A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BAT FATALITY, ACTIVITY, and INTERACTIONS WITH WIND TURBINES

Prepared by:

Gregory D. Johnson Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. 2003 Central Avenue Cheyenne, WY 82001

and

Edward B. Arnett and Cris D. Hein Bat Conservation International P.O. Box 162603 Austin, TX 78716

1 June 2004 (Updated February 2014)

Unpublished Reports on Bat Fatality and Interactions at Wind Facilities in North America

Anderson, R. L., D. Strickland, J. Tom, N. Neumann, W. Erickson, J. Cleckler, G. Mayorga, G. Nuhn, A. Leuders, J. Schneider, L. Backus, P. Becker and N. Flagg. 2000. Avian monitoring and risk assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass wind resource areas, California: Phase 1 preliminary results. Proceedings of the National Avian-Wind Power Planning Meeting 3:31-46. National Wind Coordinating Committee, Washington, D.C. Download File

Arnett, E. B., editor. 2005. Relationships between bats and wind turbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: an assessment of bat fatality search protocols, patterns of fatality, and behavioral interactions with wind turbines. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., J. P. Hayes, and M. M. P. Huso. 2006. Patterns of pre-construction bat activity at a proposed wind facility in south-central Pennsylvania. An annual report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. D. Strickland, M. L. Morrison. 2007. Renewable energy resources and wildlife: impacts and opportunities. Transactions of the 72nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 72: 65–95. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. M. P. Huso, D. S. Reynolds, and M. Schirmacher. 2007a. Patterns of pre- construction bat activity at a proposed wind facility in northwest Massachusetts. An annual report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., D. B. Inkley, D. H. Johnson, R. P. Larkin, S. Manes, A. M. Manville, J. R. Mason, M. L. Morrison, M. D. Strickland, and R. Thresher. 2007b. Impacts of wind energy facilities on wildlife and wildlife habitat. Wildlife Society Technical Review 07-2. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Arnett, E. B., M. R. Schirmacher, M. M. P. Huso, and J. P. Hayes. 2009a. Patterns of bat fatality at the Casselman Wind Project in south-central Pennsylvania. An annual report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative and the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. Schirmacher, M. M. P. Huso, and J. P. Hayes. 2009b. Effectiveness of changing wind turbine cut-in speed to reduce bat fatalities at wind facilities. An annual report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. M. P. Huso, J. P. Hayes, and M. Schirmacher. 2010. Effectiveness of changing wind turbine cut-in speed to reduce bat fatalities at wind facilities. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Arnett, E. B., C. Hein, M. Schirmacher, M. Baker, M. M. P. Huso, and J. M. Szewczak. 2011. Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Baerwald, E. 2007a. Bat fatalities in southern Alberta. Proceedings of the Wildlife Research Meeting VI, November 2006, San Antonio, Texas, USA. National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC).

Baerwald, E. 2007b. Prairie winds: migrating bats and wind energy in Canada. BATS, A publication of Bat Conservation International 25(3): 1-4.

Baerwald, E. F. 2008. Variation in the activity and fatality of migratory bats at wind energy facilities in southern Alberta: causes and consequences. Thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2009a. Chiropteran risk assessment: proposed Hardin County North Wind Energy Generation Facility, Hardin County, Ohio. Prepared for JW Great Lakes Wind, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio. Prepared by BHE, Cincinnati, Ohio.

BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2009b. Interim summary: bat acoustic monitoring at the proposed Blue Creek Wind Farm, Paulding and Van Wert Counties, Ohio. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., Radnor, Pennsylvania. Prepared by BHE, Cincinnati, Ohio. October 2009.

BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2010a. Chiropteran risk assessment for proposed wind energy generation facility: Hog Creek Wind Farm (I & II), Hardin County, Ohio. Prepared for Hog Creek Wind Farm, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio. Prepared by BHE, Cincinnati, Ohio. June 2010.

BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2010b. Post-construction bird and bat mortality study: Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin. Interim report prepared for Wisconsin Power and Light, Madison, Wisconsin. Prepared by BHE Environmental, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 2010.

Brown, W. K., and B. L. Hamilton. 2002. Draft report: bird and bat interactions with wind turbines Castle River Wind Farm, Alberta. Report for VisionQuest Windelectric, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Download File

Brown, W. K., and B. L. Hamilton. 2006a. Bird and bat monitoring at the McBride Lake Wind Farm, Alberta, 2003-2004. Report for Vision Quest Windelectric, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Download File

Brown, W. K., and B. L. Hamilton. 2006b. Monitoring of bird and bat collisions with wind turbines at the Summerview Wind Power Project, Alberta, 2005-2006. Report for Vision Quest Windelectric, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Download File

California Energy Commission (CEC) and California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG). 2007. California guidelines for reducing impacts to birds and bats from wind energy development. Commission Final Report. California Energy Commission, Renewables Committee, and Energy Facilities Siting Division, and California Department of Fish and Game, Resources Management and Policy Division. CEC-700-2007-008-CMF.

Chatfield, A., W. Erickson, and K. Bay. 2009. Avian and bat fatality study, Dillon Wind-Energy Facility, Riverside County, California. Final report: March 26, 2008 - March 26, 2009. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. June 3, 2009.

Derby, C., A. Dahl, W. Erickson, K. Bay, and J. Hoban. 2007. Post-construction monitoring report for avian and bat mortality at the NPPD Ainsworth Wind Farm. Report prepared for Nebraska Public Power District. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Ecology and Environment, I. 2009. Bat mist-netting survey report for Black Fork Wind, LLC, Crawford and Richland Counties, Ohio. Prepared for Black Fork Wind, LLC, Denver, Colorado. Prepared by Ecology and Environment, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas. October 2009.

Efroymson, R. A., R. J. Day, and M. D. Strickland. 2012. A retrospective tiered environmental assessment of the Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility, West Virginia, USA. Unpublished report prepared by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Download File

Ellison, L. E. 2012. Bats and wind energy – a literature synthesis and annotated bibliography. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1110, 57 p. Download File

Enk, T., K. Bay, M. Sonnenberg, J. Baker, M. Kesterke, J. Boehrs, and A. Palochak. 2010. Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Phase I post-construction avian and bat monitoring second annual report, Sherman County, Oregon. January 26, 2009 - December 11, 2009. Prepared for Portland General Electric Company, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Walla Walla, Washington. April 2010.

Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, M. D. Strickland, and K. Kronner. 2000. Final Report: avian and bat mortality associated with the Vansycle wind project, Umatilla County, Oregon 1999 study year. Report for Umatilla County Dept. Resource Services and Development. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, M. D. Strickland, D. P. Young Jr, K. J. Sernka, and R. E. Good, M. Bourassa, K. Bay, and K. Sernka. 2002. Synthesis and comparison of baseline avian and bat use, raptor nesting and mortality information from proposed and existing wind developments. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon, USA Download File

Erickson W. P., P. B. Gritski, and K. Kronner. 2003. Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Annual Report. Technical report submitted to Energy Northwest and the Nine Canyon Technical Advisory Committee. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Erickson, W. P., J. Jeffrey, K. Kronner, and K. Bay. 2004. Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report, Results for the Period July 2001 – December 2002. Technical report submitted to FPL Energy, the Oregon Office of Energy, and the Stateline Technical Advisory Committee. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Erickson, W. P., J. Jeffrey, and V. K. Poulton. 2008. Avian and bat monitoring: year 1 report. Puget Sound Energy Wild Horse Wind Project, Kittitas County, Washington. Prepared for Puget Sound Energy, Ellensburg, Washington, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. January 2008.

Fiedler, J. K. 2004. Assessment of bat mortality and activity at Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, eastern Tennessee. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Download File

Fiedler, J. K., T. H. Henry, C. P. Nicholson, and R. D. Tankersley. 2007. Results of bat and bird mortality monitoring at the expanded Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, 2005. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Download File

Ledec, G. C., K. W. Rapp, and R. G. Aiello. 2011. Greening the wind: environmenta and social considerations for wind power development in Latin America and beyond. Energy Unit, Sustainable Development Department, Latin America and Caribbean Region, The World Bank. Download File

Good, R. E., M. Ritzert, and K. Bay. 2009. Wildlife baseline studies for the Timber Road Wind Resource Area, Paulding County, Ohio. Final report: September 2, 2008 - August 19, 2009. Prepared for Horizon Wind Energy, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Bloomington, Indiana, USA. December 3, 2009.

Good, R., W. Erickson, A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, K. Bay, and C. Fritchman. 2011. Bat monitoring studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Energy Facility Benton County, Indiana. A report prepared for Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., 2003 Central Avenue, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001. Download File

Good, R. E., A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, and K. Bay. 2012. Bat monitoring studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana. An unpublished report submitted to the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., 408 West 6th Street, Bloomington, IN 47403. Download File

Good, R. E., M. Sonnenberg, and S.Simon. 2013. Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana. Unpublished report prepared for the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by WEST, Inc., Bloomington, IN. Download File

Goodale, W., and T. Divoll. 2009. Birds, bats, and coastal wind farm development in Maine: A literature review. Report BRI 2009-18. BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, Maine Download File

Gritski, B., K. Kronner, and S. Downes. 2008. Leaning Juniper Wind Power Project, 2006 − 2008. wildlife monitoring final report. Prepared for PacifiCorp Energy, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon, USA. December 30, 2008.

Gritski, B., S. Downes, and K. Kronner. 2009. Klondike III (Phase 1) Wind Power Project wildlife monitoring year one summary, October 2007-October 2008. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon, USA. April 3, 2009.

Gruver, J. C. 2002. Assessment of bat community structure and roosting habitat preferences for the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) near Foote Creek Rim, Wyoming. M.S. Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 149pp. Download File

Gruver, J. C., M. Sonnenburg, K. Bay, and W. Erickson. 2008. Post-construction bat and bird fatality study: Blue Sky Green Field Wind Resource Area, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin. Report prepared for WE Energies. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Gruver, J., M. Sonnenburg, K. Bay and W. Erickson. 2009. Post‐construction bat and bird fatality study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: July 21, 2008 – October 31, 2008 and March 15, 2009 – June 4, 2009. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Hayes, J. P. and D. L. Waldien. 2000. Potential influences of the proposed Condon Wind Project on bats. Unpublished report prepared for CH2MHILL, Portland, Oregon. 14pp.

Hayes, J. P. and D. L. Waldien. 2000. Potential influences of the Stateline wind project on bats. Unpublished report prepared for CH2MHILL, Portland, Oregon.

Hein, C. D., L. B. Rodman, N. A. Schwab, and T. J. Mabee. 2010. An acoustic study of bat activity at the proposed Coyote Crest Wind Power Project, Washington, Spring–Fall 2008. Unpublished report prepared for Tetra Tech EC, Inc., Portland, OR Download File

Hein, C. D., E. B. Arnett, M. R. Schirmacher, M. M. P. Huso, and D. S. Reynolds. 2011. Patterns of pre-construction bat activity at the proposed Hoosac Wind Energy Project, Massachusetts, 2006–2007. A final project report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Hein, C. D., M. R. Schirmacher, E. B. Arnett, and M. M. P. Huso. 2011. Patterns of pre- construction bat activity at the proposed Resolute Wind Energy Project, Wyoming, 2009– 2010. A final project report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Higgins, K. F., R. G. Osborn, C. D. Dieter, and R. E. Usgaard. 1996. Monitoring of seasonal bird activity and mortality at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota, 1994-1995. Completion Report for the Research Period May 1, 1994 - December 31, 1995. Unpublished report prepared for Kenetech Wind power, Inc. by the South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Brookings, SD. 84pp.

Howe, R. W., W. Evans, and A. T. Wolf. 2002. Effects of wind turbines on birds and bats in northeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Download File

Howell, J. A. 1997. Bird mortality at rotor swept area equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 33: 24-29. Download File

Howell, J. A. and J. E. Didonato. 1991. Assessment of avian use and mortality related to wind turbine operations, Altamont Pass, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California, September 1998 through August 1989. Final report submitted to U.S. Wind power, Inc.

Jain, A. A. 2005. Bird and bat behavior and mortality at a northern Iowa wind farm. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Download File

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2007. Annual report for the Maple Ridge wind power project post-construction bird and bat fatality study – 2006. Annual report prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy, Curry and Kerlinger LLC, Cape May Point, New Jersey, USA. Download File

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2008. Annual report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project: post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2007. Final report prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy and Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for the Maple Ridge Project Study.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2009a. Annual report for the Maple Ridge wind power project post-construction bird and bat fatality study – 2007. Annual report prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy, Curry and Kerlinger LLC, Cape May Point, New Jersey, USA. Download File

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2009b. Annual report for the Maple Ridge wind power project post-construction bird and bat fatality study – 2008. Annual report prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy, Curry and Kerlinger LLC, Cape May Point, New Jersey, USA. Download File

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, A. Fuerst, and C. Hansen. 2009c. Annual report for the Noble Ellenburg Windpark, LLC, Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, J. Histed, and J. Meacham. 2009d. Annual report for the Noble Clinton Windpark, LLC, Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, J. Quant, and D. Pursell. 2009e. Annual report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC, Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, A. Fuerst, and A. Harte. 2010a. Annual report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC: Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 9, 2010.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2010b. Annual report for the Noble Clinton Windpark, LLC: Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 9, 2010.

Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2010c. Annual report for the Noble Ellenburg Windpark, LLC: Post-construction bird and bat fatality study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 14, 2010.

