes t2,000 life insuance, $800allotment from Nary. Weekly resources at the time of inquiry. At the time of the visit by the bureau's agents, one-third of the 347 families reporting as to earnings during the prececlingweek had no ineome from earnings of father, mother, or children. In a totar of nlm651,three-fourths of the families there were no earnings or they amounted to less than $20 a week. The percentagesof families hav_ ing n'eekly earningsof various amounts were as follows: per cent distribution of . familics \r ceru\'earrungs. reporting. Total._--. f00

Noeamings--- . .. - Lessthan $5..----.--.- 7 $5, lessthan $10..... - 12 $10,Iess than 915. 10 $15,lessthang20..--...... -.. 12 $20,less than $25--... - i0 $25,less than $30--. - - - T $30,lessthang3S----. b $35,less than ' 40- z $40and over.- - - -.. -. 3

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 32 UNDMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WEI,FARE.

Average monthly resources during unemployment. From 188 families in the two cities it was possible to secure rvhat appeared to be a close approximation to their average monttrly during the entire unemployment period. The figures below "i*o""",show the numtrer of families and the number of children represented income group. in each iljfl"; il"H; femi- chil- Averags monthly resotfces of families' lies' dren' Total----- ""' 188 673

Lessthan$25.----. ------"- 6 19 $25,less than $50-... - - 43 L47 $50,less than $75-.-... 63 213 $75,less than $100....- 45 163 $100,less than $150.... - 26 114 $150,lesg than $200-- - -. i 17 Of the 673 children, only 131, or 19 per cent', were in families whose ayerage monthly resources rvere $100 or more. A fourth of all the children were in families having a,n a,Yerageof less than $50 monthly. It should be remembered that, these families averaged more than five members each and that the amounts reported as resources included everything that the family had had to live on- credit, Ioans, charitable aid, and savings used, as well as wages. Income during year preeeding unemployment. Complete information as to income during the year prrcceding ,rn"*pioJ'*ent could be ascertained for somewhat less than three- eighths of the families. Nevertheless, the following data covering tar oi the families are believed to be fairly representative of the whole group: Number of famiUesreport- lng rncom3 pre\aousto Income duing year prmding unemployment. unemployment. Total_-.... -.-.-...131

$800,less than $1,000- 1 $1,000,Icss than $1,200. 7 $1,200,lessthan$1,'100. -..---"- li $1,400,lessthan$1,600. --.------' 17 $1,600,less than $1,800------33 $1,800,less than $2,000- g2,000,less than $2,200- 18 g2,200,less than $2,400. i3 92,400,lessthan$2,600. ------.- tt $2,600,less than $2,800. 1'3 $2,800,less than $3,000- 2 $3,000,less than $3,200- 2 According to these figures, t'wo-fifths of the families had total incomes during the year preceding unemployment of $2,000 or more. A more complete index of the previous economic status of the families may be found in the following figuresrelating to the father's

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE FAMILIES OF TI{E U]i-E,NIPLOYED. 33 monthly wagesin his last regular job, which rvere reported for 3BG fathers. Number ,""t"t31|,i?Jii mbnthli distri- Monthly wages in lsst regular job. wages.' bution. Total---.. .._---...936 100 $roo-...... -.. +s 1- $100,less than 9125... 96 29 $125,lesg.than $150..... - 83 2b $l50,lesgthan$175...... 52 15- $U5, lessthan 9200-.. 27 8 $200,Iess than $225-.. tT b $225,less than $250. 11 3 $250and over.-.. -- -.. 2 |

CHART E. AVERAGEMONTHLY RESOURCTS DURINGTHE UNI,MPLOY"IENT PERIOD COMPMED VITH INCOMTSIN THEPRECEDING YEAR

Unemplqyment Period lS3stnan t50 - rgg 'roo_'He @l tt50.-rtgg lrr. r?cto-249lur" rz5oand over lru"

Year Pr ecedinQ Unempl oy m ent tnan F6s I None 650-s gg tt00-tl+g

6150-6199

t2Q0-2+g

t250 and over

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 34 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

Dnr.ru,ro Teslr A.-^Sources of mn'intenance during father's unemployrment,t I I I Per @nt of incoms derived from each sour@. AverageI DurationI monthly orl I Scheal- resourcesi Income ule unem- | during chil- DtoY- | J from Savings No. uqem- | Father's Mother's dren's Loens. menr I Dtov- j earnings, earnings. eam- used. (months).1 rirerit. ings. I I I _i857.24 22.1 44.0 ""::'r' 25.0 RI 16 I /o. aY 8.1 E.4 12.6 h.o J.U rr I 8t 25.73 28.3 7r.7 ;; ,; I r/ I to 35.6r 6.3 36.9 2rl 20 I 41.60 38.9 26 1 14i 71.44 3.6 101 M.n 42.9 ""zi.r- 16l 15 I 97.63 7.9 3.0 39 1 $.m 4.0 44.0 10 I {l6l 83.84 8.4 44.0 do. o 12 1 17 l u. 28.0 4.0 171 50.46 34.0 31.3 {9 I 131 60.34 10.9 63.5 50 I 8l m.63 rI. t 63.2 8l 30.91 11.0 :;l 19 l 268.09 4.8 55 1 16 I 46.3E 36.I 18.3 56 1 14 44.LI 28.6 m.3:...:.::: -^l 1 6l 15 1 81.09 tt.2 5el 16 1 60.5,1 E.1 t.t a,D 5.1 60l 54.19 4.9 20. 1 !91 t1 62 1 rcl 52.m tl 37.8 13.0 6.c l 2rl 49.35 23.8 10.8 &l 60.56 24.0 50.1 4.0 6Rl 13l w.u2 18.6 9.0 69 el 49.70 t.r 45.8 r,5 i4 tt rm.36 1.0 28.6 75 DI 96.57 :.....::: /o 121 236.03 31.0 78 rol 79.33 7.7 t2,g 11.0 79 161 44.96 41.01.._-...... &3 llt I 223.13 31.5.-...... '-"-ie:o 84 14 1 103.2a 1?.71...-..-... 6.8 D 8l 44.41 79.2 64.5 86 18 l 66.85 17.8 2.0 s8 67.80 74.3 6.0 39 16 I 43.88 31.7 90 8l 72.4 40.9 91 8l 106.G| 1.0 a 10l ffi.42 48.3 94 8l 62.85 B.E 27,I 13.0 96 16I 88.01 0.9 I.2 rv2 15 1 94.6i 7.0 8.0 15.0 Tfit 13 1 90.98 44.4 3.0 109 lrl 63.39 26.8 Id. D 110 14I 42.11 15.4 - -96.8 lll 12l 12.99 3.2 r12 r5 l 40.06 12.l u8 15 1 1{8 125 77 1 69.25 42.9 126 %l i6.3 r27 8l 99.36 6.1 136 13l r15.15 ro. I 13 I g7.w 30..1 139 6l r52. il) 26:el::::::. :::1. :.:.::.: 36. 8 131 126.05 9.3| .5I-..-.-.-. 46. 8 1i$ 10 1 35.11 45,5 146 14l 20.36 JI. A 6&5 151 3l 5St. 71 162 13 l 51,38 ral 14l 30.29 42.7 155 11| 411.80 14.E- 157 181 55.74 4t.2 162 ,tl JO. a/ --l 32.9 163 ol 24.87 lm.0 lGf 10 1 48.26 16.8 168 r5 I 148,56 32.1 175 12l 101.33 9.9 t77 ol u.5l 31.4 179 151 &3.48 59.3 180 13 l 37.48 35,t r Includes onlv tho 136 families for whom complets informatioD. wes obtsined. 2 Includ€s $2,d!0 tife insusnce and $800aliotment from the NaW.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TI{E FAMILIES OF TI{E IINET\IPLOYED. 35

Dnrerr,no T.onr,n A.-rSources of maintmanceduring father,s unemploymcnt-contd. -_T_--l- I | ^-^.^-^l percentofincomederivedfromeachsouce. . _'o*1,',-l*;:[flgl;l-_ Dtrmrimlfi#ifriil____-- ___ ",i,'.*igi*- l't''lHiT'l | ] lTo.o-.1 I I I :,ro.| *iJ+ I uremitFarhcr,s,yoi!_.lli 9;":,."n,,- l#?fi|*lr,1Je*rl"*"r. r"i"i'iri.i.lprovr-. g:n- I o"o*.| *f,ii- learninss.,eamines.l r"Er. l:Et l**-. 1 | I aid. I lodgers.

184 12 $56.84 I r4.3 l1 99.qt...... 2t,l 185 85.28 r/.6l-...... 1 | 42.4 11.0 tdr lo 88.4 | 0.9 L t....----. lo 188 8?.67 20.6l-...... 1. l'-"""'l-"';.i';'1""*'" I 53.0 3.4 189 72 2&61...... 1. 1""""'t I 6.0 " "i;:t' ta t------.--t....-....1| 50.1 190 r23.m 30.4r..--...--.1 30.8 17.2t7.2I n.2 t.4 191 15 73.09 40.1I...... -.1. | | I| s.s n.l 192 9 m.tr 4.el-.-...... -1. 101 61.5 20.6 t2 53. 84 21.4l-...... -..1. l:.:::::..1.:.::..:.1I 74.6 196 ID 83. 40 50.7| 2.2 l.t""""-t----""'t""l:..:::::.t7. I 9.0 rgl 8 85.52 8.7l 2.7| "tr:.'l""ii:r'1" | "4t-6 198 16 62.51 12.s1...... -.1. l" I zE.a " "io;t 199 l0 33.10 8.11...... -..-1. l:::.:..:.1..:::.::.1_...I 31.1 w) l5 56.98 69.8l-.-...... -1. 1...... _..1l{.0 1...-l:::.::::: 6.0 mr ID t36.62 41.4l.--...... -l nz.B I e.l 2.2 xJz 13 40.28 31.8l--...... 1. I 1...... 112.0 n.9 3.0 20s 70.94 r2.2| 10.4I. :.::::::1""'t:a'1.... 41.r 2t.9 12.0 a)5 l0 79.6il ,LLt l:I ::::.: :.: &0 55.6 12.0 208 t7 60. 81 2e.5l-...... -..1. i:::::::::l:::::::::i"r8 28,0 3.0 n.5 17.0 209 t3 157.34 14.61...... 1. r0.8 49.7 9.2 14.4 1.3 2r0 8 26.73 r/.u1.....,..-.j. 1...... I I 25.2 20.0 fi. ll """i.? 2L2 16 8.5| r0.5l.i""""'t""""'l ....11:i. 65.3 2r7 44,59 70.41..-...... 1. 1""""'i""""'l 19.6 10.0 2r9 to l'-"""'1""':':'1"" 30.41...... -..1- t....-...-l o.! t.... JJ. ' | ,at I:.::l:::: 26.0 5.0 220 r9 65.46 5.0 | si.l I 19.0 t2.o 7.2 222 13 60.88 83.41...... -...1. ::::: :::.1:: 16.6 56.07 1.....:::. :: m 24.31...... -1. ""_....i...---... ::::.:t::...- 40.0 zn lo 119.71 47.1| 12.5l- --...... i 9.5 ..-. n.9 I l6 r09.29 70.6I 17.4l...... r....-....1....::.::..:. 11.3 236 I 67.n 13.6r.-.-...^._l 18.2..-....._lr64.6 n7 6 168.47 x.3 i r2.7 | 22.5 13.0''".i8. 240 10 103.28 51.6l-.....-...r. | 1.... i' %:6 l9 5.1.70 2r.7 I 77.4l- .::.::.::t:::::::.:1....' t7 150.87 19.11.....-.-..1- ...... --l 42.2| i :9 13 86.09 56.8i-.-...... i 25.0i..-.-...... ::.:. 252 41.l0 22.51 23.8l. 10 58.14 3.7| 27.0).:::::::::]:::::::::]::.t: 2ffi I 20.68 100.01...... -.t- -""""1'.'.-..------::.::::: : 25? 2 36.95 100.01...... -...1. """"'t 258 118.01 6,.O...._.-...1- '....--..1 259 ""-""1""""',""; 84.99 79.11.....-..... 16.9 | 8 &.14 3e.3| 45.0l. ::.:.::::l::::..:::lj15.7 l 278 t4 85.93 27.31...... 1-. oo.o I ""tt:6'l::::.::::l I 282 t2 91.30 '.* 1...--.....1 !54-8 | 299 n. r. n. r. {1.3...... , ;a.zI 306 t0 37.63 7.71...... ::..:::::1""i6:i'i f68.5 307 8 58.24 66.81...... 1.. """"'i""""-i""; " I 309 n. r. n, r. 33.0| 50.51.. " i;:o'l 3r2 I 100.26 il.2 1...-...... 1 7.2 10.3..-....------l 329 77.b0 41.1l.--...... 1.. "'-'-"'i""'-"'r'| sz.7| 331 13 46.53 e5.e1...... 1.. r.....-..1.--.-.r.-,--.-r.-.------l 334 l4 7E.28 47.31...... _--.1-. -..-.....1 .E zz.s2 I 335 10 50.86 50.01...... -.-.1 ro.o;.-...... -l40.0 i 336 10 101,69 20.01...... 1.. Iq0.0 342 t4 53.28 100.0l.-....-...1.. :::::.:_:t...:::.:.1....."'ii:o'l| 344 8 89.20 u.7 l 1.3i.. ..-..-..-1...... t1 346 106.20 38.51.....-....1-. ''"ii. I ALOI 16.51 14 111.94 ool 8.1....::.:. l. . ..: | l5 348 87.33 20.r1...-.-....1 1.61 2.el ?lt.J I 356 12 52.21 81.61...-..--.... """"'1"'.-.-..1'16.1 357 l3 34.88 16.4| 81.51.. ' ' 'rr; I :ti,8 t! 70.2-.....-.-.1.. :::::::::l:::.::::.1"",i'l 359 15 32.r,5 16.7-...... "i-. ""'-""-"-""t'lta 62.5 | 361 7 62.70) 22.7...... 1.. '---86;0'l:::: 365 205.03| u.0l-.-,-.....1 -.:::1.: .:- tt II 3 Includes 8.100strike benefit.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 36 uNEMPrroYlrENT AND cHrLD wELFARE.

LOWERED STANDARDS OF LIVING.? Monthly resources before and during unemployment. It was not, practicable to undertake an intensive study of the standards of living prior to and during unemployment. Tho only available criteria of the efrects of the unemployment are, therefore, to be found in a comparison of the resources of the families before and after the father was thrown out of work, and in data based on estimated budgets of the minihum requirements for the needs of the families. Fo" 61 families-including 203 children-the average monthly resources during tho period of unemployment wero compared with the family income while the fathers wore regularly om- ployed. Half of these children (101) belonged in families whose aoerage monthly resources during the unemplo5rment,periods wero less than 50 per cent of the average monthly incomes while the fathers were working at their regular occupations. Six of the 101 children were in families in which the income had been reduced to less than 15 per cent of what it had been under normal conditions, and in the families of 13 children the total resourcesduring unemployment were only from 15 to 25 per cent of what the income had been when the father was working. The families of almost two- fifths of the children were forced during the unemployment period to live on from 50 to 75 per cent of the amount of the incomo when the father had been employed. For the younger children, especially, the deprivations implied in these findings ca,nnot help but have serious and lasti.g results, and tho fact that 60 per cent of the children under 7 years of age wore in families in which the average monthly income had been cut to less than half of that previously available is evidence of the relation of unemployment to child welfare. Comparison of resources during unemployment with estimated family budgets. Analysis of average monthly resources during unemployment as compared with estimated family budgets is even more conclusive. As a basis for budget estimates applying to the individual familiss included in the study, there were available some especially valuable data that had been collected by one of the large manufacturi.g plants of Racine. For a year and a half prior to the study of the results of unemplo5rment,this company had obtained from fa.rnilies and from retail stores data which were compiled to furnish in-formation on the monthly variation in the cost of the main ite-s of family needs, on the basis of which had been figured a standard budget for a family of five. Such a budget had been compiled by the compa,ny

t Soo Appendix A, Tables 20, 25, ,a[d.n.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMILIES OF TIIE UNEMPLOYED. 37

as of December27, lg?t. Since this date was included in the time period of the inquiry made by the Children's Bureau in Racine, this budget is of especial value here in connection with the studv and is given below.

I{oNcrEy Buocrr roa Feurr,y or, Frvn, Corsrsrrwc or,MaN, Wouax, Grnr,10 ro 14, Boy 6 ro 10..rNo Cmr,o UNosn 3 Ynans.8

DECEMBER 27, 1921.

Food. Rent,Juel, and,li,ght. Man-.-....-..- $2.97 Rent----.. -.-... $80.00 Woman.--...- 2.55 Coal.-. 7.ffi Girl 10 to 14 years. -. - - 1.98 Wood.-. t.Zb Boy 6 to 10 years. -. - . . - 1.80 Fuelgas z.fi Child under 3 years--... -. - 1.69 LtCht...--...- l.z5 Perweek---- 10.99 43.50 Per month (4| weeks)- 47.62 Mixcellnneous. Clothing. Soap,towels, etc --.-.-- 1lfan.--..--...- 6.88 5.00 Car fare Woman--.-.-- 4.49 1.80 fnsurance Gtul 10 to 14 years--.-. 9.46 2.00 Doctor and medicine Boy 6 to 10years.---..- 2.77 5.00 ChildunderS years...... --.. _... t.0b 13.80 18.04

TOTATTEBTIIIATE. Amount. percont. Total--. - - $122.96 too.o Food-.- g8.z ' 47.62 Clothing- 18.04 !4.7 Rent--. 3o.oo 24.4 F\rel and liCht. . . 18.50 11.0 Miscellaneous lB. g0 t1.z Ghg this _ budget es a basis, and estimating the B,mountrequfued for each family in accordancewith the number, ages, and sex;f its members, a comparison is here made between th; a,yeragemonthly resourcesduring unemployment end the estimated budE-etsfor i.2l6 Racine families and 60 farnilies in springfield from which-sufficiently detailed information wB.ssecured to make the comparison possible. There is possibility of differencesin the cost of itemsin the two cities, but the variations were probably not sufrcient to invalidate the data as given in, groups of amounts. Table II compares the monthly receipts with the budget estimates for each of the total 1g6 families.

a compiled by the c&se Theshing Machine co., Racine, wis. As no amouxts wero specifled for food and clothing for boys and girrs of certain ages, the same amount was auowed. for u t oy r+ y*., oi ugo and over s for a man, and tho same amomt lor s gtl 14 and over as for a women. The allowance for food. and for clothitrg for both boys 8nd from years Sirls 10 to 14 of oge aDd. trom 6 to 10 years was tho same. For a child (rom to 5, per 3 $1.75 woek was sllowsd lor food aad S1.91 per month for clothins.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 38 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHII,D WELFARE.

Taerr lI.-Co mparison of ateraqe monthlu resourus and estimakd budqet requ'ireilunt; fa m i l ics .f o r- t,' h o m,'aretag e mon l hl y resourrc s u'n e report ed'

Families with specified estimated monthly budget requirements. AYeraee monthlv rcsources I Tolal durin'g unemploJment period. I femilies. tl5&$174I t175-S1991Smo-$221

Total familim-- ---... -. ..

I-€ssthan $25.-.. ""-""-1""--' $25, less than $50. $50, less than $75. ""-""-l--.'-'- $75,loss than 9100 " "" " "1"'- "' $1m,less then 5125--- --. -.. -.. 3l $125,less than S150 3150,less than 5U5.-......

I-Inder the scheme$'orked out by the industrial plant the rnonthly budgets for 5 families \\'ould be estimated at between $75 and $99; only 1 of them had resourcesduring the unemployment period u'hich fell s'ithin the same group. Of the 87 families whose budgets should have beenbetween $100 and 8124,62 had averagemonthly resources of lessthan g75, 3 of them having an a,yera.geof less than $25 a month. In the next group, 50 of the 61 families for rvhom the budgets were figured at $125to $149& month had actual resourcesof lessthan $100, 15 of them averagingless than $50 a month While there were 94 families for whom the estimated budgets exceeded$125 a month, only 8 of the scheduledfamilies had resources of $125 or over. Conversely,49 per cent of the budget estimates werefor monthly averagesof lessthan $125,rvhile the actual resources of 96 per cent of the families were under this amount The data given in Table II shorv 9 families of the 186 as having averagemo.rthly resourcesfalling in the same group'as the budget estimate, or in a higher group. In almost every instance this was accountedfol by doctor bills or other emergencyexpenses not allowed for in the budget estimates,or by savings that had permitted the famiiy to maintain something like their usual standard of living. In some families the amounts of the budgets were considerablybelow the income they irad had when the father was working, so that even though they appeared to have had a fairly adequete &mount to live on during the father's unemployment, the standard of living for the family had been grea,tlyreduced. One of the 9 families had used up savingsamounting to $700, and another almost $2,000,for the family maintenance. Loans or debts for food, fuel, and other necessities,amounting in somecases to several hundred dollars, accounted for a considerable proportion of the family resources. In one family 'lvhose resources and estimated budget both fell within the $100 to $124 group, the man had earned $220 umonth when h'e was regularly employed; obviously there had

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TETE FAMILIES OF THE UNEMPLOYED. 39 been a considerable decreasein the family's living costs, the -havinggreater share of the maintenance during the father's unemproyment been derived through borrowed money, and groceriesand fuel boughi on credit; a child was the only member of the family who was worki"ng, and the rent was in arrears. In another family the itrcome through the fath_er'searnings of $145 a month prior to unemployment was practically the same as the a,vera,geexpenditures while he was out of work, but the family had lived mainiy on borrowed.money, being in debt to the extent of $1,400; the mother worked regurariy, $15 a week, and the father had had some temporary jobs."u-ing Thi; family's actual monthly expenditures during the unernployrnent averaged$148, while the budget estimate amounted to only $ttz. They were, as noted, living up to their forrrer income mainry ihrough loans and the contribution of the mother who had gone to work. rncome data in sufficient detail to furnish the basisfor reliable percentage comparisonswith the estimated budgets were securedfor go families. The findings were as follows:

Ratio of montbly income to Number of estimated budset. tamilies. Total....- 90

Lessthan 15 per cent--. . .. 1 15-24per cent. - -. -. - - 6 2F49 per cent..-----. 38 5fL74 nar nont 34 7F-99per cent- . -. 11 Thus, for almost half these families the average monthry resources during the unemployment period amounted to less than 50 per cent of the budget estimates based on the costs of food, clothing, renr, fuel, and other necessities. Illustrations of the effect of unemployment on standards of living. The conditions that resulted from the loss of employment by the chief breadwinner may best be shown through brief summaries of conditions in a few of the ma,ny families in which the investigators found distinct indication of the lowering of the standards of familv life. These accounts, secured from the families themselves, eive a picture of the results of unemployment,including many factors"*ni.n do not lend themselvesreadily to statistical interpretation. The stories are related as of the day on which the visit ol tne bureau's agent took place. one family consists of American-born parents-about B0 years of age-and three children,4, g, and 11 years old. The father, a welder for an implement works, iost his job a year ago. since then he has worked three weeks for the city and has had irregular employm.ent at his former place, earning a total of $50b during tbe year. An 49090'-23---4

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 40 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CITILD WELFARE.

aunt came to live with the family during the summer. tr'or four weeksshe paid $2.50 a week and the flfth week $4. Then she lost' her job and has paid nothing since' The family has not yet been obliged to ask for charitable aid, but the struggie to keep from it, has been hard. When the father was Iaid ofi they were Iiving in a nine-room house, for which they paid $35 a month. Realizing they couid not keep up this rent they moved into a six-room flat at $20' AJter four months they felt they must retrench e]renmore, so they moved acrossthe street into their present flat of four rooms, at $i5 a month. It is heated by a stove and has few of the conveniencesthey had in the other houses' There are no sidewalks, and the street is unpaved. The father had to drop his own $2,000 insurance policy and also smaller policies for his wife and children' The mother has cut the food down to the minimum. She tries to give the children miik once & day now instead of every meal, as she did when the father was working. They have run up a,$200 grocery bill, owe $29 for clothing, $6.50 for gas and electricity, and have borrowed about $400 from friends. In addition, they owe $9.50 for coal to the factory where the father was formerly employed and $160 for groceries obtained through the commissarv.

A Hungarian couple who have been in the United States 18 years, t and residents of the city 9 years, are about 35 years old and have l four boys, whoseages are 1,4, g, and 13 Ye&rs'and a girl of 11. The I father is a molder and in ordinary times can earn about $1,800e year. I it was not possible to save much, but they With so large a famil5' ( were buying their home bv monthlv payments of $20. t 1920,and the period of unem- The father was laid ofr in October, ( ployment had stretched to 15 montbs. During this time he had s picked up a few short-time laboring jobs, the pay for which totaled f less than 9150. The mother economizedas much as possible on food, reducing the milk from 4 or 5 quarts to 3 a day, cutting out I t fruit and su'eets, and buying meat, once a week instead of once or d They ran up a grocery bili and a debt of $6 at a twice daily. $66 t then credit was refused them. They bor- tea and cofree store, and b rowed g60 from friends and ran behind on insurance payments and payments on the house. X'inally the mother, although not a strong woman, and with much to do in caring for her own home, succeeded ta in finding cleaning to do, two days a week for seven weeks. Part ft of the time she took the children to a day musery and the other days d the 1l-yea.r-old girl cared for them at home. The mother has earned I a total of $42 during the father's unemployment. The family is now d living entirely on city-commissary orders, and has a biII there of l $36.35. ti

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TITE FAMILIES OF T}IE UNEMPLOYED. 4L

The l3-year-old boy had kept the family supplied with fuel by picking coal off the railroad tracks. He finaliy was caught and arrested and he and his father were brought into the juvenil"e court. At the first hearing the father was orderedto puy $la for the ,, stolen,, coal and was given two weeks in which to gei tle money. Only two days of the two weeks are left, and the father expects to go t-o jail becausehe has nothing with which to pay.

A man who had been earning $1g a week working for a baking company lost his job just before christmas, and in o"rderto reduce gTpg".": his family went -to liyg fn an apartment with the family of his brother. rncluding the child of the brother and his own little aged 1 and !oIs, 3 years, there are seven people living in four rooms. Du.ng the two months of his unemployment the father has had but job-cutting one ice-at which he has earnedonly $g. Becauseof a weak heart he can not continue at this work or stand city work. The payments on insurance policies, which had been carried for the father, mother, and one child, have been dropped. No milk is being taken, even though the children are so small. The relief society hal given aid to the extent of $1b.46. The mother says that the family is not in debt.

slack work caused the unemployment of a metal-pattern worker who had been making about $48 a week. In the 18 months sincehe job lost his he has earnedonly $202. To get the wherewithal to live, he and his wife have sold their jewerry uod a considerabreamount of their furniture, including two stoves. They have also cashedin at a considerable loss the insurance they were carrying. None of the three children is strong. The eidest-a girl of i+ i"u..-nas been declared by the school physician undern-ourished,but the mother saysthat it is impossibleto afiord the daily quart of milk prescribed for her. gb37.5o,'alihough - Jhe.{_amilyalready owes part oi the $225 gro:gry bill will probably be oflset by the father's .ru"oi".. in repairing and keeping in order the grocer's automobile. rn their pr*'puroo, days the family had evidentry rived quite up to their incomei since they are still in possessionof an autimobile, said to be too ord to bring anything at a sale, which they can not now afiord to run. whict there,arefour '' Ittl" childrenhas managed to get along somehow"-asthe morher p"t it-"rti"tg*u1f:?:1T f.aqherhad ?:t":'?il: apparently.earnedorrty OZS. yet"they n"oe k"iio,rt of debt. Shoes and stockingsa"e ore of the things it.y nuo"'rrot been manage, {le.to however, and lack of them"had kept t*o-ot tn" ehildren out of school and brought a& visit from the iruant officer. In this cold month of trebruari. the 2-year-old baby is running rround barefoot.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 42 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CrrILD WELFARE.

Over 14 yearc ago a Syrian f ather and mother emigrated toAmerica' Ieaving in their iative- Iand three little sons. I{ine months before the viJit of the agent, these boys arrived in this country' They are now 16, 17, and 18 years of age, and are crowding the disordered home, which shelters also a Syrian-born daughter, four American- born children, and the 18-year-old brother of the father. soon after the arrival of the three boys, the father was laid ofi, and there was no market for the young strength and ability of these additions to the famiiy. The fathlr hui eotned only $283 in seven months, a friend has loaned him $400, and the oYerseerof the poor has supplied some clothing. The mother and the oldest son have had spells.ofsickness, and all"the children have had the mumps. The family is in ttre habit of huddling in the kitchen, which is the oneheated loom. The 15-year- old daughier has just got her working certificate and is employed in a launJry. Her wag-es-$6 a week-are the only ascertainable presentincome of the iamily. The one pleasant thing apparent in the situation is the fact that two of the young immigrants, unable to secure work, are getting their first training for future citizenship in the schoolroominstead of the factory' A sturdy Russian-German couple in their forties, with five children-girls of 16 and 6 years, and boys 14, 13, and l0-live in a lO-rooi frame dwelling in a good residence neighborhood. The roorns are newly pup""*d and comfortably furnished-:ictrola, china closet, Iibrary iuUt", books, and pictures. The father is illiterate ancla commonlubo""r, but a steadyworker. The mother is evidently a good manager. They are buJ'rng their house on " contract," for rvh-i"h the m6nttrly payment is $25. The mother says they have struggled for years io get ahead, but as soon as they had a little O_n-e died a *otri"y saved it had to be used for emergen-cies. _9hi1d few ylu". ago, and they had large doctor and funeral bills; then the mother had an operation on her leg, which has not healed properly, and she still has to spend money for doctor and medicine. However, with all their economizing they never lived as they have to now. They have meaf only twice a week, instead of once or twice a day, do without fruit and desserts entirely, and get, only one quart, of fresh milk daily. They livo on what they can get through the city com- ml"sary. buring the 14 months sinco the father lost his employment he has had somleshort-time jobs. He could not remember just how long these lasted, nor how-much he has earned, but reported it-was well under $200. The mother tried taking in roomers, but thoy have lost, have pilsd up until tho their jobs, too, so can pay no rent. Pgbh mother has become almost frantic. The meat bill was $140, and the butcher threatoned to cut off further credit unless sometbing

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE FAMIIJES OF TIIE UNEMPLOYED. ifo

could be done about it. He finally told the mother that if she would do the washing for his family he would credit her $b a week on the bill and allow her to continue getting meat there. The washings are huge-6_to 1Olarge butcher aprons in addition to a good-sizedfamily wash. It takes her at Ieast threo half-days a week to do the work, and she is scarcely strong enough to do eyen her own washinE. She has cut the bill to $109. Besidesthis, they owe g2b0 in paymints on the house, $69 interest, $64 for last year's taxes, $10 for fuel, $100 cash which was borrowed, a balance of g5b on a victrola bought in 1920,and $74 to the city commissary. The oldest two boys have had for two yea,rsa paper route for sunday papers only, and they earn about 50 cents a week-which is the only income the mother can count,on. During the summer the boys caught fish. The family used what fish they could, and then the mother took the rest to the neighborsand exchangedit for cofiee'or other grocerieswhich they could spare. They have given up six ilsurance policies, the weekly premiums for which came to 90 cents. The hardest thing the family has had to do was to ask for charity. Both the private ielief society and the city poor office have helped with clothing and groceries. The parents a,reutterly discouraged over the future. credit has beencut ofr, taxes are due again, and the mother has just 28 cents in the house-what is left of the boys' paper money. " Sometimesr sit and cry-it is so heavy."

A carpenter, the father of a family of four children whose agesrange from 7 to 16 years, has not had steady work for 18 months] Iflhen he lost his job, his oldestboy had completedthe eighth grade and was about to begin learning his father's trade by worklng *ith tne father. AJter half a,year out of school the boy became a cleik in a store, and is now earning $8 a week. His wages, together with his father's earnings at temporary work, bring the fsmiry income for the 18 months up to $913.67,as against the $8,100*hi.h the father alone was able to earn dunng the same period at steady work. rn alrears for fi.ve months' rent, the family moved to a housl at a hiEher rental. this being cheaperthan to pay the back rent. The home'is in greai disorder, and the house old and dilapidated. A family with three _children-g, 10, and 12 years of age_had always lived comfott-uPl{,_and-_had begun to get ahead fin-ancially when the father lost his job. He had 6een in this country 1g years and has taken out his first citizenshippapers. He made $"30a weeh as a machinist until May, 1g21. Since-october he has had about half-time work, earning 918 a week. The mother has been doing Iaundry work two or three days a week and ayerages$6 a week, bui feelsthat she is not strong enoughto do this.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 14 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CIIILD \YELFARE.

The family live in a four-room frame bungalow, which they are buying. The house has neither ga,snor electricity and no furnaco, so that during the winter the upper rooms can not be used, as there is no rvay of heating them. They have no money for the overdue taxes nor for the interest on the mortgage, and the mother is afraid they rvill have to lose the house. She has been consideringborrowing money on a high-interest plan, without consulting the father, in order to pay the taxes. The father refused an ofier of help at Christmas time from the church to which they beiong-they are too proud to let it be known that they are in need. He did, however, accept a loan of $5 from a visitor from the church and a ton of coal was accepted-the mother explained-bec&use it was left at the door and they r,vereentirely without fuel. The amount of milk has beenreduced from 2 quarts a day to 1. Although they have been able to keep in food supplies, they do not have what they were used to, and the food the mother buys is of a very cheap grade. The two older children are undernourished. The youngest child has trouble with his eyes, and his teacher says he needs glasses. The mother is worn out from overwork and worry. When the mother and father are bolh at work, the children have to shitt for themselves, and frequently they have no lunch. There is a little garden in which they raise their potatoes for the winter. They also have a ferv hens. The father killed a mrmber of rabbits during the fall, rvhich helped their meat supply. All their clothes have been made over as there has been no money for new ones. The mother sa,ys that she and her husband lvorry all the time, but on account of the children they always pretend to others that they are getting along very weil.

