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Democratization Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713634863 Another Sense of Demos: Kleisthenes and the Greek Division of the Stuart Elden

Online Publication Date: 21 January 2003 To cite this Article: Elden, Stuart (2003) 'Another Sense of Demos: Kleisthenes and the Greek Division of the Polis', Democratization, 10:1, 135 - 156 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/714000113 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714000113

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Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page135 a whole,andgroupwithinthem,suchasthemoborpoor. tend tobecentredaroundthetensionbetweenitstwomeanings:peopleas usage oftheterm‘democracy’, nature. ItthenmovestoabrieferdiscussionofPlato’s rigid territorialaspectsandemphasizesthereforms’arithmetic,ratherthangeometric, on Kleisthenes’reformsofAthens.Contrarytomuchtheliterature,itdownplays understanding of thinking modernnotionsbackintoclassicalGreekthought.Soalthoughthe these aretheattributesofpopulationandterritory, yetweshouldbecautiousabout term, itisworthkeepinginmindwhenconsideringancientdemocracy, aswellin word is moreimportantthanarithmetic,becauseoftherolerelationandbalance.The emphasis ismuchmoreonthepeoplethanland,itis,paradoxically, geometrythat politics isactuallyarithmetic,notgeometry. However, forAristotle,althoughthe The suggestionismadethatforPlato,asKleisthenes,themodelmathematical examining modelsforthedivisionoflandwithinGreek location. Therelationbetweenpolitics,democracyandlocationisexaminedthrough either thepeopleasawhole,orgroupwithinthem,termalsomeantdeme, This articlediscussesthethirdGreeksenseofterm PUBLISHED BYFRANKCASS, LONDON Democratization, Vol.10, No.1, Spring2003,pp.135–156 Dr StuartEldenisalecturerintheDepartment ofGeography, UniversityofDurham,UK. The meaningoftheword a broadersensewhennotingtheroleoflocationindetermining as wellrecognizingtherole oflocationindeterminingthe of theterm term meanscommune.Whilstweshouldnotthinkthatis the principalsense term third sense,thatofthedeme,alocation.Forexample,in Homer’s sometimes aparticularsectionofthatcommunity. ButtheGreek sometimes thewholecommunity, particularlywhenassembled,and neighbourhood ofprivatelifewasnaturallysmaller. BC. Inthissense,thedemewassmallestunitofcivic space, althoughthe used fortheunitsintowhichKleisthenesdividedAtticain thesixthcentury , wasavillage,townshiporsmallcommunity, butwasalsothename Another Senseof demos demos demos therefore relatestopeopleandthelandtheyinhabit.Inmodernterms sometimes meanspeople,land. the Greek Division ofthe demos , weshouldnotetheimportanceofdemestodemocracy, as deme,villageorcommuneisnottheprincipalsenseof STUART ELDEN demos demokratia Demos is ofcoursecentraltounderstandingthe , inancientGreece.Discussions : Kleisthenesand Laws demos 3 2 polis In modernGreekthe and Aristotle’s Demos Polis . Aswellasmeaning . Themainfocusis polis polis , translatedas 1 demos Demos . . 4 Iliad Politics had a was the . Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page136 attributed toAristotle,butmorelikelybyoneofhispupils. unpositioned; a position,anorientation,orderorarrangement. much disputedlinesintheworkknownas of Athens.Oursourcesforthisarelimited,primarilyafewambiguousand the the The modeofconnectionthegeometrical,points,is characterizedby of landwithintheGreek location inalimitedway, throughanexaminationofmodelsforthedivision example, toalinethanstringofpoints. Aristotle arenotsimplymadeupofthelowerones– there ismore,for never gettotheheartofmatter. Thehigher geometricalfiguresfor 136 correct placeitistherefore a measureofqualityratherthanquantity, and concerned withplace,position. Becauseeverythingtendstowardsits number, withthe possibilityofdivision.Geometry, forAristotle,ismore ephekses characterized by but wheretheendsofoneareidenticalwith next. Pointsare continuum has stretch,size, have asequence,the same, saysAristotle,forthemodeoftheirconnectionisdifferent. Numbers is, like the uniqueorsole,andisindivisibleaccordingtoquantity. The detailed mathematicalmodelforthedivisionof rather thangeometric,nature.AbriefexaminationofPlato’s rigid territorialsenseofthesereforms,andemphasizestheirarithmetic, Kleisthenes. Contrarytomuchoftheliterature,thisarticledownplaysa are crucialinunderstandingthedivisionofAthenian the unit,geometrywith summarized bybearinginmindthatarithmeticisconcernedwith difference betweenarithmeticandgeometry. InAristotle,thisdifference is more importantthanarithmetic. much moreonthepeoplethanland,itis,paradoxically, geometrythatis Politics politics isactuallyarithmetic.Finally, somekeypassagesfromAristotle’s suggestion thatheretoo,asforKleisthenes,themodelmathematical follows. ThestandardviewofPlatoasageometerischallenged,withthe This articleinvestigatestherelationbetweenpolitics,democracyand In otherwords,geometryisnotconcernedwithdivision, forthiswill The argument thereforerests,inpart,onanunderstanding ofthe ephekses synekhes monas are