James, R. D. 2002. Pickering Wind Turbine, Bird monitoring program in 2002. Report to Ontario Power Generation, December 2002. Download File

James, R. D. 2003. Bird Observations at the Pickering Wind Turbine. Ontario Birds 21: 84-97. Sunderland, Ontario, Canada. Download File

James, R. D., and G. Coady. 2004. Bird Monitoring at Toronto’s Exhibition Place Wind Turbine. Ontario Birds 22: 79-88. Sunderland, Ontario, Canada. Download File

Jacques Whitford Stantec Limited (Jacques Whitford). 2009. Ripley Wind Power Project postconstruction monitoring report. Project No. 1037529.01. Report to Suncor Energy Products Inc., Calgary, Alberta, and Acciona Energy Products Inc., Calgary, Alberta. Prepared for the Ripley Wind Power Project Post-Construction Monitoring Program. Prepared by Jacques Whitford, Markham, Ontario. April 30, 2009.

Jeffrey, J. D., K. Bay, W. P. Erickson, M. Sonneberg, J. Baker, M. Kesterke, J. Boehrs, and A. Palochak. 2009. Portland General Electric Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Phase I post-construction avian and bat monitoring first annual report, Sherman County, Oregon. January 2008 - December 2008. Technical report prepared for Portland General Electric Company, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc, Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Walla Walla, Washington, USA. April 29, 2009.

Johnson, G. D., D. P. Young, Jr., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, R. E. Good and P. Becker. 2000a. Avian and bat mortality associated with the initial phase of the Foote Creek Rim Wind power Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: November 3, 1998 - October 31, 1999. Tech. Rept. prepared for SeaWest Energy Corporation and Bureau of Land Management. 32pp. Download File

Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, M. F. Shepherd and D. A. Shepherd. 2000b. Avian monitoring studies at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota: Results of a 4-year study. Technical report prepared for Northern States Power Co., Minneapolis, MN. 212 pp. Download File

Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, and J. White. 2003a. Avian and bat mortality at the Klondike, Oregon Phase I Wind Plant, Sherman County, Oregon. Technical Report prepared for Northwestern Wind Power. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Johnson, G. D. and M. D. Strickland. 2003b. Biological assessment for the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and Virginia big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus), NedPower Mount Storm Wind Project, Grant County, West Virginia. Unpublished report prepared by WEST, Inc. for NedPower Mount Storm, Chantilly, Virginia. Download File

Johnson, G. D., M. K. Perlik, W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, D. A. Shepherd, and P. Sutherland, Jr. 2003c. Bat interactions with wind turbines at the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Wind Resource Area: An assessment of bat activity, species composition, and collision mortality. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, and Xcel Energy, Minneapolis, Minnesota. EPRI report # 1009178.

Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, D. A. Shepherd and M. F. Shepherd. 2003. Mortality of bats at a large-scale wind power development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota. The American Midland Naturalist 150:332–342. Download File

Johnson, G. D. and W. P. Erickson. 2010. Avian, bat and habitat cumulative impacts associated with wind energy development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion of eastern Washington and Oregon. Final report prepared for Klickitat County Planning Department, Goldendale Washington. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. February 2010.

Keeley, B., S. Ugoretz, and D. Strickland. 2001. Bat ecology and wind turbine considerations. Proceedings of the National Avian-Wind Power Planning Meeting, 4:135-146. National Wind Coordinating Committee, Washington, D.C.

Kerlinger, P., R. Curry, and R. Ryder. 2000. Ponnequin wind energy project avian studies, Weld County, Colorado: Summary of activities during 2000. Prepared for Public Service Company of Colorado, Denver, Colorado. Download File

Kerlinger P, R. Curry, L. Culp, A. Jain, C. Wilkerson, B. Fischer, and A. Hasch. 2006. Post- construction avian and bat fatality monitoring study for the High Winds Wind Power Project, Solano County, California: Two Year Report. McLean, NJ: Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May Point, New Jersey, USA. Download File

Kerlinger P, R. Curry, L. Culp, A. Hasch, and J. Guarnaccia. 2007. Migratory bird and bat study at the Crescent Ridge Wind Power Project, Bureau County, Illinois: September 2005 – August 2006. Final Draft prepared for Orrick, Herrington, & Sutcliffe, LLP. Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, McLean, Virginia, USA. Download File

Kerns, J, and P. Kerlinger. 2004. A study of bird and bat collision fatalities at the Mountaineer Wind Energy Center, Tucker County, West Virginia. Annual Report for 2003. Curry and Kerlinger, L. L. C., McLean, Virginia, USA. Download File

Koford, R., A. Jain, G. Zenner and A. Hancock. 2004. Avian mortality associated with the Top of Iowa Wind Farm: Progress Report, Calendar Year 2003. Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 9pp. Download File

Krenz, J. D., and B. R. McMillan. 2000. Final Report: Wind-turbine related bat mortality in southwestern Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul. Download File

Krenz, J. D., and B. R. McMillan. 2000. Final Report: Wind-turbine related bat mortality in southwestern Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.

Librandi-Mumma, T., and W. Capouillez. 2011. Pennsylvania Game Commission Wind Energy Voluntary Cooperation Agreement Second Summary Report. Download File

Long, C. V., J. A. Flint, P. A. Lepper, and S. A. Dible. 2009. Wind turbines and bat mortality: Interactions of bat echolocation pulses with moving turbine rotor blades. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 31: 185-192. Download File

Mabee, T. J., B. A. Cooper, and J. H. Plissner. 2004. A radar study of nocturnal bird migration at the proposed Mount Storm wind power development, West Virginia, Fall 2003. Unpublished report prepared by ABR, Inc. for WEST, Inc. and Nedpower. Download File

Miller, A. 2008. Patterns of avian and bat mortality at a utility-scaled wind farm on the southern high plains. Thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Download File

Miller, A., C. Boal, L. Nagy, and B. Woeck. 2009. Estimating avian and bat mortality and identifying spatial and temporal distribution at a utility-scale wind energy development. Presented at the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) Wildlife and Wind Research Meeting VII, October 28-29, 2008, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Pre-Conference Session, October 27, 2008. Prepared for the NWCC by S.S. Schwartz. Published June 2009.

Mockrin, M. H., and R. A. Gravenmier. 2012. Synthesis of wind energy development and potential impacts on wildlife in the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-863. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 55 p. Download File

Morrison, M. L. 2002. Searcher bias and scavenging rates in bird/wind energy studies. National Renewable Laboratory Report, NREL/SR-500-30876 Accessed 1 May 2007. Download File

National Research Council (NRC). 2007. Environmental impacts of wind-energy projects. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

Nicholson, C. P. 2001. Buffalo Mountain Windfarm bird and bat mortality monitoring report: October 2000 - September 2001. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville.

Nicholson, C. P. 2003. Buffalo Mountain Windfarm bird and bat mortality monitoring report: October 2001 - September 2002. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville.

