DOCSLIB.ORG

Prediction Des Dommages Foliaires Causes Par Les Herbivores Invertebres Dans Une Prairie Experimentale a Partir Des Traits Des Plantes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prediction Des Dommages Foliaires Causes Par Les Herbivores Invertebres Dans Une Prairie Experimentale a Partir Des Traits Des Plantes PREDICTION DES DOMMAGES FOLIAIRES CAUSES PAR LES HERBIVORES INVERTEBRES DANS UNE PRAIRIE EXPERIMENTALE A PARTIR DES TRAITS DES PLANTES par Jessy Loranger memoire presente au Departement de biologie en vue de l'obtention du grade de maitre es sciences (M.Sc.) FACULTE DES SCIENCES UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, juillet 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91011-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91011-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Le 3 aout 2012 le jury a accepte le memoire de Monsieur Jessy Loranger dans sa version finale. Membres dujury Professeur John-William Shipley Directeur de recherche Departement de biologie Professetire Fanie Pelletier Membre Departement de biologie Professeur Robert L. Bradley President rapporteur Departement de biologie SOMMAIRE Les herbivores invertebres sont presents dans presque tous les habitats de la planete et peuvent grandement affecter la performance des plantes en nature. Que ce soit en communautes naturelles ou artificielles, une grande variation des taux d'herbivorie entre differentes especes de plante peut etre observee. Ceci s'explique par le fait que les caracteristiques fonctionnelles des plantes, aussi appelees «traits», affectent les preferences des herbivores. Une espece de plante, de par ces traits physiologiques, morphologiques ou phenologiques, peut done decourager et/ou eviter l'herbivorie. La comprehension des relations entre les herbivores invertebres et les traits des plantes est done indispensable a la comprehension de 1'assemblage des communautes herbivores- plantes. Cependant, les connaissances sur les liens entre les differents traits des plantes et la preference des herbivores sont diffuses et incompletes. Ce memoire vise done a quantifier et caracteriser les effets de plusieurs traits fonctionnels de plantes herbacees sur la quantite de dommage foliaire faite par des herbivores invertebres et a comparer ces effets entre monocultures et polycultures. Pour ce faire, j'ai participe au projet du Jena Experiment, une prairie experimentale situee en Allemagne visant a etudier la biodiversite. Cette prairie est exposee aux herbivores invertebres naturels se trouvant sur le site de l'etude. Pour realiser mon projet, les degres d'herbivorie causes par les invertebres ainsi que les valeurs de plusieurs traits fonctionnels des plantes ont ete mesures pour chacune de 51 especes de plante se trouvant sur le site d'etude. Travaillant d'abord avec des monocultures, sept traits sur 42 mesures ont ete selectionnes dans une regression multiple en tant que predicteurs importants de l'herbivorie. Le modele est robuste et explique 63% de la variation en dommage subi par les especes a l'etude. Parmi ces sept traits, deux sont physiologiques (concentration de lignine et d'azote dans les feuilles), deux sont morphologiques (architecture des racines ii et erection de la tige), un est phenologique (duree de vie du feuillage) et deux sont relics aux herbivores (nombre d'especes de coleoptere et d'hemiptere pouvant potentiellement predater les plantes). Dans une seconde etape, a partir de l'herbivorie mesuree en monoculture et des sept traits selectionnes dans le premier volet, trois modeles ont ete developpes pour predire l'herbivorie dans des communautes formant un gradient de biodiversite de une a 60 especes de plantes. Pour les trois differents modeles, le pouvoir de prediction etait faible; de 6 a 32% de variance en dommage foliaire expliquee. De plus, la deviation entre valeurs observees et valeurs predites de l'herbivorie augmentait significativement avec 1'augmentation du niveau de biodiversite dans les communautes. Les resultats de ce memoire suggerent que des patrons complexes de correlation entre les differents traits des plantes existent et qu'il est done necessaire de travailler avec le plus de traits possibles pour identifier ceux qui controlent vraiment l'herbivorie. De plus, des interactions entre les differentes especes de plante d'une