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Advances in All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Lasers Based on Cr4+:YAG Saturable Absorber

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Advances in All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Lasers Based on Cr4+:YAG Saturable Absorber hv photonics Review Advances in All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Lasers Based on Cr4+:YAG Saturable Absorber Jingling Tang 1,2, Zhenxu Bai 1,2,3,*, Duo Zhang 1,2, Yaoyao Qi 1,2, Jie Ding 1,2, Yulei Wang 1,2 and Zhiwei Lu 1,2 1 Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (Y.Q.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China 3 MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: All-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers have advantages that include simple structure, high peak power, and short sub-nanosecond pulse width. Potentially, these lasers can be applied in multiple settings, such as in miniature light sources, laser medical treatment, remote sensing, and precision processing. Cr4+:YAG crystal is an ideal Q-switch material for all-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers owing to its high thermal conductivity, low saturation light intensity, and high damage threshold. This study summarizes the research progress on all-solid-state passively Q- switched lasers that use Cr4+:YAG crystal as a saturable absorber and discusses further prospects for the development and application of such lasers. Keywords: laser; Cr4+:YAG; all-solid-state; passively Q-switch Citation: Tang, J.; Bai, Z.; Zhang, D.; Qi, Y.; Ding, J.; Wang, Y.; Lu, Z. 1. Introduction Advances in All-Solid-State Passively All-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers have the characteristics of simple structure, Q-Switched Lasers Based on small size, and broad application potential in areas, such as high-precision processing, Cr4+:YAG Saturable Absorber. laser medical treatment, and laser communication. As these lasers do not require complex Photonics 2021, 8, 93. https:// extra-cavity modulation devices or high stability of their light source in addition to also doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040093 possessing high system reliability, they can be applied to various complex environments, including high precision ranging, space detection, and radar [1–3]. Materials commonly Received: 9 February 2021 used for passive Q-switches are organic dyes, doped crystals, and semiconductors. Accepted: 22 March 2021 A Cr4+:YAG crystal has a wide absorption band and saturable absorption characteris- Published: 27 March 2021 tics at 0.9–1.2 µm. When compared with other saturable absorbers, Cr4+:YAG crystal has the advantages of large ground-state absorption cross-section (~10−18 cm2), high doping Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral concentration (~1018 cm−3), good thermal conductivity, low saturated light intensity, high with regard to jurisdictional claims in damage threshold (500 MW/cm2), stable physical properties, and long service life. There- published maps and institutional affil- fore, it is an ideal Q-switch material for Nd3+-doped and Yb3+-doped solid-state lasers [4]. iations. Cr4+:YAG has three main absorption bands: 0.48, 0.63, and 1.06 µm. The 0.48 and 0.63 µm absorption bands are in the visible light region, and the absorption coefficients of the two absorption bands are relatively large, but the absorption of Cr4+:YAG crystal in these two bands is due to the transfer of Cr4+ charge in the crystal and the color center, rather than the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. saturable absorption characteristics of the Cr4+:YAG crystals. The absorption of Cr4+:YAG Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. crystals in the 1.06 µm absorption band is caused by the energy level transition of the This article is an open access article particles in Cr4+:YAG, so the 1.06 µm absorption band is an important basis for reflecting distributed under the terms and the saturable absorption characteristics of Cr4+:YAG crystals. The absorption spectrum of conditions of the Creative Commons Cr4+:YAG is shown in Figure1. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Photonics 2021, 8, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040093 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/photonics Photonics 2021, 8, 93 2 of 14 PhotonicsPhotonics 2021 2021, 8,, 8x, xFOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 2 of2 of 15 15 4+ FigureFigure 1. 1. AbsorptionAbsorption Absorption spectrum spectrum spectrum of of Cr Cr4+:YAG.4+:YAG.:YAG. 4+ Since the 1990s, the emergence of various saturable absorber doped with Cr 4+ ion has SinceSince the the 1990s, 1990s, the the emergence emergence of of vari variousous saturable saturable absorber absorber doped doped with with Cr Cr 4+ion ion has has attracted attention, and a series of important advances have been made. Figure2 illustrates attractedattracted attention, attention, and and a aseries series of of important important advances advances have have been been made. made. Figure Figure 2 2illus- illus- the timeline of advances in all-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers based on Cr4+-doped tratestrates the the timeline timeline of of advances advances in in all-solid- all-solid-statestate passively passively Q-switch Q-switcheded lasers lasers based based on on Cr Cr4+-4+- crystals. dopeddoped crystals. crystals. Figure 2. Timeline of advances in all-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers based on Cr4+-doped4+ crystals [5–13]. FigureFigure 2. 