Nicholson, C. P., J. R. D. Tankersley, J. K. Fiedler, and N. S. Nicholas. 2005. Assessment and prediction of bird and bat mortality at wind energy facilities in the southeastern United States. Final Report. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee. Download File

Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC) and Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2007. Avian and bat monitoring report for the Klondike II Wind Power Project. Sherman County, Oregon. Prepared for PPM Energy, Portland, Oregon. Managed and conducted by NWC, Pendleton, Oregon. Analysis conducted by WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. July 17, 2007.

Orloff, S. and A. Flannery. 1992. Wind turbine effects on avian activity, habitat use, and mortality in Altamont Pass and Solano County Wind Resource Areas, 1989-1991. Final Report to Alameda, Costra Costa and Solano Counties and the California Energy Commission by Biosystems Analysis, Inc., Tiburon, CA. Download File

Piorkowski, M. D. 2006. Breeding bird habitat use and turbine collisions of birds and bats located at a wind farm in Oklahoma mixed-grass prairie. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. Download File

Poulton, V. and W. Erickson. 2010. Post-construction bat and bird fatality study, Judith Gap Wind Farm, Wheatland County, Montana. Final report prepared for Judith Gap Energy L.L.C., Western Ecosystems Technology, Cheyenne, WY., USA. Download File

Puzen, S. C. 2002. Bat interactions with wind turbines in northeastern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation of Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA.

Redell, D., E. B. Arnett, J. P. Hayes, and M. Huso. 2006. Patterns of pre-construction bat activity at a proposed wind facility in south-central Wisconsin. A final report submitted to the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Download File

Schmidt, E., A. J. Piaggio, C. E. Bock, and D. M. Armstrong. 2003. National Wind Technology Center site environmental assessment: bird and bat use and fatalities – Final report NREL/SR-500-32981, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado. 21pp. Download File

Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2009a. Post-construction monitoring at the Mars Hill Wind Farm, Maine - Year 2, 2008. Prepared for First Wind Management, LLC, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Topsham, Maine, USA. January 2009. Download File

Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2009b. Spring, summer, and fall 2008 bird and bat survey report for the Buckeye Wind Facility, Ohio. Prepared for EverPowerWind Holdings, Inc., by Stantec Consulting, formerly Woodlot Alternatives, Inc., Topsham, Maine, USA. February 2009.

Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2009c. Stetson I Mountain Wind Project. Year 1 post-construction monitoring report, 2009 for the Stetson Mountain Wind Project in Penobscot and Washington Counties, Maine. Prepared for First Wind Management, LLC. Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine, USA. January 2009. Download File Stantec Consulting Inc. (Stantec). 2008a. 2007 spring, summer, and fall post-construction bird and bat mortality study at the Mars Hill Wind Farm, Maine. Prepared for UPC Wind Management, LLC, Cumberland, Maine, by Stantec Consulting, formerly Woodlot Alternatives, Inc., Topsham, Maine, USA. January, 2008. Download File

Stantec Consulting Inc. (Stantec). 2008b. Post-construction monitoring at the Munnsville Wind Farm, New York: 2008. Prepared for EON Climate and Renewables, Austin, Texas. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Topsham, Maine. January 2009. Download File

Stantec Consulting Ltd. (Stantec Ltd.). 2010. Wolfe Island Ecopower Centre post-construction followup plan. bird and bat resources monitoring report No. 1: May - June 2009. File No. 160960494. Prepared for Canadian Hydro Developers, Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiary, Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Ltd., Guelph, Ontario. February 2010. Download File

Stantec Consulting Ltd. (Stantec Ltd.). 2010. Wolfe Island Ecopower Centre post-construction followup plan. bird and bat resources monitoring report No. 2: July - December 2009. File No. 160960494. Prepared for TransAlta Corporation’s wholly owned subsidiary, Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Ltd., Guelph, Ontario. May 2010. Download File

Stantec Consulting Services Inc. (Stantec). 2010. Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms year 1 post- construction monitoring report, 2009, for the Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms in Cohocton, New York. Prepared for Canandaigua Power Partners, LLC and Canandaigua Power Partners II, LLC, Portland, Maine, USA. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine. January 2010. Download File

Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. (Stantec). 2010. Bird and bat pre-construction surveys for Kingdom Community Wind Project in Lowell, Vermont. Unpublished report prepared for Green Mountain Power, Colchester, VT. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, South Burlington, VT. Download File Download Appendices

Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2011. Wolfe Island Wind Plant post-construction follow-up plan bird and bat resources, monitoring report No. 3, January–June 2010. Unpublished report prepared for TransAlta Corporation wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Ltd., Guelph, ON. Download File

Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2011. Wolfe Island Wind Plant post-construction follow-up plan bird and bat resources, monitoring report No. 4, July–December 2010. Unpublished report prepared for TransAlta Corporation wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Ltd., Guelph, ON. Download File

Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2011. Wolfe Island Wind Plant post-construction follow-up plan bird and bat resources, monitoring report No. 5, January–June 2011. Unpublished report prepared for TransAlta Corporation wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Ltd., Guelph, ON. Download File

Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2012. Wolfe Island Wind Plant post-construction follow-up plan bird and bat resources, monitoring report No. 6, July–December 2011. Unpublished report prepared for TransAlta Corporation wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Renewable Energy Corporation. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Ltd., Guelph, ON. Download File

Strickland, M. D., E. B. Arnett, W. P. Erickson, D. H. Johnson, G. D. Johnson, M. L., Morrison, J. A. Shaffer, and W. Warren-Hicks. 2011. Comprehensive Guide to Studying Wind Energy/Wildlife Interactions. Prepared for the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative, Washington, D.C., USA. Download File

Taucher, J., T. Librandi-Mumma, and W. Capouillez. 2012. Pennsylvania Game Commission Wind Energy Voluntary Cooperation Agreement Third Summary Report. Download File

Tennessee Valley Authority. 2003. Draft Environmental Assessment - 20-MW Windfarm and Associated Energy Storage Facility. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee. Download File

Thelander, C.G. and L. Rugge. 2000. Bird risk behaviors and fatalities at the Altamont Wind Resource Area. Pp. 5-14 in Proceedings of the National Avian-Wind Power Planning Meeting III. National Wind Coordinating Committee/RESOLVE. Washington, D.C. Download File

Tidhar, D., M. Sonnenberg, and D. Young. 2013. 2012 post-construction carcass monitoring study for the Beech Ridge Wind Farm, Greenbrier County, West Virginia. Unpublished report prepared for Beech Ridge Wind Farm and Beech Ridge Energy, LLC, Chicago, IL. Prepared by WEST, Inc, Waterbury Vermont. Download File

Tierney, R. 2007. Buffalo Gap I Wind Farm avian mortality study: February 2006-January 2007. Final Survey Report. Prepared for AES SeaWest, Inc. TRC, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.TRC Report No. 110766-C-01. May 2007.