communaute semblent affecter de fagon importante, directement ou pas, les dommages foliaires infliges par les herbivores invertebres. Les conclusions de ce memoire remettent en question 1'importance relative des traits agreges pour predire des processus ecologiques a facteur biotique tel que l'herbivorie et soulignent la complexite des relations entre deux niveaux trophiques. Mots-cles: herbivorie, trait fonctionnel, plante, insecte, monoculture, polyculture, modelisation, Jena Experiment iii REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens d'abord a remercier mon directeur de projet, Bill Shipley, pour l'aide, les sages conseils et le soutien qu'il m'a donnes tout au long de ma maitrise. H m'a toujours appuye et aide dans mes demarches de cooperation avec FUniversite de Jena en Allemagne et sans sa grande flexibility je n'aurais pas pu realiser le projet que j'ai fait. La meme chose est vraie pour mon superviseur a Jena, Wolfgang Weisser, qui a rendu possible cette collaboration. Merci h Sebastian Meyer qui m'a accueilli a Jena, guide et aussi supervise tout au long de mon travail en Allemagne. J'ose esperer que mes talents en tant que scientifique ce sont beaucoup ameliores grace a lui. Merci a tous ceux qui m'ont aide a Jena pour mon experience et pour faire mes analyses: Hannah Kern, Sylvia Creutzburg, Gerlinde Kratsch, Winfried Voigt, Christiane Roscher, Michael Rzanny, Enrica de Luca, Anne Ebeling et d'innombrables travailleurs qui se sont occupes du site experimental. Je tiens aussi a remercier mes parents, Robert et Francine, pour leur soutien moral et les encouragements qu'ils m'ont apportes durant toute la duree de ma maitrise. Un grand merci bien particulier a ma fiancee, Hannah Kern, pour ses conseils, son soutien inepuisable et son amour omnipresent qui m'ont aide a passer au travers des moments les plus difficiles. Merci au CRSNG, au FQRNT et a la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft pour leur soutien financier. iv TABLE DES MATIERES SOMMAIRE ii REMERCIEMENTS iv TABLE DES MATIERES v LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS viii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ix LISTE DES FIGURES xii CHAPITRE I - Introduction 1 1.1- Herbivores vertebres versus invertebres 2 1.2- Impacts de l'herbivorie sur les plantes 3 1.3- Influence des plantes sur les herbivores invertebres. 4 1.4- Traits des plantes et herbivorie 7 1.5- Le Jena Expermient 10 CHAPITRE II - Predicting invertebrate herbivory from plant traits: evidence from 51 grassland species in experimental monocultures 12 2.1- Description de l'article et contribution 13 2.2- Abstract 14 2.3- Introduction 15 2.4- Methods 17 2.4.1-Study site 17 v 2.4.2- Herbivory and biomass measurements 18 2.4.3- Plant traits 19 2.4.3.1- Trait data extracted from published literature and database 19 2.4.3.2- Trait measurements in the Jena Experiment 19 2.4.4- Statistical analyses 21 2.4.4.1- Data preparation 21 2.4.4.2- Data analyses 22 2.5-Results 23 2.5.1- Correlation and exclusion of traits 24 2.5.2- Predicting herbivore damage 25 2.6- Discussion 29 2.6.1-Physiological traits 30 2.6.2-Morphological traits 31 2.6.3- Phenological traits 32 2.6.4- Herbivore-related traits 33 2.6.5- Secondary metabolites 34 2.6.6- Patterns of correlation 35 2.7- Conclusion 35 2.8- Acknowledgements 36 CHAPITRE HI - Predicting invertebrate herbivory from plant traits: polycultures show strong non-additive effects 38 3.1- Description de l'article et contribution 39 3.2- Abstract 40 3.3- Introduction 41 3.4- Methods 44 3.4.1-Study site 44 3.4.2- Biomass and herbivory measurements 45 vi 3.4.3- Predicting herbivory in monocultures 46 3.4.4- Additive vs. non-additive scaling 47 3.4.5- Testing the additive scaling hypothesis 48 3.5- Results 50 3.6- Discussion 56 3.7- Conclusion 60 3.8- Acknowledgements 60 CHAPITRE IV - Conclusion 62 4.1- Necessite de travailler avec un grand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Host Plant Resistance: Concept and Significance