In an American-born family, of higher type than many of the familisg visited, the mother ir sn Infslligent woman of 38 years,who is sssmingly trying, against great odds, to keep up her standard of Iiving. The father is a sheet-metal worker rvith an earning capacity of about $114 a month in normal times. They have 4 boys, I, 3, 5, and 6.years of age. They have put every cent they could save into their house and have paid over $1,000 of $4,600-the price of the house-and in addition have painted it at, a cost of $179, put on a new roof for $175, and had it wired for electricity, the bill for which was 9104. It is a two-story frame building with a large, grassy, well-fenced back yard. The rooms are nicely furnished, and there is a victrola. In almost 14 months the father has had only a little irregular work. For six weekstheyhad a boarderwho paid $10 a week,and the mother earned $15 making a layette for her sister. The family owes $285 for 1920 and tgZt taxes and interest on the mortgage, $147for gro-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMILTES OT l'HI' UNEMPLOYED. 45

. ceries,and 912 for fuel. Iror the first time the family has had to aciept charity. The relief associationhas given about $Bb in groceries and milk books. The mother would like to keep roomers, but hasn't bedding enough to keep them rvarrn. The mother has cut expensesto the minimum, getting 1 quart of milk a day instead of 2-the children drink tea and cofiee. The family suffer most for alothing. The things they had when the father lost his job rveregood, but they have had hard rvear and the mother has not been able to replace anything. A friend gave her two overcoats,which she ripped, washed,turned, and made over for the children. The children's shoes are in very bad conditionl the solesale rvorn through and there are such holes in the toes that nerv solescan not be put on. The 5-year-old boy is absent from school becausehe has no shoes,and the mother estimated that the oldest child's shoesrvill last just about one week longer. The mother had on her only housedressand she has no a,prons. The father is working this week. Ife will make about $26,but $6 wilt probably be deducted before he gets it for union dues. He wilI also have to pay out $12 for coke that has already been delivered. That will leave only gg. "What can you do n'ith that?" askedthe mother. EMPLOIMENT OF THE MOTHER.' Relation to unemployment of father. In the families of the unemployedmen, 29 per cent of the mothers in Racine and 37 per cent in Springfield were gainfully employed- almost one-third of the total number of mothers in the families visited. Of the 116working mothers in the tr-o cities, 26, or 22 per cent, had been engaged in some gainful employment before ihe father's loss of rvork and 90, or 78 per cent, had apparently begun rvork as a result of his unemployment. The proportion in the latter gr.ouprvas greater in Springfield than in Racine. In both cities only 7 of the mothers had worke

e SeeTable I (p.31) and Appendix A, Tables 32-3t, inclsive.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 46 UNEMpLoyMENT AND cHrLD'wELFARE.

Work at home and away from home. Three-fourths of all the working mothers were employed away from home. The proportions working at home and away from home were practically the same for each of the two cities. The following Iist showsthe occupationsof the mothers, accordingto whether they worked at home or a'way from home: Numb€rormoth€rs Typeofwork. gainfullyemployed. Total...--...-- .-...---.- 116

Athome.--.-. .. % Sewing-- .. . . .- -. - 12 Laundrywork--....-. I Keepingstore-.-- 2 Bakingbread.-.-.-..- I Weaving rag rugs. - -. -. - I Away from home.. - -. 9l Cleaning.---.- 25 Laundry work and cleaning-.-. 16 Factoryand laundry work.------14 Laundrywork-.-.-.-. 14 Nuning------5 Hotel and reetaurantwork--.---..-- 4 Sewing--.. 4 Workinginbeetfield.--.. -.....-. 2 Clerkinginstore---- 1 Other----..-. 2 Daywork, typenotreported------3 Type of work not reported...... 1 Seventy of the 90 mothers who began to work during the father's unemplo;rment were working away from home; the proportion for those who began work before the father's unemployment was somewhat larger-21 out of 26. Hours employed per week. The averagehours of work per week for the women employed away from home are given below:

flours of work Number of mothers per we€k. reporting hous.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMTLIES OF TITE UNEMPLOYED. 47

CFIARTv' E}IPLOr|IENTOT MOTHIKS BffOREA}\JD DURING UNEYIPLOYTIT.NT OFIZIMERS 366FAMILIESOF UNE,MPLOYIDMEN

Motherworkin€l l"lother worXing before unemploymen? durrnQ unemploSrment

The children of working mothers. In the families of the 116working mothers therewere 406 children under 18 yearsof age. The agedistribution was asfollows, according to whether the mother ryas workine at home or awa,vfrom honre.

Chilclren in families Chiltuen in familles of mothers working of mothers working away from homeome. at home. r0298 108 Under1 year--- -. ---... 129 1-2 years- - 326 3-5 years..-- 60 19 6-13 years--.. 164 57 14-15 yea"re-- 18 10 16-17years-. 1.2 7

to Inclurles 20 children whose mothers were rvorking both at home and a*'ay.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 48 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CI{ILD WELFARE.

Care of the children during the mother's absence. The deprivation of the mother's carewas particularly seriousin the case of the children of preschool age. In the families of the 91 mothersworking away from home, there rverealtogether 298 children. In 48 of these families there rvere children under 6 years of age-a total of 104 children. Of these 16 lvere going to school, leaving a total of 88 chiidren under 6 years of age r,vhoryere at home. Twenty-live of the 91 unemployed fathers in families where the mother went out to rvork remainedat home to look after the children all or some of the time while she v'as away. Only seven older cliil- dren rverereported as caretakersof their younger brothers or sisters part of the time, and three others looked after the little children whenever the mother was away working. The children who acted as caretakerssome of the time may have done so mainly when school was not in session,as they were all of school age. One was 15, two were 14, onewas 13, three were 12, one was 11, one r-as 10, and one was 8 years of age. The three children reported as the onlv caretakers of younger children were 15, 13, and 12 years of age. The caretakers while the mothers were aw&y rvorliing'were reported asfollows: *ffi"3ii,"{r1u-: Caretaker. dren under 6. Total..-. ---.- 48 il:lH::i1i-:111:: : ,,,,,,,,:::; Neighbor----.. 3 Daynursery-- .-.-.--- 4 Older chiid- -. 3 Father and day nursery- 3 Paid caretaker 2 Father and other relative- 2 Father and neighbor. - -. - - 2 Father and roomer.------1 Olderchild and paid caretaker-.------.-- I Olderchildanddavnursery------..-- I tr{other..-.---- 2 None-.-- 1 Not reported.- I For the older children as well, the absence of the mother or her gain{ul work at home meant deprivation of care, protection, and supervision. They went to school with insuficient breakfast, returned at noon to a hastily picked-up lunch, and could not help but suffer ill efrectsboth physically and mentally. The father's presence in the home to some extent ofiset the dangers that are frequently found to accompany the absence of the mother. fn fact, the attendanceoffcers reported that truancy had decreasedduring the unemployment period, presumably due in a me&surerat least, to the

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University rHIT IIAMILIES OF THIi UNEMPLOYND. 49

father's opportunity to exercisea stricter disciplineover the children. But this gain did not, offset the injury resulting from the neglect of the housekeeping,the ill-prepared food, and the iack of care of the children's clothing, which follo'wed when the mother was absent at work and was wortr out by her excessiveduties. The mother's earnings. The average weekly earnings of the mothers are best shol'n in Detailed Table B which gives wages for the individual mothers, and also in relation to the number of hours worked. tr'or the two cities combined it was possible to securefrom only 31 of the families in which the mother was working complete information on the proportion of the total family resourcesrepresented by her earnings. The figures are as follows.

Per cent of total family resources rep- Nmber of fam- resented b]' mothers' earnin gs. ilies reporting. Total.--- --...- 31 I'nJTll.. ...:: ': iH3:: : : :::::2 In the caseswhere the mother contributed a considerablepart of the family maintenance, the hardships endured by the family must have been especiallygreat. The mother, absent from the home or busy with paicl work for a large proportion of each day, could not give the necessarycare to her children, and the total resourceswere low. Typical instances. The effect of the employment of the mother is shown more clearly in the p?esentation of individual casesthan would be possible in any general analysis. One father has had no work at all for 10 months. During the whole of that period the mother has gone out every day to do housework, and by this means earned enough to keep the family gging. Since the father often went out to look for work, the two boys of 7 and 11 years had to prepare their own lunch at noon and were left without any supervision after school hours. n'inally the mother broke down from the double work of earning the living and caring for her home and family, a burden which was made all the harder to carry becauseof worry over their unfortunate circumstances. Vflhen the father obtained employment {rom the city the mother gave up her outside work but began doing fine iaundry work at home. These parents have a fine, independent spirit and do not wish to apply for charity. They have acceptedtryo loads of wood frorn the city, becausethe father was working in the parks where the wood was being cut.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 50 UNEMPLOYITENT AND CITILD WELFASE.

A famity with two children aged 4 and 12 years had lived very comfortably while ihe father was earning between $37 and $40 a week. They were buyrng a home, the mother helping by taking Iodgers or boarders. But with the closing of the plant which employed the father and the lodgers the sourcesof income were cut ofi. During the eight and a half months since the shutdown the father's earningsby casual employment have amounted to about $600, and meetiag the payments on the house is a very difficult matter. The mother now does "rvork by the day" for the first time in her life, and an aunt, cares for the children while she is arvay from home. The family can afrord no recreation of any kind, and they are badly in need of clothes. In July, 1921,the father of a family in which there are tlro children, now 7 and 9 years of age,rvas laid off, and the mother-a registered nurse-went to work in a sanitarium. Atter three weeks she had to give up this employment, becausea full day's work of 12 hours was demandedof her, and she could not give so much time without neglecting her home and children. The father N'as caring for the house and the children, but he becameill, and the mother took up crochetingbabies'bootees at $1.10per dozenpairs, and could earn on an average only $5.50 a month. She was not very strong and had beenill in bed the previoussummer, though shekept on crocheting all the time. The total earnings of the father and mother during the seven months of unemplo;,'menthad been only $129.50. The father is non' emploved,but is earning only $15 at unfamiliar work as against the $25 n-hich he earned at his regular emplo;'ment. In one familS' visited there are five children, a baby born less than a month ago, and four children 1, 3, 7, and 14 years of age. The father, 41 yearsold, and the mother, 35, are both native born. The father earned 928 a week as janitor-guard in a foundry, but since he lost that employment in October, 1920,he has had only a little city work and a ferv odd jobs, amounting to about four weeks' work in all, for which he received an ayerageof $10 a week. When the father lost his job the mother got houseworkin a private family for six days a week and also worked half a day on Sunday cleaning a bakery. She continued to do this, earning$12 a week and her meals, until a week before the baby was born. She was cared for during confinoment by a visiting nurse. The l4-year-old girl had been kept out of school to care for the younger children while the mother was at work and the father was hunting employment. She is now at home working on a "home permit" from the school attendance office. She is in the eighth grade, but she has lost about half the present term. The father says he is sorry she has been kept out of school, as he might as well have stayed at home himself-he had 'wasted his time lookinq for rvork.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE FAMILIES OF TIIE UNEMPLOYED. 51

The family lives in a dilapidated four-room frame cottage located behind other buildings, so that the only entrance is through an alley or between the housesrvhich face on the street. They have lived herethree years,and the rent has beenraised from $10 to $12 a month since the father's unemplor,'ment. The floors are bare and the rooms are very scantily furnished, but everything is neat and clean. The kitchen stove furnishes the onl;' heat. fn order to save electric light bills kerosenelamps are used except when one of the family "gets excited over reading" and the lamplight,is too poor to seeby. A relief society gave the family grocery orders during the time the mother was unable to rvork before and after her confinement. The father now has temporary city work: if he is able to keep this or to get ot'her steady rvork the mother rvill stay at, home. The total amount of charitable aid the family has receivedduring the father's unemploymentamounts to $75. They were compelledto give up the li,fe insurance held by the mother, father, and children, the loss amounting to about $20 in all. The mother has a horror of debts and will not allorv anything to be bought on credit, and they have contracted no debts except the doctor's bill for the mother's recent, confinement. If they have no money they have no food. They have been getting no milk and only cheap food-and little of that. The father has had blood poisoning since he lost his job, the 3-year-old girl fell and cut her face and eye ri'hile the mother was at work, and the year-old child has had a crushed hand. The family has had fewer comforts than ever before and nothing but the abso- lute essentiaLs.Practically all their clothes have been made over from articles given the mother by the people for whom she worked. One mother expressedsurprise at the very little that her family of four could get along on. Except in the very coldestweather the fire in the cook stove has to suffce to heat aii their six rooms. This means that the family practically lives in the kitchen. The piano and then the parlor furniture were sold for half of what they cost,. Insurance payments were stopped, and this meant the loss oi most of what had beenpaid in. rn spite of thesesacrifces and the $132.b0 earned by the mother, who had done her best to help, the family owes$167. Sincethe children are 1 and.B years of age,and the elder has some fom of seizures, the father has to give up his hunt for employment in order to care for them when the mother soes out, working.

During the year preceding uasmploJrment one father estimated that his income was 92,600,and when he was laid. ofi he was getting $60 per week. The family was in very comfortable circumstances and would have saved a considerableamount had it not been for the fact that the older of the two children, a girl 2 years of age, had been

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 52 uNEMpLoyrrENTAND crrrr.D WELTARE.

under the care of an orlhopedic specialistsince birth, on account of a weak spine. Tbe father says that no expensewas spared, and they r,vere always hoping that, something could be done for the chiid. In this case & comJortable income was cut ofr very suddenly, and the father has had only four months' work during the past year. The mother is now doing work by the day five days a week. It is evident that this hurts the father, becauseshe is not accustomed to hard work and has never gone out before. The family has found it cheaper to send the crippled child to a hospital, where the charges are made as low as possibie ($7 a week) and where the bili can run as Iong as necessary. Feeding the child and paying the specialist cost a great deal more than $7 a week. The baby is taken to a day numery every morning that the mother goesout to rvork. The father feels that the home has been completely broken up since his unerir- ployment. The little savings have long since been eaten up, and the fs.mily is deep in debt. Even if the father gets work soon he will not, be out of debt for years. Just when a sheet-metal rvorker-a man of 56 years-was put on half-time, his landlord announced a substantial increase in his rent. To meet this difficulty, he bought, the house-a three-flat tenement- investing in the equity $1,000 which constituted ali his savings. Since that time the two rented flats have brought in steadily $64 a month. Of this, $40 has had to be used for the interest on the mortgage, leaving only $24 a month for taxes, water rent, repairs, and the payments to the real estate agent on the remaining $1,500 purchase price of the house. The arrangement means, at any rate, that the family is not pa5ringrent. The father's total earningsin the 17 months sincehe was first put on half-time haye been onlr- g492, and for 4 months he has blen entirely out of employment. The city work he found too hard. The three children are going to school; the eldest-a girl of 17-is in high school. The mother has attempted to help the financial situation by making bungalolr aprons, but finds that the most she can earn in the time left a{ter she has done her regular housework and the family sewing is 72 cents a week. If the father's unemployment, continues much longer, it is difficult to seehow trhisfa,mily, whosehome though plain is exceptionally neat, can fail to lose their equity in the house, which representsthe savirgs of a lifetime; and the ambitions of the parents for the better education of their children can not be fulfilled. About two years ago a Polish father invested his savings in the purchaseof a store. He did not make & successof the enterprise, and most of the money was lost. He had a few months of employment as a sheet-metal worker and then lost his job, and he has been

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TIIE FA},IILIES OF TITE UNDMPI,OYED. 53

out of steady work for ov€r a year and il half, getting a little work during this period at repairing and plumbing. To keep the family from actual want, the mother has done rrork by the day, earning an ayerageof $6.50 a week for something over a year. Whjle sheis at work, the iittle 3-year-oldgirl stays at a friend's house,and before the mother leaves home in the morning she sets out the lunch for the three childrer 6, L2, and 13 years of age,who go to school. Their troubles have been complicatedby ill health, for the mother is worn out and sick, though she will not call in a doctor becauseshe says they can not afford one. Within the year the eldest child has had an operation for glandular trouble and also an attack of grippe; the secondchild has been anemic ev-ersince she had scarlet,fever nine years ago. The relief society helped in arranging for the operation, and has given aid during the two winters to the extent of $339.22. The father is now working temporarily for the city at 912 a weck. The family seemsto be doing its best to keep up self-respect,and the home, though plain and somewhat scantily furnished, is clean, r,r'eil- Iighted, and well-ventilated, and is in a good neighborhood. One father lost his job at Thanksgiving time in 1920. During the 13 months since then, he has 'worked a few weeks for the city and perhaps five weeks altogether at his old job at a factory, earning a total of $204. This has been entirely inadequate for the maintenance of the family of seven. Since there were no savings to fall back on, the family had no resourceexcept to go into debt. They now owe a total of $345.32,as follorvs: Grocer--..--. .--.....$32.00 Butcher--.--- 23.00 Baker-.--.---. 50.00 Coaldeaier-.- -.(lastwinter)--' 1'1.75 Coalhom city.--. .. -. - -..(this year).. 31.87 Landlord-.--. .---.--- 182.00 Commissary-- 14.70 The mother, in order to help, goes out ironing one day a week, making 75 cents or $1. On the day of the visit made b;,-the bureau's agent, the 14-year-old girl was staying au'ay from school Coing the family il6ning and waiting on the father, who was not feeling well. She formerly earned a little money caring for children after school hours, but soon after the beginningof the industrial depressionshe lost her job becausethe neighbors could not afford to pay for that sort of service. The 16-year-old daughter left school two years ago, when in the seventhgrade, but did not try to find work until last fall. The school authorities insisted that she attend the continuation school, so she rvent to Chicagoto work. The family doesnot seem to know much about what she is doing,except that she is in a factory. So far. she has sent no money houre.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 54 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TEE FAIIILIES OF TIIE UN}]MPLOYED. 55 ds ?\ g!H*th ; ;E. btr

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 56 UI{E}IPLOYf,IE\T,\ND CHILD WELITARE.

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Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University IIIE TA}{II-II.]S OF TI{E I]NF]}IPLOYI]D. ot

EMPLOY1VIENT OF THE CIIILDREN. I' Family income from children's earnings. In the discussionof the family's resourcescluring the unemrlor-- ment period it rvaspointed out that in 75 farnilies children uncler.18 years of age had aided in the support of the family r;hile the father rvasout of work. The arnount,earned by the children l-as report,ed for 46 of these families; in 20 families they ealneClcss tlian 5100; in ll familiesthey earnedfrom 9100to $199:in.1fr-oin $200 to $299; in 3 from $300to $399:in 1, g455;in 1, g550:in B from $600to $699: and in 3 from $700 to S799. In 3 of the'families in rvhich the childlen's earnings amounted to $600 or mor.e,2 children ryele at work. Attention has been called to the fact that the children's eai.ninss were a, source of maintenanceduring the father's unemplovrnent iu 27 of t'he 136 families for which complete reports rvere obtained. In 10 of these27 familiesless than 1b per ceni of the maintenrnce came from the children's earnings. In 9 families the chiidren,s earningsmade up from 15 to 3g per cent, in 6 from .10to 6g per cenb, and in 2 families72 and86 per cent,respectivelr'. o{ the entu'tinrnount usedby the family. Number of children employed. Of the 148 children 14 to 17 years of age, inclusive, in the :,166 families included in the study, 45 had been regrlarly ernployed at some time during the father's unemploynent. At the time cf tire agent'svisit, however, only 32 children x'ere rvorking. In aticlition to the 45 children-in 41 families-n'ho rrere regularlr employeci, there were 42 children-in 34 families-rvho made some contribulion toward the family's support by working after sehool,on Saturcral-, or during vacations. Twenty-two of the 45 children who had worked on regular permits during the father's unemployment left school to go to worli during the unemployment period, 21 started to v-ork before the father losi his job, and for 2 it was not reported whether the children nent to work before or after that time. rn addition io these there .*.ei.e 4 children who rvorked before the father's unemployment but not after, making a total of .1gchildren who had been emploved ai s.me time. Ages of working children. of the 21 children who went to work before the father's unempl;y- ment, 17 were boys and 4 rvere girls. Three of these nere 15, g were 16, and 10 were 17 years of agewhen they left schoolancl began working. Apparently it was easier for girls to find work clurins ihe 1lS€oTabl€I(p.31).and'\ppendixA,Tablm19anrl37-41,ioclusir€. Seoalsothemoredetailedsectioos q0 "Cbild Laborin an Unemployment Perioi', and.'CLild Laborin Springfleld,,'pp. 1l5t 120.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 58 uNElrPLoYrlENT AND cHrLIl WELFARE.

unemployrncnt period than it was for boys, since only-S of Llne22 who rtaited to ivork aftcr the father lost his job rvere boys and 14 were girls. A larger proportion of these children rn'ereof the lowest 'lvho ug.-tO were 15 years of ug., ut against 3 of those rvent to work *Ihilu th" father ivas employed; 8 rn.ere16 and 4 wete 17 years old. The following list shon's the ages of the troys and girls_ who began work before an? of those who went to work after the father's unem/' ployment (for tx,o l7-year-old boys tlie time of beginning work rvas not reported): Began s'ork Began work Ages of befoie frthor's during fathcr's chilfuen. ucmplo)men t. unemPlolment.

35 IO J 414

15-- - - - 5 I 16-- - - - p 77----- 3 4 rl Duing the time the fathers were out of rvork 47 children passed 'went their foriteenth birthdays; only one of these to rvork' Grades completed by children who went to work. A comparisonof the gradescompleted by the children who rvorked before the father's une-ployrn"ot begun and those who left school and went, to rvork subsequently is of interest in this connection. The grade completed bi' fhe 21 children rvho N-ent to rvork before the father's unemployrnentis shorvnin tho follon-inglist: School grade Nrmber of ";;;pi;fed- children^'- Total.- -."-"' 2L 1 Fourth. / Seventh-- Eishth- ll First year high school. 4 Not reported-. I w The gradescompleted by the 22 children who left school and went 1nr tro worl for the first time during the father's unemployment are listed below: t7 thr grade Ntrmber of "i""i"t?tiOlschool chitdren. tt: Total--.. 22 scI \\'e :.. : . . . . : : . . : . : : : : : . . . : .. .:,,,,,,,,,,,,,.. paj Xgd*.First year high school- ...... l Second year high school- - 1 Th Not rePorted. 5 or.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TTIE FAMILIES OIT TI{D TI\trXTPLOYED. 59

The high educrrtionalrequirements for employment certificatesin the States in rvhich these two cities are located are reflected in the rrboyefigures on the gradescompleted. Thc length of tirne the 45 children rvhorr.olked during the father's unemplolnnenthad been out of sr:hoolis sho*'n in the follorving list:

Number of$'orkins :Tine since leaying school. children.- Total ._ 4i) Lessthan 6 months------G-11months. t0

12-17months- D 18-23 months- 11 24-29 months- 1 3G-35months-

36 monthsand over- D Time not reported-- - - -. 8 Occupations. The occupationsof the 4b children n'ho had been regularly employed at some time during the father's u.employment aie shorvnin the list below:

Occupation. BoIS. Cirls. Total 2r- 18 Factory worker. t1 7 Clericalworker-.. -. - -. - -. I 3 Ilousemaid Errand boy- - - Telephone operator ; Clerkin store.-... --... I 1 Ilachinist's apprentice. - - - Apprentice in garage- I Telegraphmessenger.---. i Laundrv operative - Sewing in store Printing.-----. 1 Not reported-. B Wages. x'our of the 45 children L rrho u'orked during the father's unemploy- ,e hrent earned lcss than $5 a week; 15 r'eceivedbetween $5 and $1b; 17 between 910 ancl $15; and 5 earnecl915 or over. For4 children the wage was not repolted. The children earning less than g5 a \l-eek were 2 boys of 15 and 16 years and 2 girls of the same ages. 'The majority of the 42 children *-orking during vacation oi after school worked for short periods or on an ayerage of about one clay a rveek and the amounts earned were necessarilv sma1l. seventeen sold papers; their earnings were reported as from 25 cents to $4.50 a week. The other 25 children rvorked in facto'ies, on truck farms. in stores. or in private families as domestic servants or nurse girls.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown Universify 60 uNEx[PLoY]tllNT AND oHILD IMELIARE.

'Ihe {acts in regarrl to the employment of c}riltlren rre of special sig- nificancein relation to the inclustrial conditionsthat prevailedduring the unemploj,nent periocl. The question arises as to whether the children may not have been given work that was neededby adult men and $'omentvho rvereunable to secureemployment'

SAVINGS EXHAUSTED.I' The previous econornicstatus of the farniliesincluded in the stucly, as weli as thc charactel'of the fathels as \-orkmen atternpting to provide not only for the present but for the future needsof their u-ives ancl children, is indictrted by the fact that 43 per cent hacl accurnu- latecl savingsrvhich helped to tide them over the tirne of unemployment. i\rnong the farnilies giving comploteinformation iu legarcl to the sourcesof Laintenance during unemployment, and x'}io lepc,rted the useof savings,46 per cent had suppliecltri.o-fiJt'hs or more of their liring by thi,* ^"ntr.. The majority of the families ha,tl cxhausted their:sai-ings before the tinre of the inquiry. The effect upl)n the farnilies of Ioss of savingscombined l.ith the acquisition of a load of debts or ri.ith the necessityof seekingcharitable aid is obvious. Amount of savings. A total of $51,635in savings$ra,s reported as having beenspent by 158families n-hile the father rvasunemployed' In Racine 97 families hacluserl up sarings amounting to $32,322,and in Springfield,where thc loss of ii-olk had beenless serious, 61 families had spent a total of $19,313of savings. The averageamount of savingsused per famiiy in Racine l'as $333 and in Springfield $316' The amount of savingsthat rvereused up rvhile the father was out of rvork priol to the time of the agents'visits to the families is shoivnin the follorving list, for the two cities combined: savirssspent durins r*emploruent. T;ifr1":U:11#S Totai ntrmbel of families reporting savings. 158

l,essthan$100.----.--," " n $100,less than $200---- $200,icss than $300-.. 22 $i300,iess tiran $40tJ...- 2I $400.less than $500. 1l 9 $500,less than $600.., S( lessthan -. - 7 $600, $700.. li $700,Iess than $800--. 8 $ $800,less than $900--. -. 2 $1,000,Iess than $1,100. 6 o] 51,200,less than $1,300. 2 tl D $2,000,and over. - - nt Amount not reported-- 26 St It See'Itble I (p.31), aDd Appendix A, Table 19.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University ?TIE FAMILII]S OF' THE UNEI[PLOY!]I]. 6T

Charitable aid in relation fo*mrings. The information regaidffihe relation between savings and charitable aid furnishes an especially significant indication of the straits into "rvhichunemployment forced these families, and of the characterof the families. fn Racine 49 of the 141 families that hacl rcceived aid had been tided over a part cif thc time by sarings reported as ranging from $45 to more than 92,000. In Springfield 18 of the 50 familieSgiven aid had used savings amounting to from $30 to $800. The effect of the longer and more general unemployment problem in the former city is here evidcnt. One of the most dishearteningfacts brought out in the study is that 42 per cent, of the 158 families reporting savings at, the time the father ll'as throrvn out, of u.-ork harl been compelleclto -"eck charitable aid. ,\nd in this connection it rriust bc rememberedthat the families l-ere still suffering from unelnpiorment. ancl manv of thosewho had not askedfor relief might have to appl.vfor it before the father rvas again regularly at rvork. Loss of homes. The agents making the study reported that many of the families who had bought their homesduring the time of the post-rvarindustrial prosperit; or eyen earlier, making monthly par ments on the interest and principal of the mortgage,were now facing thc loss of the homes and of the money invested. That the mortgagcs had not alrcadv been foreclosedappeared to be due, in some case,q,to the fact tliat there rvas no market for real estate duling the timc of depression, and the high pricesfor which the houseshad been sold to the orvners madeit more desirableto let the salesstand than to foreclose,even though the payments lapsed for s,lme months. But at the time of the study a considerablennmber of families l.erc daily erpecting that the loss of the home rvould be aclcleclto their other haldships, and that the money they had already prrid in rvoulclbe forfeited. Families who had used up their savings. Stories of indirridual families rrill give a clearericlen, of thc seriousnessof the loss of savings than can be gainetl from statistical data.

One famiiy had economizedand saved for )'eals, denying them- selvesmany of the comforts and ali of the luxuries of life. They had never gone to movies or spent money for any kind of recreation. I\4ren the father lost his job a year ago, the mother said that the only thing left to cut dorvn on was food, and this has bcen done to the limit. The family used to take 2 or 3 cluarts of milk a day, but now they get 1 quart c.rfwhole milk and 1 of skim milk. This has to sufficefor the four children, whose agesare 1, 6, 7, and g years.

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 62 uNEl\{pLoyMENT Al{D cHILD \\'ELFARE.

The father was a coremaker at Hhgiqplement factory. Though he had been employed steadily, he fiiifl*it impossibleto get ahead, for all the money saved n as paid out-in doctor's bills for a crippled daughter. Three years ago the {amilr' decided to buy a house "on contract." They chose one in a respectableresidential neighborhood, a two-story 7-room flame horise,t'ith inside toilet and electric Iights. In addition to the inititil prryment thc famil-l'-had paid $1,260 in monthly installments u.hen the depressioncamc. Nou' they feel they can not continue to pay the $35 a month, nor afiord the upkeep of solarge a house,so they are offeringit for saleor in trade for another on which the payments will be lower. The father u'orked irregularl;- at his old job for trvo months during the past \-earr and also four rveeksfor the city. His earnings and the board paid by his brother, who lives with them, make a cashincome of $460for the year. The famil1' owes$100 fnr groceries at a local store and $112 to the commissary run by the father's former employers. The relief associatiouhas furnished $26 wortii of coal and groceries,and the church htis given money for fuel, clothing, and food. The father says that the famil5rcould not have managed at all without this assistance. All irnurance policies have been dropped, becausethe payments could not be kept up. I industrious and ambitious Ukranian The father of an exceptionaliy I man of about 50 years, a blacksmith family is a pleasant appearing I by trade, capable of earniug an aYerageof $175 per month. The ( has been laid up for five months with a sore mother, 40 years old, C knee. The doctor says the cartilage is loose. She is in such pain t children have been doing that she can not sleep. The father-and the t the housework,and a neighbor comesin to bake bread. + There are five children, the oldest of v-hom, a girl of 16 years, is in Chicagotaking nurse'straining. The others are 4,7,11, and 14 p years of age. $ ffis fsmily is buying the house in rvhich it is living. This is a fr remodeled,painted out- two-story frame building, which the famil5- & just before the father side and in, papered, and wired for electricitl- tl lost his employment. The parlor, shut off for the winter, had been 'el old, in newly furnished, but the rest of the furniture was though ir witli furniture, good condition. The living room \vas'crol-ded t( includi"g a bed in the corner. It was overheated by a small, rusty rl coal stove. The washing was hung on the chairs to dry. sl married life The mother says that during the first years of their fa they despaired of ever getting ahead. Though the fatherrvas making fairly good wages, their expensesincreased as the children came and they could do no more than break even at the errd of the year. hr The mother planned carefully and bought for cash' trading v{ere TT: she could get the most for her money. A,fter the last child was AI

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THIi) FAI,TII.IES OF THE UNEMPLOYED. 63

born, the mother decicledto help out, anclfor two vears she lr-orked in a crackerfactorv. rn this way they managedto save s1,500dur- ing the two years, and this thev investedin the stock of a municipal- servicecorporation. The following year thev sterteclbufing a hoirse, bo'rowing $500 from the bank for the initial payment. ihe place was in bad condition, and the father used all his surprus,even going into debt, to have it repaired. The consequenceo'u. th"t wtren ttre father lost his job 13 months ago he had rrothing on hand. rn order not to have to seILhis stock, he applied to the citSrand to the relief association for a loan until work started up again. The loan r,vas refused,and he was advisedto seil his stock. This he did, and after pa)nng $500 to the bank, his 1920 taxes, and the various bills for repairshe had $435 of his g1,500investment left for living expenses. This was used for food only. The father has ear'ecl onlv $g8.12 since he lost his job, and the secondfloor, which rented flr $25 a month, has been vacant for five months. when the savings were gone, they rvere unable to get credit and the-v had to ask f"or help from the relief association. The mother wept at the thought that the earnings of those two hard years were gonewith nothinglo show for them. The mother has cut down experlsesas much as possible. she takes 1 quart of dk day ? instead of 2, though the children beg for milk on their oatmeal. She gets no meab eicept the B po,rnd, u week with the cornmissary orders. Thev live chiefly on bread, cofree,potatoes, and cereals. The most urgent rreed at present is clothjng-the children's underrvear is thin atrd .,vo"n, ancl ihe oldest boy has no waists for school. The teachersare urging the mother to send the youngest boy to school,but he has nothing to wear but thin cotton suits. The situation seemsto be getting more difficult eyery day. The parents gaye up insurance policies the premiums of rvhich came to $5 a month, and the surre'der value of these 'r,as applied on the future paJ,'mentsof remaini'g policies. They are five months in arrears for payme'ts o' the house, $1b0 interest is due, a'cl also . the 1921 taxes of $105.93. Altogether ther- owe The ' $BBg.Zb. electricity has been cut ofi, becauseof a $5.30 bill. The daughter in chicago is badl-u-in leed of cl.thing, but tire mother has nolhing to sendher. The mother refuses,ho'ever, to allow the girl to

one father came from Armenia io America 11 years ago, full of , hope that he rvoulclmake money and soon be abie to seid for his wife and baby, rvhomhe had left behind. He was a commonlaborer, and becausehe was willing and industrious he easily found work.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 64 LINENTPLoYI\IIINTA\D UHILD wl'lLl'A-RE'

He $-orkedharcl anclsteaclilv,lir-ing as cheaplyas possibie,antl meas- uring his income not by his earnings but by rvhat he was able to save. Aftei he had been in Anerica only a feu' montlis he received the newsof the birth of his secondchild. Be{orelong ihere cameIumoIS of Armenian massacres,and rvord of the desperateneed of his orvrt family and of other relatives. He seni them as much money as porribl", ancl still continued to lay asiric rt,small amount monthl-v *ith *.hi.h to bring his family over. By January 1, 1920,the father had rnanagedto save $1,950' so he quit his job &nd rvent back to Armenia,. He found his friends trnd relatives on the point of starva- tion, so he kept only just enough of his moneY to bring to Arnerica' * himself, his rvi{e, uo.l-orr" chilcl, and gaYe a.wa}-the lest. I.Ic could not affortl to bring the secontlcliilcl, -.ole{t her $'ith his uncle. \{hen the famih, landed at,Ellis Islancl ther- had just $100 left, rr-hichwas spent for railroad fare to the city $-hel'ehe had beenemplol'ecl. The father, however,rvas not r.orriecl, for he $-asconfitlent he I'ould get his old job baci. Whcn thev arriyecl there'the factory rvhere he had formeriy worked had been shut dorvn, and there was no tt'ork rvhatever to be found. His immediate need of \\'ork and money was the more pressing,because his wife gave birth to their third child two days after they reachedthe city' The father has iralked the streets in vain to find worh and has I calied daily 36 the employment ofrce, yet in the year sincehis return to America he has eainerl only $142.80. He was not known in the I neighborhood,so was able to obtain crerlit onlv to the extent of $25. : \fh1n this was exhaustedhe turned to his "partner," from rrhom I he has borrorveda little at a time until he now owes$500, and this I I Iriendcan lend hirn no more. The familv is living in one of a low of small fi'ame housesbuilt t flush with tLe siclewalk, and rrith narrou- passagesbcLu'een them. I , The interior contains onlv the most necessaryarticles of furniture, ( but it is spotLesslyclean. They live yeIJ/ meagerlY,using very little ( meat, no ?ruit, no cakes, ancl they are buyi'g no milk, though the mother realizesthat she should have it, for the baby. She h:rs had sinee she left Armenia. The mothel demandsvery ( no ne\s clothes ' Iittle-savs she only $,a,ntsa crust of bread and that just to be safe in America is heaven. f I A Po1ishfarnily after 10 years of hard rvork and strict economy the has managed to pay off the mortgage on a home. _Although neighbolhood is not very clesirable,the house is rvell buili and is located on a good-sizedcorner lot, netrtlS'fencedin. The furnace, electric lights, and gas range rvith rvhich i,he house is equipperi, as o well as the inside toilet, were added by the family and have also $ been paid for, in spite of the fact that there are six cirildren. The oldest boy, 19 years of age,has beenin the Navy for three years and

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University rEE FAMILIES OTTTTTE UNEMPLOYED. 65

has not given much help financially. The other five children range from 4 to 16 years. Tfhen the father was iaid ofr over ].1 months aEo the family was free from debt and had a small savings account of-a hundred dollars or so. He has worked very little since then-one week for the city and two days a week for a couple of months weeding onions on a farm. The mother, well accustomedto planning carefully and living cheaply,made what money they had last as long as possible. '[\'lien it was gone she obtained credit at the local stores to the extent of about 945, when shewas told she could not have more. She then was obliged to apply for charity. The relief society sent groceries and fuel worth $33.76, and the ll,ed Cross helpeclfor two months. However, the assistancegir-en was not adequate,and neither organization rvanted to help them becauseihey orvnedtheir house. ',Can I eat the house? " said the mother sarcastically. " Peoplev'ho rent, are better off." She says no one wants to rent the upstairs rooms becausethe family has so many children. The mother is very birter about present conditions. The family is behind on insurance payments to the extent of $55.73.