Tierney, R. 2009. Buffalo Gap 2 Wind Farm Avian Mortality Study: July 2007 – December 2008 Final Study Report. Prepared for Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 2 LLC. TRC, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Download File

TRC Environmental Corporation. 2008. Post-construction avian and bat fatality monitoring and grassland bird displacement surveys at the Judith Gap Wind Energy Project, Wheatland County, Montana. Prepared for Judith Gap Energy, LLC, Chicago, Illinois. TRC Environmental Corporation, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. TRC Project 51883-01 (112416). January 2008.

Tucker, V. A. 1996. Using a collision model to design safer wind turbine rotors for birds. Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Download File

URS, W. P. Erickson, and L. Sharp. 2005. Phase 1 and Phase 1A avian mortality monitoring report for 2004-2005 for the SMUD Solano Wind Project. Prepared for Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), Sacramento, California, USA. Co-Authors: Wally Erickson, Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., and Lynn Sharp, Environmental Consultant. August 2005.

URS Corporation. 2010a. Final Marengo I Wind Project year one avian mortality monitoring report. prepared for PacifiCorp, Salt Lake City, Utah. Prepared by URS Corporation, Seattle, Washington. March 22, 2010.

URS Corporation. 2010b. Final Marengo II Wind Project year one avian mortality monitoring report. Prepared for PacifiCorp, Salt Lake City, Utah. Prepared by URS Corporation, Seattle, Washington. March 22, 2010.

U.S. Department of Energy. 2002. Final Site-Wide Environmental Assessment of National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center. U.S. Department of Energy, Golden, Colorado. Download File

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Land-based wind energy guidelines. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, VA. Download File

Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee (WTGAC). 2010. Consensus recommendations on developing effective measures to mitigate impacts to wildlife and their habitats related to land- based wind energy facilities. Prepared by Kearns and West for the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDOI), Washington, D.C., USA. Download File

Young, D. P., Jr., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, and R. E. Good. 2002. Comparison of avian effects from UV light reflective paint applied to wind turbines: Foote Creek Rim Wind Plant, Carbon County, Wyoming. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado. Download File

Young, D. P. Jr, W. P. Erickson, R. E. Good, M. D. Strickland, and G. D. Johnson. 2003. Avian and bat mortality associated with the initial phase of the Foote Creek Rim Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: November 1998-June 2003. Technical Report prepared for PacifiCorp, Inc, SeaWest Windpower, Inc and Bureau of Land Management. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File Young, D. P. Jr., J. Jeffrey, W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, and V. K. Poulton. 2006. Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch. Phase 1 post construction wildlife monitoring first annual report. Technical report prepared for Eurus Energy America Corporation, San Diego, California, and the Combine Hills Technical Advisory Committee, Umatilla County, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc., Pendleton, Oregon, USA.

Young, D. P. Jr., W. P. Erickson, J. Jeffrey, and V. K. Poulton. 2007. Puget Sound Energy Hopkins Ridge Wind Project Phase 1 post-construction avian and bat monitoring first annual report, January - December 2006. Technical report for Puget Sound Energy, Dayton, Washington and Hopkins Ridge Wind Project Technical Advisory Committee, Columbia County, Washington. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Walla Walla, Washington, USa. 25 pp.

Young, D. P. Jr, W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, S. Nomani, and W. Tidbar. 2009. Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility, Phase 1 post-construction avian and bat monitoring. Report prepared for NedPower Mount Storm LLC. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA. Download File

Young, D. P., Jr., K. Bay, S. Nomani, and W. L. Tidhar. 2010. Nedpower Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility, Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring: April – July 2010. Prepared for NedPower Mount Storm, LLC, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA.

Young, D. P. Jr., S. Nomani, W. L. Tidhar, and K. Bay. 2011. NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Faciligy post-construction avian and bat monitoring, July–October 2010. Unpublished report prepared for NedPower Mount Storm, LLC, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, WY, USA. Download File

Young, D. P. Jr., S. Nomani, Z. Courage, and K. Bay. 2011. NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Faciligy post-construction avian and bat monitoring, April-July 2011. Unpublished report prepared for NedPower Mount Storm, LLC, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, WY, USA. Download File

Young, D., S. Nomani, Z. Courage, and K. Bay. 2012. NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility post-construction avian and bat monitoring, July–October 2011. Unpublished report prepared for NedPower Mount Storm, LLC, Houston, TX. Prepared by WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, WY. Download File

Young, D., C. Nations, M. Lout, and K. Bay. 2013. 2012 post-construction monitoring study Criterion Wind Project, Garrett County, Maryland, April–November 2012. Unpublished report prepared for Criterion Power Partners, LLC, Oakland, MD. Prepared by WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, WY. Download File

Unpublished Reports on Bat Fatality and Interactions at Wind Facilities in Europe

Ahlen, I. 2001. Fladdermuskollisioner med vindkraftverk. Pages 42–43 I: Vindkraftverk till havs. Naturvardsverket, Rapport 5139. Stockholm.

Ahlen, I. 2003. Wind turbines and bats – a pilot study. Final Report. Dnr 5210P-2002 -00473, P-nr P20272-1.

Ahlen., I. L. Bach, and P. Burkhardt. 2002. Bat migration in southern Sweden. – Poster auf dem 9. European Bat Research Symposium, Le Havre, August 2002.

Ahlen, I. 2003. Vindkraftverk dodsfallor for fladdermoss. Vindbladet. Information fran VindForsk. Nr. 41, sid 2.

Ahlen, I., L. Bach, H. J. Baagoe, and J. Pettersson. 2007. Bats and offshore wind turbines studied in southern Scandinavia. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Report 5571. Download File

Alcalde, J. T. 2002. Uso del hábitat por murciélagos en los parques éolicos de Salajones, Aibar e Izco. Departamento de Ordenación del Territorio, Vivienda y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Navarra. Informe inedito.

Arcos, F., Mosqueira, I. and R. Salvadores. 2003. Condicionantes del grado de explotación por parte de la comunidad de quirópteros del área ocupada por un parque eólico en Galicia

Bach, L. 2002. Auswirkungen von Windenergieanlagen auf das Verhalten und die Raumnutzungen von Fledermäusen am Beispiel des Windparks „Hohe Geest“, Midlum – Endbericht. – unpublished. Gutachten i.A. des Instituts für angewandte Biologie, Freiburg/Niederelbe: 46 pp.

Bach, L., R. Brinkman, H. J. G .A. Limpens, U. Rahmel, M. Reichenbach, and A. Roschen. 1999. Bewertung und planerische Umsetzung von Fledermausdaten im Rahmen der Windkraftplanung. - Bremer Beitraege fuer Naturkunde und Naturschutz, Band 4. Themenheft “Voegel und Windkraft”: 163–170.