    HOST PLANT RESISTANCE: CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE Dr. Muhammad Salim M.Sc. (Hons.)PPR(UAE); M.Sc. ENT (UPLB/IRRI, Philippines & Ph.D. ENT (UPLB/IRRI, Philippines Ex-CSO/ Sr. Director, Plant Sciences Division (PARC) Islamabad HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD 1 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR……………………………………………………………...…..i FOREWORD…………………………………………………………………..……...…iii PREFACE………………………………………………………….............................vii CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION.……….………………………………………...…….1 1.1. PLANT –INSECT INTERACTIONS CONCEPT…… ……………………...1 1.1.1. Defence Strategies of Plants………………………………………..1 1.1.2. Insect Strategies to Counter Plant Defence……………………….2 1.2. HISTORY OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT…………..4 1.3. DEFINITIONS…………………………………………………………….……7 1.4. FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES………………………………………………..8 1.5. ADVANTAGES…………………………………………………………………9 1.6. LIMITATIONS…………………………………………………………………10 1.7. HOST PLANT RESISTANCE PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION…....12 1.7.1. Scientific Manpower………………………………………………..12 1.7.2. Scientific Knowledge……………………………………………….12 1.7.3. Availability of Insect Culture……………………………………….12 1.7.4. Genetic Resources………………………………………………....13 1.7.5. Genetic Aspects of Resistance…………………………………...13 1.7.6. Selection of Breeding Methods……………………………………13 1.8. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….14 CHAPTER-2 MECHANISM OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE ………………....25 2.1. ECOLOGICAL RESISTANCE………………………………………………25 2.1.1. Host Evasion/Escape/ Phenological Asynchrony……………….25 2.1.2. Induced Resistance………………………………………….……..27 2 2.2. EVOLUTIONARY RESISTANCE…………………………………………..28 2.2.1. Sympatric Resistance………………………………………….…..28 2.2.2. Allopatric Resistance……………………………………………....28 2.3. TROPHIC LEVEL RESISTANCE…………………………………………..29 2.3.1. Intrinsic Resistance………………………………………………...29 2.3.2. Extrinsic Resistance………………………………………………..29 2.4. MECHANISM BASED ON INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE………….30 2.5. MECHANISM BASED ON CROP STAGE………………………..……….30 2.6. MECHANISM BASED ON SCREENING CONDITIONS………………...30 2.7. MECHANISM BASED ON BIOTYPE REACTION………………………..31 2.8. MECHANISM BASED ON POPULATION………………………..……….33 2.9.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed My Progress Throughout This Study
    INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy o f a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “ target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Pagets)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced in to the film along w ith adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete co ntin u ity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “ sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin film in g at the upper left hand corner o f a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again -beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Strategies of Forest Insects: the Need for a Community- Level Approach to Reforestation
    New Forests 1 : 57-66 (/986) © Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht — Printed in the Netherlands Ecological strategies of forest insects: the need for a community- level approach to reforestation T.D. SCHOWALTER Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Key words: forest protection, silviculture, pest management, site productivity, forest spatial structure, forest condition Application. Reforestation practices, such as site preparation, seedling species, planting method, brush control and precommercial thinning, affect seedling susceptibility, attractiveness, and exposure to insects and disease. Therefore, these practices have the potential to mitigate insect and pathogen activity over long time periods, perhaps entire rotations. Effective use of these practices for forest protection requires a community-level perspective in order to anticipate potentially destructive responses by various insects and pathogens, even those not previously recognized as potential pests. This prediction will allow modification of timing or techniques, that reduce or prevent the risk of insect or pathogen population growth, in situations in which the risk of a destructive response is high. Abstract. The traditional, single-species approach to forest pest management is considered in light of the range of ecological strategies respresented in forest arthropod communities. Insect population growth and impact depend on host variables subject to silvicultural manipulation, especially during early stages of forest development, but silvicultural practices often induce undesirable responses from non-target insect populations. A suggested approach to forest pest management involves consideration of arthropod community structure, life history traits, and interactions among arthropod and plant species in order to anticipate insect responses and refine silvicultural recommendations accordingly. Introduction Protection of forest resources from unacceptable levels of damage by insects and pathogens is a major goal of forest management.