A Bohemian family, father 45 years old and mother 48, by years of economizing had managed to raise a family of eight children- the oldest21 and the youngest I year of age-and in addition to save enough to buy a house. At the time the father was laid ofi in August, 1920,the housewas clear of debt, and the family had $1,000 in the bank. The three eldest children had worked and had done their share toward putting the family on its feet. The father and the oldest two boys all lost their jobs about,the same time. One of the boys was on a strike and received$8 a week strike benefit from the union. During the past 17 months the father has worked aborit 6 weeks, earning a total of $103. The lS-year-old daughter is the only one who has had steady lvork, and she has turned every cent of her $70 a month over to the family. At the time of the agent's visit the father had just drawn the last of the savingsfrom the bank. The family has lived as economically as possible,but they have come to the end of their resources,and the father feels that the only thing left to do is to sell the house. He is very unhappy about it, but it seemshis only alternative.

THE BURDDN OF DEBT.l3 Extent and forms of indebtedness. Of the 366 families 83 per cent (308) had incurred debts because of the father's loss of work, or were unable to continue payments for which they had obligated themselves rrhile the father was working.

$Seo Table I (p. 31) and Appendix A, Table 19.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 66 uNExIpk)\tlrENT ,\ND LTIrILD 1\:!ir,l'ARri.

In Racine the proportion rvashigher than in Springfield-9l per cent as against69 per cent. The lalgest number of families-240, or 66 per cent of the total visited-u'ere in debt for food supplies. The next largest proportion (43 per cent) were in arrears with rent or the periodic pa;rments on their homes. IIedical attendance had burdened with debt over a third of the families, and almost an equal number had been obliged to borrdrv money. The details as to the kinds of debt follow. The different groups include many of the same families. since four-fifths of the 303 families had debts of more than one kind. Per cent of 3C6 families reDortins Num- debts incuired loi Kind of debt. ber. each object. Loans.- - -. 117 32 Food.-- .-.240 66 Rent.-- 83 23 Paymentson house,tr\es. interest 75 Z0 l{edical ettendance- .. . -. - 127 35 Fuel, gas,light--- Insurancepremiums.-- 55 15 Furniture--- - 33 I Repairson horxe-- 17 5 Funeral expenses- 7 2 \Ierchandise. 5 I Other items - 16 4 A total of $81,629in debts rvas reported for the 303 families-an 'I'wo averageof $269per family. hundred and ten families in Racine had debts amounting to $70,423,or an ayerageof $335 per family, and 93 families in Springfield owed $11,206,or an ayerageof $120per family. The amounts of indebtednessare shown in the following list:

Number of families ,{momt oi debt. reporting debts. Total-. -.... 303

Lessthan$100..- .. 85 $100,less than $200..- 69 $200,less ihan $300-.-- 49 $300,less than $400.-- 29 $400,less than $500--. 2L $500,less than 5600--. 16 $600,less than $700-.. 3 5700,less than 3800..- 8 $800,less than $9C0-.- 3 $900,less than $1,000- 3 $1,000,less than $2,000 8 $2,000and o\rer-" - 2 -\mount not reported- 7 Proportion of maintenance secured tbrough credit or loans. tr'rom only 106 of the families reporting the debts incurred was it possibleto securetrdequate information on the proportion of the total

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university TII]' }-A}IILIES OF THE UNEI{PLOYDD, 67

family resources during the unemployrnent of the {ather rvhich the debts represented. tr'or thesefamilies the figures are as follow-s:

Nmher of Pcr cent oftotal family lnrnilies resolucos repre,sentedby ttebts. repcrLing. Total--.-. -".10fi

Lessthan t5...... , 15to 39-.- - -. 3S 40to69------. 34 70and over..- t More than two-fifths of thesefamilies derived over 40 per cent of their maintenance through credit or loans, nearly a tenth of the families had to incur debts for 70 per cent or more of their entire living expenses. The fathers in all the 303 families reporting thnt they had gone into debt in <.'rderto provide the family's livelihood and also in the remaining 63 families not reporting debts, were still out of rcgular employment, and so long as this condition continued, and steady income through u'ageswas cut off, the burden'of debt r.vouldkeep on piling up. The cost of eash loans. A number of the families visited had secured loans for small amounts from a compa,nyharing branches in yarious parts of the country. Its method of lending was yery attractive, in that money could be securedquite readily, and the borrower, in dire need of the funds, did not figure on the total cost in interest and penalties. On its face, the plan seemedto iend money at 6 per cent interest. The usual a,mount borrowed was 9100, and separate loans v-ere made for each $100. To secure a loan two guarantors, or "comakerstt had to sign the note and they became equally iiable rvith the borrower for repaSrment. Men who had securedloans stateclthat they sometimeshad to wait as long as tu'o weeks for an answer as to rvhetherthe loan was to be granted. The borrower was given $94 for everv $100 for which a n,;te rvas given-that is, 6 per cent interest for a year \yas deducted at once, and borrowerswere told they were getting the nonev at 6 per cent. Beginning with the Saturday a^fterthe loan rvasrntide, rhe borrower was required to make weekly pavments of $2 for ever.y9100 borrowed. The payments thus extended orrer a period of 50 weeks. If any payrrent due was not made by the time the office closed at noon on Saturday, a fine of 5 cents on everv doilar due rvas added, and an additional 5 cents was added for each doilar for every r,veek it remained unpaid. An additional charge of 50 cents rvas made in casethe borrower lost the little coupon book in which pay'mentsrvere receipted. Usually loans were not allorved to rrn more than two weokswithout payment. By this plan the borrower at no time had

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 68 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CHII,D WELFARE,

the use of the {ull $100. He had the useof the $94 for only one week or less,and then the loan rvasreduced at the rate of $2 a week, until at tho end of the forty-ninth week the borrower had the use of only $2, although he had paid in advance6 per cent interest on $100for a year. It is obvious that this method of securing morey to tide over emergenciesbecame a serious drain on the weekl5rresources of the family during a time when the income was yery uncertain. ft was used, apparentlv, not to help out on the current living expensesof the family, but to satisfv requirementsfor the outlay of a considerable sum that had to be met somehowat once,even though the con- tinuing payments on the loan meant the depletion of the already meagerweeklY resources. Families who had mortgaged the future. A ferv examplesof families who had becomeheavily burdened by debts will serveto illustrate the situation in rvhich a large proportion of families found themselvesafter the father had been out of work for a few months.

An Italian family consisting of father, mother, and four children ranging from 2 to 10 years of age,is heavily in debt. The father is 42 years old, and has been in the United States 10 years. He has recentlS' passed the examination for his citizenship papers but can not, afford the $4 necessaryto obtain them. He is a laborer and a steady worker and eager to get ahead. In 1920 he earned in the neighborhood of $2,000. Three yeals ago he began buying a six- room house on "Iand contract"-the monthly payment of $20 covering interest on tho mortgage and a small payment on the principal. The house is comfortablyfurnished, having a good dining- room set and a victrola and a leather davenport in the parlor. The family had not been able to save, becausethe house was old and in need of repairs, they neededfur,niture, and the poor health of the mother had necessitatedlarge expenditures for doctors and medicine. As a result, the father rvas utterly unprepared for the Iong period of unemployment which carneupon him without warning in October, 1920. The family was favorably known in the neighborhood, so obtained credit and struggled along for over a year without asking public aid. The father's total earnings during 14 months were $28, which he made at work for the city. To add to their difficulties the mother had to undergo a serious operation, the bills for which are still unpaid. Also, the father's brother died, and the father had to share in the funeral exp€nses. Since credit was cut off in November, 192t, the family has been receiving one grocery order a week from the city commissary, and also was given a Christt mas basket and some clothing by the relief association.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THE ITA}TILIES O1.' TTI]J U\}.]]IPL(JYI'T'}. 69

The mother has cut dorrr living e\penses to tlie iirnit. She takes Iess milk, antl no rneat. fruit, or sl.eets. llhe mcals are practically all alike-bread, coffee, and spaghetti, or bread, coffcc, and beans. The ciriidren's outside clotliing is holding out pretty rr-eIl, but their underrvcrr, rvhich rras cheap to begin with, is torn. thin, and much patched. The da,v berforethe agent's visit a large amount of plaster ha,ri fallen from the dining-room ceiling, and the fathel has managed to buv "on trr.r-.t" the materials to repair it. The rooms need re- papering badly. lire pavments on tire house are scyen months in &rrears, and tlie fatirer fears he rvill lose it.

The familv no\{ oryes: Grocedes-- -.. - $400 ]Ieat..-.----.- Shoes---...... 10 Ciothing-..- 80 Doctor'sbill- -.. ------TI4 Ilospital bill- - -. -. ------28 Repairsto house- 155 LIncIe'sfuneral. - -- -.. - ll1) Pay'mentson house-.-.. - I40 Cash borrorred

Total---- 1.152 To this must be added what thev orvethe city comrnissary. Both the mother ancl father arc nearly frantic rvith rvorry. The mother iras a gleat deal to do at home, ylt .hu has been waliring the streetslooking for l'ork. she broke dorvn and cried orer the situation. The fatirer ligures tliat er-enif rvork begins ar onceit n'ill take him at least 10 years to get,out of debt. He dreadsthe time when he begins earning again, for. he rl.ill be lvorking for less pay, eyery one of his creditors will rvant to be paid im:nediately, and his fsrnily must live. ,\ family consisting of father, mother, and five children, ranging in age from 9 months to g years, occupiesfour small rooms on the secondfloor of a three-story frame building, above two stores. The halls are dingy and dirty, and the air vile with stale tobacco smoke and the odor from the toilets at,the head of the stairs. One bedroom w-hich opens off the diniag-room has no v-indow, and is just large enoughfor a double bed. The father, mother, and t*,o children sleep here. The rooms lvei'e or.cierly but, not very clean. The furniture \\rasworn and shabb5r. The mother says she never had been in such neecl. They had never been able to save becausethey had so many children to feed and clothe, but, they had aln'aysbeen able to pay cashfor everything. The mother has a great fear of clebt, ancl of acceptingcharity. The father has been out of work for 10 months now, but has been caled back to his old job occasionally for a few weeks at, a time, so that he

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 70 uNEMpLoyl\[ENT AND cFITLD wELFA-RE.

has managed to earn about 9200. Except rvhen he had temporary work there was nothing to do but go in debt, for thc children had to eat,. The family owes 9300 for groceries,$15 for milk, $8 for gas, $70 borrowed {rom friends, 918 on a baby carriage which they bought just' before the father lost his job, and $33.80to the city commissary. In addition, they orve$80 for rent, and the landlord is becomingr,'ery disagreeable. "Landlord want to kick us out," tho mother says. "My man say 'You get me job, I pay rent.' I don't know u'hat he going do." The mother has always been economicalbul, nolr,-has not even the necessities. She used to get 2 quarts of milk a day, norv gets only 1. Shesaid she did not realizethey could get along on so little. The clothing rvas old and rvorn. The aid society has given $93 worth of groceries and milk and also considerable old clothing. IVhen the mother feeis badly about, accepting charity, the father, ryho came from Ital-v* 17 r-ears ago and took out his naturalization papers a,s soon as possible, tells her, " We good citizens. We help America. Norv Arnerica must help us." The father strained his back ryhiie rvorking last fall and rvas in a

hospital in Chicagofor a number of weeksfor examination and treat- i ment. He is better, but his back is still not very strong. The mother

says he refuses to go to the aid society for their weekly grocery order I and also refuses to care for the children while she does so. "IIy man no like kids-no like bother when they cry." Consequently, i the 9-year-old girl is kept home half a day every w-eekwhile the t mother goes after the groceries.

A Polish father, a machinist 36 years of age,has been in the llnited I States 20 years and was progressiveenough to take out his naturaliza- n tion papers. His wife, an American-born woman, is 33 years old, t and they have 5 children, 2 boys and 3 girls, ranging in age from 7 e 'Ihey months to 13 yea,rs. iive in a pretty little bungalow, most c atiractive from the outside, shrubs around the house, a corner lot. n The inside of the house presents a great contrast. Several of the h rooms have been shut off for the winter. There are no r"ugson the c floor, and the furniture is much battered and \yorn. h The father has been out of rvork for 16 months, with only one t( month's work on a farm and four weeks' work for the city to help out $r during that time. The total earningswere $85. The family has been buying the house. This has taken every cent over and above l'hat gr they neededjust to live on, so they had no savings to fall back on dr when the father lost his job. The last child u'as born after the fo father rvas laid off, rvhich meant an added expense,and two of the pr children have beeir ill enough to need a doctor. The famil-v is norv so deeply in debt,that the father doubts if he ever can get paid up AI ke again. AJter exhausting their credit with the local grocers and

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University . THE FAMIIJES OT' TEE UNEMPIOYED. 77 borrowing all thev courd from friends they turned to the commissary run by the father's fgrmg emproyers,where they have iluuo urro*"a to run up a large bill. The debts are &s follows: $200 100 ID 540 105 3 20 300 56 225 Total rn addition, there are &rrears for insurance on the house and the father's life insurance,but the father can not ten just how- much is due on them. The family has also had charitable aid. ihe retief association has given groceries, milk, fuel, and clothing u_"""t_g to $133. The mother now takes 2 quarts of milk daily instead of B. 1&ey are living on charity entirely_ at present. ?hey have-meat only ''hen.the f-athergets-an odd job u.,d th.y can pay cash for it. The electricitv has been shut off becausethe f;mily;"ir uod several 0f the rooms have been ""t "n""Jit, crosed to savl fuel. et ine tinoe ot the visit the father rvas neatly dressed,but the .n'a.." *""" praying around with scarcely any clothing on. The father of a family jT four children, 7,12, lB, and 15 yeare of age,earned $2r a week as a laborer in a Lrickyu"a,'n"Ti"1te eight of his-unemplolanent To"tl: he has earned.o"iy miOS. O*irrg thi" time the family incomehas'beensuppremented by fia2."t"a uy tn" eldestboy a-ndby received $41 from the insurai"; as tho cashvalue of a p-olicy "";;;;; on u'hich pa;,ments hud bu." m"a" r""llo years, representing a loss .ot mlO Do"iog the summer the mother had heiped the situation by taking the th"reeyounger children-- with her to connecticut, x'here she was able to th"ii r,rppori. inu'ru-ily lives in a house owned. "uro bythe brick;,a1d compa,nyand are compelled to truy groceries,except bread, at the company store. They owe t58.10 for rent and food. ^rA. Hungarian'urr5arra! family1a'uy isrs living'v-tng inrn a small one_story house, with garden space in the rear. The louse is very damp-frosLdamp_irost onon'wu[.. walls, doors, and floors, and the room supposed to be a kitchen i, d;;; The,family-was obliged^to move here becausounable to ::u. former.home, I l*.::l:^lfu) 1f,lo:ir*-i1"*il;;J;## which n"J #"##:,r3ll J""t"i"itl'g"r, il"i"::lg:;i,rosenelights, no gas, and an outside toilet. 49090"-2.3--*_s

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 72 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CIIILD WELFAB'E.

The parents have been in the llnited states 18 years. There are t, five childrerr-two boys of 7 and 8 years and three girls of 10,-12,and lt 16. The father, u -old"", was laid ofi 14 months ago' Ho had but d jobs $250saved and this was soonused up. He picked up what' odd h he could-painted three houses in return for three months' rent, worked for ihe city-in f act did anything that would help the family nt along. Since November, or for the last' two months, he has been tl .*o"iing for $4 a dav five days a week, so the family is getting along w better it present. Shortly after the father beganhis pre-sentjob he ol cut his finger to the bone rvhile splitting wood and lost three weeks' work. The mother dressedthe finger to avoid a doctor's bill' The el 'w'as oldest girl works n'hen she can find anything to d9' She em- rt ployedln an ice cream parlor for severalmonths, but was laid ofi m iuri J,tty and could not find another job until November, when she T1 went out to do houservorkat $4 a rveek. ra The mother has had difficulty in getting credit in the neighborhood. hr "Butcher no want' give me meat. On Saturday give only 1 pound- si: not enough for a big family." The landlord of their former house, hc she said,tid not *unt th"- becauseof their race, and told them to TI get,out. I coal man near by let the mother have a ton of coal' The lie ilother had a small garden last, year. " Lady from associationsee rh garden,say 'Got much fine garden-lots to eet.' But it is only green itoe-tfrui give me no bread or lard. I can't,eat only that with my l,tI big family." The mother is in wretched health. Seven years ago 5l ,h-" rr"d io go out $'ashingevely day; now s:beis scarcelyable to do TT her orvn horisework-has io rvash one day and hang out, the clothes ch the next. The seconddaughter rvas ill and required the servicesof in( a city nurse for two rveeks. s0l The family has had charitable aid to the extent of $101.49and the inr debtsamount to $187.60: fur I\feat and groceries $93.00 nel Bread-...- 16.00 l-i Coal- - - 8. 75 pia clothes' 5' oo be Insurance. 6' 85 Rent (former homc) . 45' 00 Pr( Dentist---- 5'5o itr Doctor. 7' 50 lap are An Armenian father came to America in 1909,worked hard, and dtr saved about $3,000 so that he might bring his wiJe and child from Arrnenia. Iryhen he went after them in october, 1919, he found his wife and child and a few relatives the only survivors of a large family. He gave all the money he could to assist his relatives. Then he and his wife antl child came to America, bringing with them his sister's 'Ihe child. a girl of about 14 years, who is paralyzed. father began work at an implement factory as soon as he got back and was kept

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TITI] I'A}III,IES O}' TI{E I,I'NEMPLOYED. 73

on lrntil 6 montlis ago. $hat little money he mighl, have been able to -q:rvr:he spent in doctors' bills for his niece,taking her first to one d.ctor and then to another. tr'inally he asked the relief society to iielp him, and they are trying to get the girl into a hospital. The family lives on the second floor of a t.wo-story hoo." in bad repair, in a neighborhood of factories and railroads. ihe entrance to the-roomsis by a very dark halr and stairway. The home is fairly weii furnished, though not orderly. A second child is now e year olo. since the father $'as laid off he has worked a week for the city and about a month ancl a half in another citv, where he repaired oriental rugs. He earned a total of $282. FIe"says that thev can live on much less food than Americans, and get along with canned goods. They buy less 'rilk and just half as much meJ as formerly. They ran up a $156 grocery bill, and then crrdit was cut off. They have borrowed $825 from relatives, owe $85 on furniture, $g6 for six months' rent, and $35 to his former employer_". The father has !1d to drop his insurance. Rerativesin Armenia beg him for money. The father has told them that he is hard up, but t-h.y not be- lieve him. IIe hopes to be able to bo*ow a fer,r-clollars "u' to send them.

- -During tire past 10 months an rtalian fatrrer has earned $192 by lrrbor on the city sc\\,ers,and the only additional income has been Sl00 paid as damageswhen he was run over by an automobile. This last s.m met the ''ent for five months. since there are five childrer,-although the mother is but 28 years old-debts have been incurrecifor food, rent, and medical care. In an attempt to meet sorneof thc payments due, the father borrowed $200 on ptun which " in-rolvesliigh interest and had the un-happy resuli of iosing him further work from the city government. Th; family is now in debt nearly $1,100. rtr4rilethe father was steadily uo.oiog $80 a rveek as a metal worlier, ihev bought furniture, ciothing, ind a player_ piano on the installment plan, meeting the paymen*Gregularly until job. lie lost his of the total debt, gobo is ror the pianJ which will probab\' be taken away from them soon; the sum already paid on it will be forfeited. TWenty-fivedollars have been lost through the lapsing of insurance payments. The home is squalid, the children are badly in need of clothes, and it is appar6nt drat they have altogether too little to eat. A painter who was forced to stop work last August becauseof read poisoning, bought a horse and wagon and tried t-o make a living for his-farrrily by peddling fruits and vegetables. This venture \vas an unf_orfunateone, becausehis customersfailed to pay their bills; and in october, becausehe was unable to meet the payme'ts due on the horseancl w&gon, h-e lost the money ($125) ,rt."uay paid on them.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown Universify 14 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CITILD WELT'ARE. In the past four months the family-consisting of the,parents, ! seven children ranging in age from 2 to 14 years, and a grandfather- have subsisted orr what the father has earned at a few scattering - jobs, the $5 a week which the grandfather pays for room and board, and' the total of $48 which the mother has earned at crocheting bags. Friends have given someclothes, and are supplyirg the family daily with skimmed milk. Although there are seven children, most of them at ages wiren "whole milk is indispensable for health and growth, this is practically all the milk the family is norv getting. For two weeks th" futh"r has been peddling fruit, clearing about $2 a day. The parents have fallen behind with their insurance and are heavily in aebt for rent, groceries, and medical attendance. Be- sidesthe fathers's illness,he and trvo of the boys had the "flu," and the 5-year-otdboy was severelyburned. The mother expects soon to get temporary work nursing a friend, during which time the eldest daughter, *ho i. 14 and attending the afternoon sessionof the high school, will presumably have to stay out of school to care for the smaller children. Drr.rrr,nn Tenln C.-D ebtsi'ncuned or unpaid becauseof utumployment'l

Imount of debts for-

AYerago monthly Sched of unem resoruces ule DloY- nm- ineirt ulem- Renrin ber. montbs) ploy' alTcars. ment.

3 16 857.24 $157.26 8 l6 65.00 17 lb 35.61 38.11 n 41.60 172.00 26 14 7r.44 219,55 n 15 97.63 50.00 39 13 63.00 tDt. rl 40 8 E3.&1 202.57 42 77 E{.U 4){).95 43 1a 50.46 200.00 49 IJ 60.34 237.69 50 8 60.03 54.13 51 8 30.91 r0. 00 55 16 46.3t 137.00 56 14 44.11 379.57 58 15 E1.09 25.00 59 10 60. 5.1 r$7.31 60 10 54.19 69.00 62 15 52.00 13.37 63 2I 49.35 43.43 64 13 69. 56 6.73 68 13 n.92 5.00 69 I 49.70 222.2tr 71 8 120.36 150.00 12 236.03 222.59 78 79.33 14.00, 16 44. 96 66.22 84 14 103.28 72.93 65 8 4,l..44 69.93 E6 1E 66. 85 '--i56:io 88 6 67. E0 89 16 43,8E 71.&3 90 3 72. 84 E3,00 91 E 106.03 r Includes cnlJ the 104Ienilies reporting debts and averag€ monthfy incomo during memplolmont.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University '(b TIIE FAMILIES OF TIIE UNEIIPLOYED.

Dnr.rrr,ro T.c.srp c.-Debts incuned or unpa'id becatueof u,employment-corttinued.

Amount o{ debts f0r-

Dctors, Gro Fuel dertists, cerics mid- and and light. wlves, meat. nOS- pitals.

94 I $62.851...... 96 16 83.or1...... 102 15 e4.63l$1,000.00 103 13 m.98 | 180.00 109 11 63.39| J5.00 111 12 42.991...... Lt2 {0.06I 80.0u 118 lo 35.16| 300.00 125 17 69. 25 | 2.50.00 1 37.751...... - t27 8 90.361.....-.... 136 l3 n5..15 1...... -. 137 t3 97.9797.57I 400.00 139 6 r52.50| 325.00 140 126.05l._...... I45 10 35.11I 20.00 I4t' l4 20.361...... _.- 152 13 51.381.....-___. 153 14 30.29l.-...... 162 .1 36.57l._...... _ 165 10 48.%1..--.- 168 It 148.56I r,400.00 I 41.511....."... 179 13 83.48t.....-.-. 180 l3 37.48l--.--._.. 1E4 12 56.E41...... 185 II 85.28I 20.00 187 15 59.141...... 188 It 82.$71...... 189 t2 65.25I 120.00 190 13 '23.m | 20.m 191 73.09 | 3J0.00 rot 9 56.33I 100.00 r93 72 53.84| 500.00 196 ID 83.40| 200.00 198 16 62.51l-...... - 100 l0 33.i0 | 200.00 YJJ ID 56.98I 100.00 mr) 15 136.621...-..-... m2 l l3 40.28I 150.00 203 | t7 70.91I 500.00 205I 10 79.63| 70.00 208 | 17 60.8r| 35.00 ml 13 157.34| 150.00 210| 8 25.?3| 75.00 212 | 16 56.77t.-..___--_ L2 44.591..._..-... 2r9 | 16 54. 11 | 295.00 I9 65. {6 | 235.00 13 60.88t...... -... 13 56.07 | 25.00 l5 119.71| 1r0.00 16 109.29 1".. -- 86"il l 9 67.281...--- LZ7 | 168.47| 250.00 2&l 19 53.70l-..-..--.. el 86.091...... 7 41.10l._.-.--.. ria I 10 58.14 i 300.00 258 1 t7 11&0r| 205.00 82 l T2 9r.30l--.-....-. 306 I 10 37.63t--.--.-_-- 307| 8 58.24l. -. .. .. -. - 300 | n. r, n.r. l-----...-. arr I I 100.261...... :.....1.::::....1....:.7 331| IJ 46.53l.--.-...-. 3.17I 14 111.941..._.--... '13:ffil.:::.....i. :::.:::. 3s8I 24 65.76l-..._..-,. 25.oo i._.. -....1...... 359| l5 100.001..-..-.--l--...... 361I 7 62.70l-...._---. 300.00l.-...... 1 25.00

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 76 uNol\tPt-oYllt'l\t AND (rHILl) \\'llt,l"Altri.