Benzal, J. 2003. Las poblaciones de murciélagos y sus interacciones con los parques eólicos en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra. Convenio Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Ordenación del Territorio y Vivienda del Gobierno de Navarra- CSIC-EEZA, 2000-2003.

Benzal, J. and E. Moreno. 2001. Interacciones de los murcielagos y los aerogeneradores en parques eolicos de la comunidad foral de Navarra. V Jornadas de la Sociedad Espanola de Conservacion y Estudio de Mamiferos.

Brinkman, R. 2006. Survey of possible operational impacts on bats by wind facilities in southern Germany. Report for Administrative District of Freiburg – Department 56, Conservation and Landscape Management. Ecological Consultancy, Gundelfingen, Germany.

Brinkman, R. and H. Schauer-Weisshahn. 2002. Welche Auswirkungen haben Windenergieanlagen auf Fledermäuse? In: "Der Flattermann", Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fledermausschutz Baden-Württemberg e.V., Vol. 14, 21–22.

Brinkmann, R., K. Mayer, F. Kretzchmar, and J. von Witzleben. 2006a. Auswirkungen von windkraftanlagen auf flederma¨use: ergebnisse aus dem Regierungsbezirk Freiburg mit einer handlungsempfehlung fu¨ r die praxis. Publication of the German state of Baden- Wu¨rttemberg, Regierungspra ¨sidium Freiburg, Germany. ,www.rp.baden- wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1196025/rpf-ref56-windkraft.pdf.. Accessed 15 Aug 2007. [In German.]

Brinkmann, R., H. Schauer-Weisshahn, and F. Bontadina. 2006b. Survey of possible operational impacts on bats by wind facilities in southern Germany. Report to Administrative District of Freiburg—Department 56, Conservation and Landscape Management, Freiburg, Germany. www.buero-brinkmann.de/downloads/Brinkmann_Schauer-Weisshahn_2006.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2007.

Durr, T. 2001. Fledermäuse als Opfer von Windkraftanlagen. – Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg 10: 182.

EUROBATS. 2005. Report of the Intersessional Working Group on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations. Tenth meeting of the EUROBATS Advisory Committee Doc.EUROBATS.AC10.9), 25–27 April 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic., http://www.eurobats.org/documents/pdf/AC10/Doc_AC10_9_Report_IWG_WindTurbi nes.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2007.

Hotker, H., K. Thomsen, H. Jeromin. 2006. Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy resources: the example of birds and bats – facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation. Michael-Otto-Institut im NABU, Bergenhusen. Download File

Jones, G., R. Cooper-Bohannon, K. Barlow, and K. Parsons. 2009. Determining the potential ecological impact of wind turbines on bat populations in Britain. Final Phase I report prepared by the University of Bristol and the Bat Conservation Trust, London, England. Download File

Karlsson, J. 1977. Fagelkollisioner med master och andra byggnadsverk. Anser 16: 203–216.

Lekuona, J. M. 2001. Uso del espacio por la avifauna y control de la mortalidad de aves y murcielagos en los parques eolicos de Navarra durante un ciclo annual. Direccion General de Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Navarra.

Naturvardskonsult, G. 2003. Analys av fladdermossens migrationsrorelser I sodra Oresund. Konsekvenser av placeringen av en vindkraftpark vid Sodra Lillgrund. Rapport 2003-10-01 till Orestads vindkraftpark. 11 pp.

Naturvårdsverket (Coll.). 2000. Vindkraft till havs: en litteraturstudíe av påverkan på djur och växter.

Rabin, L. A., R. G. Coss, D. H. Owings. 2006. The effects of wind turbines on antipredator behavior in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beechyi). Biological Conservation 131: 410–420. Download File

Rodrigues, L., L. Bach, M. J. Dubourg-Savage, J. Goodwin & C. Harbusch (2008): Guidelines for consideration of bats in wind farm projects. EUROBATS Publication Series No. 3 (English version). UNEP/EUROBATS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 51 pp. Download File

Schröder, T. 1997. Ultraschall-Emissionen von Windenergieanlagen. Eine Untersuchung verschiedener Windenergieanlagen in Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein. Unveröff. Gutachten des I.f.Ö.N.N. im Auftrag des NABU e.V., LV Niedersachsen: 1–15.

Peer-reviewed and Refereed Publications on Bat Fatality and Interaction at Wind Facilities

Ahlen I. 2002. Fladdermoss och faglar dodade av windkraftverk. [Wind turbines and bats-a pilot study]. Fauna and Flora 97: 14–22.

Ahlen I., H. J. Baagoe, and L. Bach. 2009. Behavior of Scandinavian bats during migration and foraging at sea. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1318–1323.

Alcalde, J. T. 2003. Impacto de los parques eólicos sobre las poblaciones de murciélagos. Barbastella, 2: 3–6

Amorim, F., H. Rebelo, and L. Rodriques. 2012. Factors influencing bat activity and mortality at a wind farm in the Mediterranean region. Acta Chiropterologica 14: 439–457.

Arnett, E. B. 2006. A preliminary evaluation on the use of dogs to recover bat fatalities at wind energy facilities. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 1440–1445. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. D. Strickland, M. L. Morrison. 2007. Renewable energy resources and wildlife: impacts and opportunities. Transactions of the 72nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 72: 65–95. Download File

Arnett, E. B., W. K. Brown, W. P. Erickson, J. K. Fiedler, B. L. Hamilton, T. H. Henry, A. Jain, G. D. Johnson, J. Kerns, R. R. Koford, C. P. Nicholson, T. J. O’Connell, M. D. Piorkowski, R. D. Tankersley, Jr. 2008. Patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in North America. The Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 61–78. Download File

Arnett, E. B., M. M. P. Huso, M. R. Schirmacher, and J. P. Hayes. 2011. Altering turbine speed reduces bat fatalities at wind-energy facilities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 209–214; doi:10.1890/100103 (published online 1 November 2010). Download File

Arnett, E. B. 2012. Impacts of wind energy development on wildlife: challenges and opportunities for integrating science, management, and policy. Pages 213–238 in J. P. Sands, S. J. DeMaso, L. A. Brennan, and M. J. Schnupp, editors. Wildlife science: connecting research with management. Taylor and Francis, New York, USA.

Arnett, E. B., C. D. Hein, M. R. Schirmacher, M. M. P. Huso, and J. M. Szewczak. 2013. Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing fatalities at wind turbines. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065794. Download File

Bach, L. 2001. Fledermause und Windenergienutzung – reale Probleme oder Einbildung? (Bats and wind turbines – real problems or only fancies?). Vogelkdl. Ber. Niedersachs. 33: 119–124.

Bach, L., and U. Rahmel. 2004. Summary of wind turbine impacts on bats – assessment of a conflict. Bremer Beiträge für Naturkunde und Naturschutz 7: 245–252.

