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LA POÉSIE SÉNÉGALAISE D’EXPRESSION FRANÇAISE (1945-1982) RAPPORTS DE LA CRÉATION LITTÉRAIRE AU MÉDIUM LINGUISTIQUE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sana Camara, M.A. The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee : Approved by Professor Francis Abiola Irele, Adviser Professor Karlis Racevskis Adviser Professor Denis Minahen Department of French and Italian Professor Stephen Snmmerhill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3039452 Copyright 2002 by Camara, Sana Ail rights reserved. __ ___ UMI UMI Microform 3039452 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform édition is protected against unauthorized copying underTitle 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT African Literature written in European languages still remains a critical subject among schoiars who reflect on the adequateness between the substantial ideas of such literature and its linguistic medium. This book seeks to shed light on the corrélation between Senegalese poetry written in French and its linguistic vehicle. The opening chapter explores the historical and critical reasons behind the emergence of Senegalese literature in French from 1945 to 1982. The colonial situation proved to be a compelling factor for Sénégal to accept French as its official language, as was the case in ail Africain territories under French rule. The adoption of French as a new form of expression was felt by the fîrst génération of Senegalese poets both as a situation of malaise, but it also served their purpose in that they used this medium to fîght the colonial oppressive ideology. Léopold Sédar Senghor, Birago Diop and David Diop, founders of the Négritude movement, transcended the language barriers in their literary activity by developing a new and distinctive methodology of approach to their poetry. In the fîrst part of this book we analyze the ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. aesthetic théories that Léopold Sédar Senghor has grounded in several of his essays on the subject of African poetry. Senghor offers aesthetic spécifications and distinctive characteristics of African civilization which serve as a paradigm for an original and authentic African poetry written in French. The second part of the book is a close analysis of the imaginative literature of two générations of Senegalese poets: fîrst the prominent figures of the Négritude movement, and then Malick Fall, Ibrahima Sali and Amadou Lamine Sali, poets of the Post-colonial era. Both générations of poets demonstrate their mastery of French. They also show a great skill in adapting the language to their convenience. To that end, the Négritude poets, who lay emphasis on their spécifie identity and the cultural values of their continent, often adopt a subversive language and introduce neologisms that best describe their affective moods. The Post-colonial poets seem less inspired by the critical values of their culture than by the sociopolitical issues that challenge the globe. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. À mes chers parents iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REMisRCI BMENTS Je tiens d’abord à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance au professeur Francis Abiola Irele. Il m’a servi de guide exemplaire. J ’ai pu achever cette thèse grâce à son soutien indéfectible et grâce à ses remarques pénétrantes sur le sujet. Je témoigne également ma profonde gratitude au professeur John Conteh-Morgan qui n’a cessé de m’encourager dans les recherches théoriques et pédagogiques pendant mes années académiques à Ohio State University. Je n’oublie pas d’adresser les mêmes remerciements aux professeurs Robert D. Cottrell, Denis Minahen, Karlis Racevskis et à Ruthmarie Mitsch qui ont soutenu toutes mes activités académiques. Je dois les mêmes remerciements aux professeurs Mireille Rosello et Emile Talbot qui n’ont jamais cessé de m’apporter leur soutien. J’ai été inspiré par les travaux des professeurs Seymour Patterson et Emmanuel Nnadozie, mes collègues à Truman State University, qui m’ont encouragé à la réalisation de ce projet. Dr. Edwin Carpenter et Dr. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Heinz Woelhk, tous deux chefs de la Division of Language and Literature à Truman State University, ont fortement contribué à mon admission au programme de doctorat à Ohio State University. Je les remercie personnellement sans oublier mes proches collègues du Département de français. Pour terminer, je dis ma profonde gratitude à mes parents pour les conseils qu’ils m’ont prodigués avec beaucoup d’affection, à mes frères et sœurs, à mon frère Ery pour ses encouragements, et finalement à mes amis de longue date. Cheikh T. Cissé, Thomas Coll. Sidaty Danfa, Jean Ndiouga Diatta, Moussa Diop, Dr. Mallafé Dramé, Abdoulaye B. Faye, Mouhamadou Gning, Pape Amadou Ndiaye, Dr. Moustapha Tambadou, et tous ceux que j’ai oublié de mentionner. Ils me pardonneront sûrement ma faute et ma très grande faute. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VTTA September 22, 1959....................... Bom - Dakar, Sénégal 1985.................................................... B.A. English, Université de Dakar 1989.................................................... M.A. Comparative Literature, University of Illinois 1989-1995......................................... Instructor of French Northeast Missouri State University 1995-1997......................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 1998 - présent................................Assistant Professor of French, Truman State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Sana Camara, “A’jami Literature in Sénégal: The Example of Sërin Muusaa Ka, Poet and Biographer." In Research in African Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Uteratures, v. 28, no. 3, pp. 163-182, Indiana: Indiana University Press, (1997). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field : French viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Abstract...........................................................................................................................ii Dédicace........................................................................................................................ iii Remerciements...............................................................................................................v Vita................................................................................................................................. vii Chapitre 1........................................................................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Problématique des rapports de la littérature sénégalaise et de la langue française .......................................................................................................................... 1 Langue et littérature ....................................................................................................1 Colonisation et politique culturelle........................................................................ 6 Le double héritage culturel .....................................................................................10

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