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Tematski Turizem Teoreticni ˇ in Aplikativni Primeri Oblik Turizma V Svetu in Sloveniji

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Tematski Turizem Teoreticni ˇ in Aplikativni Primeri Oblik Turizma V Svetu in Sloveniji Tematski turizem Teoreticni ˇ in aplikativni primeri oblik turizma v svetu in Sloveniji Uredili Miha Lesjak Marijana Sikošek Simon Kerma Založba Univerze na Primorskem Uredniški odbor Silva Bratož Janko Gravner Alen Ježovnik Maja Meško Ana Petelin Gregor Pobežin Krstivoje Špijunovi´c Jonatan Vinkler Vito Vitrih Matej Vranješ Miloš Zelenka Tematski turizem Teoreticni ˇ in aplikativni primeri oblik turizma v svetu in Sloveniji Uredili Miha Lesjak Marijana Sikošek Simon Kerma Tematski turizem: teoretiˇcni in aplikativni primeri oblik turizma v svetu in Sloveniji Uredili Miha Lesjak Marijana Sikošek Simon Kerma Recenzenta · Dejan Cigale in Marko Peri´c Lektoriral ·DavorinDukiˇc Risbe, oblikovanje in tehniˇcna ureditev ·AlenJežovnik Izdala in založila · Založba Univerze na Primorskem Titov trg 4, Koper · www.hippocampus.si Glavni urednik · Jonatan Vinkler Vodja založbe ·AlenJežovnik © 2020 Univerza na Primorskem Koper, december 2020 http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-042-4.pdf http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-043-1/index.html https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-042-4 Izid monografije je finanˇcno podprla Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz sredstev državnega proraˇcuna iz naslova razpisa za sofinanciranje znanstvenih monografij Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (cip)pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani cobiss.si-id=51364867 isbn 978-961-293-042-4 (pdf) isbn 978-961-293-043-1 (html) Kazalo Uvod Miha Lesjak, Marijana Sikošek in Simon Kerma · 7 1 Kulturni turizem Irena Weber, Katja Hrobat Virloget in Aleš Gaˇcnik · 17 2 Verski in romarski turizem Tadeja Jere Jakulin · 39 3 Temaˇcni turizem Metod Šuligoj · 55 4 Gastronomski turizem Maja Uran Maravi´c in Kaja Sajovic · 77 5 Vinski turizem Simon Kerma in Aleš Gaˇcnik · 105 6 Prireditveni turizem Marijana Sikošek · 131 7 Poslovni turizem ali kongresna dejavnost Marijana Sikošek · 153 8 Nekatere znaˇcilnosti in izbrani uˇcinki križarjenj Anton Gosar · 177 9 Športni turizem Miha Lesjak · 203 10 Ekoturizem in zavarovana obmoˇcja Simon Kerma in Matej Vranješ · 221 11 Gozdni turizem Darija Cvikl · 243 12 Turizem iskanja korenin Miha Koderman · 259 13 Vesoljski turizem Iztok Bonˇcina · 279 Recenziji · 301 6 Uvod Miha Lesjak up Fakulteta za turistiˇcne študije – Turistica [email protected] Marijana Sikošek up Fakulteta za turistiˇcne študije – Turistica [email protected] Simon Kerma up Fakulteta za turistiˇcne študije – Turistica [email protected] Turizem je kompleksen družbeni fenomen, po svoji naravi podrejen nenehnim spremembam in dinamiki aktivnosti, ki so odraz prilago- ditev na potrebe sodobne družbe. Te prilagoditve narekujejo druga- cenˇ slog, naˇcin in tempo življenja, kar se odraža v kakovosti dela in preživljanja prostegacasa ˇ ter poslediˇcno v priˇcakovanem standardu prebivalstva. Priˇca smo intenzivni diverzifikaciji potreb (interesov) posameznika in družbenih skupin v sicer izrazito zaostrenih razme- rah (hiper)potrošniške