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Bemannte Raumstationen Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). Diplomarbeit Concordia Interplanetare Raumstation im niedrigen Marsorbit ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurs unter der Leitung von Univ.Doz. Mag.arch. Dr.techn. Christa Illera E253 Institut für Architektur und Entwerfen Abteilung für Raumgestaltung und nachhaltiges Entwerfen eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung von Ursula Knappl 9908380 Dianagasse 8/5-6, 1030 Wien Wien, am 29. März 2009 Concordia Interplanetare Raumstation im niedrigen Marsorbit Für meine Familie und meine Freunde, die mich großartig unterstützt haben. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Reise zum Mars ............................................... Seite 5 3.4 Anforderungen an die Raumstation ............................ Seite 39 Mythos und Faszination Sicherheit der Crew Die ersten Ideen zum Konzept Anforderungen an die RS zur Vermeidung von Schäden 1.2 Planet Erde vs. Mars - Unterschiede bzw. Parallelen ..... Seite 8 Materialien Planet Schutzschilder Jahreszeiten Versorgung der Raumstation Tag Selbstversorgende Systeme Klima Wohnlichkeit Wasser Atmosphäre 4 Missionsarchitektur Himmel 4.1 Positionierung im niedrigen Marsorbit .............................. Seite 48 Topographie Überblick Monde Interplanetare Raumfahrt 1.3 Himmelsmechanische Beziehungen ........................... Seite 16 Verlassen der Erde Gravitation Flug zum Mars Zweikörperproblem Orbittypen Die Bestimmung eines bewegten Objekts im Weltraum 4.2 Missionselemente des fiktiven Projekts "Concordia" ........ Seite 56 6 Orbitalelemente Platzierung im Marsorbit 1.4 Mission Mars .............................................................. Seite 18 Kommunikationssatelliten Programme zur Erforschung des roten Planeten Satellit zur Vermessung der Marsoberfäche Geplante Missionen Bodeneinheit Konzepte einer bemannten Marsmission 4.3 Missionsverlauf des Projekts "Concordia" ........................ Seite 61 Planetenkonstellation 2 Raumstationen Start: unbemannte Mission 2.1 Bemannte Raumstationen .......................................... Seite 24 Start: bemannte Mission zur "Concordia" Salyut Skylab 5 Concordia - bemannte Raumstation Apollo-Sojus-Projekt 5.1 Die Geburt der Raumstation ............................................ Seite 69 MIR Namensgebung Internationale Raumstation ISS Künstliche Schwerkraft auf der Concordia 2.2 Rotierende Raumstationen ......................................... Seite 28 Aufbau und Wachstum Bernal-Sphäre Anforderungen an das Habitat Wernher von Braun 5.2 Zusammensetzung der Raumstation ............................... Seite 76 Kubrick´s 2001: Odyssee im Weltraum Wachstumsschema O´Neill-Kolonien Wegeführung Das große Baukastenkonzept der NASA Funktionsdiagramme K. A. Ehricke Bordkreisläufe Aktuellere Beispiele 5.3 Plandarstellung der Habitate ........................................... Seite 85 Raum- und Platzbedarf 3 Langzeitmissionen und deren Implikationen Plandarstellung 3.1 Gesundheitsrisiken im All ............................................ Seite 33 Strahlung Schwerelosigkeit 3.2 Vorsorgemaßnahmen ................................................. Seite 35 Strahlenschutzmaßnahmen Weltraummedizin Training Ernährung 3.3 Psychologie in der Raumfahrt ..................................... Seite 37 Studien über Langzeitaufenthalte 1 Einleitung 1.1 Reise zum Mars Mythos und Faszination Die ersten Ideen zum Konzept 1.2 Planet Erde vs. Mars - Unterschiede bzw. Parallelen Planet Jahreszeiten Tag Klima Wasser Atmosphäre Himmel Topographie Monde 1.3 Himmelsmechanische Beziehungen Gravitation Zweikörperproblem Die Bestimmung eines bewegten Objekts im Weltraum 6 Orbitalelemente 1.4 Mission Mars Programme zur Erforschung des roten Planeten Geplante Missionen Konzepte einer bemannten Marsmission 4 1.1 Reise zum Mars 1 Einleitung Mythos und Faszination Schon bei den ersten Hochkulturen übte der rote Planet große Faszination auf die Menschen aus. Durch Überlieferungen der alten Mythologien bleibt uns der Mars stets als mystischer und geheimnisvoller Planet im Gedächtnis. ... Lahmu wurde von der Flugbahn Nibirus verwüstet!, sprach Marduk. Aufgesogen wurde seine Atmosphäre, das Wasser verdampfte, zu einem Ort der Sandstürme geriet er! ... 