Credit for food supplies. In order to secureinformation concerningthe extent to vdich it rvaspossible for families to get food supplieson credit, and especiall,v in regard to the comparative prevalence of such debts cluring tlie period of unemployment and the period preceding, neigirborliood 'rvas grocerswere intervierved. The stores from which information sought were those patronized by the farnilies of unernployedmen inclucledin this study. The results of theseintervieu's are set foltli below. 1. This store is located in a good residenceneighborhood, where most of the families own their own homes. 11,i-s rr grocery stol'eu'ith a rather large stock of perishable vegetablesancl fruits, no meats except smohedmeats and thesein a very smail quantity. Not many of the customersryho trade at this store pay cash. The grocer sairl that most customels ran a biII for from turo ll-eeitsto a month and then paicl rvhen the father receivedhis pay. At the present time he has :-00families on his books-100 0f these are families in wliich the father has been unemploved for more thal 1 vear" He has liad to refuse credit to 12 families from s-hicir he ncver rrxpectsto receive what is due him. The total amount due fi'om 100 families ilr ir.hich the father is unemployedis approximately $6,OO0-amountsvarying from $25 to $200. Most of the fathers the grocer thinks are honegt and will pay rvhen thev are again emploS''ed.Sorne rvho havc hacl temporary work for a while have paid a small proportion o{ rvh&tthey owe and then contintreto buy on credit' 2. A double-storebuilding-one side useclfor dry goods' the other for groceries,bakerv goods, and smoked meats. The amount of credit given to a family dependsupon circumstanccsnncl the farnily's reputation and the length of time they have beeir truding rvith him. The grocer$.atches the purchasesprettv closelv but finclsmost of the families bu.ying rln credit choosing wisely nncl letiucing their pur- r:hasesto the minimurn" He has about $ri,000on his books,I'epl'e- 'fhe senting 200 farnilies with bills varying from $25 to $250. year' has been a terrible one. He did rrot have the heart to refuse credit, and bit by bit he used up all his reservefunds just keeping things going. All his lile's earningshave gone,tr{r. X. says. IIe feels that fully one-half of this will never be paid' for already tliose owing-tire largest amountsare moving-some to other neighborlioodsand others out of town. Many of the families owing bills ale ashamedto come to his store, so go elservherewhen they have a little cash-which he feelsis unfair. Thosecustomers to whom he had had to refusefurther credit are getting deeperin debt at the city commissaryevery day, and since this rvill be deductedfrom the man's pa)r eYery u'eek it, of course,will be paid ofI first. Bills to the local merchantsu'ill be paid last, if at all. He feeis that the cit5' commissary,rvhile a blessingto the poor families,has made it hard for the merchants,for it has taken

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TEE FAMILIES C'II THE ITNEMPLOVED. 11

away the cash trade that used to be given thern by the public and private relief agencies. 3. Small butcher shopand delicatessen. Theproprietorisnotgiving much credit this winter. He is carrying about 15 or 16 families well known to him, to an amount of about $300, but his trade is chiefly cash. Said he learned his lesson last year. At one time lie had $4,000on his books and had to borrovj money at the bank to tide him over. The greatestpart of that has been paid now, but it came in slowly. He felt this year would be worse than last. He thinks ', that the people did not properly appreciate being carried,,' and says that he noticed no difference in their buying, .n'hendoing so for credit or for cash. The majority refusedsoup bonesand the cheapel cuts of meats and ordered steaks and chops. He seemsto feei that the men won't look for rvork very seriouslywhile they are able to get meat and grocerieson credit. 4. Medium sizedwell-equipped and'w-ell-stocked store. Fruit and green vegetables upon display. The grocer also carries brooms and other household utensils. Most properous appearing store of anv that agent has visited. Has been in businesshere sinceApril, lgzt, and is carrying on his books some of the people that the former owner had. He tries not to close any accounts unless the family makes no effort to pay. Many of his credil, customershad been in the habit of charging their groceries ancl then paying the bill weekly or monthly. Now, however, some of them have not been able to keep the bill paid up. Some of his customers r,vouldhave been getting aid from the relief societv if he had not extendedthcir credit. This grocer thinks that for the most part people are buving very economically. several customelscame during the interview ancl the agent noticed that all but one charged their purchases. 5. Family of owner lives in the rear of the store. X'airly rvell- stocked shelves,mostly canned goods ali,hough there were apples and oranges and cabbages in the window display. The grocer carries no meat except a little cooked meat. Not much bread is sold,because most families arenow'making their own breacl. Average about 12 quarts of milk per day and other sales consist rnostly of bread and potatoes. The grocer has 10 or 15 families on his boolis. Most of these are also getting groceriesat the city commissaryand thereforegive very little trade to the store. The iargest bill on the books at time of the interview was $41.36. Other accounts run between$5 and $10 apiece. The grocer admitted that it was better for the families to bu5rfrom the commissarybecause they could get things cheaper. X'amilies r,yhomgrocer is carrying pay a little ealh week. They buy only what is absolutely necessary. 6. The store has a small line of goods,mostly cannedvegetables; shelvesabout half empty. Owner can not replenishthe stock because he can not collect bills due him. He had about $700 on his books at

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 78 UNEMPToYMENTAND crrrlD lvELFAl'E.

time of visit. He has no limit set for credit bul allt-'lvsfamilies to get according to what he thinks they are gooci for' At prp"senthas iS or 16 families on his books. So far thinks he has lost only about $100 in bad bills. Ferv people have moved away v'ithout paying' 7. Rather small grocery store on businessstreet and car line' It carries staple and fancy groceries,flour, feed, lime, and cement. The managerruid hu knew all of his families and in the last year had not taken on any new families for credit. He calries about 100 families on credit. At the end of the year 1919these 100families owed bills amounting to $1,200. Thesesame 100families at the end of the year 1920 owed $1,700and at the end of 1921 orved $3,300. Most of these families own their homes, and the manager said he knew he would get all of the money. In the three years he had been running this store he had lost only $250by peoplemoving a'!vay. 8. A fair-sized., at'tractive looking store, oarrlr-ing a good line of fruit, fresh vegetables,etc., in addition to staplesand dairy products. This store has extended credit to 90 or 100 families, to a total of $6,000. Can not make ends meet, so have had to re{use further credit in most cases,though they hate to do it. They feel that fully one-half of this is "bad clebts," not so much that the families' intentions are not good, but that they are so deeply in debt that they never will get out. Since the comissary accounts must of necessitybe paid first, the merchantsma.y neyer receivetheir money. The prospect looks even more discouragingbecause when the men do go back to rvork it will be at less pay and possibly {or shorter hours. One customer lost his house last week and left town sud- 'Ihe denly, owing $290. amount of credit depends upon circum- stante. They have been lenient with old patrons who paid regulariy and someof these families have rtur bills as high as $250 or $300' To other families not so well nor so favorably knorvn they have limited the amount to $25 or $30. Most of the families buy economically, but occasionallya man or woman orders extravagantly. The quantity of milk sold remains about the same but there has been a perceptible drop in the demands for butter' Very little fruit or sweet stuff is purchased now. Mr. A carries less than one- third as many boxes of cookies and cakes as tormerly. Aside from depriving themselves of fruit, sweets, and butter' the grocer does not feel-that the families have been lowering their standards of Iioiog-The the past year. 9. store is a combination meat market and grocery with bakery goods, candy, and smoking supplies on the side. It has much-lessstock on hand now than before, becausethere is much less demand. Tho owners are now carrying on their books 50 families whosefathers are out of work, and have beenfor the iast year and a half. The total amount due from these families is about $5,000,

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University IIIE FAMILIES O!' THE TTNEMPLOYED. 79

the amounts valying from 910 to $200. The grocel interviel'ed feelsthey rvill be r-erv lucky if one-half of rvhat is owed them is paid. \Iany families have moved arva;i from the clistrict, some out of the city, and from these they expect nothing. Some people come in rvith a good story that the husband has a job and they rvill pay tire first pay day; they are given credit for a couple of weeks and then are neyer seen again. OnIy necessitiesof life are given on credit by these grocers. Bakerv goods are a serious problem. Xlany of those to whom credit is given have been refused credit at bakeries. The grocersdiscourage charging bread and cakes,but ar.every rvill- ing to give flour on creclit to those rvho l'il1 use it. 10. The store is located in the "Flats," a district l'here people of the poorer class live-man5r sf tyhom are renters. 'Ihe store is a combination meat market, grocery, and bakery; and car.riescandy, tobacco,and some dry goods. Previous to this time the grocer has kept a very large stocli on hand, but at the present time all the stock .yhich he owns is on the shelves. The grocer is at present carrying 25 families x'hosefathers are unemployed,and in most caseshe has 'Ihe been carrying them for more than a year. total amount owed by these farnilies up to date is $1,501, the smallest amount being $10 and the greatestamount $160. In addition to these25 families, the grocer has been forced to refuse credit to 10 other farnilies, the total amount due from them being more than $800, wiiich amount the grocer says he neyer expects to receive. He still has some families, possibly 10 or 15, rvho run bills and pay every two ryeeks. These,together with the ferv u'ho pay cash, help him to continue in business. IIis businesshas fallen ofi 50 per cent duri-ng the year.

CHARITABLE AID BY PUBLIC OR PRIYATE AGENCIES.I4 Assistancegiven the families. The families selectedfor visiting represented, as nearly as possible, & cross section of families of unemployed men in the two cities. The data in regard to the aid given thesefamilies by public or privaie relief agenciesshould, therefore,be of specialsignificance, as showing the degree to which families of working men are likely to neecl such assistancewhen the misfortune of unemploS,':nentovertakes them. Of the 366 families, 191---over half-had receiyed charitable aid during the father's unemployuent, some of which, ho'rvever,was rery small in amount. In Racine three-fifths of all the families received such assistancelin Springfield the proportion was lower but still over one-third. It has been pointed out that the period of seriousunemployment had been of considerablylonger duration in the former city, uhich undoubtedly accountsfor the greater proportion of families seekins aid.

u See Teble I (p,31), aud Appendir A, Tabies 2&31, inclsiye.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 80 UNEMPLUVM.!)NT ANIT ()HU.I' WEL}'ARIT.

Interval between loss of work and application for aid. The following list shows,for each city, the time that elapsedafter the father lost his regular x.ork before the families applied for assistance. Familiesaided' rnterval beforeapprication ior aid. "fnllt"jo1ttu' Total-..-- 111 50

Less than I month 6 o 1-2 months- 33 I 3-5 months. 42 6 6-8 months. i9 5 9-11 months- I2 a 12 months and over- 6 Not reported.. 23 ;; In terms of percentages,it is seen that of the 1-10families in the two cities for rvhom the interval before the application for aid was reported 8 per cent applied for charitable aid v-ithin less than a month cf the time rvhen the father becameunemployed. Trventy- six per cent appliecl'within 1 or 2 months; 34 per cent l'ithin 3 to 5 monthsl 17 per cent within 6 to 8 months: 10 per cent rvithin 9 to 11 months, and 4 per cent when the father had been unemploveda year or longer. Thus, more than tn'o-thircls of the families who rvere aided harl been untrble to maintain themselr-esbv neans of their other resourcesfor as long rls h,ilf a )'ear after the rcgular employment of the fr'ltherceased. Since orer one-hllf of all the families receir-edaid, this means that approximateh one-third of all the families visited in the trvo cities lrere forced to seek charitabie aid within six months of losing their regular incomes. It is probable that a famil-v-v'ould neither apply for, nor be granted, charitable aid from pubiic or prir-ate agenciesuntil all other resourceshad been exha,usted. This supposition is borne out b). data presentedear"lier in this report in regard tti loans and debts, and especiallydebts for food. There is, of c.rulsc,to bc taken into accouni the important but less readily demonstrateclfactor of the deprivation e,nriuredb1. many families rvho do not applv for aid. Duration of aid. The length of time over l'irjt:h charitable aid to these families extendedis shown belou': Number of families repori,- Duration of aid. ing duration of aid. Total.-... 141

2 weeks, lessthan 1 month. 5 1-2 months-. 14 3-5 months 2l 6-8 months- 2I 9-11 months- 62 12months and oi er. 15

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university THN FANTILIES OF THD UNEIVIPLOYED. 81 Aid extending over periodsof six months or more had been given 70 per cent of the families. More than one-third of the families hacl beengiven aid amounting to 9100 or more.

CHARTIA. INTERVALBETVEEN LOSSOT WORK AND APPLICATIONTOK AID I4O EA}"TILIESAPPLYINGFOR CHMIT,A'BLE AID

WT UnderI a-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 l2months month months months monthsmonths andover Aid to families of skilled and unskilled workers. Bearing in mind the extremity represented by application for assistance,especially on the part of families that have always been self-sustaining, it is surprising to find that almost three-fourths of the men in the families receiving charitable aid had been skiiled workers, and only one-fourth had been employed at unskilled labor. Looking at these facts from another angle, it is found that 50 per cent of the families of skilled workers visited had received charitable aid, and 58 per cent of the families of the men who had done work classed as unskilled. The similarity of these percentages indicates

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 82 UNE\[pLoyMEt(T aND crrrLD IvELFARE.

the stress in u.hich the families of higher- as well as of lower-grade workers had found themselveswhen employment ceased. The information regarding iength of time between loss of work and application for charitable aid shou'edpractically the samesitua- tion in the casesof skilled and of unskilled rvorkers. Relation of aid received to total resources. tr'or only 65 families in the two cities was it possible to secure apparently adequatedata regarding the relation betweenthe amount of charitable aid and their total resources. The findings, expressed in percentages)rvere as follows:

Relation of charitable aid Number of to total resources. famllies. Total OD

Lessthan5percr.nt-.-...... ; 5-9per cent..- -... - 12 10-14per cent... f3 15-19per cenl- -. 8 20-24percenl.-. 5 25-29 per cent. - - 2 3G-39per cert- - - - -:. -... 1 65per cent- 1 tr'or half these families charitable aid formed more than a tenth of their total resources during the entire unemployment period. This implies, of course, that during e part of the period considerably greater proportions of their maintenancewere receiyedfrom public or private relief agencies. A later section of this report discusses charitable aid from the point of approachof the relief agencyand the general relief problem resulting from rvidespread unemplo5rment. The present analysisbased on two representativegroups of families afrected by unemplo;rment is the more valuable as showing the effect of loss of lvork on families previously having an income adequate to maintain a good standard of living. Illustrations of families that had been compelledto seekcharitable aicl are included among those given in the preceding sections. When the man could not find rvork, the usual stepsin lsa"ghingthe stageof dependencywere: First, the use of savings or the employment of mother or children when it was possiblefor them to get work; second, securingloans or credit; third, applying for charitable aid when aid from relatives and other resourceshad been exhausted.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University ]IT{E FAMILIES OF TI{E UNEMPLO}IED. 83

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Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 84 UNEMPLOYMENT AND OHILD WELtr.T\RD'

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Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown universify 'IHII THE }'AMILIES OF UNI'MPLOYED. 85

THE COINCIDENCE OF ILLNESS AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Extent of illness. It is obviousl]' i*Oo..tble to attempt to relate unemployrnent,of the breadrrinner and illness in the families as causeand efiect, definite as the correlationmay seemto be in certain cases,since there is no basisfor a comparisonof the prevalenceof illness in the families of unemployed men with its extent among families in the general population. It is, horvever,important to call attention to the very considerableproportion of families in which sicknessor accidents were added to the misfortunes incident to the father's being out of work. Often the incapacity of the father prevented him from earning something at temporary work or the illness or disability of ;phe mother made it difficult for her to give her farnily the necessarycare. It is, moreover, evident that farniiies that v-ere using up their savings or were dependent Iargely on food secured through credit, or were being supplied u'ith necessitiesby charitable agencies,would frequently deprive themselves of food recluired to maintain health anci strength. Insu{ficient clothing and iack of fuel, together with the inevitablc lowering of sanitary standards through crowding togethel in oider ro kecp \yarm, to economizoon rent, or to add to the incorne b.-;letting rooms can not fail to aflect the heaith of the nrembcrs tif tire family-. In neally a fourth of the 366 families the mother had given birth to a child or \l'as expecting confnement cluring the time the father rvas ulempioyed. Coming at a time u'hen the famiiy u'as deprived of ordinary cornfortsor was actually sufleriig lor rvant of proper food, this meant undue worry and hardship for the mother, with greater probability of ill health for both mother and child. Illness or dis- abilities, including pregnancy ol confinernent, during the time of unemployment were reported by 231 families-63 per cent of the entire number. These families included 852 children-almost two- thirds of the entire number of children. The follolring list gives the number of families in which the variousmembers r.ere ill: Number of familios Membcrs of fBmiUcs 1I1. reporting illness. Totrl------...--..231

trlother.-.-.... -,.-.-.. n Father.-...... 12 One or more children. -.. 58 Iiother and father.--- 10 I{other and one or mote children. -. 64 Father anclone or mole children------11 Mother, father, and one or mole children- - - - -. 24 The seriousnessof the situation i.. eridenced by the fact that three- fourths of thesefamilies reportecl()ne or both parents ill, while only

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 86 U}TEMPLOYMENT A.ITD CEILD WELFASE.

68 per cent of them reported illness among the children. Under ordinary circumstances it would be expected ihat more families rvould report illnesses among the children than among the parents, especiallysince several contagious diseases had been epidemic among children in one of the cities studied. Debts for medical care. Doctors' bills and hospital care comprised a very considerable part of the burden of debts which would continue to oppressthese families iong after the father resumed work' Judging from the conditions reported by the families, m&ny were going without needed medical attention. Others were receiving medical aid through the conpanies that had employed the men, from free c,linics or dispensaries,charitable societies,or the city poor department. The longer duration of unemploy'ment in Racine is reflected in the information given by the families regarding doctors' bills, and debts for confinement expenses,and hospit'al care. Although a larger proportion of the Springfield families reported illnesses during the father's unemployment, many of thesetr-ere apparently not of so seriousa nature, or elsethe families stili had sufficientfunds to pay the biils. A total of 128 families-more than a third of all the families visited-said that they had outstanding debts for medical service. The amounts of these debts were given by 76 of the 85 Racine families, and by 32 of the 43 families in Springfield. More than a fourth had debts amouating to $50 or mote for the servicesof doctors, dentists, mid- w'ives, and hospitals. Number of families Amount of dcbr. reportmg. Total--. -. _..- 108

Lessthan$50.... 7u $50,less than SIOO--.--..... -..... -. -- -... -- 16 ' $100,less than $200.---- 8 $200and olcr- - . 6 The amounts reported by the families in the last group were $200, fi2l0, $272,fi275, fi437,and $500. Only 1 of the Springfieldfamilies reported outstanding debl,sof $100 or more, rvhile 13 of the Racine families had the larger amounts. Seven of the Racine families were il debt to unclertakers. The six who stated the amounts of this indebtednessorvcd from $22 to $85 for funeral expenses. The aggregateindebtedness because of ilLnessor death was $5,772.50for a total of 108families. Unemploymentarnong families given nursing service. It rvas not possible to secure general information regarding the prevalence of unemployment among the families rvho were receiving medica.lor nursing care in the two cities. Certa,indata were, however,

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TTIE FI\I{ILIES OF THII UNEMPLOYED. 87

securedfrom the Visiting Nurses'Issociation of Springfield concerning 70 families unclel its care in February, 1922,in which the father was unemployed. Thesefigures are of specialinterest in connectionwith infant $'elfare. In 53 of the 70 families there was a newborn baby or the mother rras expecting confinement. As has been pointed out elsewherein this report, this situation adds to the handicap of the loss of the father's earningsand the need of relieving the mother of some of her householdduties, and interfereswith her efiorts to increasethe family incomethrough her orvnearnings. It meansin every casesome added burden of expense,even though the nursing serviceis provided free. Of ihe babiesborn in the city during the entire unemploymentperiod, many who did not come to the attention of the visiting nursesmust bave been handicapped,even before birth, by the hardshipsincident upon the loss of a steady family ilcome. In these 70 families reported b)' the Visiting Nurses' Association there were 188 children, of rvhom more than half rvere ulder 3 years of age, a fifth n'ere betw'een3 and 6 years, and only 3 \r'ere of possible l-orking age. T\'o of the 70 families had no children, and in 23 iamilies there was only 1 child. A total of 34 families had 2' 3, or 4 children. In 8 families there were 5 children, 2 families had 7, and in 1 family therewere 11. Almost half of the 70 families had received assistancefrom a public or private relief agency or other organization. The leading relief sociei,yin the city had given aid to 17 families rvho had not been helped by any other agency, and to 10 others rvho had received assistancefrom the city poor department, children's aid or protective societies,churches, dispensaries,and other organizations. The city poor department was the only agency helping 2 families, and rvas one of the agenciesaiding 11 other families' The foregoing facts are not given as representing a complete report on the prevalence of unempioyment among families given nursing care by this organization. Tho in-formation is necessarilyincomplete, becauseit relates only to the families that the nurses on the stafi of the association had visited recently, and about which they rvere, therefore, ilformed at the time of the inguiry. 49050"-23---1

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 88 uNEl,rPLoYlrIlNl' AND cHrLD wlrr-FARE.

Dnr-err,no Teet.r,; E.--,rcmilies reporting illtuss dtLri'ngthe period of thefather's mum' ploamznt.r

Employ"- Ave metrror mon mother. Num Duration ol resource ber Age ofeach ule mem- during of child Illness reported by family No. ployment. unem- chil- (years). ploy- dren. menf,.

16mos. 4 das 4 1,3,5,7. Child 5 vears. tl'nhoid. serlet fever, meesles; cNld? years, diphlheria, scsrlet fcver. r0 8 mos. 5 das--. 4 Child 6 vears.-sicki Dneumonb. 12 12mos. 23das. . 5 Motherother !ick: thildchild 7 vearsvears. alwevs bas heen weali; child 8 years, sorcsore tbroatltrrOali. . t8 14mos. 29das.. 5 Father, rhematism; ; motner, connn& ment:ment; childchjld 6 veanyeus, pleuiiy, pneumonia: chilal 8 y€rs, serlet fever. 19 7 mos. 20das.. n' r. Fatber.-tatber. oainDaln in side; childchlld 4 ymrs, feverleYer 105'.'6lood105','6loodrumineruming out of moutb. ,1 20 mos. 2 das- - $41.60 Frthei.other, operelion;omration: mother.mother, illilI "ioside" inside and in liead"; child 4 years,stomach troublo. i4 mos. I tlay.. n. r. lfother, tumor, sick for a long time, died ir ADriI.1921.-and 27 l0 mc. 5 das. - 54.n Children 6 8 years, scarlet fever, citv nurses,6secks (no d(tor). 3I 14 mos. 19 das. . Child I vears: tonsils removed: ctiild l0 )*cars,'diphtheria, tonsils rcmored; ihild 12 years, s'eakly, tosils re moYed. 32 13mos. 26 das. IIother, rromb trouble; child 6 years, rneumallsm. 12 14mos. I das-- Father. cut his hand: mother, stomach trouble; child 12 ycars, bad cough and colds. 34 l1 mos. 10ds- - n.r. ,5 Child 6 vears. mumDs: childrcn 4. s. ond I I yeais, scarlct fevor (no doctor). 36 15mos. 24 das. . n.r. 3 Fath-er, id hcpital (ilkiess not given); mother. oleurisv. 12mos. I das. - - n.r. 3 Father. ki'dncv irouble: mother con- fireuient; child 5 years, scarler fever. 38 l3 m6.28 das-- tr.r. 2 f,Iother, con-0xemeni;chiid I I months, ill:.child 7.years. diseasedlonsils, unoer[omsneo. 39 13mos. 5 des.- - r3.00 3 Ifcther. nerrous breakdown: cNld 3 l'ears. dirhtheda. 10 8 mos. 5 das- - . E3.E,l 3 ltbther, pri,gnant; child 5 years. hurt I hearl. 41 11mos.10das-.1 n. r. l{other, eonfinement; child 4 years, I scarler fever and diseased tonsils. 43 l/mos.oGS-..1 50.46 2 lfother, influenza t$'ic, ill now (stom- i ach. tlroat, nose, and head). u 12mG.26 das.l 7 IIothi:r, conflnemeirt (baby died); child I 4 years,colds. 50 8mos.2das.-.160.63 )Iorher, opention: ehild i years, chills I and lever: cjildren 6 aid g vears, searlet fever: s-holc family hai had colds. 19mos. 8 das- 268.09 Falher, rheumtism: mother, operarion. died Jue. 1921. 53 17n]os.3 das. n. r. Child 4 vears, Dnemonia. m 14mos. 8 das. .Father.blood boisonina:mother, "sick in.ide"; children 6 atd 8 years, tonsillitis. 58 15mos. 5 das. 81.C9 ]fother. confinement: all the children had scarlel {eYef and diphthcria; ctdld, age n. r., died; cbild E years, measles. 59 16 mos- I das- 60. il 2 2,7-. -.. .. . Falher, stomach trouble; child 7 years, scarlet fever. tonsillitis. 60 10mos. 5 das- 54. 19 2,4,5...... Father, tubeicular; mother, scarlet fever and diphtheria; child 4 years, scarlet feYer a;d dibhtheria. 62 15mos.11dN. 52.00 7,2,3.... -. Father and mother and ail chilfuen had ''it{h''; mother, contrlement; child 1 year, boils, udemowished. 21m6.9dras.- 49.35 13,16-.....Fsther, jnfluenza snd rhematism; mother. stomach lrouble. swollen fmt; cbild 13 years, undemourished. 64 | 13mos.5das..J 69.561....-.1.-....1 212,1-.. Children 2 anal 4 years, scarlet fever. r Includcs only a parlial lisl of tbe lamilies reporliJlg illness. r N. r. cimitrei not roport€d.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TI{E FAMILIT]S OF TTTE UNEMPLOYED. 89 Dnreu,nr T.rsr,s E.-.Fa nilies re])orti.rlqi,lln,ess.durinrl the period of thz s wlenx- pLoynant-JCotrtinued. fathef

Employ- ment of mother. Num Sctled- Duation oI ber Agc ofeach ule unem- ol child lilness ropr)ried by family. :\io. ployment. unem- chil- (yars). ploy- d.ren ment. i{41";*.

n. r. Moth-c,r.eontrnement child ,1, ; 4 Tears. ill: i ti, 8, cItrld 4 mon{hs, mdernourished. sick 10, 12, srncs. born; all children pale'and emaclated. o7 lamos.10das.. tr. r. | :J 7,9, 11_.. Fathe_r.rheumar isD: mother, oDeration needed. 69 I 8 mos.22da,s -- $.i0.m 3 2,1,5..-. ?4 |/ llother, oDeration. l18mos.7das--120.36 3 5, t4, 17.. Ilot her; overwork after 78 14mos. 19das. . 79.33 oDeration. | 7 t 5 mm.,2, Mother, coD-fi_nement:cbildren t0, 7, s, z years, au mumps; cbild 2 years, 10. eczema. 79 16mos-....-.- 14.96 10mos.,2, Fathcr, bad cold; mother. Door ttrth. tt, pre,gnanr duing rpemploiment, bai !1d,,!wo^ operationjs;-_chil&en; 10 -minths, 2, 6 years, bad colds. 8? 15mo-q. 15 das - 84.05 Irtnel', stomacb opeTation, rupfure;-sleel}_ notner. operation, diphtheria, rnq slcEness- 13mos. 21 das - - 10ts.2S Mother, - eoo.0nement, heeri trouble ano_. rneumatrsm; child l2 yesrs, nearu E7 10mos,25 trOuble- das.. ]Iotber, conqnement (baby 88 5 mos. 2i das -. 67.60 died). rt9i!ll:,o-c-!9s operarion; ahild L vear, convulslons, 90 3 mos. 3 das -. 72.84 Fatbel..ppq colds;.mother.misca rriage BU CnU(Uen.eolds- 95 I mc.29 das -. Father, in-fla_mmatory rheumatism: mornel, hdney trouble; child ll years, leakage -of hearl; all children, whooDtns coush_ 100 13mos. t6 d3s. llother, -pie?aiure birth, operation ,-EJ9t.S+rd z. ye,ars,.tonsils removed; au children, bad colds. i5 mos. 1 day. . 94.63 5, 6, E,9.. l{ot}er..rhedmalis.m; child 5 Tnoopmg 1es, 13 cough. nos.10das - n. r. 8 mos., 2, lfother, con-0neilent; child 12 -v%rs. 6, to, 12. drseased tonsils, tfuearened with luberculosis; cblild Z y$rs, abscess 919I_":l$l{gq z vorsind s monthsl 106 16mos. 17 .las. . ucernouruned. Chiid 6 years,sbooping cough; child gmonia; whoopiig bough, I aEo1JSaJ!,p-nE Dad cold. 108 16mos.25das.. n. r. 2 MotherlL^nervousness; | child 10 y%rs, 112 lam6.2a (uDntnena- das.. {o.06 Mother, rheu-Dlatism, I goiter, newous- 118 la mos.28 nss. tlas.. &. ro Motber-, con_flnemeni; I _child 5 yers. 191:-ou-s:.rund,own: cbiidren 5, A, r tzo i t.i mos.s ttas-. n. r. 121I 15mos.3 das- . n. r.

122| 6 mos. i5 da-s.- 123I ll mc. Ai das. - n. r.

129 8 mos. 19 das - 135 12 mos. 2i das_. i I0, t2, I,t-.1Childl0years,scarletfeverinhosDital. r42 16 mos. 6 das - . *,'o,flo'.I q g6raii":d'ioi 143 13 I ":iX:tinpemenr, mos.22 das. . n. r. 3 t.3,6._._.1 hashad city doctsr 115 9 mos. 19 das. ] \"Jf3l;ft!Lx*, 45.11 3 I 6 mo-s., 3, i Father, has mastoid. trouble. $ 13mos. 19das. n. r. 6 J 9 mos., 2. , Father, rheumatism: mother, con.6ns 1 7, S, 13, I ment. 150 13mos. 22 das. D.t t/ ,lr,i ..l.11rgiJ"Tf,erlroubre, shourd bevo 152 12mos.20das. 5?,73 3 2'1t' 13"'l I "3l"tih:*l+*l,fr:,"".T1d,F".y^*::'

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 90 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELI'A.RE'

Durarr,pr T.rnr,n ll.--Fomilies reportittg illness.during the period of thefother's u'ncm' nloument-{'ontinued.

I Employ." AYerago menf, ot montNl mother. \u-'l Sched- Duration of DEJ J,1,e"ot"u"ti ule i lmern- duing orl child Iliness rcportcd hv tsmill' tn' ployrncnt. unem- :'"..hil- ]1 (years). I plot'.- Awaj dren. I mentr- from I

t;o s mos.zr oas.. n, r, r, preglant: thild 3.-Years, Ptt ] eve out: whole lail]'quaran- i tinedI for scarlet fever.ferer. 161 6 mos. 2l das. - n.r. 6 l,9. Jl.13, I Children 17and 1 lears, influenza. 15,15. 17.17 I 16,1 12 m6. 20 tLBS- 4, l1'17, 13, I Child 16 years, operation. 1D. lO. 169 14mc. l6 ais- n. r. 2 e,s-].....-l Child 9 vean, Thooping cough; child

173 15 m6. I das- . n.r. 3 17,1 15 mG. E das. - ll. r, 2 3:il.-...... 1iiott'"i,"oneriii"n; child 4 5errs,srih- I nomalandr'fi1s":childiyesB'tonsils and ad 179 12mos. 16das-. $.r3.4c .l 8 m6. 4, Mother, con 6,3. vessel. 180 i2mc. ?{ das--l :17.48 I mos., 7, ]Iother, confinement: child 7 ]'ears, ton- I 8. sils aird adenoids removed. 182 13m6. 19das. -l n. r. 2 tt lA 18ti 1.!ms.3das..l n. r. 4,9,74.--. general 187 15m6-- --. - -..i i2.14 3 7 0 1n mother, 190 t2 mos.21 das. .l 123.N 3 l, 3, 6, 9. other. rheumatism: child 6 -Yeax, l 11,13, 1t diphtheria; child I years, scarlet lever 17. 194 12mos. 24 das. - j n. r, 4,7, 12,71

195 emos....--....1n. r. 4 I mc., 7, 9,11. 196 11mos.2E das..l 76. 80 6 2,3,8,8,9, l5- 19E ro-*...... -,1n. r, 1.5,6.. .. i 203 tzmos. ro das. -l 70. 94 3,5,8..... 205 10mc.10das..i 79.63 5 I mos.,3, 5,7,9. 2W 12mm. 23 das. . 157.34 6 7,4,5,7,9, j 12. 212 16m6.2 das-- ifi.77 1 7._.------.tr(other, general health not good, com' Dlieaiion following infl uenza. 213 13mG. 2 d3s- . n. r. 4,7, 11,t4 Fdther. srinpe; mbther, sore l:nee; child' lfveers. searlet fevor. 17mos. 18das- - n.r. 3 5,6,8.-.- Mother. oneration; child 5 yean, tonsils aid ;denoids removed, epi.leptic; child 6 y6aN, mumps. 2t6 15 mrE. 3 das. . n,r. 5 6, 10, 13, lfother, not very srrong' op€n sore on 14, 16. anllo resulting from opemttoD 2 yean ago. 2t7 12m6. 15das-. 49.49 3 5 m06.,4,6. Children. 4 and 6 Years, scarlei fever. 213 7 mff. m das- - n.r. 1, 4, 7, r0, child 4'vears. diphtheria and pneu' 12. monie: ebild 1 vear, brokcn leg' 2m i9 mo6. 6 das- - 65.4{ 5 1, i,12,14, Fsther. iee brokin and foot crushed, run irvei by auto; mother, con-dne- menr. 13mG. 5 das-. 3, 5, I, 13.. Chilal 13 years, tuberqilosis of bone, leg in a crist; ail children, scarlet fever antl diphtheria. ya 15 mos. 5 des. - n. r. l/ 5 1,4,9,77, Child 4 tears, rheumatism. 13. TA 15mos. 12ds. - 119.71 / 2 8,10..-..-Child 8 veers. diPhtheria. y30 16mos. 1l dls- - n. r. t/ 1, 5, 7, 10-. Fatber.'oDer8tio-n for rupture; child I veer-' dibhtheria and mumps, 15mm. 23 das. . 109.29 / 6 5,8,10,11, Mathei, cblds and backscbe; chiltlren 13, 14. l1 and l3 vears. diDhtheria. 2 n. r. / 2 Child 2 yeari, intantile paralysis: chi]d, aee n. r. died, stomach troirble. 6 mos. 17 das. . / 2,6,9,72-Motber, "run dmn"; chiltl I Yssrs, mlmDs. 1 yr. 4 mos. 1 da t/ 6 3, 7, 8, rO, Father,^ rheumatism; mother, miscsr- t2,13. rirg6, nervousDess,

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University TITE FAMIIIES OT TITE UNEI,IPLOI'}iD. 91

Dntalr,no T,rnr,n li.-Fomtlies repmting illtressduring theperiod of thefuther'sunem. nlwment-Cottinued.

l ImDlov- JAverage meit rif Nm lmonthlj mottrer. ire,soucer bcr Aso olcach I oulng of cruto Illncss reported by family (years). I uSem- chil- I ploy- dren. I mem.

9 mos.9 tlas.. 4 4, 8, 10,i2. tr'ather, nervous indigesticrn'r etracks" ; molher, two operations; chiid 1t vears. tnemolue^arlo . 214 10ms.10 das- n. r. Fd-rllcr, accident: molher, con- f,nFment;.hjld I vpar, grinpe. 246 1yr.7 ms. 12 $53.70 Jtofher, brcakdown'on acCouiLof hard oas. lYork and worrY. 252 6 mm, 23 das.. 11.10 Father, breakdoilrr; mothcr, nt'rvous,

oDprarino:child 9.,'cars.- olrLraiion. - 4 l0 mos.20das- n. r. Mn;lr^r^nFofi^n I Xr. 1 mo. 27 3+.09 ('hild 14 ]'c:rrs, jnfecred ronsils; cLild das. 12 vears. heart tronble. 262 I ]'r. 4 mos. 6 Fath-er, biood poisoning; mother, con- 0s. fnemcnl; child 3 ycars, eye and face eul: .hild 1 r'car. htnd crushed. 253 2 Xrs. I mo. 6 Child 2 years,3pinal trouble. oas. 1 1 vr. 4 mos. 6 n. r, l{other, con-finement; child 2 years, das. ronslulus. 2t)5 1 -vr.n. r. m6. Mothcr, neryous trouble: child ? ycars, - GS. ptomaine poisoning; child g years, stomach trouble. 8 mos. I d8s. - llother, $'orn out; child 8 vears, eye trouble; children l0 and'12 J-ears, udernourished. 1 yr. 10 das-.. Child 5 years, tonsillectomy and colds; child 5 yeafs, colds. " 1Xr.7mc.6 lIother, "nrn dorvn": c1iik1 12 years, GS. anaemic; child 13 ycars, gland opera- ilon. n3 8 mos. I das.. 46. 14 lfother, grippe end general breakdoml. n4 6 mos. 23 tlBS. . n.r. IIother, ear trouble; children 4 and 5 tears, eirr lruuhle: clfld 4 years, icelh inJffred; c[ild 5 ]'cars, ion-sil: tectomT,-conlinement; n7 4mos.-..-.--- n. r. 2 21das., 2 \Iother, child 2 years, pneumonia and convulsions. n8 1 Ir. 1 mo. 29 85.93 1,4, 5, 8-.. trI-other, pregnanti chitdren 1, 5, 8 oas. Tears.crucken -inflDox. 288 1,yt. 2 mos. n. r. 7 4,7, 8, 12, A[ chililren hed uenza. oas. 13,16, 1? I mos. 19 das- - 2 t,12.------Motler, gippe; child 12 -rears, tonsil- lmTOmY, n5 6 mos. 13 das. . 7 2, 5,7,I, Father and chilthen I aDd 10 years, 10,12, 1.1 influenza; child 5 -vears, burned arni severelv. 300 1 yr. I mo. 15 5, 7,9, t2, llother, 6pcration for cancer. oas. 15,17. 301 1 yr.3 mos. l8 10,15.....-Mother, ill; child l5 -ysrs, itr hospitel. das. 310 1 ]'r.2 mG. - 7, 9, 12, 14 Tather, rheumatism (can not work oas. regularl-y); child 1-1years, operation on trcao. 313 6 mos.20das-. n.r a t2,L3, 1a Ctrild l2 r'e'rr.. hrs beou ili. in opcn-air 16. _sciool h,^\: chiid Ij 1,:rr:. nor weII. 316 8 mos.23 das-. 5,8,11, ^"a1nel, penllmon3. 324 1 ]'r. 1 mo. 18 9, 10, 13 flothcr. neuritis: child 6 r'errs, cold: oas. chjldren 9 and l:t vears, ronsils and adenoids remor.ed.- 32b 1 1n. 2 mos. 21 3,5,7,9,10. Mother, run downbecanse of overworki oas- ctuld 7 years, lonsrtjr:rs: chr.ldI ) cars, tuberculosis of the hip. 33r 46. 53 Child 3 vears. nneumonia. 6 mos. 28 das - . Lrulo / vejrs. rntstnal TrouDle. 78.28 M ot\er,. con-Oncment, pregnanr lgain; cas. cro10I Year,veal. mumDs. 335 9 mos.25das.. 50.86 lfothcr, threatcnedthreatened lvithrvilh tuberculmis;tuberculosis; child 7 ycars, diphrheria and cold; cru10crulo lbrD Ye3rs.Years.coLd. 336 9mG. 25 das.-. 101.69 Childrild 4 vears.years, nripnemonia: child 6 years tonsilitonsils rrmorreno\rcd, er.l, ldd[erkidney trouble.I rolrhle. I0 mos.25 das- n. r, Motf er: heart-troubie_: chil4 years, p;i. .;il; d;""i;i"it: i't'iiaii_11 j-iiii iesults of beirg struck by auto.-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 92 UNEX{PLOY}II{NT :\ND OHILD WEL}-ARE.

