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A Qualitative Inquiry of Black Transgender Men's Experiences

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A Qualitative Inquiry of Black Transgender Men's Experiences SHIFTING IDENTITIES: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF BLACK TRANSGENDER MEN’S EXPERIENCES Mickey E. White Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2019 APPROVED: Angie D. Cartwright, Major Professor Caitlyn M. Bennett, Committee Member Anneliese A. Singh, Committee Member Natalya Lindo, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Counseling and Higher Education Randy Bomer, Dean of the College of Education Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School White, Mickey E. Shifting Identities: A Qualitative Inquiry of Black Transgender Men’s Experiences. Doctor of Philosophy (Counseling), August 2019, 256 pp., 1 table, 6 appendices, comprehensive reference list, 357 titles. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore Black transgender men’s experiences navigating systems of racism and transphobia. To this end, I utilized a critical race theory and intersectionality theory framework to answer the following question: What are Black transgender men’s experiences with power, privilege, and oppression? The ten Black transgender men and transmasculine people who participated in this study provided detailed and moving accounts of their experiences with systems of oppression. Six major themes were prominent throughout participant narratives: (1) developing an empowered view of self, (2) navigating double consciousness, (3) having a target on your back, (4) strategies of resilience, (5) culture of silence, and (6) finding quality care. Overall, participants offered insight and keen awareness of their intersecting racial and gender identities, as well as speaking intimately about how the shift from societal perceptions and identification as a Black woman to a Black man impacted their sense of self and views of the world. Additionally, implications and conclusions drawn from the stories of participants offer recommendations for counselors, mental health professionals, practitioners, and programs to consider implementing to provide culturally responsive and competent care to Black transgender men. Copyright 2019 by Mickey E. White ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my family for the plentiful gifts of love, support, and education they have given me leading up to and during this process. Without your kindness, understanding, and sacrifices I would not have been able to undertake or complete this enormous milestone. I also want to thank my chosen family, my glitter family, for your gift of acceptance and teaching me to love myself. To my academic family, thank you for your gift of presence. Additionally, I want to thank Bolt for the gifts of love and grounding puppy snuggles. Secondly, I would like to thank my committee. To Dr. Angie Cartwright, thank you for giving me the gift of authenticity. You have helped me both personally and professionally more than I can ever begin to describe and have been a source of gentle kindness and tough love when I needed it the most. To Dr. Elizabeth Prosek, thank you for your gift of wellness. You were present for many critical moments both before and during the doctoral program and this process, and I appreciate you dearly. To Dr. Natalya Lindo, thank you for your gift of laughter and hugs when I truly needed them. To Dr. Anneliese Singh, thank you for your gift of passion and kindness as I enter the world of academia. To Dr. Caitlyn Bennett, thank you for your gift of vulnerability and for supporting me by sharing your process. To each of you, thank you for your gift of acceptance of my horrendous caffeine addiction. I would also like to thank each of my professors, both past and present, for each of you gave me the gift of passing me so I could get here. Additionally, you each imparted the gift of wisdom. To past professors and now dear friends, Dr. Amy Murrell and Dr. Lisa Schulz, thank you for your gifts of love, light, and warmth. Lastly, I would like to thank the Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC) for the gift of a research grant to help fund this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii SHIFTING IDENTITIES: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF BLACK TRANSGENDER MEN’S EXPERIENCES ................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 2 Method ................................................................................................................................ 5 Participants .............................................................................................................. 5 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 7 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 8 Establishing Trustworthiness ................................................................................ 10 Results ............................................................................................................................... 11 Theme 1: Developing an Empowered View of Self ............................................. 11 Theme 2: Navigating Double Consciousness ....................................................... 13 Theme 3: Having a Target on Your Back ............................................................. 14 Theme 4: Strategies of Resilience......................................................................... 16 Theme 5: Culture of Silence ................................................................................. 18 Theme 6: Finding Quality Care ............................................................................ 19 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 20 Implications and Recommendations ..................................................................... 22 Limitations and Ethical Considerations ................................................................ 24 Summary ............................................................................................................... 25 References ......................................................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX A. EXTENDED INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 31 APPENDIX B. EXTENDED LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................. 43 APPENDIX C. DETAILED METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 102 APPENDIX D. UNABRIDGED RESULTS .............................................................................. 125 APPENDIX E. EXPANDED DISCUSSION ............................................................................. 177 iv APPENDIX F. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS..................................................................... 208 COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE LIST .................................................................................. 227 v SHIFTING IDENTITIES: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF BLACK TRANSGENDER MEN’S EXPERIENCES Introduction Researchers estimate that approximately 12% of the 1.4 million transgender adults in the United States identify as African American or Black (Flores, Brown, & Herman, 2016). While queer and transgender people of Color (QTPOC) are likely to experience harassment, discrimination, and violence throughout their lifetime (James et al., 2016; Kattari, Walls, Whitfield, & Langenderfer-Magruder, 2015; Singh & McKleroy, 2011; Xavier, Honnold, & Bradford, 2005), there is limited literature related specifically to the experiences of Black transgender men. There is a growing amount of literature related to the experiences of transgender people of Color (TPOC) (Flores et al., 2018; Graham, 2014; Singh, 2013; Singh & McKleroy, 2011). Compared to literature with White transgender people, however, published research with TPOC is still in its infancy (Moradi et al., 2016; White, Lollar, & Cartwright, 2019). Further, a majority of the participants in studies of TPOC are of varying racial and/or gender identities, leading to a potential lack of transferability of findings for specific subsets of underserved communities, such as that of Black transgender men. Black transgender men move from a unique place at the intersection of Black and female identities prior to transition to a new intersection of Black and trans male identities (Flores et al., 2018). Systems of oppression such as racism and transprejudice are complex and pervasive (Delgado & Stefancic, 2017; Johnson, 2018), yet how Black transgender men navigate shifting racial and gender identities is not well understood. Within the context of counseling, counselors are at risk of relying on clients to educate about experiences without supporting literature 1 (Mizock & Lundquist, 2016). Unfortunately, this can result in clients being especially vulnerable to racism and transprejudice at the intersection of privileged and oppressed gender and racial identities. In order to understand the experiences of Black transgender men and systems
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