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Mite Orthogalumna Terebrantis in the Biological Control Programme for Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia Crassipes, in South Africa
    The role of the mite Orthogalumna terebrantis in the biological control programme for water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in South Africa A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of Rhodes University by DANICA MARLIN December 2010 Abstract Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic macrophyte originating from the Amazon basin. Due to its beautiful appearance it has been introduced into numerous countries across the world as an ornamental pond plant. It was introduced into South Africa in the early 1900s and has since reached pest proportions in many of the country’s fresh water bodies, causing significant economic and ecological losses. It is now considered to be the worst aquatic weed in South Africa. Efforts to control the spread of the weed began in the early 1970s and there have been some successes. Biological control has been used widely as an alternative to mechanical and chemical controls because it is cost-effective, self-sustaining and environmentally friendly. To date, six biological control agents have been introduced onto water hyacinth in South Africa. However, due to factors such as cold winter temperatures and interference from chemical control, the agent populations are occasionally knocked-down and thus the impact of biological control on the weed population is variable. In addition, many South African water systems are highly eutrophic, and in these systems the plant growth may be accelerated to such an extent that the negative impact of the agents’ herbivory is mitigated. One of the agents established on the weed is the galumnid mite Orthogalumna terebrantis, which originates from Uruguay.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Dedicated to Information About the Chrysomelidae Report No
    CHRYSOMELA newsletter Dedicated to information about the Chrysomelidae Report No. 48 June 2007 49th Meeting of German Coleopterists Leaf beetle workers from seven European countries (six in this photo) met in Beutelsbach (from left): sitting Frank Fritzlar (Jena, Germany), Wolfgang Bäse (Reinsdorf, Germany), Ron Beenen (Nieuwegein, The Netherlands). (Standing, from left): Andrzej Warchalowski (Wroclaw, Poland), Michel and Barbara Bergéal (Versailles, France), Matthias Schöller (Berlin, Germany), Eva Sprecher-Uebersax (Basel, Switzerland), Thomas Wagner (Koblenz, Germany), Mauro Daccordi (Torino, Italy), Theo Michael Schmitt (Bonn, Germany), Horst Kippenberg (Herzogenaurach, Germany). (See Story page 3) Research Activities and Interests Robert Barney (Frankfort, KY) is currently working Clark and Ed Riley and 13 new state records are reported. on a series of publications on the leaf beetles of Kentucky. He would greatly appreciate hearing from anyone with All the major collections in Kentucky have been reviewed specimens from Kentucky or knowledge of people who may and re-identified and a major effort to collect in state have such specimens. He is also interested in borrowing/ nature preserves is under way. The first manuscript on the exchanging Pachybrachis spp., especially from the eastern Cassidinae has been completed with co-authors Shawn USA, and P. m-nigrum. Continued on page 2 Inside This Issue The Editor’s Page Caroline S. Chaboo (USA) 1- Research activities and interests Greetings Colleagues! 2- Contents, Editor’s page There is much interesting news in this volume. First, 3- 49th meeting of German Coleopterists please note updates on the ICE meetings. I encourage you 3- Entomological Society of America, annual meetings to attend our Olympics of Entomology! 4- Travel tips for ICE congress There are two major changes regarding CHRYSOMELA.