globalizacije. Turizem je potrebno misliti dia- lektiˇcno, saj je tudi sam postal eden vplivnejših dejavnikov transfor- macijskih procesov, ki se kažejo kot posledice okoljskih in družbeno- ekonomskih sprememb v svetu. Lesjak, M., Sikošek, M., in Kerma, S. (ur.). (2020). Tematski turizem: teoretiˇcni in aplikativni primeri oblik turizma v svetu in Sloveniji. https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-042-4.7-16 Miha Lesjak, Marijana Sikošek in Simon Kerma Izkustvena in empiriˇcna dejstva kažejo, da se je turizem razvil v eno najveˇcjih in globalno najpomembnejših gospodarskih panog, ki po podatkih World Travel Tourism Council iz leta 2019 prispeva veˇckot10 %vsvetovnibrutodomaˇci proizvod. Turistiˇcna potova- nja po drugi svetovni vojni beležijo konstantno, domala eksponen- tno rast. Od leta 1950,kojepotovalo25 milijonov ljudi, je ta števil- ka po podatkih Svetovne turistiˇcne organizacije ob koncu leta 2019 narasla že na 1,5 milijarde turistov. Ekonomska moˇc turizma se na mednarodnem prizorišˇcu kaže predvsem na strani izvoza, kar ob za- poslovanju velikega števila ljudi omogoˇca pozitivne razvojne mož- nosti, s tem pa tudi družbeno relevantna pogajalska izhodišˇca z za- vestnim vkljuˇcevanjem trajnostnih in odgovornih naˇcel. Turistiˇcni sektor (ali turistiˇcna industrija) je v tem smislu lahko moˇcan gene- 8 rator družbeno-kulturnega in okoljskega razvoja številnih razvitih in manj razvitih držav ali regij. Razvoj novih turistiˇcnih destinacij tako med drugim omogoˇca priložnost za odpiranje novih delovnih mest in zaposlovanje lokalnih prebivalcev, investicije v osnovno in turi- stiˇcno infrastrukturo, poveˇcanje finanˇcnih sredstev in poslovnih pri- ložnosti, krepitev lokalne identitete in (samo)zavesti, kar se posle- diˇcno mora odražati tudi v boljši kakovosti življenjske ravni prebi- valstva. Pa vendar se je potrebno zavedati, da turizem prinaša tako pozitivne kot tudi negativne ekonomske, družbene in okoljske uˇcin- ke, zato je nujno potrebno spremljanje njegovih uˇcinkov skozi model trojnega izida (angl. triple bottom line). Globalni turizem je v širšem smislu, vsled ekonomskim zakonito- stim s prevladujoˇco logiko rasti in profita, kot reˇceno, nujno podre- jen nenehnim družbenim spremembam, ki se odražajo v binarnem sistemu oblikovanja (ter prepletanja) turistiˇcnega povpraševanja in ponudbe. Želja po potovanju in raziskovanju novih krajev, kultur, obiˇcajev, naravnih atrakcij idr. je pri ljudeh zgodovinsko prisotna. To pogostopovezujemozmotivizapoˇcitek in regeneracijo, rekreacijo vprivlaˇcnem naravnem okolju, kulturno ali religiozno udejstvova- nje, zabavo ter obiske sorodnikov in prijateljev ali znancev v drugem, najveˇckrat tudi drugaˇcnem okolju. Razliˇcni pogledi in vrednote po- sameznikov so tako oblikovali kompleksne turistiˇcne potrebe, ki so jih zaznali ponudniki turistiˇcnih storitev, ti pa jih ponujajo razliˇc- nim segmentom njihovih uporabnikov. Posameznikove potrebe po spremembi okolja, svobodi, druženju, ustvarjanju, iskanju novih iz- kušenj in doživetij so povezane scustvi ˇ in so podlaga za motivacijski Uvod premik k turistiˇcnim aktivnostim. Turistom pomenijo zadovoljeva- nje lastnih potreb, pridobivanje novega znanja in zadovoljevanje ne- kih drug(aˇcn)ih motivov, ki so nastali že pred odloˇcitvijo za premik iz lastnega (znanega) okolja