1 Bei den Sumerern wurde der Mars als Symbol eines sechseckigen Sterns dargestellt und die Erde entweder als siebeneckiger Stern oder in Form von sieben Punkten. Abb. 1.1-2: Marskarte nach Schiaparelli Schiaparellis Entdeckung und seine Vermutung der Existenz von intelligentem Leben auf dem Mars ermutigte viele andere Astronomen zu weiteren Recher- chen. Außerdem lieferten diese Forschungen den Stoff für zahlreiche Romane und Science-Fiction-Filme (siehe Tabelle 1.1-1). Für Percival Lowell waren diese Vermutungen Grund genug, eine Sternwarte in Abb. 1.1-1: sumerisches Rollensiegel Arizona für die Beobachtung der Marsbewohner zu gründen. Archäologische Funde von Tontafeln belegen sumerische, akkadische und Bis heute gibt es heftige Diskussionen zu dem Thema "existiert intelligentes Le- babylonische Gestirnslisten. ben auf dem Mars?". Im Sumerischen erhielt der Mars den Namen Simug, Schmied. Man findet ihn auch unter den Namen Utukagaba, was Licht am Tor der Wasser2 bedeutet. Einer der ersten Träume der Astronauten war, den roten Planeten zu besuchen. Seit dem Ende der 60iger sind wir technisch gesehen auch dazu in der Lage. Es Auch in anderen Hochkulturen fand der Mars kultische Bedeutung. Im alten gibt bereits Interessensgruppen, die das Ziel haben den Mars zu bereisen und Ägypten kannte man ihn als "Horus der Rote" und bei den Azteken war er als auch auf ihm erdähnliche Konditionen zu schaffen. Huitzilopochtli, der Zerstörer von Menschen und Städten, bekannt. Im indi- schen Sanskrit taucht er als "Mangal“ (verheißungsvoll), "Angaraka“ (Glühen- Die Neugierde liegt in der menschlichen Natur und hat den Menschen immer de Kohle) und "Kuja“ (der Blonde) auf. dazu bewogen, an die Grenzen zu gehen und sie auch auszuweiten. Die Frage Sein Name lautet im Akkadischen "Shalbatana" und im Hebräischen "Maja". nach außerirdischem Leben ist bislang noch nicht geklärt und motiviert viele Wis- Aus der griechischen bzw. römischen Mythologie kennt man ihn als den senschaftler danach zu forschen. Daher ist der Mars eine unerlässliche Etappe Kriegsgott Ares und, wie geläufig, als Mars. für diese Annahmen und Recherchen. Bisher ist es nicht erwiesen, dass Leben auf dem Mars existiert bzw. existiert haben könnte. Ab dem 17. Jahrhundert wurde durch die Erfindung des Teleskops eine ge- Neben der wissenschaftlichen Neugier und den technologischen Herausforde- nauere Beobachtung des roten Planeten ermöglicht. rungen dient auch die faszinierende Geschichte des roten Planeten als Grund zu Bereits im 18. Jahrhundert entdeckte man dunkle Flecken auf der Marsober- seiner Erkundung. fläche, die ihre Farbe änderten und wuchsen bzw. schrumpften. Der Mars ist der erdähnlichste Planet unseres Sonnensystems und steht der Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts begann das Interesse und die Faszination an Erde am nächsten, jedoch liegt er knapp außerhalb der habitablen Zone. Neben dem roten Planeten zuzunehmen, nachdem ein Astronom zu der Überzeu- der Erde schafft er, gegenüber den restlichen Planeten, noch die besten Voraus- gung gelangt war, einen Schwesternplaneten unserer Erde wieder erkannt zu setzungen für etwaiges Leben und könnte auch Aufschluss über die unerforsch- haben. te Erdgeschichte liefern. Besagter Astronom war der Italiener Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, Entdecker Die Klimaveränderungen auf dem Mars können als Referenz und zur Erklärung der Canali. Ihm Zufolge wurde dem Mars intelligentes Leben zugeschrieben. der Klimageschichte der Erde dienen. Zitat 1.1-1: Zecharia Sitchin Abbildung 1.1-2: Marskarte nach Schiaparelli von 1888 (Meyers Konversations-Lexikon) Abbildung 1.1-1: sumerisches Rollensiegel Zitat 1.1-2: Zecharia Sitchin Percival Lowell ... US-amerikanischer Astronom 1855-1916 Interessensgruppen ... Mars-Society aus den USA; Planète Mars in Frankreich Huitzilopochtli ... aztekische Gottheit habitable Zone ... Bereich im Weltraum, wo Wasser dauerhaft in flüssiger Form existieren kann, Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli ... (1835-1910) Architekt, Mathematiker, Astronom, Ingenieur der Hydraulik um damit die Voraussetzungen für Leben zu gewährleisten. Canali ... linienförmige Strukturen auf der Marsoberfläche 5 1.1 Reise zum Mars 1 Einleitung Seine rötliche Oberfläche entstand durch eisenoxidreichen verwitterten Basalt Der Mythos Mars ist Thema zahlreicher Romane und Verfilmungen: und feinkörnige rote Tonerde. 1790: Carl Ignaz Geigers Roman "Reise eines Erdbewohners in den Mars" 1976 machten die beiden Viking - Orbiter der NASA eine erstaunliche Ent- 1897: Kurd Laßwitz umfangreicher Roman "Auf zwei Planeten" Besuch bei den deckung. Im Hochland der Cydonia-Region in der nördlichen Hemisphäre, Marsbewohnern die eine komplexe Geologie aus Kratern und Felsformationen aufweist, wurde 1898: Herbert G. Wells Roman "Krieg der Welten" Marsianer erobern die Erde eine für Aufsehen sorgende Aufnahme gemacht. 1913: erscheint ersmals ein grünes Marsmännchen in einem Comic 1938: Orson Welles´ Panik auslösendes Hörspiel "Invasion vom Mars" zur Ro- "...Wir
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