    [Show full text]
  • Instituto De Ecología, A.C. ( INECOL )
    Centros Públicos de Investigación CONACYT Instituto de Ecología, A.C. ( INECOL ) Anuario 2007 ANTECEDENTES en el programa Hombre y Biosfera (MAB) de la UNESCO y dichas reservas se convirtieron en centros El Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) fue creado neurálgicos del programa MAB. formalmente en la ciudad de México el 7 de agosto de 1975 como resultado de la confluencia de los A partir de 1988, se transfirieron al INECOL las talentos de científicos mexicanos, miembros de la instalaciones y bienes del extinto Instituto Nacional Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bióticos (INIREB), Politécnico Nacional y del interés del CONACYT. La aunque sólo se recibieron las de Xalapa y el Morro idea cristalizó como parte de las acciones del de La Mancha. El Instituto quedó conformado por entonces Programa Indicativo de Ecología (PNIE), con una sede central en Xalapa, dos centros regionales la finalidad de atender la problemática ambiental (Durango y Pátzcuaro), dos reservas de la biosfera generada por la producción económica y como una (Mapimí y La Michilía) y una estación biológica alternativa a la investigación de los centros de (Morro de La Mancha). En 1997 se inicia la educación superior. Los objetivos del PNIE pretendían construcción del más nuevo de los centros integrar, en un solo proceso interrelacionado, la regionales en Aldama, Chihuahua, el cual contiene generación de conocimientos, la formación de al Centro de investigaciones sobre la sequía. recursos humanos, la creación de centros de investigación, el suministro de servicios de apoyo, así FUNCION SUSTANTIVA como la innovación y la difusión tecnológica.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 495 30 De Diciembre Del 2007
    ISSN 0138-6476 INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGÍA Y SISTEMÁTICA 30 deDiciembredel2007 No. 495 Poeyana 495:1-7 Coleópteros de la superfamilia Cucujoidea depositados en el Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, La Habana, Cuba* Ileana FERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA ** ABSTRACT: Beetles belong to superfamily Cucujoidea deposited in the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba. 83 species of beetles belonging to 10 families of the superfamily Cucujoidea, stored in the Entomological Collections of Ecology and Systematic Institute, are listed with data about localities where the examples are found and capture`s months. In some case, data on habitat, host plant and elevation are also given. KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Cucujoidea, beetle, collections, Cuba. INTRODUCCIÓN ejemplares. La otra familia es Nitidulidae con 642 ejemplares, de los cuales el 38% fueron depositados por Amor Nicholas. La superfamilia Cucujoidea está representada en Cuba por 19 Se encuentran depositados en la colección cuatro parátipos familias y 148 especies (Peck, 2005). La mayoría son pertenecientes a tres especies: el esfíndido Carinisphindus escarabajos de pequeño tamaño con los últimos segmentos bicolor (Fisher) (2 ejemplares) y los coccinélidos Scymnus antenales en maza. Estos insectos se alimentan generalmente distinctus Casey (1) y Zilus splendidus (Chapin) (3); mientras de hongos, a excepción de Nitidulidae, Coccinellidae y que 322 ejemplares faltan por identificar al nivel de especie, Passandridae, que en su mayoría son saprófagos, correspondiendo el mayor número a Nitidulidae, con 284 depredadores o ectoparásitos; respectivamente. ejemplares. La colección de coleópteros del Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática (IES), es una de las mayores del país, su Serie Cucujiformia importancia se fundamenta en que el material depositado se Superfamilia Cucujoidea encuentra en buen estado de conservación y acompañado por Familia Sphindidae una valiosa información imprescindible para los estudios taxonómicos y biogeográficos, entre otros.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA DE Epilachna Difficilis Muls. (Col: Coccinellidae) EN LA REGIÓN CIÉNEGA DE CHAPALA, MÉXICO
    INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO INTEGRAL REGIONAL UNIDAD MICHOACÁN BIOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA DE Epilachna difficilis Muls. (Col: Coccinellidae) EN LA REGIÓN CIÉNEGA DE CHAPALA, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN: PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA SUSTENTABLE PRESENTA: JONÁS GARCÍA SEGURA DIRECTORES: DR. HIPOLITO CORTEZ MADRIGAL M.C. IGNACIO GARCÍA RUÍZ Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México. Enero de 2013 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) por el apoyo y las facilidades otorgadas al proyecto de investigación para el desarrollo de esta tesis. Al Programa Institucional de Formación de Investigadores (PIFI) por el otorgamiento de la beca. A mi director de Tesis, Dr. Hipolito Cortez Madrigal por su generosidad al brindarme la oportunidad de trabajar con él, gracias por su apoyo, persistencia, consejos y amistad, fundamentales para la finalización de este trabajo. Al M. C. Ignacio García Ruiz, por sus valiosas sugerencias y acertados aportes durante el desarrollo de este trabajo, así también agradezco su disponibilidad y amistad. A la Dra. Ma. Valentina Angoa Pérez, por su disposición, amistad y su valiosa crítica a lo largo de este trabajo. Al Dr. Harry Urad Brailovsky Alperowitz, Profesor-Investigador del Centro de Investigaciones Agrícolas, UNAM, Celaya, Guanajuato, México, por su apoyo en la identificación de las muestras de insectos enviadas. Al M.C. Antonio Marín Jarillo, Investigador activo del INIFAP, Centro de Investigaciones Celaya Gto. por la identificación de la Catarina Epilachna difficilis. Al Técnico José Antonio Cortés Pérez por todo su apoyo, ayuda, conocimiento y sobre todo por su amistad a lo largo de este proyecto. Al señor José Francisco Magaña Valdovinos (Don Mino) por permitirme desarrollar el trabajo de campo en su propiedad, donde fue realizado el experimento.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Lrshapiro Thesis111612.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Entomology A to ZYMV GUIDE TO ERWINIA TRACHEIPHILA INFECTION: AN ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY A Dissertation in Entomology by Lori Shapiro 2012 Lori Shapiro Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2012 The thesis of Lori Shapiro was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Mescher Assistant Professor of Entomology Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee Consuelo De Moraes Professor of Entomology Andy Stephenson Distinguished Professor of Biology and Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Shelby Fleischer Professor of Entomology Eric Harvill Professor of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Gary Felton Head of the Department of Department or Graduate Program *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Many of the most ecologically and economically important diseases of plants are transmitted by insects, and the spread of these diseases ultimately depends on complex interactions among plants, pathogens, and insect vectors. Yet, empirical evidence regarding the mechanisms by which plant pathogens are transmitted by insects is sparse. In this dissertation, I take a systems biology approach to understanding ecological and molecular interactions driving the emergence of the bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia tracheiphila, a microbe with exceptional economic importance and a highly restricted host range. Induced changes in the emission of plant volatiles—airborne chemicals released by plants that serve as key foraging cues for insects but are not well characterized in response to pathogen infection. In the field and greenhouse, I found that E. tracheiphila induced a unique volatile blend from foliage, and caused a reduction in the emission of floral volatiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Indirect Impacts on a Phytophagous Insect of Birch: the Role of Fungal Phytopathogens & Leaf-Mining Insects
    Indirect impacts on a phytophagous insect of birch: The role of fungal phytopathogens & leaf-mining insects S COTT NICHOLAS JOHNSON A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF YORK NOVEMBER 2001 A B S T R A C T Communities are woven from complex inter-species interactions, comprising both direct interactions (e.g. interference competition or predation) and indirect interactions, mediated through a third species. This study focussed on two plant-mediated indirect interactions affecting the birch aphid Euceraphis betulae Koch (Homoptera: Drepanosiphinae) via its host plant Betula pendula Roth (Betulaceae). The indirect impacts of a plant pathogen