2.Timeline Timeline of of advances advances in in all-solid-state all-solid-state passively passively Q-switched Q-switched lasers lasers based based on on Cr Cr4+-doped-doped crystals crystals [5 [5–13].–13]. ThisThis study study summarizes summarizes summarizes the the research research progress progress on on all-solid-state all-solid-state passively passively Q-switched Q-switched laserslaserslasers that that that use use use Cr Cr Cr4+:YAG4+:YAG:YAG crystal crystal crystal as as as the the the saturable saturable saturable absorber, absorber, absorber, including including NdNd Nd3+3+-doped3+-doped-doped passively passively passively Q-switchedQ-switched laser, laser,laser, Yb YbYb3+3+-doped3+-doped-doped passively passively passively Q-switched Q-switched Q-switched laser, laser, laser, and and and other other other ion-doped ion-doped ion-doped lasers. lasers. lasers. Po- Po- tentialPotentialtential future future future developments developments developments and and and a pplicationsapplications applications are are are also also also discussed. discussed. discussed. 2.2. Research Research Research Progress Progress Progress 3+ 2.1.2.1. Nd Nd Nd3+-Doped3+-Doped-Doped Passively PassivelyPassively Q-Switched Q-SwitchedQ-Switched Lasers LasersLasers 3+ InInIn recentrecent recent years,years, years, LD-pumped LD-pumped LD-pumped Nd Nd Nd-doped3+-doped3+-doped lasers lasers lasers have have have been been been widely widely widely developed developed developed and haveand and havepotentialhave potential potential applications applications applications in scientific in in scientific scientific research, research, research, infrared infrared infrared remote remote remote sensing, sensing, sensing, etc. The etc. etc. energy The The energy energy level 3+ levelstructurelevel structure structure of an ofNd of an an Nd ionNd3+ 3+ inion ion Nd:YAG in in Nd:YAG Nd:YAG is illustrated is is illustrated illustrated in Figure in in Figure Figure3[ 4 ].3 3[4]. The [4]. The 1.06The 1.06 µ1.06m μtransition μmm transi- transi- tionprovidestion provides provides the lowestthe the lowest lowest threshold threshold threshold laser laser laser lines lines lines in Nd:YAG. in in Nd:YAG. Nd:YAG. The The mainThe main main laser laser laser transition transition transition occurs occurs occurs at 4 4 1064 nm due to the F 4 ! I4 transition, and the main pump band is shown in Figure3. atat 1064 1064 nm nm due due to to the the3/2 F 43/2F3/2→→11/2I411/2I11/2 transition, transition, and and the the main main pump pump band band is is shown shown in in Figure Figure 3.3. Photonics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 According to this diagram, the emission wavelengths of the Nd3+ ions coincide with Photonics 2021, 8, 93 the absorption wavelengths of the Cr4+:YAG crystal, specifically in the commonly3 ofused 14 Photonics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 1.06 μm band. Therefore, using Nd3+-doped passively Q-switched lasers with Cr4+:YAG crystal as the saturable absorber has garnered scientific interest. According to this diagram, the emission wavelengths of the Nd3+ ions coincide with the absorption wavelengths of the Cr4+:YAG crystal, specifically in the commonly used 1.06 μm band. Therefore, using Nd3+-doped passively Q-switched lasers with Cr4+:YAG crystal as the saturable absorber has garnered scientific interest. FigureFigure 3. 3.Energy Energy level level structure structure of of Nd Nd3+3+in in Nd:YAG. Nd:YAG. 2.1.1.According Research toProgress this diagram, on Passively the emission Q-Switched wavelengths Lasers in of the the Infrared Nd3+ ions Band coincide with 4+ the absorptionIn 2016, Tasi wavelengths et al. first ofreported the Cr spatiotemporal:YAG crystal, specificallychaos under in a thestationary commonly spatial used dis- µ 3+ 4+ 1.06tributionm band. of polarization. Therefore, using A period-doubling Nd -doped passively route to Q-switchedchaos was observed lasers with in Cra passively:YAG Figurecrystal 3. as Energy the saturable level structure absorber of Nd has3+ in garnered Nd:YAG. scientific interest. Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 laser beam with azimuthal polarization [14]. Figure 4 demon- strates the testing setup and output results. 2.1.1.2.1.1. Research Research Progress Progress on on Passively Passively Q-Switched Q-Switched Lasers in the Infrared Band InIn 2016, 2016, Tasi Tasi et et al. al. first first reported reported spatiotemporal spatiotemporal chaos chaos under under a stationary a stationary spatial spatial dis- tributiondistribution of polarization.
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