oz. kraja bivanja. Potovanja ali poˇcitnice, katerih glavni motiv so plaža/pesek, sonce in morje, še vedno veljajo za predmet množiˇcne izbire turistov. De- stinacije z uniformirano in standardizirano ponudbo 3s (angl. sea, sand, sun) v poletnih mesecih praviloma krepko presegajo dovoljeno kapaciteto nosilne zmogljivosti turistov in obiskovalcev, medtem ko je njihova podoba izven sezone povsem drugaˇcna. Mediteranske ob- morske destinacije, ki ponujajo klasiˇcne turistiˇcne produkte sonce, morje in plaže/pesek, se tako sooˇcajo s težavami presežka turistiˇc- nih obiskov (angl. overtourism)inhkratikliˇcejo po novih strateških 9 usmeritvah upravljanja s turizmom, ki bi bil enakomernejši skozi ce- lo leto. Podatki Svetovne turistiˇcne organizacije za leto 2016 so bili veˇc kot nazorni: mediteranske države so namreˇcvˇcasu poletnih do- pustov zabeležile preko 392 milijonov mednarodnih prihodov, kar je ogromna številka. Predstavljamo si lahko, kako moˇcan pritisk pome- ni to za morske in obalne ekosisteme ter kakšni so možni uˇcinki in posledice za okolje ter lokalno prebivalstvo. Razvoj posebnih oblik ali zvrsti turizma obravnavamo kot temat- skiturizem,kivturistiˇcni sektor prinaša nove dimenzije oblikova- nja turistiˇcnih produktov in moˇcnovplivanaspremembepotovalnih motivov turistov. Tematske oblike turizma so povezane z naravo, s kulturo, športom, z gastronomijo, s prireditvami in številnimi drugi- mi vsebinami ter kot take lahko spreminjajo potovalne navade turi- stov, ko se jim ponujajo možnosti za segmentirano odloˇcanje za kraj- še ali daljše poˇcitnice. Ponudba glasbenih tematskih festivalov, špor- tnih aktivnosti v naravi, kulinariˇcnih doživetij in raziskovanja raz- liˇcnih kulturnih posebnosti tako postajajo prevladujoˇci motiv(i) za krajše (a tudi precej intenzivne) vikend pobege od »sivine« vsakda- na, lahko pa so enostavno podaljšek ali dopolnitev taiste vsakdanje rutine oz. življenjskega sloga posameznika. Daljše poˇcitnice po dru- gi strani najveˇckrat predstavljajo kombinacijo ležernega poležavanja na plaži in aktivnosti, ki jih preko tematskih oblik ponujajo izbrane turistiˇcne destinacije. V paleti tematskih turistiˇcnih produktov, ki jih razvijajo upravljavci turistiˇcnih destinacij, lahko posameznik preko sodobnih tehnoloških orodij že pred svojim prihodom na ciljno de- stinacijo (so)kreira sebi ljube turistiˇcne aktivnosti. Turist v realnem Miha Lesjak, Marijana Sikošek in Simon Kerma casuˇ tudi spoznava podobno misleˇce turiste, ki jih zanimajo izbrani tematski turistiˇcni produkti, za katere se je odloˇcil na podlagi pri- poroˇcil, in tako ocenjuje koristnost izkušnje (konzumacije) izbrane turistiˇcne ponudbe. Lastna doživetja v realnemcasu ˇ deli s svojimi prijatelji preko družbenih omrežij in s tem ustvarja nove moderne komunikacijske kanale osebnih izkušenj. Težnje turistov so danes usmerjene v turistiˇcno ponudbo trajno- stnih, avtentiˇcnih in doživljajskih turistiˇcnih produktov. Lahko bi re- kli, da turisti išˇcejo integralne turistiˇcne proizvode, ki vsebujejo doži- vetje, vznemirjenje, pobeg, izobraževanje, zabavo in ekologijo (angl. 6e – experience, excitement, escape, education, entertainment, ecolo- gy). Sodobno zasnovani turistiˇcni proizvodi predstavljajo (ponovni) alternativni odgovor
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