Marssonina betulae (Lib.) Magn. (Deuteromycotina: Melanconiales) and the leaf-mining moth Eriocrania spp. Zeller (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) were investigated. A strong positive correlation existed between natural populations of Euceraphis betulae and leaves infected with M. betulae. Euceraphis betulae preferred to feed on fungal-inoculated leaves, and showed enhanced performance when so doing. When feeding on inoculated leaves, aphid biometric features increased by more than 10%, and developmentally mature embryos were both more numerous and larger. Free amino acid concentrations in inoculated leaves were more than double those of fungi-free leaves, akin to changes in plant chemistry occurring during leaf senescence. It is suggested that this mechanism underpins the positive effects on aphid performance. In contrast, E. betulae mortality rose by more than 25% when reared with the leaf-miner, Eriocrania. Like fungal-infected leaves, mined leaves contained elevated phenolic concentrations, but these had no discernible impact on the aphid. Leaf- miner damage to the leaf midrib was pinpointed as the cause of higher aphid mortality, probably because it disrupted phloem hydraulics.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbarium Specimens Reveal Herbivory Patterns Across the Genus Cucurbita
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.21.452357; this version posted July 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 Herbarium specimens reveal herbivory patterns across the genus Cucurbita 3 Laura A. Jenny1 4 Lori R. Shapiro1,2 5 Charles C. Davis3 6 T. Jonathan Davies4,5 7 Naomi E. Pierce1 8 Emily Meineke6 9 10 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 11 2 Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 12 3 Harvard University Herbaria, Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard 13 University, Cambridge, MA 14 4 Department of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of British 15 Columbia, Vancouver 16 5 African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg 17 6 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 18 19 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.21.452357; this version posted July 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 20 Abstract 21 PREMISE: Quantifying how closely related plant species differ in susceptibility to insect 22 herbivory is important for our understanding of variation in plant-insect ecological interactions 23 and evolutionary pressures on plant functional traits.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Feeding and Damage-Induced Volatile Cues Make Beetles Disperse
    1 1 Feeding and damage-induced volatile cues 2 make beetles disperse 3 and produce a more even distribution of damage for sagebrush 4 5 Richard Karban and Louie H. Yang 6 Department of Entomology and Nematology 7 University of California 8 Davis, CA 95616 USA 9 [email protected] 2 10 ABSTRACT 11 1. Induced plant responses to herbivory are common and we have 12 learned a lot about the mechanisms of induced resistance and their 13 effects on herbivore performance. We know less about their effects on 14 herbivore behavior and especially on spatial patterns of damage. 15 2. Theoretical models predict that induced responses can cause 16 patterns of damage to become aggregated, random, or even. A recent 17 model predicted that informed herbivore movement coupled with 18 communication between plants would make damage more even within 19 individual plants. We tested these predictions in the field using a 20 specialist beetle (Trirhabda pilosa) that feeds on sagebrush (Artemisia 21 tridentata). Both the beetle and the plant are well-documented to 22 respond to damage-induced volatile cues. 23 3. Beetle larvae were more likely to move from damaged leaves and 24 leaves that had been exposed to volatiles from nearby damaged 25 leaves compared to undamaged control leaves. Previous lab results 26 indicated that beetles were more likely to choose undamaged leaves 27 compared to damaged leaves or those exposed to volatile cues of 28 damage. 29 4. A comparison of damage patterns early in the season and after 30 completion of beetle feeding revealed that variance in damage among 31 branches decreased as the season progressed; i.e., damage became 32 more evenly distributed among the branches within a plant.
    [Show full text]