Baerwald, E. F., G. H. D’Amours, B. J. Klug, and R. M. R. Barclay. 2008. Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat mortalities at wind turbines. Current Biology 18: 695–

Baerwald, E. F., J. Edworthy, M. Holder, and R. M. R. Barclay. 2009a. A large-scale mitigation experiment to reduce bat fatalities at wind energy facilities. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 1077–1081.

Baerwald, E. F., and R. M. R. Barclay. 2009b. Geographic variation in activity and fatality of migratory bats at wind energy facilities. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1341–1349.

Barclay, R. M. R., E. F. Baerwald, and J. C. Gruver. 2007. Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotor size and tower height. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85: 381–387.

Bernardino, J., R. Bispo, P. Torres, R. Rebelo, M. Mascarenhas, and H. Costa. 2011. Enhancing carcass removal trials at three wind energy facilities in Portugal. Wildlife Biology in Practice. 7: 1–14.

Bernardino, J., R. Bispo, H. Costa, and M. Mascarenhas. 2013. Estimating bird and bat fatality at wind farms: a practical overview of estimators, their assumptions and limitations. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 40: 63–74.

Betts, S. 2006. Are British bats at risk from wind farms? British Wildlife 17: 339–345.

Bicknell, L. J. and E. H. Gilliam. 2013. Survey of bat mortalities at a wind-energy facility in North Dakota. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4: 139–143.

Bispo, R., J. Bernardino, T. A. Marques, and, D. Pestana. 2012. Modeling carcass removal time for avian mortality assessment in wind farms using survival analysis. Environmental and Ecological Statistics doi 10.1007/s10651-012-0212-5.

Camina, A. 2012. Bat fatalities at wind farms in Northern Spain – lessons to be learned. Acta Chiropterologica 14: 205–212.

Cryan, P. M. 2008. Mating behavior as a possible cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 845–849.

Cryan, P. M., and A. C. Brown. 2007. Migration of bats past a remote island offers clues toward the problem of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Biological Conservation 139: 1–11.

Cryan, P. M., and R. M. R. Barclay. 2009. Causes of bat fatalities at wind turbines: hypotheses and predictions. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1330–1340.

Curry, A. 2009. Deadly flights. Science 325: 386–387.

Dahlgren, D. K., R. D. Elmore, D. A. Smith, A. Hurt, E. B. Arnett, and J. W. Connelly. 2011. Use of dogs in wildlife research and management. Pages 000–000 in N. J. Silvy, editor. Wildlife techniques manual: research. Volume I. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (in press).

De Jong, J. and I. Ahlen. 1991. Factors affecting the distribution pattern of bats in Uppland, central Sweden. Holarctic Ecology 14: 92–96.

Dürr, T. 2002. Fledermause als Opfer von Windkraftanlagen in Deutschland. Nyctalus 8: 115–118.

Dürr, T., and L. Bach. 2004. Bat deaths and wind turbines – a review of current knowledge, and of the information available in the database for Germany. Bremer Beiträge für Naturkunde und Naturschutz 7: 253–264.

Georgiakakis, P., E. Kret, B. Carcamo, B. Doutau, A. Kafkaletou-Diez, D. Vasilakis, and E. Papadatou. 2012. Bat fatalities at wind farms in North-eastern Greece. Acta Chiropterologica 14: 459–468.

Grodsky, S. M., M. J. Behr, A. Gendler, D. Drake, B. D. Dieterle, R. J. Rudd, and N. L. Walrath. 2011. Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities. Journal of Mammalogy 92: 917–925.

Grodsky, S. M., C. S. Jennelle, D. Drake, and T. Virzi. 2012. Bat mortaility at a wind-energy facility in Southeastern Wisconsin. Wildlife Society Bulletin 36: 773–783.

Hall, L.S. and G.C. Richards. 1972. Notes on Tadarida australis (Chiroptera:molossidae). Australian Mammalogy 1: 46.

Hayes, M. A. 2013. Bats killed in large numbers at United States wind energy facilities. Bioscience 63: 975-979.

Horn, J., T. H. Kunz, and E. B. Arnett. 2008. Interactions of bats with wind turbines based on thermal infrared imaging. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 123–132.

Howe, R. W., W. Evans, and A. T. Wolf. 2002. Effects of wind turbines on birds and bats in northeastern Wisconsin. Prepared by University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, for Wisconsin Public Service Corporation and Madison Gas and Electric Company, Madison, Wisconsin. November 21, 2002. 104 pp.

Hull, C. L., and S. Muir. 2010. Search areas for monitoring bird and bat carcasses at wind farms using a Monte-Carlo model. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 17: 77-87.

Huso, M. M. P. 2011. An estimator of wildlife fatality from observed carcasses. Environmetrics 22: 318–329.

Huso, M. M. P., and D. Dalthrop. 2014. Accounting for unsearched areas in estimating wind turbine-caused fatality. The Journal of Wildlife Management. doi: 10.1002/jwmg.663.

Huso, M. M. P., and W. P. Erickson. 2013. A comment on “Novel scavenger removal trials increase wind turbine-caused avian fatality estimates”. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77: 213– 215.

Jain, A. A., R. R. Koford, A. W. hancock, and G. G. Zenner. 2011. Bat mortality and activity at a northern Iowa wind resource area. The American Midland Naturalist 165: 185–200.

Johnson, G. D. 2005. A review of bat mortality at wind-energy developments in the United States. Bat Research News 46: 45–49.

Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, M. F. Shepherd, and S. A. Sarappo. 2003a. Mortality of bats at a large-scale wind power development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist 150: 332–342.

Johnson, G. D., M. K. Perlik, W. P. Erickson, and M. D. Strickland. 2004. Bat activity, composition and collision mortality at a large wind plant in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32: 1278–1288.

Klug, B. J., and E. F. Baerwald. Incidence and management of live and injured bats at wind energy facilities. Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation 30: 11–16.

Korner-Nievergelt, F., P. Korner-Nievergelt, O. Behr, I. Niermann, R. Brinkmann, and B. Hellriegel. 2011. A new method to determine bird and bat fatality at wind energy turbines from carcass searches. Wildlife Biology, 17: 350–363.

Korstian, J. M., A. M. Hale, V. J. Bennett, and D. A. Williams. 2013. Advances in sex determination in bats and its utility in wind-wildlife studies. Molecular Ecology Resources 13: 776–780.

Kumar, S. R., A. M. S. Ali, P. R. Arun. 2013. Bat mortality due to collision with wind turbines in Kutch District, Gujarat, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5: 4822–4824.

Kunz, T. H., E. B. Arnett, W. P. Erickson, A. R. Hoar, G. D. Johnson, R. P. Larkin, M. Dale. Strickland, R. W. Thresher, and M. D. Tuttle. 2007a. Ecological impacts of wind energy development on bats: questions, hypotheses, and research needs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 315–324.