Drrerr,no T.c.sr,r D.-.Fantilies repttrting illness during the period of thefather's unemploymcnt-Continued.

Illness rcported b:r family.

i rum I "'".'#:}' ' l.f ,bome.l r'l

i o... / do\T."; children 6 and 9 relN. ton. I sils removc,l: cliild 16 veirs thfesl- I ened rviLht.uberculosis.- 1y.ear,5mos.3 l 106.20 2das.,2,1,I Mother, conrinement: child 4 vears.-diphl oas. d, 7: 10. r onsitliiisi child 7 tears, nasai I I inerra. I yr. 2 rnos.o I 2. {,6, 8, I Futher. slrained back: child 2 vears. (tas. I l,13, 15, pneuinonia; child 13 vears.'.hiii criioled ] 1';. iro:n infantile parallsis; l5 l , ygars,.appendieiiis; cirild 16 years, I I DUndln one eYe. 351 1vr. 1mos.6l ,1,6, 8, 11, I Fatber, rLlcersoithe stomach; moLher, das. : rrou Dle. 354 1 yr. 6 mos. 'i 2, 4, 6, 9, Falhpr, frippc; mother, abscessuder oas. 13,15. arnr, grir,pe:chilrlren 2, +, 6, 8, 13 fcars, glippe; child 18 years, pncu- l i monla. 358 2]TS.3das 65.76 3 J,;,\..-..1 .Volher,"not strong":. child 4 ycars, I DOlls.tonsus remoled. 361 7 mos,12 das- 62.70 ...... 1 2 .1,;...... Child 4 yoars,diphthcria: cbild i 1 mrs, nelrf, tTouble. 365 L yr.2 mos.16 2C5.03 li 2 9, 1;-.. -... Fathcr, lnatariq; mother, Bright's d.is- os. 1""' case (diedt: child 1i vears.' nervous- I nessdnd leakase ofhearl. 2 yrs. m das-- I,7----.---1 Father, effectsoi being gassedin rvar: inl ] mother, weak and rieivous; child 1 I year, undernourished: child 7 t'ears.' tl I irndernourished and needs slasses. I r[o. 29das.. n. r il 4, 10-.-. --.I \{otber, confinernent(child died). Families handicappedby illness. The many factors interrelated with illness in the families of unemployed men-whether as cause, efiect, or merely occurring coin- cidently-are best shown in illustrations such as the following. The father of five children, ranging in age from L to 11 years, was born in England 35 years ago, has been in America 19 years and has taken out his citizenship papers. The mother is American born. They live in a respectableresidential sectionof the city. The house needspainiing, but, otheru'iseis in good repair; it has furnace heat and gas. It is well furnished. There is a yard of good size in the rear. The father was a machinist in a shoe factory and earnod about $140 a month. In June, 1921, he injured his hand with a needle; blood poisoningset in, and when he was well seyeralw'eelis later he could not get work. Since then he has earnedonly $30 at irregular work. Besidesthe father's accident the family has had a great deal of illness and misfortune. Last September the 3-year-old giri lost the sight of one eye as the result of a fa1l. The rvhole family has just come out of six weeks' quarantinc for scarlet fever. The father had temporary work at the time the children rvere taken ill and had

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University THII FAXITLIES OI' T.HIj UNIIMIJL()Y!]D. 93

to give up his job. The mother is pregnant aud expectsconfinement iu tr'ebruary, and is feeling so miserable that she has to spend most of her time in bed. The mother sa,yseyerJr time the cirildren go out they contract coids, and she attributes this to undernourishment. They have never had much sicknessin the family before. The mother would like to give the children milk but can not afrord it. She used to buy 2 quarts daily but nou'buys none, and the chil- clrenare not given milk at schooi. The family has eaten more bread rrnd sirup the iast six months than ever before-to make up for the lack of other things. The mother saysthev have had no new clcthes, but that shc has done her best to make over evervthing in the house. Sirehas eyen talien her last petticoat to make a dressfor the riltlest girl: she does noi need it, as she spendsmost of her time iri beti. The famiiy is deepll. in debt. They o11.egne doctor a bill of $60, and the specialisl,l-ho operated cn the little girl's eye, $150; also $80 to a grocer, and a large amount to the citr- for rent ald groceries. They have had to drop all their insuraneepolicies-$1,500 for the father, $350 for the mother, and small iniiustrial policies costing 10 cents a month for the children. A young Irish couplehas been unable to keerpup thc par-meutson the insurance policies rvh.ichboth irr'utlbeen crili'-r-ing,tr,ncl this has meant the lossof a large part of the $l.i1.4-1rlreadr: paid in. During the year's unemplovment of the father, ther. haye also gone into debt for food and medical attenclanceto ihe amount of $E8. The father has secured temporarv jobs a.mountinE1,r) something over two months' time, and the rno+"herfor six month-qseu-ed in the alter- ation room of a department store, earning $15 rveekly.' Thc two little girls of 5 and 3 years were left in the care of the father whcn he rvas at, home, and at other times wil,h a, ncigh"iior'. iho mother is not norv rvorking, and the 912 a week lvhich the father is eaming . at citl- rvork representsthe entire income. The elcierchild has had her tonsils removed during the year, and both children ha,vesufiered much with colds. i{ot able to afiord coal to heat ail of their four- room apartrnent,the famil-l'is living in the kitchen and one bcdroom. Thc children are drinking large quantities of tea, bccausethe par.cnts cirn.not aflord to bu1' rnilk. In a Slavic family consistingof a father, two sons of 10 and 16, and two daughtersof 14 and 18 years, the mother died nine months ago, after a lingering illness. The father is a blacksmiih's helper and had been a steady worker, the mother had been economical, and the familv had managed to save $1,200by the time the father Iost his jcb. During the 14 months he has been out of work he has earnedjust $88.90. The 16-vear-oldboy earned$30 on a farm last summer, the oldest,girl rvorked two weeks making about $7.50 a

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 94 UNEMpLoyM.ENT AND ctHILD wELTARE.

week, and the rent of the secondfloor had brought them $180,making a total of $313 since the period of unemployment began. The doctor came eyery day during the last two or three months of the mother's illness, charging $3 a visit. This bill has al1 been paid except g15 or g20, and also the funeral expenses,vrhich came to $500. Thes: bills, plus expenditures for food and clothing, have eaten up eve^y cent of their savings. The 1S-year-olddaughter has beenkeeping house since her mother's death. Just trr-o weeks before the agent's visit she had obtained rvork in a shirt iactory, to earn money enough for clothes for herself. The house seemedbeautifully kept, but the father thought it rvas too hard for her to work and to keep house too. The 16-year-old boy has finished the eiglith grade and is now going to a businesscollege. It means a real sacrificefor the familv, for it costs $150 a year, but l,he father wili not let him stop. I{e says that if the boy has an education he can get a job anywhere, and he will be able to help him-the father-in later )-ears;but if he doesn't get an education he wiil never be able to get along in life. The father is very much interested in helping his chiiclren to get ahead and become respected citizens. The rent from the second floor is being usedfor the bov's schooling. A team driver lost his place in tlie late summer of 1921because of lack of work. There are seyen children in the family, about tx'o years apart, the youngest a child not a month old and the oldest 13 years of age. The father is rapidly losing his eyesight. The city had given him employ'ment for three weeks, and then laid him ofr becausehe could not seewell enough to perform even the unskilled job of a laborer. This family of nine is living in four undesirable rooms, almost unfurnished; ra,gswere stufied in the broken rvindows. Living in an apartment of four rooms on the first floor of a two- story frame house is a family of eight. The father is a native-born American, 31 years of age, the mother a fraillookilg woman of 30, a Hollander'. Of the sk children the youngest are twin girls 3 months old and the oidest is a boy of 7. The houseis in a fairly good residence. neighborhood, and is comfortably furnished. A iarge basket of clothes stands ready to be ironed. The home and the babies are kept spotlesslyclean, for the mother says "I just have to have things clean even though it takes all my strength." IVhen worki:rg the father earned about, $130 a month as a core maker, but becausehis family was large he could save very little. Consequently,less than a month after he lost his job he was forced to ask aid from the relief society. He has now been out of steady work about a year, during which time he has rvorked very irregularly on a bridgo that is under construction. He has a horror of debt, so

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with the exceptionof a $57 grocery bill, u-hich the famil.vwas obliged to run last summer v.hen he could find nothing whatever to dofhe has paid cash for everything, going without rvhenever there is no money on hand. The mother says they live on bread, jam, and potatoes most of the Cme. The children often go to their grandmother''sacross the street, becausethere is nothing in the house to eat. The mother is grateful for the help already given. X'or trvo months after the trvins rvere born a class of young giris at the churcir sent 2 quarts of milk a day, but now the family is taking only a pint or two and the mother adds hot water to make it enough fol the children's oatmeal. The mother's pregnancy iras complicated the situation, for during the months v'hen she specially need.edgood food, rest, and {reeclom from v'orry she was forced to rvork rerS htrrd under a sever.elrer\-ous strain and'w-ithlittle to eat. Just prior to her conflnementin october she broke do*n completelv from undernourishmentand rvorrv, a.d after the tv-ins *ere born she u'as weak and nervous and generaily wretched. The other grandmother has taken the 4-year-old girl home with her to Michigan because the mother is not well enouEh to care for so many children. Th9 family had paid $50 on a lot they were buying, but were forced to sell for $20 becausethey were unable to keep up the payments. The father has also had to give up his membership and insurance in a lodge to rvhich he had belonged silce he *u, u bo5,. The grocery bill and a doctor's bill of between $25 and $100 are worrying the family considerablv.

rn anotherfamily the father had tried to do city work for trvo weeks but had broken down becausehe was not used to outdoor labor. There were three children-l, b, and 8 years of age. The pregnant mother had to stop her work, and the family was at the end of its resourcesw'hen the S-year-old son was run oyer by an automobile. The owner of the car ofiered to pay the parents $12b to settle the caseout of court and thereby relieve himselJof all further responsi- bility in the matter. I'he pareuts were more tiran willing to accept the money. The boy's front teeth were knocked out, and two teeih had been driven into his jaw, causing great pain. His collar bone also was broken. He was attended by the family doctor becausehe was "cheaper than dowrr-tow-ndoctors." He chargedoniy $1b, and ((9110 the mother explained that they were clear', on the boy,s accident. The $110was usedimmediately for family livirg expenses. The injured boy was unable to eat solid food on account of the condition of his mouth. His mother said he cried from hunger, but sho could afrord to buy him very little of the two things that he could eat with any degree of comfort-milk and eggs; he finally had to

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oat food that hurt his mouth. He has "picked up a little," but the schoolhas sent home word that he is still 10 pounds under weight. The "g110 clear" tided the family over & few weeksuntil the father began to get a little money from odd jobs. In order that her children might look as well in school and at work as the other children of the neighborhood,one mother has not hesi- tated to adri to her other heavy tasks the rnaking of clothing for ail seven of ihem, even their stockings, and hats for the girls. There were five girls, 7, t, 13, 16, and 17 years of age, and two boys, 4 and 12 years of age. An uncle lives with the family as a boarder' The eldestgirl is rr'olliilg, and the secondhelps an aunt most of the time rvhenshe is not irr school,so the mother doesall the work necessary in n irouseholdof 10persons. Her burdel.s\Yere still further increased rvhen the children rii had the influenza during the first winter after the father lost his steady employment. Perhapsthe family epidemic of in{luenze n-.a}-be partly accountedfor by the fact that during that rvinter less thari a ton of coal was used, oil stot'es serviag, on occasion,to heat their eight-room home. They had been making pavrnents on this house for fi.ve years, but after the father losl his work it becam.er-ery difficult to meet taxes and interest. Last year tb.euncle helped, but this year the mother feels there w-ill be no way of meeting the $S8 tax bill which v'ill fall due in a few days. ,l Russian-Polishfamily has beenlivirrg in the samehouse for seven yeaxs. They have been buying it by monthiy payments which incrlr:deinterest and a small amount of the principal. They occupy the lower part of the house and receive $18 a month for the second floor. The father, a man of 37 years, can speak English but cart not, read. ,\lthough he has been in the tinited States since he was 21 and brislived in this city for the last 12 years hc has never applied for citizenship papers. IIe and his rvi-fehave been industrious and thrifty, for in addition to the pavments on the housethey had saved $1,000,although there are six children from 1 to 12 years of age. The rvorks il l-hich the father was ernployed as a molder were shut down a little oyer & year ago. With their savings, the rent the family receivedfrom their tenants, and the father's earnings at temporary work (tho'ughthis has amounted to less than $300 in the year), it rvould seem as if the condition of this famil;r shouid not have been desperate. But the mother was ill and had to have an operation,and during the riile months of her illness all of the $1,000 was absorbedin paying the hospital and doctor"sand druggists,leaving a bill of $38 still unpaid. So the family, almost wholly deprived of the mother's serricesand cale, beganto acquiredebts-for pa5zments orr the house, in-.ulance, food, gas, a cash ioan of $150, and the rneCicrrlattendance rnentioned-until they now owe $474.32, and their savingsof years are gone.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University UNEMPLOYMENT AND T}IE RELTEF PROBLEM IN RACINE. lb The preceding discussion of the charitable aid Eiven the famiries selectedfor visiting showsthat over one-halfof them had beenforced to apply for assistancefrom public or private relief agencies. More than two-thirds of those rvho askedfoi aid did so within half a year after the father x'as thrown out of work; more than a third of tlem reachedthis extremitv rvithin three months. rt is believed that the information securedfrom the families visited in the two cities pr.e- sents a much mole iust picture of the relation between oo"trrpioy_ ment and dependency upon relief than can be formecl throuE6 the records of relief societies since these relate onlv to g"o.[. of dependents. rt was, however, deemed of interest io this- stuhy to secureinforrnation concerningthe relief problem, through stu,ily of the casesdealt u,'ith by public and p'ivate relief ageicies, tlose especiallyin rvhich unemployment rvasgiven as the r.eisonfor needing aid. The main relief agenciesin Racine were the central Association, a privately supported oiganization cooperating with the public rrgenciesand the city poor department. There was also -rvho a county poor agent, gave aid to families having no legal residencein the county, and also to transients. Because of the unusual need, in -\pril, 1921,the city appropriated $50,000for the reiief of the families of the .unemployed. This aid rvas given through the existing relief agencies' TrrE cITy coMl\rISsARy. The city commissaryrvas establishedin octcber, 1921. The fund for the commissarvwas tahen from the unexpendedbalance of the $50.000appropriated in April. $20,000being added to this amount in January, 1922. one large manufact'ring concern had been helping their former employees who neecletf assistance, through crranting them grocery orders as ]oans. Tliis company donated the useof quarters for the city cornmissary,and provided lighi and heat. In turn, they were allowed thc rise of the city commi.rTu"y for their families, reimbursing the city fund rnonthl;,. Ilg suppliesrvere given in the form of loans, except that in cases in which repayment seemedimpossible free aid mighi be given. To apply for credit,at the commissarS'the unemployedLan hid to come to the office of the central Associationor of thl city superintendent of the poor. unless the family was already known, trr6 application t5See pp. 79 to 8{

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rvas investigated. \\4ren it hatl been approved, the father signed rr, promissorynote to repay the debt at_therate of $3 eachpay day after L" ,."*.d empio;,ment. He rvas then given an order on the commissary,and checkedthe articleshe desireclon a list of staple articles of food and.householcl suppiies. The provisionsoould not be secu'ed until the follorving day, since a copy of the order had to be sent to The the city comptrJler, .rvho fonvalded it to the ccmmissary' ageoci". receivedfrom the cit-Vcornptroller monthlY statementsfor eich of the famiiies to $,hom they had given orders so that a family could at any time find out the amount of its debt. A ledger account for each familS' rvas kept at the offlce of the city comptroller' Only one <.rr6ercoulJ be securedby n,family i. a week. Thc list from v'hic1i selection was macle specified the follo$'ing items, rvitir iimitations as to quantities: 2 pounclsorrrons. { bushel potatocs. 2 poundsbutteri-ne. 3 pouncls carrots. 2 poundslard. 3 pountls rutabagas. pound peanut butter' 3 pounds cabbage. pound coffee. 2 poundsoatmeal. pound cocoa. 2 pounds cornmeai. pound rice. 2 cakes yeast. pound beans. { pound barley. 1 pound spaghetti. I sack rvheat flour. 3 pounds sugar. ] sack rye flour. 3 pounds boiling beef. I pound prunes. 1 pound salt pork. 1 pound dried apples. jelly. 1 can sirup. I pound 1 pound cheese. I package pepper. 1 dozen eggs. 5 pountls salt. I can tomatoes. 1 can mazola. 1 can pcas. 1 package Poetum. 2 canscondensed milk. I pound tea. 1 can evaporatcd milk. 1 pound crackers. Vinegar. Oranges. Soap and other suppliesfor washing also could be ordered' An important item was the issuing of books of milk tickets as a part of the ordersfor provisions. fhs sommissarylist did not specify ihe number of such books that could be secured. Each book contained a dollar's worth of tickets for 11 quarts of milk' The following list shows the amount, of credit given families of unemployed men ttrrough the city commissary during the first three months of its operation: families of loans to Number of -\mount montbs. January 21, 1922 aided in 3 Total - - 308 40 LesBthan $5...... -. -. 63 $5,less than $10-.. -.. 39 $1b,less than $15--..-'

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Amount of loans to Number of families January 21,1922. aidod in 3 months. $15,less than 920-- - " 34 g20,less tfran gSO---.--.: --- -... -. -. -.:. -.. . Ss 930,less than $40-...- - 33 $40,less than $ir0-.- 21 $50,lessthan$60-.---- 11 $60,less than $70.-. -- - 6 $70,less than $8C)..-.. - 2 The total amount of the credit or aid given during the three months was$6,282.63, avera,ging $20.40 per family'.

RELIEF WORK AND LOANS BY FACTORIES. One of the largest concerns in Racine-an implement works- employed in normal times betrveen4,000 and 5,000 men. Early in January, 1922,it had only about 700 men working. Previous to the establishmentof the city commissary this company gaye their former employeesorders on local grocers. These were in the form of loans, the men signing a promissory note to repay the amount at the rate of $3 each pay day rvhen they had regular employment. It was stated that if the company found that a man could not pay back at this rate, he rvould be allowed to pay according to his ability. The only requirement for eligibility to these loans rvas that the man must have been a former employeein good standing. In all excepi emergencycases, inyestigation was made before the loan was granted. With the establishmentof the city commissary, arrangements were made to give orders on the commissary for groceries,coal, and underwear, on promissory notes as before. Books of milk tickets were also issued. Each month the company reimbursed the city for the cost of the articles rvithdrawn. This company collected food prices for each month, and made up budgets, estimated according to the prevailing prices for the month, on which they basedtheir relief work. Information as to the quantities of food and householdsupplies needed was obtained from the families of the employees.'6 N{edicalcare was given to families by the company doctor. A small number of men had been placed at outside work through the factory's employment office. During the year 192i, about 300 families of formor employeeswere aided with credit,for groceriesand other necessalies. Another large manufacturing plant, granted similar loans to men who had been in the empioy of the company for at least six months, and who had not quit of their own accordor been discharged. The procedure here was for the man to apply to the welfare worker for each order, signing an agreementwith the company to repay the loan at the rate of $3 eachpay day when he should be taken back to work permanently. Groceries and fuel were obtained in this manner. A

16geo details of budget, p. 37.

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grocery order for a certain amount would be given, io be filled by grocels rvith whom the company had made agreementsfor trade. The needsof eachfamily were consideredin granting the orders, the famill: heing permittecl to select the food. The welfare worker chechedup on the itcms as the bills came in from the stores,and she frequentlv taught the families how to buy and cook economically. This compa,nydid a great deal for their families at, Christmas time, sending them food, toys, and Christmas trees. OId clothing was collected and given to those who neededit. The families who received loans from the companv were not supposedto receive aid from thc public or private relief agencies. tlp to the middle of January, 1922163 families of former employeeshad been aided by loans,'and 52 had been given clothing.

THE CITY POOR OFFICE. The city superintendentof the poor reported 17that there had been four times as much need for city aid during the year 1921-the unemployment period-as there had been in the preceding year. In i920 a total of 84 caseswere recordedon the city's books, as against 336 for the year 1921. The 1920cases included 120 adults and 146 children; in 1921 the numbers \rrere622 adults and 963 children. It was impossible to securefigures in regard to the number of families aided in each of these years but the comparative number of children reported rvould seem to indicate that approximately six times as many families with children were given aid during the unemployment year as during the precedingyear. The office of the superintendent of the poor formerly gaye grocery orders on local stores,but after the establishmentof the city commissary all orders were filled through it. In 1921 the expenditures for groceries totaled $17,303.21as compared with fi2,952.25for the preceding vear; the rent item ($5,792.60)w-as almost six times as large as for 1920. Other expenditureswere: Fuei, $2,169.141shoes, $544.55; burials, $290.50; caring for sick in homes, ffa57.78;'caring for sick in hospitais,$1,385.65; miscellaneous, $392.77. The total expendedfor aid during the year was fi28,472.50,exclusive of salaries and other expenses of conducting the office. The monthly totals show a definite increase as the unemployment period continued, ranging from $787.60in Januar)- to more than $3,000 in IVIay and June,.therebeing a slight decreasein the last two months of the year.

THE PRIYATE RELIEF AGENCY. The largest private relie{ society in Racine rvas called ihe Central Association. In addition to a relief department this organiz.ation """d"111fi1v_''lr!lv'11_o-!t:tt-l!"sr_-",rgydrr"1:-"" lTRacineJournal-Nelvs, December 31, 1921.

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doing work by the day), and a "Big'Sister" department r,.rhich rvorkedwith girls. At, the time tiiis study was made the staff of the relief or "family dep:rrtment" included in addition to the superintendent rvho w-asin charge of all branches of the rvork of the association, a visiting housekeeperwho also passedupon the recommen- dations of the visitors in regard to aid to be given; one visitor who did all the investigation and supervision 'work with families other than unemployrnent cases;three visitors-two paid and one full- time volunteer-who devoted all their time to l'ork u'ith unemployment cases;and an office staff consistingof one interviewer, one file clerk, and one bookkeeper. Belief to families of unemployed men. On January 27, 1921,the Central Associationwas allotted a special fund of $25,651.07from the community "war chest." This fund was disbursed during the four rnonth! from February to X{av, inclusive. When relief was applied for, if unemployrrent was not a factor in the situation, the family was given aid from 'r,heregular fund of the association. When unemploSzmentrvas the occasionfor the need, the aid was given from the special city fund, through orders on thc city commiss&ry,a promissory note for the amount treing signed by the applicant. Previous to the establishmentof the cornmissaryin October, 1921, books of milk tickets were given out as reiief, and "unemployment" families. rvheneverpossibie, were given orders on the grocerwho had already allorvedthern credii but refusedto extend it further. The associationdid not grant grccery orders to families until their credit 'wasentirely exhausted,aithough it might help rvith fuel and clothing. When an order for coal was allol'ed a family, a promissory note was signedby the applicant. The associationhad paid rent in a few extreme cases, but refrained from doing so as much as possible. Rents paid by it were always in advance. Occasionallya landiord w&san applicant for aid, and the associationaided him by paying the rent,for his tenant. The associationreported that it, had given out at least 1,000 new garments, 5,000 articles of old clothing during 1921,and 200 layettes. It had alsoissued orCers on locai shoestores for 114pairs of shoesv'hich were dontrtedb-v a shoe-manufacturing company. Prescriptions \\:ere allorved to all sick people. If the family was one receiving commissary orders, the city doctor was called, the medicine or a.nything else ordered by the doctor was furnished to the family. Conflnement caseslr-ere sometimes given free care by the city health department Between the latter part of October, 1921, t'hen the commissary was established,and January 7, L922,852 commissarv orders s-ere

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University r02 UNE1VIPLOYMENT AND CI{ILD WEI.FARE.

issued by tire associationto 352 persons. About 20 of these rvere single men tc whom meal tickets were issued; the remainder represented families of unemployed men. It rvas estimated that about, 75 per cent of the men applying for aid becauseof unemployment, lrere totally unemployed; 25 per cent were partially employed,earning from $12 to 915 a week, which was noL enough to support their families. Frequently the families of men who had some work managed to buy food, and the association furnished them with clothing and other necessities. Xfany of the men had earned 50 cents now and then, with which they had paid their gas and light bills. About a fourth of the families had their gas and light shut off becauseof nonpayrnent, and many families were burning kerosene for lighting becausethey could get this on their commissaryorders. Increase in the relief problem. The annual report of the Central Associationfor the year November 1, 1920,to ){ovember t, !921, states tirat the society aided 2,027 families during the year, L,642 of rvhom came to their attent'ion becauseof the widespreadunemployment. Thus, the reiief problem dealt with by this society rvasincreased to over five times its usual proportions. The total amount of relief given through the association during the year was $30,938.36,lvhich inciuded the $25,651.07from the " war chest," fund, ivhich was used, as noted above,during the period extendingfrom the lst of n'ebruary through the month of \[ay, 1922. A comparison of the amount expended for relief during this year of seriousindustrial depression,with the amountsfor the four preceding years is showrr by the follorving figures: July 1, 1916,to June 30, 1917. $718.41. Juiy 1, 1917,to June 30, 1918. 1,450.19 July 1, 1918,to June 30, 1919. 2,125.60 c JuIy 1, 1919,to June 30, 1920 2,917.77 t le Nov. 1, 1920,to Oct. 31, 1921.. . .. 30,938,36 n Comparative data in regard to the number of families aided were f, securedfor four years, as follor,vs: Famliosaided_ 1, 1917,to June 30, 1918" 391 c July .) July 1, 1918,to June 30, 1919. 387 Nor'. l, 1919,to Oct. 31, I92O.- - 441 a Nov. 1, L920,to Oct. 31, 1921-- - . 2,027 The above figures shorv that five times as many families were given aid during the unemplo;rment period as the average during the preceding ye&rs,and that the averageamount of relief for each family during the unemployment period was about three times as much as in precedingyears.

lE Change itr trscal year. Amount of relief given frorn July 1, 1920,to Oct, 31, 1920, was f610.53. le heiudes $25,651.07from"war chest."

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FAMILIES GIVEN AID BECAUSE OF UNDMPLOYMENT. The November, 1g21, records of the private relief agency were examined and a crosssection study was made of all the ttimilils that applied for aid apparently becauseof the father's unemplovment. lho totfll nurnber of such families applying during the monih u-as 17s. The 179fathers had been employedin 32 different establishnrenrs. mainly foundries or factories *hu"" farm implements, electric"i-r.rp- plies, automobiles,or rubber products l-ere made. Duration of unemployment before.applymg for aid. x{ore than three-fourths of the families (1Bg) rvere new to the aflency and had. applied for aid for the first time during this unern- ploynrent period. of these, E4 per cent appiied for cilaritable aid within three rnonths of trre time lhe father ''as thro*n out of work. of the total 17g families, one-seventhrequired assistancewithin a month of the time rvhen the fathe. lost his job. The foilowing list shorvstirese facts iir more detail for the families for rvhorr tt n ti-n rvasreportcd, accordingto ''hether the famil-v applied for aiclfor the first tirne during this unernploymentperiod pr"oio,r.ty kro*_ to the society: ";;; New '"""",,j]'scases Old cases P0riod lrefilro afl'licf,tioil for aid. rTilYinc Total 116 9.1 ... Lessthan I mon1h. t2 E l-3 months- 5I 10 4-5 months. 2S J 6 monthsand or-er. J Nativity and residence of fathers. The greatest contrast appearsbetween the nativiivity of the fathers of this gloup and thrnt .rvhite of the males 2l years of age and over in the.generalpopulati,l of trre city. of the former, zs-p".-"ur1 *."." naf,lve and 72 per ccnt foreign born; the correspondingpercentages for the generalpopuiation w-ereb6 and 44- only 5 per . cent of the 179fathers were knou-n to have rived in the city during their entire lives, another 5 per cent had iived there for 20 yerr.rs or longer. None of the families had corneto the city within year, & but more tharr half had been residentsfor less than l0 years. Length of father,s residence in city. Per cent distribution.

{90C0o_,8--S

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Children in families given aid. In 176 of thesefamilies there were 595 children under 18 years of age.'o The following list gives the number of children in eachfamily: Number of families Number of chiltlren in fBmily. reporting. -nI /t)

2-.-.-...-.-. a; 3-- -- -... -. -. 46 e1 22 7 5 a 2

There were more families with three children than with any other mrmber, and the families with one, two, or three children formed 59 per cent of the total- About one-tenth of the children were under 1 year of age. These families showed a preponderance of children under 7 years of age- 56 per cent as comparedwith the 45 per cent in the generalpopulation. The percentagesof children from 14 to 17 years of age in- clusivewere 9 in the group applying to the associationand 10 in the general population. Nmber of childretr iu Ages of children. iamilios reporting, Total..... 595

Under1 year--..-.-.-.. 59 1-6 years- 271 7-131'ears..... zTL 14-15years" 36 16-17 years- l< Not reported.- 3 Employment of children. Onl5r40 families had children 14 years of age or oYer. Of the 51 children of working age, only 13, in the same number of families, were working during the time aid was given. Thus, in more than two-thirds of these families, children who might have been employed were presumably unable to find work or were not eligible for *oiki.rg permits because they had not completed the required schooling. Illness in the families. Of the 179 families, 106 (S9 per cent) were reported as having had some seriousillness during the period of the father's unemployment. The details in regard to the members of the families who were ill are as follolt's: *x I'orli .oor,r*uin,ino *oo ai""ni ilte *ur" .up".iJ]- "ornuo, "u-ilo.eo ""t

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University UNDMPLOYMENT AND THE RELTEF PROBLEM IN B.ACINE. 105

Memborsor ramilies havins illness. "T"HTlilXH:* Total.-.-- -....-.. fOO Mother. - - Father--... -. - 10 One or more children--.. - lT tr{otherand father.--- 6 Mother and one or more children... lz Father and one or more children. -.. -. - z Mother, father, and one ol mole children- -. - - _ 4 In 63 famiiies, or more than a third of the entire group, tho mother vraspregnant or confined during the time the father was unemployed. This disability of the mother, added to her special need for medical seryiceand other assistance,was undoubtedly the real occasionfor the application for aid in a considerableproportion of these families. . FBEE MILK TO SCHOOLCHILDREN. In the latter part of 1921, the Women's Civic League raised a special fund for furnishing milk to school children. Each school sent weekly reports to the milk committee of the league, noting the improvements that appeared to have followed the supplying of milk in the case of each child. The children received the milk free or were charged a nominal sum. The teachers decided which children should have the milk free. It was reported that some children who had been pa;ring and were no longer ablo to do so, frequently discontinued drinking milk because they were too proud to say that they could not afford to buy it. The following list shows that 2,131 children in 14 schools of the city (including one parochial school) were served miik during the week of January 16, 1922,of whom at least 742 (35 per cent) receivedit free. t-T*iffitril"i1.J* schoor. "n*fu"i:'":* Total-... - . 2t 742 2rl. 106 1-. 70 90 2 r22 113 J 106 104 27 108 D 32 g4 6 15 7 60 '.'.ii; o 60 10. 22 251 tl-. 16 28 12 r27 87 1e 85 6l 14. 22 oi)

21Total not complete because data not reported from School No. 8. t: The principal and tho teachers paid for some of these childro!.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 106 LTNE}TPLOY}IENT AND C}IILD WELFAR,E.

