Looking for the Professor and Defining Estonian 166 Academic Art History
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Eero KANGOR Estonian Academy of Arts, Tallinn LOOKING FOR THE PROFESSOR AND DEFINING ESTONIAN 166 ACADEMIC ART HISTORY Key words: Estonian art historiography, academic art history, nation-building, Tor Helge Kjellin, Josef Strzygowski, Johnny Roosval, Adolph Goldschmidt, Heinrich Wölfflin. This article revises a passage in the narrative of the established in it, were the important locus for (re) history of Estonian academic art history1 hoping generation of art historical knowledge, as Donald that by introducing archival materials that has not Preziosi has described it.3 It is generally believed ALIJOS, METODOLOGIJOS been used or considered in earlier writings it is pos- that these institutions were established in the 19th sible to deconstruct the narrative. Neglecting of the century, mostly by German scholars.4 The aca- archival material was caused by practical but also demic art history was considered a national acti- discursive reasons due to censorship in Soviet times vity throughout Europe in conjunction with the when the first articles on this topic were published. protection of heritage and art museums.5 On the Based upon archival research I propose an alterna- other hand, the discipline is essentially internatio- tive conceptual viewpoint and suggest that the elec- nal, especially if we consider how much the map of tion process of the Professor of Art History at the Europe has changed (e.g. in the last century). After E: RAIDA, PERSON E: RAIDA, University of Tartu during the years 1919–1921 is the First World War, in the newly established states a way to define Estonian academic art history. The in Europe, art and its history were valuable means word “define” is used here in a broad sense. By defi- for the nation-building process and essential for the ning, a certain set of objects, ideas and tenets are construction of national discourse. Art history had encircled and at the same time the others are left been taught at the the Czarist University of Tartu outside. However, the “inhabitants” of the imme- in the 19th century up until 1918. But a specialized diate borderland keep transgressing and liquefying chair for Art History was only founded in 1919.6 In the solid core of a definition and open up a dialogue. the 1920s, the person, holding the chair of Art His- I conceive the ideas and visions of the founders of tory at the University of Tartu, acquired an impor- the Estonian National University as the solid core tant role in shaping the perception of this discipline of the definition. By introducing the candidates and for the whole Estonian society. their background I aspire to open up the context The interest for the questions of art historiography and show the possible alternatives and the ways they has been increasing in Estonia since the 1970s.7 Sten could have opened. Finally I ask how these possi- Karling, a professor in Tartu in 1933–1941, publis- ble choices and the final choice made in the election hed an article for the international community in could have affected the understanding of Estonian 1988 where he gave an overview of art historical academic art history and Estonian art. The whole research in Estonia from the end of the 19th century process shows the symptoms of changing vision, untill the 1980s.8 The knowledge of Estonian art his- values and habits of the community.2 toriography has been shaped by publications written MENOTYRA VIDURIO IR RYTŲ EUROPOS ŠALYS EUROPOS MENOTYRA IR RYTŲ VIDURIO The university and the institutions of art history, on the jubilees of the “first” Estonian art historians Voldemar Vaga (1899–1999), Sten Karling (1906– yet M. Eller as well as another Estonian art histo- 1987), Armin Tuulse (1907–1977) and Villem Raam rian, Juta Keevallik,20 have both made a distinction (1910–1996).9 Estonian art historian Krista Kodres between art history and academic art history (Kuns- has been especially productive and published seve- twissenschaft). To be exact, it was classical archae- ral articles. She has also written an analysis of the ology that was taught at the Czarist University of theoretical influences on the research of Sten Kar- Tartu in the 19th century up until 1918. What is the 167 ling.10 The 1920s have not received similar attention difference between art history at the beginning and since the 1980s.11 Currently three graduate students at the end of the 19th century? How did this change at the Estonian Academy of Arts and the Institute of happen? One of the best studies on these issues EUR AND EAST IN THE MIDDLE HISTORY ART History of Tallinn University are writing their doc- regarding art historians Wilhelm Vöge and Adolph toral theses on Estonian art historiography of the Goldschmidt is written by