Kunz, T. H., E. B. Arnett, B. M. Cooper, W. P. Erickson, R. P. Larkin, T. Mabee, M. L. Morrison, M. Dale. Strickland, J. M. Szewczak. 2007b. Assessing impacts of wind-energy development on nocturnally active birds and bats: a guidance document. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2449–2486.

Kuvlesky, W. P. Jr., L. A. Brennan, M. L. Morrison, K. K. Boydston, B. M. Ballard, F. C. Bryant. 2007. Wind energy development and wildlife conservation: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2487–2498.

Larkin, R. P. 2006. Migrating bats interacting with wind turbines: what birds can tell us. Bat Research News 47: 23-32.

Lizarraga, J. L. 2003. Seguimiento de la mortalidad de aves y murciélagos en los parques eólicos de Navarra . Guardabosques 21: 22–31.

Long, C. V., J. A. Flint, P. A. Lepper, and S. A. Didle. 2009. Wind turbines and bat mortality: interactions of bat echolocation pulses with moving turbine blades. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 31: 185–192.

Long, C. V., J. A. Flint, and P. A. Lepper. 2010a. Insect attraction to wind turbines: does colour play a role? European Journal of Wildlife Research 57:323–331.

Long, C. V., J. A. Flint, and P. A. Lepper. 2010b. Wind turbines and bat mortality: Doppler shift profiles and ultrasonic bat-like pulse reflection from moving turbine blades. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 128:2238–2245.

Long, C. V., J. A. Flint, M. Khairul, A. Bakar, and P. A. Lepper. 2010. Wind turbines and bat mortality: rotor detectability profiles. Wind Engineering 34:517–530.

Obermeyer, B., R. Manes, J. Kiesecher, J. Fargione, and K. Sochi. 2011. Development by design: mitigating wind development impacts on wildlife in Kansas. PLoS ONE 6(10)e26698. Doi:10.1371/journal.pane.0026698.

Osborn, R.G., K.F. Higgins, C.D. Dieter, and R.E. Usgaard. 1996. Bat collisions with wind turbines in southwestern Minnesota. Bat Research News 37: 105–108.

Mathews, F., M. Swindells, R. Goodhead, T. A. August, P. Hardman, D. M. Linton, and D. J. Hosken. 2013. Effectiveness of search dogs compared with human observers in locating bat carcasses at wind-turbine sites: a blinded randomized trial. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37: 34– 40.

Nicholls B., and P. A. Racey. 2007. Bats avoid radar installations: Could electromagnetic fields deter bats from colliding with wind turbines? PloS ONE 2(3): e297.doi: 10.1371/journal.

Nicholls, B., and P. A. Racey. 2009. The aversive effect of electromagnetic radiation on foraging bats – a possible means of discouraging bats from approaching wind turbines. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006246.

Rahmel, U., L. Bach, R. Brinkmann, C. Dense, H. Limpens, G. Mäscher, M. Reichenbach, and A. Roschen. 1999. Windkraftplanung und Fledermäuse. Konfliktfelder und Hinweise zur Erfassungsmethodik – Bremer Beiträge für Naturkunde und Naturschutz, 4: 155– 161.

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Smallwood, K. S. 2007. Estimating wind turbine-caused bird mortality. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2781–2791.

Smallwood, K. S., and B. Karas. 2008. Avian and bat fatality rates at old-generation and repowered wind turbines in Califoirnia. Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 1062–1071.

Smallwood, K. S. 2013. Comparing bird and bat fatality-rate estimates among North American wind-energy projects. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37: 19–33.

Smallwood, K. S., D. A. Bell, B. Karas, and S. A. Snyder. Response to Huso and Erickson’s comments on novel scavenger removal trials. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77: 216– 225.

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Trapp, H., D. Fabian, F. Förster and O. Zinke. 2002. Fledermausverluste in einem Windpark der Oberlausitz. – Naturschutzarbeit in Sachsen 44: 53–56.

Verboom, B. & H. J. G. A. Limpens. 2001. Windmolens en Vleermuizen. Zoogdier 12: 13–17.

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Bat Interactions With Other Structures

Anonymous. 1961. Large bird kills at TV towers. Bluebird 28: 9.

Avery, M. and T. Clement. 1972. Bird mortality at four towers in eastern North Dakota: Fall 1972. Prairie Naturalist 4: 87–95.

Crawford, R. L. and W. W. Baker. 1981. Bats killed at a north Florida television tower: a 25-year record. Journal of Mammalogy 62: 651–652.

DeBlase, A. F. and J. B. Cope. 1967. An Indiana bat impaled on barbed wire. American Midland Naturalist 77: 238.

Dedon, M., S. Byrne, J. Aycrigg, and P. Hartman. 1989. Bird mortality in relation to the Mare Island 115-kV transmission line: progress report 1988/1989. Department of the Navy, Western Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Office of Environmental Management, San Bruno, California. Report 443-89.3. 150pp.

Denys, G. A. 1972. Hoary bat impaled on barbed wire. Jack-Pine Warbler 50: 63.

Dickey, S. D., J. E. Gates, B. Dickey, and K. Ferebee. 2012. Bird and bat mortality at short, monopole cell towers in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C., USA. Wildlife Society Bulletin 36: 78–84.

Fenton, M. B. 2001. Bats, Revised Edition. Checkmark Books, New York, NY. 224 pp.

Ganier, A. F. 1962. Bird casualties at a Nashville TV tower. Migrant 33: 58–60.

Gollop, M. A. 1965. Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon. Blue Jay 23: 15–17.

Hitchcock, H. B. 1965. Twenty-three years of bat banding in Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Field- Naturalist 79: 4–14.

Hubbard, E. A. 1963. Another hoary bat found hanging on a fence. Journal of Mammalogy 4: 265.

Iwen, F. A. 1958. Hoary bat the victim of a barbed wire fence. Journal of Mammalogy 39: 438.

Johnson, P. B. 1933. Accidents to bats. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 156–157.

Kiefer, A., H. Merz, W. Rackow, H. Roer, and D. Schlegel. 1995. Bats as traffic casualties in Germany. Myotis 32-33: 215–220.

Mumford, R. E. and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1982. Mammals of Indiana. ndiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 537 pp.

Saunders, W. E. 1930. Bats in migration. Journal of Mammalogy 11: 225.

Taylor, W. K. and B. H. Anderson. 1973. Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida TV tower: autumns 1969-1971. Wilson Bulletin 85: 42–51.

Terres, J. K. 1956. Migration records of the red bat, Lasiurus borealis. Journal of Mammalogy 37: 442.

Timm, R. M. 1989. Migration and molt patterns of red bats, Lasiurus borealis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in Illinois. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 14: 1–7.

Van Gelder, R. G. 1956. Echo-location failure in migratory bats. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 59: 220–222.

Wisely, A. N. 1978. Bat dies on barbed wire fence. Blue Jay 36: 53.

Zinn, T. L. and W. W. Baker. 1979. Seasonal migration of the hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus, through Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 60: 634–635.