On January !, 1922,it was necessaryto raise the price from 2 cents to 3 cents a day for eachchild; that same week 287 chiidren discontinued taking it. During the v-eek January 16 to 20, 23,104 half-pints of milk'vt'ere served to the school children of the city.

CHILDREN BROUGHT TO THE DAY NURSDRY. On January 15, !922, the day nursery conducted by the Central Association\\'as caring for 22 children from eight families in rvhich the mother rvas.working. Thesorepresented about half of the total number of children in the day nursery at that time. The attendance at the nursery rras not constant, becausethe mothers were doing ri'ork by tiie day which was not at all regular. In seven of these eight families the mother had not, rvorked prior to the unemployment of the father.. The nursery had previously cared for the of five other farnilies in which the father lvas unemployed. Th'e"hli.l.".r reasons given for no longer bringing the children to the numery were that the father had secured.$ork and the mother stayed home, the mother lost her u'ork and lvas not able to obtain any other, and in one case the mother died and the children rvere placed in an orphanage. The small number of children brought to the day nursery is largely explained by the scarcity of employment forwomen, and also by the fact that the unemployed fathers often cared for the children at, home during the mother's absence. The only day nursery in the city v'as inaccessibleto many families. One working mother walked three miles to place her children in the nursery. The largest numbers of children under c&re were reported for l{ay and June, 1920, early in the unemployment period, and again for August, September, and October, 1921- The total familics and children cared for monthly at this nursery from ,\plil, 1920, to January, 1922, are shorvnin bhefollowing iist:

Year and month. Families. Childen. 1920: ^Prrr..Anril - May-..----- 21 51 June-.- - 24 62 July-.- - 27 46 fruF,uJr..---- 20 49 September.- -- 2t 45 October----- 18 4l November-- ('n) (*) December- 19 41, 1927: Jamrary. 20 39 February- - 2L 45 Ifarch...... 18 44

2. Nuaber not reported.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University UNE]\fPLOYMENT AND THn RELInF PnoBLol\T IN nAcINE. 10?

Year and month. lamilies. children. 192l-Continued. April-.. .----..- 19 44 r\ray...... _.::::::::::::::.:::::::::.. le 42 June... --.-.-.- zr 46 July---- t9 52 August.-_--- 20 55 September_... 2g 70 October-.... 2-o bg November.. 22 b2 December.. 1b 47

MOTHERS' PENSIONS AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Unemployment \Masa factor in increasilg the number of mothers applying for and receiving pensions through the juvenile court, which administeredthis aid in Racine. fn August, 1g20,there were 85 widows receivingpensionsl on December14, 1g21,the number had increasedto 132. The court reported for the year ending Sep- tember 30, 1921,that 136families, with a total of SSZchildren, had been aided during the year, the sum expended for this purpose being$22,696. Thirty-seven of the women granted pensionsduring the year had been widowed for five or more years and had been able to support themselvesup to the time of applying for aid. Not only did mothers rn'howere employed outside of the home becomedependent through unemploynent, but those rvho r,veresup- porting themselves by taking roomers and boarders were deprived of this sourceof ilcome becausethe roomers left or were unable to pay their rent. The following are stories illustrative of the casesof mothers to whom pensions were granted in 1g21 becausetheir meansof livinE were cut off through the general unemplo5nnent:

Mother with three children. The father had been dead five years. Up to the time of application for a pension ilr tr'ebruary, 1921,the mother had been able to support herself and the children. She owned her home, but it carried a g1,200mortgage. She had plevi- ously been able to rent rooms, but becauseof the unemplovment situation in the city, she had not for some time been abie to get tenants. The only income she had at the time of application rvas rent from the downstairs flat. She was granted a pension of $20 a month.

A mother with two children-aged Z and b years-whose husband had been dead four years, applied for a pension in October, 1921. She had supported herself by working outside of the home and by renting the upper flat of the housewhich she owned. She hnd been "laid ofr" for some time previous to the application for aid, and.the

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 108 UNEMPI,(JYMENT AND T]IIILD WELFAR,E.

tenants in thdupper flat had not been able to pay any rent for five months becauseih" -un was out of work. A pensionof $12 a month was granted. A mother with three children, who had been earnilg from $18 to $22 a week, had been out of work for some time. she was buying her property, had paid $a,oo0on it, but still owed $1,100' She was given a pension of $20 a month.

Another mother had supported herself and one child by keeping boarders for the six years since h"r husband's death. Becauseof unemployrnent the boarders had left, and shc had not been able to get others or to fincloutside work for herself. The pensiongranted was$15. No matter horv many children a rnother had, or rvhat the hardships of her situation, the maximum pension she could receive in Racinewas $40,so the grants wereittadecluate irr lnany cases' Before the uneurplo5rmentperiod, supplementary aid to mothers receivirg pelsions hud b."o given only in exceptional casesby the private relief society. Such aid had usually consisted only of clothing. since the unemployment period began, far greater demand for supplementary aid in these caseshad been made, and orders for groceries as well as clothing had been granted to a much greater lxtent than formerly. The small amount of the grant that could be made undoubtedly explains why many of the mothers worked when they could secureemployment, instead of applying for mothers' pensrons.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University .FAMILIES OF MEN GIYEN EMERGENCY EMPTOYMSNT IN SPRINGFIELD.'' An earliel section o{ this repolt includes irrforrualion regaldirrg the plans for city employment that rvere put into operation in Springfield in August, 1922. Applications for the emergencyrvork furnished by the city street antl park departments \\reremade to the special employment offlce designated for the purpose by the mayor. The private relief society cooperatedin this enterprise and made the investigations for the employment office, r.isiting the homes of all the men applying for work, and verifying statements in regard to dependents, resources of the famil5', and other items neededin determining whether the applicants should be given city work Since it was necessarvto give preferenceto those who stood in the most imrnediate need, the work 'was limited to men with dependent children or rvith more than one adult dependent upon them. During the first six and a half months of the operation of the specialernployment ofiice, 1,017men weregiven citv work. Of these, 663were men t'ith dependentchildren. This last group was thought to constit'uteone of special interest in a study of the nature of the unemploymenL problem. The facts secured from records of the investigating office concerningthe 663 fathers of dependentr:hildren form the basis for the discussionthirt follorvs. THE FATHER'SPBEYIOUS EMPLOYMENT. Interval between loss of employment and application for city work. Almost one-fifth of the 663 men had annlied for citv work within a month after becoming unemploy.d, utd' nearly hali within three months. It is evident, however, that some of the longer intervals shownin the following list may be accountedfor by the fact that the offi.cewas not opened until August 1, 1921, when unemployment had been seriousfor somemonths.

Duration of uemolovment before Per cent applying for citi work. distribution.

Less than I month I I month-. 16 2 monthe- L2 3 months- I 4 montbs- 8 5 months- 5 6-11 monthe. 25 12-17months- 6

r See Appendlx A, Tables 47 and 48. 109

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 110 IrI\IIIMPLOYIIENT AliD CHTLD WET,FARE,

Weekly rvages. The weekly rates of wagesthese men had received in their previous emplo;rment were reported as follows: Per cent Former regular weekly wages. disiribution, Total- - 100

$10,Ir,ss thrn Sli.. -- -. : $15,less tnro SUO------. -- 11 $20,less than $2o..... 29 $2i, lcssthan $30...... 28 $30,less than $35.----- 16 $35and o\rcr-- - --. -. -. - 1-1 The above figures show that considerably more tlian hai{ the men with dependent children who were giyen city l'ork had receired in their regular emploJrmenta weekly wage of 925 or over. It is, therefore, of interest to find that two-fifths of the men preriously receiying such \yagesremained unemploved for six months or more before applying for city work, as against one-fifth of the men rvho had earnedless than $25. More than half the men in the lou-errrage group sought city employment rvithin three months of being throrrn out of work. Occupations. tr'or 628 of the men the last regular occupation\vas entered on the records. Thirty-three per cent had been in occupationsclassified as skilled, 19 per cent $-eresemiskilled workers, and 44 per cent rvere laborers. The remaining 4 per cent included retail dealers,clerks, servants,milroad employees,and others. Number of fathers Previorlsmcupation rep0nrng. Total. 628 Laborer. 27it trIachinist-. 89 Chauffeur.-. Filer, grinder. polisher-- - (,larpenter--..-..- t9 Painter,. 18 Machine operative- 13 Assembler---. 12 Mechanic- I Toolmaker-.- g, Drop forger-.- I trIason-- 8 Ifolder- 8 Inspector. 6 Metal worker, 6 Tinsmilh- 6 Weaver--, 6 Fireman- 5 Punchpressman.-..---- 5

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University FAMII.IES OF X{EN GIVII]V HMERGIINCY WONK IN SPRINGFIELD. 1 '1

Number oI Previous occupetion. fathers reporting- Serl'ant. Tire maker. 4 Woodworker. - 4 Steam fitter- - - 3 Shoemaker- 3 Billing and shipping clerli, _- _ 2 Box maker- I Cementfinisher- Clerk-.-- -,. Coremaker. ---:-. -.. - - - 2 Foreman. Machinist's helper 2 Millrni-L+ 2 Rifle tester- -,. 2 Stockkeeper-. 2 Welder-.. 2 Other 39 socIAL DATA' Ages of fathers. The . agesreported for these 663 men at the ti-" ,,t their applications for city gg work shoned that per cent rif them $,erein thJ vigor- ous years of life, bet'-een 21 and 50. The largest n'mber (es per cent) rverebet'*een B0 and 40,26 per cent \yere-bet\yeen21 and B0, and 25 per cent between40 and b0. A further 10 per cent wlre between 50 and years 60 of age,rvhile 14 men were 60 r,earsof age or over, and 2 were under 21. Nativity and length of residenee in city. The foreign born formed a considerablyrarger proportion of the 663 men than of thelsv generalpopulation 6vu!r@r yulJurauruu ofur iheLrte crLy-DzciTt-5t p..pOI cent, inln trrethe unemployed group as against 86 per cent in tn" pop"fotio".".rrt Men born in rtaly constituted nearly half of those of i".iif" ri"ih rvho were given citv rvork. of the remainder no considerablenuml;er- came_fromany one countrv-19 countriesbeing repres"rrtrd. only 52 of the 663men werenatives of the o" the olher ha'd, only 1 per cent "it"y; had been_inthe city for lessthan a year. A fotal of 53 per ce't had beenresident there for ressthan 10y"ur., 25 per cent for from 10 to 1g years; and 22 per cent for 20 yearsor ";;.: Number and ages of children. rn trvo families the ages and the nunber of ch'drcn \yorc not reported. rn the .ther 661 families there rvere 1,776children under 18 years of age' Ifore than half of thesechildren \lrereunder z years of age. the -rn generalpopulation of the city 48 p.' children under 18 ""rri-oiihe were under the age of Z years as comparedrvith 51 per cent in the unemployed group- Almosi two-fifths of the children

Provided by the Maternal and Chitd Health Library, Georgetown University (]HILD 112 TTNEMPLOY.I\TUN'I' AND IVELFARE. minimum were of compulsoryschool age. One-tenth had reachedthe as legal working age. The age distribution of these children w&s

follows: Numb€r ot children lrnder 18 years' Age ol child. r. Total... //o

IDD .l year. - . l'ndcr l a.) 1 year- r23 2 I'ears l acr 3 years 1ro 4 vears 115 5 ,vears, 723 6 vears- 113 7 yearu. 1ll 8 years- 101 9 vears. 10 year-s- D/ I l. vears. ID 98 l2 vears- 7t I 3 vears. 70 14 years- 5I i5 years. 16 years- JA 27 17 years- 26 Age not reported Nthough there were 1S2chilclren 1'1to 17 ):earsof age,.inclusive' of the only 17 oJ them \vere *orking. This is a striking indication unemployment situation with respect to children of working age' these Under or,linury circumstancesa considerable prop-ortion of and childrerrwould undoubtedll' have been compelledto leave school go to work when their fathers becameunemployed' Probabl)t many of tho* had been at rvork but could no longer secureit' The com- pensating factor here lvas, of course, that the unemplo.Y€dchildren unde" 16 years of agehacl to rernain in or return to school' Debts. When the men applied{or city work, inquiry was madein regard to indebtedness. Two-thirds of the families were reported as having debts ranging from a few doliars to several hundred. The amounts

are shown below: Nuober of famiUes r€portlog. A4.ormt of indebtodnoss. Total.---- 'zn No debts.-. - -. 16 Under $10---- 56 $10,less than $25------97 $25,less than $50.-.-.. 71' g50,less than $75..-.-- 48 $75,less than $100.----

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University I''AMILIOS T)I.'MEN GIVEN OMERGEN(!V WORK JN SPHIN(i}.I-ULI]. 118

Number of Iamilies Amount ol indebtedness. reporting. $100,less than 9125.---. g5 $125,lessthang150-.... .,...... _ 15 $150,lessthang175....- _-...-___t7 g175,lessthang200.-..--....-:- ...... - 8 $200,less than 9225----. .... _.... 23 $225,lessthang250-..-. ____._-_-1 g250,lessthang300...... _.-- b $300,lessthang350--.-. -._._,_-- 9 $350,lessthang400.-.-. .___-.--- 1 $400,lessthang450...... -..-_."._ b $450,lessthanS500..--- -..---.-. 2 $5oo--.._ -.. - -. 1 $7oo--- 1 :\mount not reported.. 30 Assistanceby public and private agencies. The data in regard to relief and other assistancegiren to the families of this gl'oup of unemployedrnet] indicate t,o some extent the status of the families, but the figuresobtainablc unfortunatelr..relate to the perioclpreceding, as 'w'ellas during, this time of specialstress. ft i,", therefore,not possibleto relate this information directh- to unempior- ment conditions. Almost a fourth of the 663 families had been siven some form of assistancere bv the privateprrvate family-relief agenc1., the citl' overseers of the poor, visiting nurses, or other social aqencies or institutions. All bu[ / ot these 157families had receivedcharitable aid. Almost half had beengiven assistanceb1- more than one agency,while 8 per cent were knourn to four or more agencies. One family r.vasreported bv six agenciesas having beenaided-the prirate-relief society,the over- seerof the poor, the \iisiting Nurses' Association,the Society for the Prevention of Crueltr-to Children, a church organizationgiving relief, and the State board of charities. There l-ere Z families eachhaving one child in an institution-of thesechildren 2 $rerein a home for dependentchildren, 2 rverein the State hospital for epileptics, and 1 was in a training school for delincluent children. In 79 {amilies the Visiting Nurses'Associationhad given assistanceduring illnesses; all but 23 of thesefamilies were known also to other asencies.

Nmber of Number oI agencis aiditg each family. famili€s

5_ z o_ 2 7 I

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University It4 T]N}:MPI,OYNTIi:1{T AND CHII,D WRT,FARE.

Perhapsthe most significant fact in connectionwith this phaseof bheprobiem is that, up to the time of applyirrgfor city work, three- fourths of the families of the 663 men with dependentchildren had not been known to social agencies,either before unemployment or becauseof it. The coroilary to this inthe caseof many families may be found in the precedingparagraphs relating to debts.

t i,

Provided by the Maternal and Chitd Health Library, Georgetown University CHILD LABOR IN AN UNEMPLOYMENTPERIOD. CHILDREN ELIGIBLE FOR WORK. fn each of the two cities an effort was made to deterrnine the efrectof the unsmproJmentsituatio' on the continuanceoi."iroofi.rg and on the prevalence of child labor. tr'or *,i. potfo.u Jutu *... securcdfrom the olficesissuing- employrnent certihcaiesto children, and from ""hild."r, the continuati'. sc,hoolsa"rtended by ;;;ki;; within the per,rnirages. L.nder the Tfisconsi' la', no child be.t*,eenthe ages of 14 and 17 years may be emproyed or permitted to work ut otr-o:guiruur occupation other tha' agriculture or domestic service urri"i h"'tru, ."_ cured.a rvorking permit .fhe a.uthorizingthe ernployment. grant_ ing of a permit for work.is conthg"ent on trie of tire eighth g*rde or scrro.l "rrila"'""rfietion attendaice for nine years. cirildren rr.ho hur-e-completed the period^ of compursory f'rt-time education, but ll-h, ha-r-errot completed a-four-year high-schoolcor...e ooj-u." ,ro, attending.aregular day schoolflr at leist harf-ti*", -r.i-ait"rrd o continuatiorr scrhool,rvhere such schoorshave be"n'e.tnbiiJed, for one+.if clay of eachschool day until the end of the term of tire school year in,rrfilh the.r-become 16, and thereafter they must atturra ,u.r, a scirooleigiit liours a rveek until the end of the ierm ir, *iri.r, trr"y becomeiE' rn cities where continuation schoolsa.e maintainccl, children employed in clomestic servicemust arsosecure rvorking permits and attcnd the part-time schools. In l{assachusetts no child undcr' r6 years of age,unrcss prrysicaily or mentally unableto attend schoor,-iy ...u." a. emp.loymentcer- iificate until he has compJeted slxthlracre and is to bJ employed for at ieast 6 hours fe. a day. This law'applies to ali o""rputiorr., spccialforms of permirs beirrgissued to" *ork J";;;;;t and on farms. All children "; "roi.. be-tweenthe agesof 14 ancrio trr.r, excusedfrom fuI-time 1,"u.. schoolattenclance must attend a continuati<_rn school, wherever such a scrrooris estabrished,for + hor,.s a week, and if they become u'employed tiiey must attend for 20 hrurs a week, provided the schoolis in .e.sion for that length of fi_;.

EFFECT ON CIIILD LABOR IN RACINE. In Racine childlabor permits are issued at the oflice of the con_ tinuation school. This school has been in operation for several years,and has had an opportunitv to enroll all the children who leave the regular schools io enter"employment. The most recent

II'

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 116 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CIIILD WELT'ARE.

amendment to the 1aw requiring part-time school attendance of working children extendedits application to children under 18 years. But at the time of the study the law was not being enforcedin the caseof children who were 17 years of age before SeptemberI, 1921, so that the figuresin regald to children who had left school to go to work may be considered as being fairly adequa,teonly for children under 17 years of age. The enrollment in the part-time school included children who had left the regular schools to go to work but who were unemployed, as well as those who were working. All-day classes were provided for unemployed children, many of whom, however, reentered the regular schools. Children enrolled in continuation school. It was obvious that the number of children reported in the records of this schooi as working at the time of the inquiry was larger than the number actually at work. The larv requires the employer to ret'urn the working permit of a child to the issuing officer within 24 hours of the time that the child leaveshis employment. During the unemployment period this requirement was liberally construed becausethe industries that were compelledto cut clo.wntheir force on accoun[ of slack work hoped to be able in a short time to reemploy those dischargedand for this reason held the permits, interpreting the situation to mean that there had been a temporary reduction of force rather than a permanent discharge. For the same reason the length of unemploy'mentfor the children could not be accurately a'scertainedfrom the records of the school or the per.mit-issuing off.cer. It was reported that there had been considerablecomplaint at the permit office during the unernployment period because of the school attendance requirements, some families claiming that they mea,ntlower wages and interfered with a boy or girl holding a job at a time when the father was out of work and it lras absolutely necessarythat the child should be allowed to work full time. The schoolsuperintendent had made an effort to securereliable information in regard to the families of pupils whosenonattendance had been attributed to lack of sufrcient income becauseof the unemplo;rment of parents or of older brothers and sisters,and there had been a ten- dency toward leniency in such cases. To a certain extent the data securedfrom the continuation school relative to working children would be aflected by this, offsetting in some measure the figures in regard to children who were at work, which apparently included somewho had beenlaid off, but whosepermits had not beenreturned to the sehool. Another probableweak spot in the statistics on rvorking children is in connectionwith the number of girls who were employedat house-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CIIILD LABOR IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. 117 work. The theory was that they sho'id attend the continuation school,but it appears probable that they r.vcrenot all registerecr. especiallyif thev had not gone to work immediately after leaving the regularschools. On December31, 1921,there were 242 children-3ss boys anclBgZ girls-enrolled in the Racine continuation school. rt was knor,vnthat at least 130 of these children-67 boys and 68 girls-had reft the regular schoolsand gone to rvork after November 30, 1920: that is, during the period of seriousindustrial depressionin that city. The agesof the children were as follows: Children enrolled durinE Ages Decembcr 31, 1921. unemploluent leriod. Boys. 67 14 years- " 15 years. 21:. 16 years. 33 17 years l0 Girls. 6:l

14 years- i 15 years. 22 16 years. 37 17years2a-.---- ....__-. ;j Time elapsed since leaving regular school. The length of time since leaving the regular school rvas reported for 54 per cent (a03) of the children. Ifore than two-fifths of these had lef t, schoolto go to work betweena year and a half and trvo yea's prior to the time of the inquiry. over one-fourth had left school within the past year-the period of most seriousunemployment.

Per cenf, Time elapsed since leating school d istribution. -il Lessthah 6 months- G-11months-...-.. l:l 12-17months. 18-23months- 4',/' 24-35months. 36 months and over_ 3 Decline in child labor. The - accompanyinggraph, baseclon the number of rvorking chiidren in the continuation school over a period of eight years, shox,s clearly the declinein child labor during the industrial deiression. rt also shows the earlier period of abnormal demand for labor, so thaN the acute industrial depressionreally meant-so far as chilc{ l:rb.r was concerned-a sudden drop to u'hat had been nonnal conclitions beforethe war activitiesproduced the great jncrcasein the number oI employedchildrerr.

'6 rt bas been poi.nted out that the enrollment oi boys and girls 1? ,"*rt ,;";";*-pl"t" "f

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 118 UNEMPLOY\IENT AND CHILD \YELFARE.

The follou,,ingflgures, comparing for certain dates the total enrollment in the school rrith the number of children enrolled in the school l-ho u'ere actuaily working, show the sharp decline in jobs available CHART]M. RACINE.vil SCONSIN- EMPTOYMENT OT CTIILDRTN NUMBEFI- OF I'OITS AND GIRLS ENROLLED IN \/OC:ITTONAL SCHOOL \JIIO VEI'E WOI1KING ON JUNE TIRST OF EACTT YEAR

Boye N t Girls I ir to children. It has beennoted that children who had left the regular c schoolsto go to work were required to attend the continuation school 3 whether or not they were employed,unless they reenteredthe regular schools.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CIIILD LABOR IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. 119 Date. ',,i!1lTsi,'.llJ:i'#s: r'otat' June, 1914-.-- Workiag. rrr_^ 1^i tuo499 4ot)4b6 June,1915.-_. ' 355 347 June,t9le.--. . -- 510 475 June, rstz--.. . -- 708 609 June,ror8..-- .--- June,fOfO---- "-'-"-r'232 December,1919.--'' 1'134 June,1920.- 991 893 916 648 December,rgzo..-----' ' ""' I'077 736 June,192L-.-. .-."" - - 1' 269 326 December,192i. ."'-' 866 364 The decreasein the rurmber of new permits issuedduring 1g21,as with thepreceding year, is ,ho*r in ;;il,r,i""d rhef"fr"*"i*""*.ry

1920, Total permits issued 7927. 707 172 50 r3 ID 16 42 16 35 12 99 1< 5 1l 133 1 I 295 at 16 18 T4 18 rotat of 891permirs 3::S,Tit"* wereissued to boysand 816to ffi'j;31**i'"?1iJ"'":*:::::1.,:p:1iilil'.;#J:"iiil:U:dl.i I H:j:T:' T l, :llt earing ii."s cho ol to enter *; rt f";;h" ;":il#. T1,^"5::"::,"1",".' 1,,9"": r "jror I !il#'*r*; ffi iffJ::l"ilT:. fl:::j::: t*:.,1 Slicul il;;il;Ji"*,"hld,..;i';;-n#;;.b ;; T,[:H; childrenl;#::: remained*"m|:":,li in school. th" i;ffiffT::: Jobs secured by children during unemploymentperiod. Becauseof the great scarcity of work for men the jobs secured the children who w"_11tiil by oi"";;;].;schoot age are of interest' 'The folrowing special were reporred as the fir.; children ,;;;p;tions of who secured their fi"rt';";ki"; permits 30, 1920. after November 49090"_23_9

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 120 UNEMPLOYNTENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

beginning \tork or of Children Occupation Place trfter Nov.30, 192). employment reported. 130

t)/ lJovs.....

Olerk and errantl boi- Ior stores- 18 Factorv workel - tr{essengerand errantl lrol' Newspapr'r and Printinq ofTice Oflicervork--- Tailor shop. Shoe-shiningor repairing sbop - - . Working Jor fathor-plumbing or lairrrso- Caddl'- Carpentershop - -. - -. Contractor.- - Dental-supPlY compan)-- Ice company-. Janitor Not reported - - 63 GirIB-.- 20 Factory and laundrl' rvork - - 16 Housemaid (including I nursemaidl 12 Clerkin storP...... -... 'rork- 8 Stenographic or other o{iice ' - Newspaperand Printing office - 2 )tillinery aPPrentice 1 Not reported-. It is, of course,impossible to conjectureas to the probablemrmber the of thesejobs that might have been acceptedby adults even with presumaLlylow rate-of pay, in order to tide over the unemplol,-rnent ri a time of such scarcity of work a,ndthe suffering enrailed ;;;i"J. that irpon great number of families, if might well be seriouslJrurged their an eYengreater proportion of children be permitted to continue who schoolini and many of the jobs be given to men and lffomen had spent months in fruitless searchfor work'

EFFECT ON CIIILD LABOR IN SPRINGFIELD.'7 Employment certificates. In Springfield several types of emplo)'ment certificates and permits certifi- are issued6y the school-atienda,ncedepartment: (1) Workirrg catesfor children between 14 and 16 years of age working in springfield.Thesechildrenmustattendthespringfieldcontinuation in school. (2) working certificatesfor children of like agesresiding go tct springfield but rvorking in other towns. These children must, (3) for th" schooiin the town of employment. Permits "Jntinuation also' home work for children between 14 ancl 16 years of age; they, out of must attend the continuation school. (4) Permits for work

2?See Appcndix A' Tables 42-'16,inclusire'

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CHILD LABON IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. t2r

schoolhours for children of the sameages. (b) certificatesto minors between 16 and 21 years of age whom the law requires to attend eveningschool; that is, illiterates and personswho have not had the schoolingnecessarv for securinga regular work permit. A comparisonof the total number of certificatesand permits issued during the year which included the unemplo)-mentperiod, with those issued during the preceding )rear, will be of interesi. Children granted permits. TJ-pe of permit, 1920. 1921. To residentsemployed in Springfield- . _- 1, b95 946 To residents of Springfield employed elsewhere 69 9t Home permits M 6g To nonresidents working in Springfield- -. _ 3lg 202 Child labor before and during the unemploymentperiod. The best information in regard to the childlabor situation was to be obtained from the records of the certificate issuing office rather than from those of the continuation school, which in springfield was of comparatively recent origin. The main interest would be in children between 14 and 16 years of age granted rvorking certificates,who resided in Springfield, whether or- not the5, rverJ employed there. chart \{II shows graphically the rise and decline of child labor, by months, accompanyingindustrial prosperity and depression. chart IX shorvs the variation in the number of children leaving school-to enter gmployment, during a period of seven years-lglb through 1921. This is basedon the number of first certificatesissued each year, so that the figures refer to the number of difierent children, and not to the number of certificates issued. The figures follow: Children granted permitsfor the first time. Year. Boys. cirls. 1915--.----.-_. -...757 119 1916.-__---..._ _...404 279 ISIT-.--. ._.-.--.4bT B0S 1918----._----- ...429 946 1919-.-.------..345 295 1920-.-.-.-.-.. ..- Bb4 276 1921---.------. ... t1Z llb While the decline in numbers of children employed in 1921 is undoubtedl5rmainly due to the industrial depressionthat followed the maximum attained during the war, when boys and girls could obtain employment very readily at abnormally high wages, the numberswere also aflected to someextent by the higher educational qualifications required for securing certificates. This new requirement, whichv'ent into effect inAugust, 1g21,specified completion of all studies of the sixth grade, while the previous requirement rvas that the children m'st be able to read and write sufficiently well to qualify in the sixth grade in this respect.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 122 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CITILD WELT'AN,E.

,, { o \l oo t

sg 0 =8 t!f qFEE -= tr -$ (Jo btT ts-.8.eo N zss ('r trl Et H t i'; tg >.dE tn 9Pc d?i o =,FEI o H'F qr.;'-- I -eE %. .n 2-" 9E F !i' Ff; n ? _{r 6< +:+-u tn ;': @ k{ |- SX? o )-9E d?i

+! EIE o tn ILE \lr (,n 6 im -.8 E -a GP O.3 @.3,, b L u) t o z

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CITILD LABON IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. 129 Children attending continuation school. The continuation school in Springfield started in September, 1g20, and had been in operation for less than two years at the time this study rvas made. children rvorking in springfield, rvhether resirling in the city or in other towns, had to go to the continuation schoolfour hours a week. Children temporarily out of emploSrment had to attend for 20 hours a week, unless they reentered the regular schools. The practice appeared to be to encouregethem to reenter the regular schools if the unemplo5rment was likely to be of any consideiable duration. It was found that at the time of the study 86 children between 14 and 16 years of age who had working certificates and were unempioyed were attending the continuation school, rvhile 78 were back in the regular schools. From September,1g20, to June, 1g21, 119 pupils returned to the regular schoolsu,hen they lost their jobs. A small number of "home-permit', children-12 boys and B girls-were attending thb continuation school at the time of tho study. A statement by the office of the schooi gave the follorring as the maih types of home-permitcases:,,(1) Girls'who have left school in order to help mothers who are not able, becauseof poor health, to do their work alone. (2) Girls rvho have left school to help with work at, home while their mothers are engagedin outside work. (3) Girls who live out at domestic service.,, Occasionally a boy rvas granted a permit to stay at home and help out in an emergency, or was given such a permit when he was employed in a private family where he made his home. Children securing work during the unemployment period. A total of 155 children betv'een 14 and 16 years of age secured their first working certi.ficatesduring the time of the most serious industrial depression-subsequentto May l,Ig2t. Of thesechildren, t22 were working on February l, 1g22, and 33 were not emploved. The information securedfrom the certficates in rega,rd to the first jobs held by these children follows. As appeared to be the case in Racine, many of these jobs might have proved desirable for men or women who had been thrown out of their regular occupations.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University I24 UNEMPLoYMENT AND oHILD wELFARll.

First- -?rjtti"s iobs of-pu.-iii children x'hoseoriginal ' -subGq'uent weresecurod Numberof to Uay 1, 1921. children' Total""' -'--' 155

Boys-.-- 67 Factoryworker- .------1? Packer- 4 Doffer---. 3 Floor boy. 3 Stock boy- 3 Card cutter- I Machine operative- I tr{akingbands-- .-.----- I Splittingyarn..--. I Messengerand errand boy. - - . t7 Officeboy-. Clerkin store-.-.. - -. - - o Cash or floor boy in department store- -. Bootblack. / I\{attressmaker- - -. - 1 Farm hand--- I Laundry operative, shaking clothes- 1 Helper in- Auto repairshop. -.. - -. I Bindery. 1 \Iail room. 1 trIilk house.-. -. 1 Tailor shop. I Upholstering department in department store. - - I Ilome permit (mother i11).- -. -. - -. 1

Girls--. 88 Factoryoperative------3, Wrapping or packing candy- -. - 13 Turning in or folding paper boxes. 8 Dressftrgdolls- -. - 2 Inspector. 2 \Iachine operative. 2 Assembler-- - 1 Dofrer.--.---- ...-.-.-. 1 Other-labeling, cutting, binding, sewing on buttons, sorting, folding aprons- t0 Ilouseworkaway from home------.. 17 Houseworkat home (on home permit).. 12 In hospital diet kitchen- 2 Keeping books for father-. I Clerk in store-.- - Millineryapprentice------I Typist and bookkeeper. l- Waitress - 1 The jobs wero not very steady, for the 155 children held 221 different jobs during the nine months that followed. It must, of course,be borne in mind that the employment periodsof the children

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Librarv. Georgetown University CHII,D LASOR IN AN UNEMPLOY\{ENT PERIOD. 125

varied in length, ma,ny being of very short duration. On February I, L922, more than one-fifth of the children were unemployed. The following list showsthe number of jobs held by each child:

Number of working Number of jobs tecued. children.

28 t0

CHART[. spRrNGnELqMAS5. - EMpLOyMfNTOr CHTLDPIN BCTTS AND GIRIs LEA/ING SCIiOOL TO ENTER EMPIOYMENT A5 INDICATf,D BY IN|TIAL EMPLOYMENT CTRTIFICATf,S IssUED EACN YEAR

Bo/" lNl Prcpored W John A. ParKcr; G,ils Altcndoncc officer I Public Schools Springlield, Moss.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 126 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARN.