Kathryn Brush.21 19th-20th century under Krista Kodres’s and Kersti Markus’s supervision respectively.12 PROTO-PARADIGMATIC, BALTIC GERMAN OR PRE-REPUBLICAN ART HISTORY? The starting point for this article is a passage from a 1980 article of the Estonian art historian Mart Eller13: Donald Preziosi says fluently that “the institutional “a year after Estonia declared independence on the space cleared for itself by academic art history [at 24th February 1918 it was decided that a National the end of the 19th century] both in Europe and University should be established on the foundations America was no tabula rasa, but an already densely of the former Czarist University of Tartu that was textured philosophical, epistemological and ideolo- liquidated in July 1918. The plan for the chairs of gical landscape.”22 The same can be said about Esto- the university also included a chair for “aesthetics nia where art history became an academic discipline and general art history.”14 At this time no suitable at the University of Tartu in 1922. The practice of art professor could be found in Estonia, so he had to history in the 19th century in Estonia lacked epis- be looked for abroad. As a result two years later an temological coherence. The fact that art history in election was held. M. Eller mentions Gerstenberg, Estonia in the 19th century was Baltic German cle- Knapp, Waldhaus15, Josef Strzygowski and W. Wor- arly correlates with their dominance in the society OPE: PROCESS, PERSONALITIES, METHODOLOGIES PROCESS,OPE: PERSONALITIES, ringer as candidates from German universities and and culture as a whole. As Baltic Germans were an a professor from Sweden Tor Helge Kjellin. M. Eller ethnic minority a change had to happen after Esto- concludes that J. Strzygowski has won the election, nians declared their independence and constituted but did not come to Estonia, leaving the opportu- a Republic in 1918. The conflicting ideologies of the nity for the runner up in the election. H. Kjellin Baltic German minority and Estonian nation-buil- started to lecture in January 1922 as a professor of ders were following after a common philosophical “art history”.16 I wanted to develop further from pattern. Both sides recognized the importance of art this short list by asking simple questions. Who were historical knowledge as a tool of ideological power. these other candidates besides the already known The university is an essential locus for the genera- J. Strzygowski, W. Worringer and H. Kjellin? Why tion, distribution and recycling of knowledge and J. Strzygowski chose not to come to Estonia? Lars ideologies. In Estonia the University of Tartu had Berggren, who has written about J. Strzygowski’s already been established in 1632 by the Swedish 17 connection with Åbo Akademi in Turku, Finland, king Gustav II Adolf, which initiated the expan- encouraged me to find out more about the elections sion of the Swedish Empire and the Golden Age and to my surprise I could find some other famous of Sweden.23 It functioned until 1710 and attempts names among the involved: Erwin Panofsky, Hein- to re-open the university during the 18th century 18 rich Wölfflin and Adolph Goldschmidt. M. Eller under Russian rule could not be realized.24 In 1802 discussed the reasons why a suitable professor for the University of Tartu was re-established following art history could not be found in Estonia. Art his- the edict of Russian Czar Alexander I (1777–1825). 19 tory had been taught at the university before 1919, The next year the chair for “eloquence, classical philology, aesthetics and the history of literature and art” was occupied by Johann Karl Simon Mor- genstern (1770–1852).25 The title of the chair indi- cates an interdisciplinary approach to the history of art and reflects the wide range of interests of profes- 168 sor Morgenstern. Generally in the 19th century the history of art was taught in Tartu as classical archa- eology, a discipline established by the famous Ger- man art historian and archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768). Parallel to the re-establishment of the University of Tartu in the whole of Europe the growth of natio- nal tendencies and the ascendance of the bourge- oisie proceeded.26 These circumstances prepared the ground for a modern discipline – art history (or academic art history) – which was laid in German- speaking universities starting from the 1860s–70s.27 In 1860 the first chair for art history with Anton Portrait of the professor Helge Kjellin ALIJOS, METODOLOGIJOS Springer as the professor was founded at the Uni- versity of Bonn. In 1873 the first international con- gress of art history in Vienna stated, that art history the First World War, Russian Revolutions and the should become an integral part of university edu- resulting Wars of Independence.33 cation and specialized