W'hy the children left school to go to work. rnquiry into the causes of the children's leaving school to go to work would undoubtedly have yielded important in regard to the need that existed for the added income"oid"rr"" derived from the children's earnings. Such an investigation would havc d.emandedan intensive study of the economic condition. in the families of the children and of the other factors *iri"h influenced. the chiloren ro leave school to go to work. rt was not possibleto undertake such a study in connection with the general inquiry, becausedata of this character, in order to be satisfactory, would have to be secured. coincidentally with the child's first entering emplo5rment. However, the following facts in regard. to the families in which there were working children, which had come to the attention of agenciesgiving some form of assistance,furnished some indication of lhu in thesehomes. "ooditiorr" At the time of the study, 262 children between 14 and 16 in springfield had sometime been granted'employment certificates and had gone to work, but many of them had returned to schoolbecause they had lost their jobs and were not able to secure others. The families (over of 74 one-fourth) of these children had at some time been aided by a reiief society or by the visiting nurses, or emploJzmenthad been secured for some member of the family through-gio"r the city or state employment offices. The number of famirie, eacf, of these kinds of assistance were as follows: Aid from relief society- --...--.: 46 Nursing service. 33 Citv 17 State employment---office jobs.. _ 12 Thd prop.rtion of families - 1ege_ivingsuch assistancewas practicaily the same for those having children-who left schooi to gi io wo"k before the fathers lost their work as for those whose cf,ildren ieft school after that misfortune, the percentages being 26 and 2g, re_ spectively. The families of onry iz of tn" childrei were aided by these agencies after May 1, tgZt, the beginning of the period of serious unemploSrment. of the 155 children wh-o ."".,.ud working permits after May 7, lg2r, only 45 beronged to families that had g""1-!""1 given aid, as far as the reports shiwed, and only g of these families had been aided during tho unemplo5rment periJd. Unemployment of children. The general uner"ployment situation is reflected in the work his- tories of the children, as well as in the data concerning the fathers of families. On tr'ebruary 1, 1g22, a total of 10g chiTdren,between 14 and 16, who had at some time been granted employment certifi_ cateshad lost their jobs and were unemployed. rt may be assumed

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CEILD LABOR IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. 127

that a considerableproportion of these children would not attempt to go back to work, at least during the period when work was hard to find, for 73 children had already returned to the regular schoors after they.lost their jobs; the other 86 were reported as ittending the continuation school. Almost a fourth of tle children who lyere unemployed had held three jobs or more, as shown in the following list: Numberorjobs held. "ffi"J":d""iifuf"T: Total-. -.-....--.109

1.---.. ..--_ 5S 2''"" 24 3''"" Lz 4-""' 18 8_. .... r 10"--' r _ The Jength of time that had elapsed since the children lost their last jobs was reported as follows: Time since losins Nuqber lsst job. of chiltlren unemployed Feb. 7, 7922.28 Total

Leesthan 1 month. 25 I month 7 2 months- 2 3 monthe- t) 4 months o 5 monthe 2 6 months- I 7 monthe 2 8 months- I 9 montbs- / l0 months 2 11 months. 2 12 months. 6 13 months. 6 14 months 8 15 months- 8 16 months I -- 17 months , 18 montbs 19 months- 2 20 montbs. f Not reported D

The individual caseitems given in Detailed rables tr'and G afford information regarding- the occupation, periods of employment, and length of time not working for children under 16 who .i"rr""d permits for the first time during the serious industrial depression and for those who had permits secured.earlier. 4 seyonty-thr€o wero attending a regurar schoorand 36 tho continuation scboor.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 128 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

Dnterr,Bo Tear,n F.-8prtngfi,eld: Chitdren 14 anil 15 uemsof aoe to whom.employ- n.Lenturttfiicates had been issued since -l[ay 7, 1921,who uer1 u"rwrnployedFebruary 1 1oac BOYS.

Length of time srnce Interval Grade child .Length of- between Age. completed. tust Jobs held. [tme ln €ch leaving last wcnr ro job. j oD and work Feb. l, 1922.r (months).

3montbs--...---..--Under lmonth. 1 week. l5 Seventh. - . - I month-...... - DO. 2 months. 14 Sixth-...... Imonth1week..--. Do. 2 months 2 weeks. Seventh--.- 2 months I week .- - . Do. 2 morths. 1month2weeks--_. Do, 2 months 2 weeks. .. Do. 3 months 3 weeks... DO. 3 months 3 weeks. - - Do. 3 months 2 g'eeks. - - Do, 2months.-....---.-- l month. Do. Do. Underl month.

l4 2months------..3 months. 1 month 2 weeks. ID 5months.-...... ---.3 months. 3 days. to 2months----.-.-----Underl month. 1week, 2 months. 2monthslweek.-.- 4 months l month 2weeks...- Do.

l5 .{I 1mon1h. I4 4 months. 1 Do. l4 l5 I4 15 months. 3 Underlmonth. t5 2 1month 3 weeks--- - Do. It 4 months. t5 4 1week...------.- Do. l month 1 v'eek. 2 months. 3\Yeeks--..------.- Do. 2 weeks. 2 motrths 2 weeks. to 6 2 months 2 weeks. - - 4 rnonths. 14 5 1 month l4 3 weeks.. - . 3 morths. t8 3 months 1 week.- - - l month. 1 month 15 1 week. 8 I week.....--...---. Underlmonth. 3 weeks. 3 monlhs 1 week. 3 months 1 week. 7 months 2 x'eeks- . . Do. 2 months 1rveek.. -. Do. Millinery apprentice- . -.- -... -- 2 months.

enrolled in either the continuation school or the regular rchool duhg fircir periods "ifil$""fffiXtlwereI Lessitra-n I month^

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CHILD LABOR IN AN U\iEMPLOYMENT PI]RIOD. 129 Drrerren Tenrr G.-8p"ing,fuld: 9-hildren14 and Is yearsof ageto whomemplognrcnt eilzfiicoushadbeen'isstud pr tnr to )foy I , I92I , who werbune ipl6yed Februarui , r g2g. BOYS.

L-elrth oI f,lme sincs Interval Length of between Age. Grade chilcl completed. Arst Jobs hold. time in each leaving last went tro job. job atrd work Feb. 1,'1922. months)

3weeks----.Less thtn 1 month. 3 days. 2 weeks. 3 months 2 4 months. weeks. 3 weeks. I moDth 2 weeks. 1 \reek. 8 months 1 Less tttan week. month. 2 weeks. 5 months 3 weeks. Do. 3 months 2 weeks. 1week. t7 2weeks.--.-5 months. 2 months. I 3 months 2 Do. weeks. to 9 months 3 7 months. weeks. m 1 rnonth 1 8 months. week. 7 months. 18 2 months 1 9 months. week. 7 months. t5 l6 6 months 3 Do. weeks. lo n l week--... Do. 3 lveeks. 2 months. 3 days. 2weeks----.10months. 1 montb 1 week. 5 months. l5 1 month 1 12 months. week. 4 months 2 weeks. 1 month- - -. - Do. 1 month 3 weeks, Ninth l9 Iweek--.-- l7 months. 1 month 2 r-eeks. t4 2 months 2 12 months. s'eeks. 16 3 months 3 Do. weeks. l5 m 8 months- - - Do. l5 22 2weeks--.-.13 months. .trmonths 3 rveeks. 1 week. 3 months 2 weeks. ID 3 weeks.. ... Do. 3 months 2 wmks. l month. I week.

1i 2 months 3 Do. we€ks.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University r30 UNEMPI,OYMINT AIID CIIILD WI]LFAR.E.

Drrerr,rn Tlnrr G.-Sprtngfwld: L'hild.ren14 and l5 yearsof ageto u'hamemploymznt cyltfallps hadbeenis&udjrior to Mag 1,1921, wh6 were'uitmployed Fcbrairy I, -1992-Continued. BOYs-Continued.

InterYal Grade Length of between Age' eompleted. ,Iobs beld. time in €ch leaYing last job. iob and Edb.1, r,n.

Fourth----- Assemblinggamer .-....1 2montbs.-.- 14 months. Eightb...... Floorbov,-factorv -.--.--l 1month..... Do. Packins,factorv.- .-.....1 lmonlh. Assemliling,faclory...... -... - -. - - . . - . . - -.. 2 months 2 weeks, Assembling- 1 month 3 weeks, 2 weeks, Telegraphmessmger. -. -. -. -. -.. - -. - - - - -.. 1 month 1 week. Cementing, factory 5 months 3 weeks. Assemblins. factorv-.. ------. - - - - __- - - - 1week. Doffer,rug-6ompariy...... -- - 1 month 1 week. Assemblins,factory...... 1 I IO "ruilj}, Do, 15 Do. l5 Do. Telegr3phm-essenger. -.... -. -- -... -...... 1 r month I week. t5 Assembling...... 1 month 2 Do. weeks. to lisFtlhopwort.. .-.....1!week...... 15 montbs. Lrgn[lactorv work- -. -- --. -.. -.--. -- --..-.1 3 weeks. Generalbelfer, errand, erc...... 1 t #.9il1, Offlceboy, storage company. - t , i *Hg!l ID lo Telegraphmessenger-...... -. - -.. -.... Do. l5 r5 Bendilg Iorgings- Do. !o l6 Clerk (not in stbre)...... store)...... Do. 16 stroptoy, iaciiriyj: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :. Do,

to 10 Do,

lo I8 16months.

to t7 Do. 16 . Do. ID t7 Do. 15 l9 Do. l5 19 Do. l5 l9 Do. ID 19 Do. 15 19 18months.

IO ta Do. 15 l9 19montbs. 15 20 Do. I5 22 20nonths. 20

Underlmonth.

3 months,

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University CHILD LABOR IN AN UNEMPLOYMENT PERIOD. 131

Dur,rrr,nn Tanrn G.-Bpri,ngf.eld: Children 14 and 15 yearsoJ age to wlnnt employmcn czrtif,mtes had beeniswed prinr to May 1, 1921,who uere untmployed February 1, 1922--{ontiwed' Boys-continuea.

Interval between -.5".1^ _^ I Grade leaving lmt completed. job and Feb. 1, 1922.

2 months.

3 months. I

7 montbs.

GIRLS.

Seventh-..., 3 months 3 l month. weeks. 2 weeks. First voer 2 months 2 2 months. highsihool. weeks. I ye,ar 2 wexs. 2 weeks-.. -. Less than 1 month...... do...... 11 months 1 week. Ttreader, knitting mill - -. . 1 month 3 weeks. l month. 18 | AssembUng,factory-...... I month 3 Do. weeks. Cuttingstrips, factory...... 2 months 2 woeks. Eousework(not at home).... 1 month 2 weoks. I5 Eishth- - .... 16 Assemblinggames, factory..... - - --. -. --. - 10 months-- - 6 moDths. I5 EiEhth- - -... 2l 2weeks-.--- 9 months. Winding, mill - -. 4 months. 7 months, IJ 6 months.... 10montbs. IR 16 Tumingin,factory...... 4 months 2 11months. i weeks. ID 2t I Benrtinein.fmtorv..--.--...- 4 months.--- Do. Panerubx facow 1 month 3 I weeks. I Liehtoackine.- 2 weeks. Eo=useworkai home-.. -- - -... --...... - 1 month 3 I woeks. t5 salesgirl..... I week.....- i2 months. | 2 mol3ths.

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university t32 UNEMPI'YMENT AITD CIIILD'WELFARE.

De rarrno T.rnr,oG.-Sp ringfi.eld:Children 14 and 15 uearsof ageto u hont'employmrnt cpili.rtcaleshad beeniim,ed"prior to Moy 1,1921, ulio weri unemploycdFebruory l, /9?z-contin ued' c utLS- coniinued. I Interval I Lensth of between Jobs held. I time. in eech leaving last JOD. job and Feb. I, 1922.1

Buttoning coats, coat srrpply company.- - - 2 months 2 12 months. weeKs. 19 Stockclerk,department store- -.------..t 6 montbs 2 Do. I weeKs. Book bindins.binderv eomoany-.-...... : 3 weeks---.. 14 months. 15 Salesgrrt- - -.1'--. -.. . --.- -. -- -- -.-.-.. - -.. -. - 3 t'eks. - -.. Do. i9 AssabUilg, factory------.. . -. .. -. -. -. I 3 months 2 15months. sateseiri.. . . . -. -...... I , #33,ti'. \inth.---... 19 StmEng rubbers,stmk room. --. - -. -... - - 2 motlths--- - 16 months. Si\th--...--. Salesgirl-- 2 wepks- ---- 17 motrths. Threader,kdttinsmiu-.-. . . . t t i rffiil:o Coyeringclasps. factory....-.--...... 1 2 t *-"X11* Packer.-...--...- ...... 1 month 1 18 months. I We€K. Sewing,factor]'., --.-..- lmonth.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 'SUMMARIES OF CONDITIONS BY DISTRICTS. 'I'he agents who visited the families of unemployed men were re- questedto sum up briefly the outstanding features of the conditions in the districts assignedthem. The descriptions that follow, relating to districts in Racine, are given in the words of the agents. They all tell the same story-families overburdened by debts, discouragedby Iong seekingfor work, their ambitions for owrring their homes doomed to failure, and illness and unaccustomeddependence on charitable aid. Drsrmcr 1. The houseswere mostly one and two story frame, in good repair, and well kept up. There was usually only one family to a house. Sometimes one family lived in the front of the house and one in the rear. The houses all had electric lights, running water, and indoor toilets. AII the houseshad small yards, and many had also a small garden. Severalhad a garageon the back of the lot. The 37 families visited in this district representedeleven nationalities, but nearly all spoke Bnglish. The majority of the families interviewed had never before been in such difficult circumstances financially. They were families who had always made enough money to keep their bills paid up, and perhaps to put a little in the bank. tr'ollowing the outbreak of war, when wages were very good, many of the families bought homes. In many casesrents were so high that they were practically forced to do this, and they bought homes that cost very much more than they would otherwise have felt justified in paying. The initial cash pa5zmentwas often not more than 9100 or $200on a $3,000property, the buyer contracting to make monthly payments of from $20 to $30 or $40, part of which applied on the principal of the mortgage, the rest covering interest charges. The families felt able to carry such an undertaking successfullywhile the father was holding a steady job; but as soon as he was thrown out of work, they fell behind in the payments. Many families were on the verge of losing their homes becausethey could not meet the pa;zments. Many were confident that as soon as the fathers could go back to work they would get on their feet again. Some of the men felt that the situation was quite hopeless. They said they were forced to sit around idle while the debts piled up, and they were getting so deeply into debt it would.take years to get even again. All they wanted was an opportunity to get work. They did not ask or want charity, but merely a chance to earn an honest,living. Most of the families rvere running up large bills at the grocery and the meat market, had borrowed money wherever they could, and 133

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University L34 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CTIILD WELFAR.E.

were doing everything to keep from asking for charitable aid, or even for credit from the city commissary. During and just after the war, when the wages were high the majority of the people were enjoying such successfultimes, and were so sure that the conditionswould continueindefinitely, or at least for several years longer, that the standard of living was raised. When the change came it was especially hard for all these people. Drsrnrcr 2. The conditionshere were less favorable than those in the first district. The district included some housesaround the factories, also some along the railroad, and rari out to the city limits. The housesin the manufacturing section of the district were one and two story tumble-down frame houses,with two or more families to a house. Beyond this section was a gootl residential neighborhood composedof one and two story frame houses,usually'with one family to a house. The majority of the 23 families scheduled were foreign ( born. Most of them spoke English, though some rather brokenly. More of the families in this district rented their homes than in t district 1, but those who had undertaken to buy houseswere facing the same problem of back pa1'rnents. The standard of living was t ( not so high as in the first district, and more families had asked for aid from the relief society. t Employment for women seemed&s scB,tce as for the men, Several 1 c of the women said that they had walked the streets trying to find work to do. Very few of the children over 16 were working, becausethere n was no work to be had. As a result, somewere going to continuation t school every day, and one or two to businesscollege. f, t The situation in regard to debts was the s&meas in the first district. d When they could get no further credit from their own grocery they w_ereobliged to go to the factorv commissary or to the relief society. el Most of the men spoke very highly of their former emplovers, and feit that they had tried to do the squarestthing. They said they did not U know what they rvouldhave doneif the companyhad not loanedthem ri money and sold them groceries on credit. cl Drsrntcr 3 was a good neighborhood next, to the best residence la district of the town. The houseswere all of much the same type- la two-story frame structures, most, of which had electric lights, gas for br cooking,storm windows and doors,and inside water closets,but very tc few had bathrooms. Many families had tacked tar paper securely rI over the front door, which ryas therefore closed for the winter. tr'ew o1 houseshad furnace heat; in some the gas had been turned off, and rh the families were using coal stoves for cooking becausethey furnished AI heat as well. All the houseshad yard sp&ce,and most of the families olr had gardens. A few kept chickens. nc fa: With but few exceptions the families were thrilty people who were trying hard to pay for their homes and educate their rhildren. Thero

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University SUMMARIES OF CONDITIONS BY DISTRICTS. 135

w'ereseyer&l instances where specialpride was shoTrnover the progress of the children in school. one mother said her daughter *ur *ulking to and from school, 15 blocks, four times a day and would not miss a day for anything, even though the weather was .,ery severeand the child had insufficient clothing. Another child in the same family told her mother she wished she could go to school on saturday, too. fn one family the father was spending$1b a month, the amount he receivedfrom rental of rooms, to pay the expensesof the son in business college. As a whole, the children seemed to bo advanced in school. One small girl was teaching English to her father. Two fathers were attending night schoolsand studying English. A few of the older children were working and attending the continuation school. r{ost of the families, however, had no children of rvorking age. A high percentage of the people in the district were receiving charitableaid or buying on promissorynotesfrom the citycommissaryl They all seemedto be in very similar positions. A great majoriiy ,,making had begun to buy their homeswhen they were good morl"y ;, and had paid fairly high prices. Then they lost their jobs and as a consequencewere not only unable to meet the monthly payments but had to ask aid to securefood and clothes. very few families had received aid before the present unemployment period. The conditions seemedthe more lamentable, becauseso many had been in a position to acquire their homes, educate their children, and bring them *p to be good citizens. No case of mortgage foreclosure was found, but this was probably due to the fact that the horders felt there was 16f,hing to be gained thereby. Real estate prices had declined, and they probably would not get so good a p"i"e again, especiallysince peoplewere not in a position to buy at any prrce. Many of the families were without sufficient clothes for the winter. Most who had received any had got them through the central association. Two mothers had been able to make coats and shirts for the children from clothes given them by neighbors, and one mother had laid in a supply of materials while the father was working; all she lacked was shoes. one mother was keeping a child home frJm school becauseof lack of shoes. she said she had not the 14 cents for carfare to get to the aid society's office to ask for shoes, and if she did eo they would probably not have any to give. One family, which from outside a,ppearancesseemed to be in more fortunate circumstances than most of the famillss visited, had almost nothing in their house, and the children were clothed only in very ragged underryear and old coats. one mother had a 2-weeks-oldbaby for whom she had no clothes. shiftlessness seemed to be the keynote in onlv trvo families. rn one the father had beon in the state prison for 11 mlnths; 49000"_23_10

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 136 UNEMPLOYMDNI' AND CHILD WELFARE.

the mother received aid during this time. The other family was an old charity casel the children beggedon the streets and were noted for playing truant from school. There had been something of an epidemic of scarlet fever and diphtheria within the last year and' a half. One mother said it seemedas if everything had struck them at,once. One of irer children was just recoveringfrom pneumoniaand another u'as in the isolation hospital with scarletfever. Most familiesreported children'sdiseases. In three families visited the mothers were especially miserable. One mother v'as pregnant and could not afiord a doctor, and was feeling very bad. Another mother had great trouble with her nose, head, and throat. She looked very ill and said she thought she would have to go to the hospital. Drsrnrcr 4. This district w'asan old residencesection with several large factories, and was cut, through by two or tlrree long business streets and the railroad tracks. The houses were one or two stories high, a few rvereof brick, but the majority \4'ereof frame construction; many neededpainting, bui most of them wereotherwise in goodrepair. Only a few of the housesrvere equipped with bathrooms, but nearly all had inside toilets, either within the apartment itself, or in the hall or basement. A few homeswere heated by furnaces,the rest by coal stoves; nearly all had either gas or electric lights. The sizesof tire lots varied. The older houseshad front, side, and back yards, with spaco for gardens; the newer ones were built close together, with only narrow passagesbetrveen and front, entrances ou the sidewalk. The population of this district was largely foreign, with a scattering of American born. The nationalities most common were Polish, Bohemian, Russian, German, Lithuanian, Hungarian, and Italian. During the past year a number of Armenians had come in-families in rvhich the mother and children had come to America during the last 12 months, worn and broken by years of suffering in Armenia. These families were highly spoken of by the relief society, for they demandedso little-scarcely enoughfor their own good. Over half the famiiies visited in this district were buying their homeson "land contract,,"rvhich entailed a small initial deposit, and monthly payments of from $15 to $50, l'hich included the interest on the mortgage and a small payment on the principal. About tu'o- tbirds of them began buying their housesduring the war, when wages were high and work rvaspientiful. A few had borrorvedmoney to keep up their payments, but the majority were behind from one month to one year, and if relief did not come soon, were likely to lose everything they had put into the venture. None of the families visited had lost T their homes so far, though 6as fa,mily had had to make a rather un- I 1 usiral and complicated trade, contracti:rg for a more expensive house, in ord

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University SUMMARIES O}' CONDITIONS BY DISTRIT]TS. 13?

_ Local grocers,butchers, and bakers had given credit to the limit. tr'amilieson'ed as much as $200 to on" gro"u", and many had run bills in severaldifrerent places. Everyone .rvasutterly ciscouraged, with hope -no for the future. The situation was getiing desperate. People could not keep their homes much ronger-with"out making payrnents; credit was exhausted, and many families had alreaci.vl goneinto debt at the city 61 factory commissary. Manv felt beyc,nd all hope of ever getting clear of debt. Drsrnrcr 5. The type of house in this district rvas th6 "om-oo small one-storyframe cottage,with no motlern improvementsexccpb, sometimes,gas for lighting. Few had electricity and very few had bathrooms; some toilets were in the basement,tut often they w-ere outdoors. Of the two-story houses,many accommodateda family on each floor, the second floor being reached by a rear stairway leatling to the kitchen. rn thc eastern section of this district most of the homes visited were of better construction,had gas ancleleetricity and were located on paved streetswith sidewalksand were easily accessibleto stores, schools,and churches. Many were owned, bu1 a few n ere rented. rn one part of this section there were many diflerent factories ancl several large lumberyards, which with the railroad tracks made it an undesirable neighborhood in which to reside. rn the extreme west of this district was a ne\\'subdivisionin which a few of the scheduledfamilies lived. Here rvas found a much better type of house-two-s-tory one-family dwelrings, modern up-to-date homes with good yards, w'hich were on paved streets rvith sidewalks. Most of thesewere being bought on the monttrly payment system and were really more expensive than the families *oua have btught had they not, been forced to buy them during the time of scaicity of houses. some had lost theirhomestbL'oughJailure to pay the mon1ily installments. A dozen different nationalities were represented in this district,, oJ rv!9m T.u".y spoke their native tongue in the home, although in all the families either the mother or the father, or both, could sneak English. In most of the families visited in this district the father had been unemployed so long that, while the standard of living in regard to housing conditions had not been reduced very geneially, ii most casesthere had been a decided lowering in the qu"antity and quality of food and clothes, and all recreation had been eliminated. I; many homesthe kitchen was the most used room becauseduring the winter it, was the only one which coulcrbe kept heated. Most o1 the homes were fairly clean. Possibly there had not been much chango in the general attention given to the home, except in a few cases where 'been 'rn the mother had working. the greater numler of

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 138 UNEMPLOYNIENT AND CITILD $TELFARE.

families it seemedvery apparent that no special attention was given to the preparation and serving of meals. Ifany times the a'gent was at homes where the children came from school at noon. They\vould help therrselves to whatever vias available, seeming to be perfectly contentednot to sit down to a preparcd meal. In many homes signs were placed in the windows advertising tttr'urniture fot sale," "Baby carriagefor sale,tt"Plain sewingdone,tt "Day rvork wanted," "Shoe repairing neatly done," in addition to "n'urnished room" signs, and there were other indications that families were trying in every way to earn something' Not many of these .famiJieshad gardens; in most casesthis was due to lack of space. A few had chickens. I{any families had held out as long as they were able by running bills at stores, but at the time of the visit they had had to seek assistancefrom relief organizations and through them were obtaining supplies from the city commissary' paJnnentfor which was to be made when the men were again employed. The conditions which seemedappalling were fouad in the families of native-born fathers, some of whom had lived all their lives in the city or its vicinity, and who were ambitious and industrious and most anxious for work but rvho had been out, of work for more than one year. They were held here becauseof lack of money to go elsewhere, becausethey wished to keep the children in school, or becausethey were buying a house. The foreign-born men who had lived many years in the city and who had made high wages during the war, but who had saved little becauseof high prices, faced similar situations' Some of the men who lived in this district were skilled workers, many were laborers, and very ferv were casual laborers. The impression gained from taiking to many of the fathers was that they were a self- rcspecting set of men, who wished u'ork in order to keep their homes and families and to give their children the best that they were able to. Very few instances were found in v'hich mothers or children were working, for there was not a,ny moro work for them than there was for the men. Drsrnrcr 6 was on the whole better off than tho preceding one. Part of it was in a new subdivision which had recently been added to the city. Here were located story-and-a-halfand two-story frame houses,pleasantly situated on well-paved and well-lighted streets. Most of these homes were quite new and were being purchased by familieson the "land coutract system"-that is, payment by monthly installments which included interest and a small payment on the principal. Many families lvere still living in houses purchased in this way; only a few had lost them, but many others felt that before Iong the'real estate company would force them to vacate for non- payment of installments. Homes in this district were mostly furnace heated; they had gas, electricity, and plumbing facilities, except a

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University SUI,TMARIES OF CONDITIONS BY DISTRICTS. 139

very few v'hich were so close to the city limits that such improvements had not reachedthern. Thesemost distant homesrvere iather inaccessibleto street cars and stores,but schoolsand churches\yere being built near by. The part of the district nearer to the city was a fairly good neighborhood of frame dwellings, some one-family and many two-family homes. rt' l'as much more convenient to cars. stores, schools,and churches,and rvas also near many of the large factories. Thesehomes lvere not new, but most of them had heatinq and plumbing systems and gas. The population of ihis district included people of 15 different nationalities,arnong them a large number of American born. Despite the varied population nearly all the parents courd speak English; only in very few casesdid the foreign born continue to speak in the native tongue. trspecially in families in which there rvere children going to schooland also in those in which the father or both parents had attended night school was English spoken. Most of the homes in this .district were comfortably furnished, and the families were striving hard to keep up appearances. Many had gone the limit in running bills and as a rasi i'esort had had tL seek aid from relief organizations. New clothing they could cl6 without, but food they had to have. These families rvere securins suppliesthrough the city semmissary,payment for which rvas to be made rvhen the fathers were reemployed. rfany hatl small gardens a.d kept chickens,which had furnished some food for thern-during the stringent times. All the children seenappeared to be strong and healthy, although the mothers often remarked that their facesl-erc fat, but iheir bodies very thin. There was very little ilIness reported duri'g this periocl of unemployment. Most of the children scheduledr""-.1 fu be up to standard in their grades,and someeven above. The father.,sunem- ployment seemedto have had very little effect on the schooling of the children.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University This page is blank in the original document.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIXES.

L4I

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University This pageis blank in the original document.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABIES. T,.ann L-R*iru: Dmati.on of uncmproymznt of Jather and rast regurar occupation.

Unemployed fathers.

Duration of memployment. Fsthor's lsst regular occupation.

to Iass 'o*^', lmonths than 6 6to8 9to11 months. months. months. ,iiijfil. lag.ove;and not reported.

28 I 4

1 I 2

...1.

I Includes 3 fathers for whom duration of unemployment was not reported. Tanr,n 2.-Bpringf'eld: Duration of unemployment o/father and iast regular ocanTtatian.

Unemployed fathers

Duration oI unemployment Iather's last regular occupation. 15 Less months than 6 6to8 9toU I lzto14 months. months. I months. and ov€r months. and not reported,

Total. . . .

10 I 3 7 o 5 "'"'"i a , I 4 I

39 8 7 1 I Includes 7 fathss for whom duation of unemployed. was not reported. 143

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 144 UNI]ITPLOYIIENT AND CHILD \VELFARE.

Tasln ll.*_Roci,ne: Country of birth of uwmploved.fathers, bq ltngtlt, 2f residence in L'nitedSlolcs ond torl: sltlrts.

fathers pre\.icusly cnployed at skilled trade

Length of residence in L-nited States

years Bom in l5 to 20 Not re- Stog 10 to and United 14 years 19 years ported. years. oYer. States.

1 2 3 I o 2 6 z ""-"')' o

Fathers prcviously employed at unskilled trade.

Iaogth of residence in ftrited States. Country of birth. ltl Less L-- l20vearslBomin 5to9 rorol- r;ro l'J."f" l?.lT.'i than 5 years. 1.1vcsrs. *," | 19'" vears.- | -1"-: I y€ars. . [.I'o'i#..Ir. ". l#.over. |5,t';'I srares. ttl| I _' t- tel 151 6l e

United States- -. - _t_i_l Armenia...-.---- Austri3--..-,..-- Czechmlovakia----.- Denmark.....------

Poland.--- --.. -. -..,... -.. Rmsia.----.------.....--. Turkey---.--.-....-....-..

r Includes 1 " casul worker."

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university APPENDIX A.-TABLES. 745 rur,n 4.-Bpringfict'd: ,""W#u#i;IWf:,!;yfr{::0,,t by tensthof residencein

l'athors previouslJ. emlto!red at skilletl trade.

I Torat coutry of Irngth of residence in United Stat€s. birth. I Jtt"-; I ritders. Tot&I. i. i I _UnderI Stog I b years. i yegrs.

62 3

I z t

I I 2 6 l.t

t0 3 2 7 2 I

Fathers pre\iously employed at mskilletl trade.

Total Irength Country of birth. unem- of residence in United Smtes. nloved fitliers.

62 z ,I I --t'-'-"'--'i-"""-" I -'r'-"-"-..1.------I .' "'_-"----i--.--.---. t "1.'-.----.-1..---.-.-" 8 i-1"'-"-'--i-""'-"' l4 '1"-""..-lI t"'-'---.-1.-..--.... 1 10 "t"""""t"""'-" 3 "'-'-"""1""".-'- 2 "i""-""'i"'-""'- 7 -''-"-""'1""""'- 2 '-l--'-"""1"'-""-' I "i"'-""'i""""""l'-""""t'-""'-.- r Includm 2 casml work€rs.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University T46 UNEMPI,OYMENT AND CEILD WELFARE.

T.rsrn 5.-Racine: Literaey and natiuip father, by duration of un*mploymnnt of rof

Unemployed fathers.

Duration of unempioyment. Ilteracy and nativity oJfather' Total. Less thar 6to8 9to11 L2to 14 LSmonths t months m.onths months. months. md oYer,

Total... - - -. -... -. BI 7 28 95 70

Nativoborn.----. 52 8 24 I Litercte-.--...... 3 8 I Forein born-. - .. 179 n 7L 58 Uter8te- . ,. -. . -.. 154 15 63 49 Enslish onlY-.... """"6 """i6 NaIive Ianguageonly r..... -. - .... l6 I 10 Both... -. -...... 7l 12 o n 20 IUiterste.-...... 22 3 4 7 Literacy not report€d. . . . -. - ...... I ...... :

I I. e., other than Engush.

T,r.rr,r 6.-,Sp ringfuld : Lri,teraL!and, rntinity of farltn, by ilwatinn oJ uwmpl,oym'ent oJ

Unemployed fsthers.

Duration of uaemployment. Literey analnatiYtty offather.

Lessthen 6 to 8 9to11 I 12to14l5 months months.l moDths. months, I montbs. and over.

131 34 36 62 14 ; Literate...... 62 14 13 Forei€B born- .. .. aa tz 19 Literate------.- 67 a) 19 Enslish onlv-.-.. 2 n-a[ivc lmgrnge only r...... -. -. 18 Both--...... -.. -. Iuiterate--...... 5 utlilr.i ii

1 I. e., other thsn Englisb.

T rl;nn 7.-Rotinz: Citiunship' of'in .foreign-born wl'emploYed Jathns, by bngth of residma thi Urvitcd Stntni.

LeDgth of residence in United Ststes.

Totai...-.-...... - Under5 y€ars...- 5-9years. - -... -. . 10-14years...... 15-19years...... 20-24yesrs. - -. .. . 25v€rs and over Not reported.....

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABLES. r47 Terr,n 8.-Bpringfuld: Citizens.hip of /oreig_r:-born^unemployed, fathers, by lengtlt oJ restd.enfeIn the unltedstates.

tr'oreign-bomfathers.

Length ofresidonce Not in the United States, citizens, Not ouf, citizens. hqvils NTSf, papers.

2 2 6 I l4 z 20 7 la 5 lo 3 I I r 1..-......

Tasr' 9.-Ra ai,ru: Tenureof hnmz,soccupizd by families oJurumplnyed men, by duratian oJ occupancu.

Families of unemployed men.

Tenureof home. Duration of occupancy.

10 I t 7 1 39 32 27 7 lo 6 I I 33 30 1 m N 33 33 36 25 1l 23 3 m 28 2 % 5 2

?.r,nr,o 10.-Springf,eld: Tenureof homzsolcuwd, by Jamitizs of wr,empl,oyedmnn, by dwatinn oJ occupanfo,

Families of unemployed men.

Duration ofoccupancy.

y€afs.. m 3years.. t3 1' yesrs-- L2 8 n 16 IO

l6 IO 18 t8

' All ow!.ed homes were mortgaged.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 148 UNEI\{PINYMENT AND CHILD WELT'AR.D.

Tanrr ll.-Raeine: Ionthly rental of ;fami,l:itsoccupging rentedhouses duri,ng fathn's unemployment, by number of roomsin house.

Families occupying rented houses.

llonthly rentsl Number of rooms.

28 36 10 3

Tenr,n 12.-Springf,e.Id: )Ionthly rental of families ocanpying rented housesduring father's unemployment, by nwnber of roomsin house.

Families ocupying rented houses

Monthly rental. Number of rmm

5 and oYer.

I ID 4 5 a 10 11 a 20 I 6 I

T,rsrn 13.--Raci,ne: Nu,mberof pusons in.householdsof unemployedm.en, by nuntber oJ roo'm"sxn nou,$e.

Families of uemployed men.

Number of rooms in hoNe

;',; 47l.-...... i 3 7 5 59i...... _i...... - 10 2 5A r-.. - l- I .-.- Ll^- . -... 10 30 .-...... 22 :..-"---.------.1 1 '3: . . . : : : : ]: : . : : : : : i: . : . . : . . 2 1l-- - I. - --l--- """i' t rtll:.:::::.i:.:.:..:1...:...

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABLES. 149

T'*nr,r 14.-B yringfuld: Number of personsin hotnehorcrsof unemproyedmzn, by number of roomsin house.

Families of unemploy€d men

Nmber in household. Number of rooms in house.

I suoa over. I Total---....---..- -- -- 281 49 l-l lt 3 to ta ii- ""'.'i lt 4 4i 8; 61 4 ...... 1 3 5 72 1l 3 I 8i 5l 5l 2 ...-..-.1 r --.-----i 8l 41 2 r 1.....-..' 2 1....-.-. -----...1 3 11.-....-- :.:::::l::.:::: 31...... """"1'.'."-'r"""'.1""-"'

Tesrn 15.-B acitw: )tontltly rental at ttmt. of study of f_amitiesof ururnplnyed,m.en, by nwntnLyreilar preuwus to unrmpl,oyrnent.

Families oI unemployed rnen.

Renting prior to unemplolment. Present rental and whether familv have moved since irnem- Rental alifferent from present. ployment. Not Total. rent- i *"n $25, not I ltu, re- I r_essli.;: less s0, I tharl than than and I over. tro.I $25. $30. I l_ i t,, lL2 10 il 43 rl a 15 -.1 14 t7 rl 15 8 o 4 ...i 2 2 -.--....: 5 I 176 24 I e 31 3 1l 11.....-.1..-.... l9 2l 2l-...... 1 I 2 -..-..1...... t...... tI 1 I 140

I Owned house previous to unemplolment, later rented.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 150 UNEMPTOYMENT AND CITILD WELFARE.

Tesr,r 16.-B pringfzld: Moryt-hlyrent-al at timn of study odfamili'es of wumplnyed m,en, by monthlg rental preaious to unemployment.

Families of rmemployed men.

Renting prior to uemployment. Present rental and whether femily Rental difierent trom present rental. have moved since Total Not unemplolment. fami- Iies. Rental RentBl mg $1q !15, -$20, 125, nol re- less lss tess less *i'0 poriod. Total. and than than than than over. $15. t20. $25. $30.

Total..-.---- r35 15 27 30 l9 o 5

Less than $10- - - I $10,lessthan $15- e I I $lS,lessthsn $20. 1 4 1 1 $2O,I essthan 125- 7 2 , S25,less than &30- II 2 7 t 1 I S30and over- - . - 2 2 Not renting- -. - . 1

Didnotmove...--.. 10{ ol 19 2 8 3 8

Less than $10. . . I S10,less than $la 11 :.::::::l::::.::: 2 $15,less than $2C m t20,1ess than $2i 25 41 2 c t25, less than tiilc l3 1 I $10 and over- - . - 1...... Not rentins - -.. - .:::.:::l::::::::rt NotreDorted---..---- t tl0-, lesstban 115- I .:::.::.1:_::::..

I Retrted houseprevious to unemploym.ent,later owned.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University A?PENDIX A.-TABIJS. 151 Tesr,B 17.-Ratine: Totalresour,ces ofJamilg duingfathu,s unemplor.tm.ent,bu' r -- "' er dwatinn! of unemploym-entand owntrihip oJhomt.

Fam,ilies of uemployed men

Total resources duriDg father,s Duratiou of unemployment unemployment. and ownership ofhbme- s.100,$200 $,300,$400, s500,sloo,$700, $.800, $900 Not tess less ICSS less less less less tess less than thar than than than tban than than thar and over. port $200. $300 $400.$500. $600. $700.$800.s900. ,1,ofl ed.

Totsl--.--.-... - -. - - -. 231 3 5 o 10 7 10 i1 38 131 Ownedfree lrorq u,ortgBge. 9 I 6 F7 months...... I /-dlrlonilrs-.--... I I Il-12 nonths-- -. _ 1 I 12-13montbs-.--- I 1 1+15months..... I 15-17eonths... -. 3 t 1 Mortgaged-- -...... -....- 136 I 4 o 2 6 6 u Lessthan 4 m,onths-.- -. - - -l I I 5-6months-. --...... -...-. . i !-Jnotrths...... I 1 I 1 l-^6monrns--.._--.-..... -.-l i 1 rr-9monilrs.. -.--.. --.. ----_l I I t I lFIomonths-._..-...... -...1 o 10-11months...-.-....-_-- o I 4 i I 11-12months...... -... _l 12-13months..... 2 -...... _i i I l$-14months.... -...... -..- I 13 I 7 14-15montbs...... 1 I 10 18 I 15-22months...... I o 12 Notreported.....-. -...... 1 8 86 t 4 5 lo 4l Lessthan 4 months-. - -.... I I ffi months-... - -. I 6-Tmonths-..-... I /-6 montns-_- - .. - E-94onthrs-...--. I 9--r0nlonins- .l I I - -. .. 2 l0-11 months-.. -. t ll-12montbs.-... I 12-13months...-. I I l&-l4months..... l1 t,1-l5months--.-- I I t1 I I r}-r6monHrs-.--. 27 3 i q 49090._23_1J"

\-I

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University r52 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

Tasrp lE.-springfeld:. Total rcsourcesoJ famlly during falhn s unemploymenl,by duration ol uwmployment and ou'nershipof home.

Femihes of unemployed nen.

Total resources during father's unemployment. Dumtion of unemployment and ownership of home .r q800, ICSS than $900. si_.i__r[_rt__ri__r_.1- l- 1 Mortgaged- - - - -. - - -. - - -

6-Tmonths----... 7-8 months---.... 8-9 monlhs-. -.. - - 9-10months...-.- ?i:::-.:,:::::: :::-::l::::.:l::::::i::::::l:..::.1.:::::]:::::: I'tt--l---I--tIt-|i- l::::::1.::.:::::-::i::.:::i:.::.: :::.:.i::::::l.::::-l:::::- '?l r'...... 1zl al rl el zl 21...... 79

-o :l: 2 2 7 t0 -t-:I: I I 12-13months..... 13-14Eonths----- t0 1G15months.---. 2 6 15-25months.. ... tn Not reported..-. - a

r ^'{o homes $ere os'ned free from mortgage.

Tenr,r l9.-Bources of income during unemploymzntinfamikes oJ wwmploged men, by cltu,

Familis of uemployed men har-ing each specified souce of income.

Sources of income duing memplolment Racine. Springfiekl.

Nmber. I Per cent.

t00.0 Fsther's earnings from tcmporary work.. 362 2n 90. I 98.5 Mother's eaminss 115 65 28.1 50 37.0 CNldren'seaminss---.. -- -- -. -. ------75 46 19.9 y) 2\.5 Income from lodgers, boarders, or relatives _ lodgug or boarding$-ith iamily.------. m 18.2 14 10.4 lncome lrom rent 60 16.4 6 19.I t4 10.4 -A,idfrom relalites-- - -.. ------. ------. 38 10.4 I4 6.1 17.8 Charitable aid-- - - 191 52.2 141 61.0 50 37.0 Crodits lor food.- - 2N oJ. o 18? 81.6 53 39.3 7t7 32.0 97 4.0 20 14.8 Othprdcbls-.---- 253 69.I 774 ?5.3 ?o cd. D 158 43.2 97 42.O 61 45.2 4.r , 0.9 13 9.6

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDTX A.-TABLES. 153 rear'n20'-R"T#,fifnf!{}":##;,frtr"ii:;:;yl,!1";';{.:;;i!"{yyy'"r"nemproved

Families of unemploycd men.

-{\.erage monthl}- r*rourccs year }lrior to uncmplo}qent. -t-_-|- g100.less $50,less I SIj0. loss | 8200,lcss S:.io,less I Nor re han $1otl.lthan'$150han $200.11han$2;0. rhrn $300.]porled.

6 I 12 3 1E ,1 22 11 rl 12 18 1 10 1I 2 6 l5 3 7 7 8 5 5 3 1 1 I I 10 3 231 27

Tesrr 21.-Rarinr: Duratio^2^^of-!tn(s,unlmployment,byfatlter.stotnleorningsfrort |? m poror !/ u,orkdur i ng uI tr m plounlp;lt.

Families of memployed mcn.

Duration of father,s lmemployment.

:i : : :::r.:::: ?L,. ri i l l::

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University L54 UNEMPLOYN,IENT AND CHII"D \\'ELFARE.

T.raln 22.-,Springfuld: Durotion oJJath.nlsunemploymenl, by.Jathu's total eamings frorn temporarlJuorlc dunng unemptoVmcnr'

Families oI unemployed men.

Father's total eam- Duration ot father's unemployment. lnss from tempG raiy work during unemptoyment. 10 121131 mos. mos.lmos.l .-t-lll 135 I o 01161 I _t* t2 6l 6116 3 ..i -: 'l ""'t""' 1 "'i ,i ""'t""' 6 1 -"i 8 I :::.:l::::: I 2 .:: 2l l 6 ""'t""' D li-l 7 1 1...-. ti 5 I :::j - . ...1 10 "'l ..-..1 1 7 ';'l " tt 2L 1 t'l 4 'l lt 8

T.lsr,r 23.-.Raciru: Numberd n*t:ffr::rf:f:,1!;rof uwnnlovedmen. bv weekivincom'e

Famil.ies ol unemployed men

Weeklyincome at time of study. Number oI -Dersons in family. Total. $15, s20, $25, $35, Not No r.o. | ,t'- $10, So' less s40 I less less less less less and re- I weekly '!r than than than than than than over ported.llncome Iilil: $15. $20. t%. $30. t35. t40.

Total... BI nlm n t7 16 2 lo 96 11....-....,... il 3 2 6 31 21 1...-...... oo 3 o 6 I Bl 21 6t.....,..-.... 43 4 2 21 2( t 1r r..-...... -..JO 31 3....-.....-.. 19 ; t 2l 1 t...... 1 , 11 3 10...... -..... 2 t3...... l l:::::::

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABI;ES. 155

Tasrp 24.-Bpringfield: Numbe.roJ pers.oltsin famittes of unemproyedmen, by ueelcly lncomeat ttme,ol studu.

Famiiies of unenployed men.

\feakly income al l ime of sl udy.

srs, szo, $30, Less .$5, $10' I $25, MO Not No than less le-ss less I less ICSS less than than than and te- weekly d). I than than than $10. $15. $20. $25. s30. $35. over. ported. lncome. |

181 77 8 n {...... _.-..38 4 3 61 3 3 1 5...... 10 26 2 6 31 5 1 1 5 6.-...... -... n 6 6 *t o I I 18 2 31 1 t i 1 8_..._--..._.. 2 11 3 3 I 9-....-...... _ 1 6 'i 1 11...... 2 1 l0-...--..-... 3 I ll...... -.. 2

T":::,3,!..:!:y1e ap,snriysfuld: Numberof ehiWreninfamittes in uhichttLe auerage u'erespiciied percentages of reui,its Tfr:{,Y;:.)"#;i'"ir*t"?,Yrl'}lili!!,emPtotment

Children in familics in which resources during unemplo],nent repre_ sented specifled percentage of receipts previcius to uniem"ptoyment. Age ofchild. Total I0-14 per 5-24per 2Hg pe 50-74per 75-99por 100per children cent. cent. cent. cent. cent and cent. over,

203 6 13 82 78 t2 t2 L2 2 8 2 14 I 13 I 1 6 8 10 """'t l 5 4 20 ...... , 8 14 6 3 t2 .i b 5 15 6 4 lo 10 """'t 10 I 10 ....:..::"""'t 3 I 4 7 2 6 I ..:::..:. , I 6 ::.:::.:,

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 156 UNEMPLOY}TENT AND CHII,D WIILITARE.

T,reln 26.--Bacine: At,erage ru:nthlE resourcesduring urrcmploym.entand esti,mated budgetrequirem.ents for Jamilizs of uncmployedm.en.r

Families of uemployed men.r

Average monthly resources during Monthly budget estimate. memprolment. $7{, less $100,1ess$125,1ess$150,1e-*s $175,less tmn f,mn rnan thsn tiran $i00. t125. $150. $175. $200.

I l4 27 7 $75,Iessthan$100-....-....----...-...... 128| 1 13 2 S100,less thDn $125...... - - ...... - - . -I 1r I. - . . . - - . - . I 3 E125;lessthant150.-...... --.--...-..-.-.i2 1..-...,.,. I 1 $150,lessthang175 3 2 i 1...... -. 1 Includes only families for which aversge monthly receipts were reported.

Tesr,n 2i.-S 'pringfuld: Aauage lnonthl! resourusdwino untmploumtnt and estttnated bidget require-mtntsfor jomilbs of unemployedinei.l

Fanilies of memployed men.t

Average mmthly resources llonthly budget estimate. ounng unemrJlolT€nt. 8125,lcss | $ri0,less I $175,less | $200,lcss thanlthanlthanlthrn t150. | $l;5. 1 $200. | $225.

Less than $25.. . - ; $25,Iess than $50.------. ------11 $50,less thaD $75- t7 $75,less than $100 l9 9100,less than 9125-----.. -. - - - - - 8 S125,less than S150----. -. ------2 $150,less than 9175.--. - -. - - - -... I

r Includesonly familiesfor which averagemonthly rtreipts werereported.

T.tsrt 28.-Raeinz: Inkruol elapsing bctweenbeginnino of urumploumrnl and rect"irtng charitabk aid, by ireoious uork sdtus oJununplouid intn.

Unemployed fathers.

Intervsl elapsing before receiving charitable eid. Skillsl andl seniskilled | "-:t:'-Y1 workers. I

2 L4l

o 2 23 10 32 10 219 L4 .I $-11months..--- 12 I 3 12months aDd over.--. -. -. -----,__ o 4 2 Interval not reported -. ------.. - _ l6 7 Not reeiving charitable aid- - -.,, - 90 6E 22

r Jncludes 2 iathers who were casuel laborers. r Includes 1 fathef whose work status was not reDorted.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPI]NDIX A.-.IABLI]::,. ti) /

Trcrr I t.-s.pringfcld' Intuaol .tlapsing betueen beginnirtg cf unetnplogmenr ut,,! r(rcntng Cnanta0tcatd, btt prertous trorl: slalus of u,tertty,!oUtd,rr,.,t.

Unemployed iathers.

t Includes2 fatherswho werecasual laborers. I IncludesI father whosework status was not reported.

Tesrp 30.--Raciru: A'mnunt and duratinn o/-men.l char,itable aid receiled bu famitics oJ unemploued

Iamilies recei\.ing charitable aid

Amount of charitable aid.

tl 6 12 t7 13 t1 l8 9 17 t9 3 tll I Excluiles g0 families which receired no charitable

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 158 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CTIILD WELFARE.

T.r.ar,r3J.-Sprinof.etd: Amount aidreceiaed byfamitias oJ #1ffi:il:f#"charitabk

Families receiving charitable aid.

Duration of charitable aid. Amount of charitsbls ald.

1-213-516-8 months Not r& months.I months,lmonths. and ported. oYer.

50 28 ; I 6 I 2 I 1 4 1 :...... i 4 Amount uot reported- . . -. .. . l6 I 1 72 Clothing and other aid. . . . -. . """'i Nursing service only...... 1

I Excludes 85 lamilies which received no charitablo aid.

T.rsrp 32.-Racine: AueragenuTnber oJ workino hours po ueek,for motherswho worked duringfallter's unzmploAment,by type oJu'ork dnil place'ofemployment.

Working mothers.

Type of work ani w\ether at AYerage hours per week. nomeor av/aylrom .nome. Total. Lessthan 12- 2+35 3647 48-59 Not 12hous. hous. hous. hours, hours. roported.

Total-....--...... -. -. - -. 60 8 10 o Workingaway from home...... a 5 o 5 n Work bv tho dav 30 6 1 11 Laundrv woik- -. ------1l r4 Cleanini---....-..-- - --. 8 1 3 I t1 La.uniry work and cteanrnq--. - _ - - --. - -.. 8 I .1 Generalh-ousework.. - -. I I NotreDorted------.. I I Factoryw-ork.--- 12 2 5ero9.-.-- -. -.. 2 .2 Practiial nursilg 2 r2 Chamberwork in hotel- - - - - Restaurantwork I 1 61 7l t2

Working at hooe 14 1 I 1l

Sewins...... --- - 6 o Lamdry work--- I Keepingstore.-- - . 2 Weavingrag rugs 1 I

One tlother also cares for neighbor's boy- 5 One mother also dms cl€ning by the dav. z-r (lo€s ', Also washrns at home. 6 works in old clothes room'i af relief rg-ency. I One mother also keeps lodgers. z pickine beans. I One mother also aloessewing at home. t Pnlling bsets.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABI.ES. 159

Tesrn 33..-,sgnng^rt(ld:.Aooage_number of working hows pn weekfor mothers uho uorrieddunng Jather s unemploymcnt, by type of u'orkand plau oJemployment.

Working mothers. r Typo oI work ancl whether at home I Averagehours per week. or away from homo. 1,, rol.al. '^^^ I I I i l-^. I ,r.r,;iiiz' Notre_ "hffi;. hours.-tz-2sl.z+JE hours. l.so_*z l_arse lou.llusl I I I hours.I nours.| ff$!. I porretl. itttllt

50 11 7 6 Working away from 39 I1 7 6 7 Wolk by the day-. 1 11 7 3 Le(ulory wor,E. -. r2 1 uleaung...... -. 1 ^Lamdrl work anQ cleaning. I ueneral ]lousewor_k--- - -, _- __ I I 2 22 Notr€ported..... 1 I Factorvwork..-- Practiial nursing I t sewrnq--._...... 2 Clericalwork...... --...:.. -- -- I Pantrv work in hotel-..... ------I I Kitcben work in hotel.--. ------1 Not reported- - .. . I :::::::: Working at home. - 11 3 Sewins...... 6 Laudrv 6 work. . - 1 Baking bread. - I I r one mother alsosews at home. r one mother alsodoes lau:rdry work at home. Tanrn 34.--Rar:ine and,$nyngrteld: Eyntgamnnt of _rnothersd,urtng unemploymznt penodoJ Jathers, by plau oJempLoynunt.

Mothers empioyed,

Place of mother's emplo''ment. Before and During during uemnlov- ' unemployment^of ment of father but father. not before.

Total 90 At home... n 65 a

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university -'i I 160 UNEMPLOYMENT AND (]HILD WELFANE.

d :-i: :t: Ff :ii zA :l: : l: : *T. E-. L= iI:.t

H s

c 5 6

a a. € .iiN@@si

\sD .c :

"e a

g I I n

ts]

Nbi@<6ivv:

d q

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University t

APPF]NDIX A.-TABI,ES. 161 Ei l=li'

| ;h

l- , I .ik o I Fo o I rh

tl I P^> I I- t.--

$ € E N

.NN@4 E

o' d € a d L @ N E € O a' \ L 5

!@@6iN ioooo i

R. €@sH;;;::; b; d

a a) I I

F] bFi F

j -io@€4dNtsts@m

9?i ieEliliii @ M aqsEsEEds F{ ;.hh>>>xxx ;E=89:ss5

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University a

L62 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CEII;D WELFARE.

Trerr 37.-Ra,cine and Springfpld: Am.ount of ueekly,earningsof worlting children oJ unemplo?Jedmen, oy ageana ser.

'!!elking children.

Weekly eamings Age and sex.

$15 lvage and not oYer.

r1 r1 l1

I One not working at time of sgent's \isit. ! Two not working eL ti.meof agent's \isit. 3 Three not v/orking at time of agent's visit.

Teal,r 38.-/iacinc: Occupatinnof worbing chill,ren during father's ururnployrnent, anl' timz,oJ beginning uorJr, by ageand ser.

'Working cbildren

Boys. Girls, st occuDation and time of begiining work. Total 15 IO ID 16 Total. y-ears vears years 'rof,&I. years years years ol age. or age, oI age. oI age. or age. or age.

Total---..-.-...-..... l0 3 6 c Beginning work before tather's unemployment - - I 6 3 I 3 I rl 1 I I I 1 I I r1

Begiming work tluring fatler's mmDlommt..- 12 o q. a

r1 I 1 I 1 I I I 5 1 rl , rl rl I 1 L 1 1 rl

r Ooe qot working at tine oI Bg€ot's yisit.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX A.-TABI,ES. 163 Tenr,p 39.-Bprtng.fuld: 9:.y?ltig" oJ working children during father,s- - unemploymznt,-"" "r- and time of begi,itningwirh, by aqeand s\i.

Working cbi dren.

Latest occupatiotr and time Boys. of begiining work. -----T------l -- _--T--___l- Total. r _..1 15 I 16 | L7 15116117 romr.l years I years I years Total yearslyearsiyeam ol age. ot I J age.I of age. or 8ge,I or age. I of age.

L7 7 7 6

L2 11 3 6 2 I 1 I I I 7 o It , I I I t ii

l0 D I Eousmaial_-... -. -..,.. I 1 Messenser - 2 2 rieamtress altffition in _ aepartment Store--... 1 Balesm... -...... I I r,aundry operative. . - -. I .tac&oryworker..-.,.... urenet worker...... -. t 1 Maclinist's apprentice.. 1

NotJeported... - - I 1 rrrnrcr_.--.---.------_- I

I Not working st timo of agert's visit.

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university 164 UNEMpLovMENT AND crrrr-D wELTARE.

T,rnr,r 40.-J?acine and, Sprino.fi,eld:Time oJ beginntng uorlc and grade [;t. scliool of uork'ing ehi,ldi|n o;funemployed"mrn, 6fu age and serl

Working children

Who left school at completing sp€ified grade.

Age,- sex, and time ol beginiring work. Eish schmI. Graile jffi]nisntn lot re. Sec- ond F€T.

Total...... 6 1 3

Beginning to work before father's m- emploJment - - -. .. .

Boys-...... 15yesrs. ... -. 16yars-... -. 17years..- -. Girls......

16years - -. .. 17years. -. - . Feginniag to work during father's unemployment-.---..

Boys-..------...

15years---..- 16years--....

Girls...... -. - lSyeers--... 16years-.--- U years- -. .. NotreDorted..,.----.12 2t-..---..1 1 B6Is(rTyesrs)...1 2l 2 .---.--.1 rl

I One not working at time of agent's visit. r Remained in school half time. 2 Three not workiDg at time of agent's visit. t Gradutedf rom an academy I Two not workhg at time of agent's visit.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown Universify APPENDIX A.-TABI,ES. 165

T-rnr,n 4l.-.i?acine a,nd Springf,eld: \ngtl-t of ti,me since _l,eaaing school of worhing children o;f unzmployed min, bu aqe and ser.

Length of time sinceleaving school. -A.geand sex. 36 Not re- and ported. over.

Total-..-,.---... 10 5 Boys.....-..-.-.-..-. 4 lSyesrs-----.-.-.. r3 16years.-..-.-...-. I 17years.----.-.-... 2

Cirlq l8 6 4 - 15years-----...... 2 rl I I 6 r3 .....--..1..--....-l 1 2 7 2 1......

I One not working at time of asent's visit I Two not working at time of agent's visit. r One remained in sehoolhalf t"ime. T.,\nle 42,.-,gpi.ngfe.Id: .Employmcnt.statlusFebntary_.1 , 1922, oJ children uhosefirst ?mploymentrertif cates,rere issued subscquent lo .llay l, 1g?l: l)uaqe and sex.

Chiltlren Children em- not em- Age and sex. Totol ploved children. oloved Fe6. r, Feli. t, 7922. 1922-

Totel- 33 t8 years. 14 6 I 5 years. t2

Girls-.--..,--.--- 15 rr Jrus- - m l5 u years- 5.1 44 10

T,rsr,u.43.-,sprtngfilrl:- Lcn.grhof time sinu oriqiwl employm,enturrificatz uas 'tsswd to ctuldrenunor(ulDpdcerli.liealcssubsequettt to Jfatl1,19/j, but t"hou.ere nol at uork February 1, 1922; by amnuit of tim.eu6rked

Children who n-orked specified amount of time. Length of timc since original p.emit was lssueo.

2 2

t2 3

r Includes 1 child for wbom amount of tiEe was not reDorted.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University : E I I I

166 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CI{ILD WEL]IARE.

Tenr,r 44.-B yringfuId: Number of jobsheld and total arrwunt of thne cltil'dhad workeil prior to Febiuar{" t, 1922; childrii with employm,entcerttif,catei unemplnyed February 7,1922.

Unemployod children who had hatl specified trumber ofjobs. Total amount of time child had worked.

15 13 19 18 10 o 5

6 9months l0months---.--.. 2 llmonths-.-..--- 1 14motrths----.-. 15months---..-, 1 Not reported....

T.rrr.n 45.-,SpringfuH: Gra.demmpl,ekil by chil.drenbetween 14 and t6 yems of oge to uhofiLemploym,ent cotirtcaks hod beenissued but uho u'erenot at work February1, 1922, by ageand ser.

Children who had completed specified grade.

Age and s€x. First year Grado Total. Fouth Fifth. Sixth. Eiehth.l Ninth. high not re- schml. ported.

109 I

76 18 22

7 1 2 2 I 69 l6 20 22 I

1 1 o 12 5 I 2 2 l-..-_-- 28 4 5 l0 I 5 3 1

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University '"in.ii;;ii:3yy,p;ggfrn*yiT:{tv#t{:i!iT:xt:'x:r*::t,tr,APPENDIX A.-TABLES. 167

r I Unemployed childr€n who had s,orked.

Total amount ol time worked in all positions.

mos. I re- ald I port- oYer.l cd.

109 rl g Lessthanlmonth__--. 1 I month- 2 ll ' 2 months-.--..-.._-.. -. ""'l-""' J montns-_..--. _- -- -__ _ B 4 months-_-- --_ --. _- - -- t2 :..:.1.::.:: 5uonths..--..---_-_.- - --..1...-. o montns_-.--..-..-...- ? ""t."'-. amontns--...- -..- -..-- ,l 8months----.--.- --.--- :-:.1::--:: I months----..-...... -- r1 ""i""" l,lmoDths---..--.--.- -. ;l -"'1""" 15moDths-.---..-----_- 16 il months.- - _.------..- 15 1 --..1 I r/ mollilrs_-.-._--..- --- r?l '31...... 18months.---.-- -.. -.-- ol 19months.--.--.-. -_ --- '+ ..:.1.....1 20months-..-... -..-..- l 21 ) {r mollrDs-.-- -..-... - -. ,rl ---l::--:: zzmontis-...--. -.. - -- - ,l bmollths.--- 'l ""i"""t:::::: I Worked 1{ months 2 Worked 15 months. 3'lVorked 11 months. r ae L e 47'-s prinsf e td : Pm p t o rd mc n t'|h o trii':,f ,?[';',:#1;; #.*;*'I/ ;niiun a upre

Unemplol'ed men given cit1, work

Period of residcncei n citr-. Coutry of birth Total 20 Ito4 | 5to9 lr0to1{ 15to 19 years.lyears.ll?us. years )'ears. and oYer.

663 b4 317 346 158 66 3 8 1 18 ...'----l 3 13 1 .....-.1 9 11 10 I 7 2l rl t 3 l-...... 1 1 4 31...... -.1 1 3 3 i....-...1...... 9 21 31 2

born in Czechostovakia,1 in palestine,1 in portugal, ,#t:t1d"Hj#"n 2 in Fintand, z io A.r_*y, *a 49090o_2&-12

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 168 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CTIILD WELFARE.

T,r.ure 48.-Bpringf eld:. Prepi6.v,5trceliy wages.oJuftemployed,m?n, by length.oJ unem. prcament ,eJore appttcallonJor ctta worfi.

Unemployed men grven city work.

'wecklv I€ngth of unemplolment belore applying for work waees before unrimplo-yment Less than 1 3 monihs. l..l-.^.r

Total------.- 59 33

$10,less than $15.. .. 3 , I $15.less thatr $20.-. - 66 16 3 2 i0 g20;Iess than $25- . . . 168 43 2\l 16 14 11 I $25.less than $30- - . . 161 13 2il 23 10 10 M $30,tess than $35- - . - 90 12 I 2 42 2 $SSandover------84 T2 91 8 10 5 21 Not reportcd--.. - .. - EO 22 6 2 72

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX B.-FORMS USED IN TIM STT]DY.

FORM 1.

U. S. Dor.lnrMENT oF Lanon, Current- Last date- Crrr,onnN's Bunreu. Cont. Assn.- PoorOffice-

UNE}IPLOYITE\T CASE. Name: Unempl. began: Date fust applic.: Address: Occupation:

Age: Race: Birthplace: Citizen: Y N Yrs. U. S.-speaks Eog. - Work Secured Th:ough Employment Office.

Orcupation.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University 170 L NhIIPLOIfII'IXT AND CHILD WELFARE. roRM 2. lPage1.1 U. S. Drp.rntlrnNr oF L-tnon, Number Curronelr'sBunr."u. Dateof visit UNEI{PLO\AIENT AND DEPENDENCY,

Father's last regular emPloYment: \{ages: Date unemployment began: Cause:

Nationality: l'ather- Mother- CitizenshiP: Y N

tength of time father in U. S.: In city: Age: Father- Mother-

Literacyoffather: reads writes Eng. N. L. SpeaksEnglish: Y N

Children:

I Lelt school Date Occupa- Wages. b€Cq. Name, ilotr, Industry. Grade worK. compl.

o. tl

Others living with the family: Total in home: No. rooms- Usedforsleeping Bath:Y N

Homeowned: Y N Mortgaged: Y N tength of time in house: Mo. interest: Rent: Present- During emPl.

Characterof dwelling and neighborhood:

Agent: Informant: Agency- Mo.- Fa.-

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX B.-FOR}IS USED IN THE STUDY. L7L

FORM 2-Continued.

lPago 2.j

RESOURCES OF FAMILY DURING IJ-NEMPLO\ANENT OF FATHER. Temporary work of father: Curent empl. OII case: y N Type of work: Amount of time employed (proportion):

Earnings (dail-v or weekly rate): ,,date Totai earningssince unemploymentbegan',:

Employment of tnother: Before unempl. : present time: At home: Away from home: Type of work: Time per day or week: Average rveekly sa,lningsi Total earnings during unemploym.ent: Care of children:

Employ'ment of children:

Other gourcesof income: 1. Existing beiore unemplolment of father:

2. Added during period of unemployment: (Aid from relatives; sold house; rental of house; boardere,etc.)

Charitable aid:

Total weekly income of family at time of inquiry: Approximate total iucome during period of unemployment:

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University L72 UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD WELFARE.

FORM 2-Continued. lPage3.1 SPECIAL NOTES.

(Ifandicaps and retrenchment during unemplol'ment period.)

1. Father's rvork status: Regularly employed at trade (name trade)- Unskilled worker, but trsually steadily empl.- Casuallaborer, frequently unemployed- Is unemploy'ment due to physicai disability: (Nature of die.)

2. Ilealth: Seriousillnesses during unempl. period: health of mother and children,

3. Children committed to institutions: (for permanent custody or temporary care).

4. Losses,etc.: Lossesdue to unpaid installments on furniture, unpaid mortgage interest, insurance premiums, etc. Probable permanent loss of industrial standing ttrrough long period of unemplol'ment.

5 Credit and debts: During unemplolment period; debt€ by items; extent to which credit at stores has tided family through.

6. Reduction in standard of living: Ilousi:rg, food, comforts, recreation, etc.

Provided by the Maternal and Child Health Library, Georgetown University APPENDIX B.-FORMS USED IN TIIE STUDY. 1?3 FORM 3. U. S. DnpanruENTor, L.mon, Cnu,nnrN'sBunneu.

RECORDOF FAMILY RELIEF. Agency: Name: Address: Rent: Father: Occrtpation- Date unempl. began- Race- Birthplace- Citizen: y N Children'in home: (Ages) Under 14- 14 and over- Wk,g- Unempt,_ Motheruorbing.. At home- Away from home- Others in family: Total income at applic.: Date- Income and sources- Date first applic. to agency: Date unempl. applic.- Active caseprior to presentunempl.: 1916- 1917- 1918- 1919_ 1920_ Datesand amountsof relief: FORM 4. U. S. DnranlrlrnNT or, Lenon, Csrr,onnx's Buan.lu. DAY NURSERY CASE. Cent. Assn. case:y N Sched.familycase: Y N Name: Address: Specialvisit case: y N Father: Prcvious occupation: Unempl. began: Temp. work: Childrenin ltome: Ages- In school- WorkinE_ Children cared for by day nursery: Ages- Daity charge: Periods of care: Employment oJ motfur: FORM 5' u. s. DnpanruENT oF T,aaor, Date- CsllnnrN's Bunpau.

MEN APPRO\'ED FOR CITY WORK-SPRTNGFIELD. Date of application- Age of father- Birthplace- Years in Springfield- \Vhen last employed- Occupation- \Vages- Wife employed- Ages of children- Agesof working children- Social data- FORM 6. CHILD ENROLLED IN CONTINUATIONSCHOOL. Date: Sex- Date of birth- Date original permit- Date left school- Grade completed- Date began work- Date leaving last empl.- Actiyities rvhile unemployed : FORM 7. Date: CERTIFICATE CI]ILD-NOT EIIPLOYED. Sex- Date of bfuth- Date original certif._ Date left school- Grade completed- Now in school? Grade- Date began work- Date leaving last empl.- Jobs held, length of time i.lr each: o

Provided by the Maternal and child Health Library, Georgetown university