analysedwithaviewtoshowingthatalthoughtheemphasisis determined by . Thisisasuccession,notonlywheretheendsmeetinone place, . ; theseriesofnumbers–wherenotouchingisnecessary –by 7 , indivisible,butunlike stigme haptesthai megethos is ephekses thetos stigme polis haptesthai , whichshouldbeunderstoodas , bytouching,indeedtheyare . ItsprincipalfocusisonKleisthenes’reforms , positioned. . Ontheotherhand,everythingperceivable , thepoint.The . Buttheunitshaveonly monas 6 Monas 8 it hastheadditionofa Arithmetic isconcernedwith The AthenianConstitution monas and polis DEMOCRATIZATION stigme is relatedto into lotsandtribes, Monas polis 5 These fewlines ekhomenon Laws synekhes cannot bethe promoted by is ephekses , withits athetos thesis monon monas stigme , the – a – , , . , , Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page137 than thephysicallandmeasuringithadbeenforEgyptians. time. Geometry, forPlato,wasmuchmoreanabstractdeductivescience does notaccordwiththeconventionalunderstandingofgeometryat the generalscopeofreformisoutlined.Kleisthenes however, wherethe understanding ofgeometry. measures –relationandbalancetheprogrammeismuchclosertohis based onHerodotus’ The readingofKleisthenes’reformsin The ReformsofKleisthenes and calculationarecrucialtotheirdeterminationoftheGreek is understoodinaquantitativeratherthanqualitativeway. Issuesofnumber other hand,forbothKleisthenesandPlato,divisionofthepeopleland with ratio,relationandbalancemorethandivisioncalculability. Onthe POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES heroes. Aegicones, Argades andHoples–thenewtribeswerenamedafterother The fourprevioustribeshadbeennamedafterthesons ofIon–Geleon, to utilizetheexistingfourtribes: The thirdpassageprecedesthefirsttwo,andnotesthatKleisthenes refused The secondpassagediscussesthemembershipandnaming. democracy …areuseful for oneshouldmakemoreanddifferent tribes, institutions usedbyKleisthenes atAthens,whenhewantedtoenlarge the should haveashareinalltheareas[ and allottedthreetoeachtribe[ and teninland[ parts –teninthecity[ divided theland[ succeeded inmixingupthepeople. divided intotwelvethirds)asifhehadusedthemwould nothave allocating themtothealreadyexistingthirds(thefour tribeswere He refusedtodividetheAtheniansintotwelvetribes, toavoid after theirfounders(notallwerethereanylonger). naucrari; forhenamedsomeofthedemesaftertheirareas, andsome He instituteddemarchswiththesameresponsibilitiesasold obvious whowerethecitizensbutshouldbenamedaftertheirdemes. another, sothattheyshouldnotusetheirfathers’namesandmakeit He madethemenlivingineachdemefellow-demesmenofone 15 A relatedpointismadein Aristotle’s mesogeois Histories polis khoran 10 and . 11 ] ofAtticabydemes[ ] –andhecalledthesepartsthirds[ There arethreekeypassages.Inthefirst, demos astu ], teninthecoastalregion[ The AthenianConstitution 14 are concernedwithqualitative topon ] insuchawaythateachtribe ]. .12 Politics demous 13 : ‘thesortsof 9 ] intothirty In Aristotle polis trittyes is partly paralia . This 137 ], ] Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page138 each newlycreatedtribehadthree or thirds,ofwhichtenwereinthecity, tenonthecoastandinland; the divisionofAtticawasbydemes;thesedemesweregroupedin city wasbasedon applied totheurbanwardsofAthens. referredonlytoruralareas,butwithhisreformsitwas Kleisthenes thedeme being ‘village’or‘land’.LévêqueandVidal-Naquet notethatbefore noted, theterm Kleisthenic organisation’. around thesettlementor settlements determinedatthetimeof possessed oneormoreinhabitedcentresvillagesand anareaofland from whichthedemewasadministered’, that ‘aKleisthenicdemewasafixedareaoflandwithan inhabitedcentre Kleisthenes gave‘tendemestoeachtribe’, passing interest–beingthenumberofdemes.IfHerodotusisreadliterally, closer focushere.Severalsubsidiaryissuesarisefromthis,one–of is onemainissue,thatoftheterritorialnaturethesereforms,merits hinge aroundthemeaningofterm‘deme’,anditscharacteristics.There however, anumberofcontestedissues.Thosethatconcernushereall Strabo, whogivesafigureof170or174, at thecentreandsurrounding areas,whicharedemarcatedanddivided. asthecrucialexercise. in essenceataskofcartography, withthefixingofboundariesbetween evident thatKleisthenes’procedurewasindeedoneof before was ageographicaltermofrelativelyfixedlimits.AsWhitehead notes,even Kleisthenes’ reformsisdebatable.Foralongtimetheconsensuswasthatit the tribes’,whichseemsmoreplausible. However, Whiteheadsuggestsreadingthisas‘thedemesintengroupsto bonds offamiliarity’. mix peopleupasmuchpossiblewitheachotheranddissolveprevious combine privateritesintoafewcommonones,anduseeverysophismto 138 reforms. their senseasvillagesandnotthepoliticalunitsofKleisthenes’ discrepancy isexplainedbythefactthatStrabowasreferringtodemesin reforms andsomayreflectanincreasedlaterfigure.ForTraill, though,the divisions), andtwolateradditions. proposes 139demesinitially(twelveofwhichwereupperandlower reversed. with aterritorialaspect;inKleisthenes’reformsthe emphasiswas A numberofreasonablyuncontestedpointscanbesummarizedhere: It isthereforeclearthatthemeaningofterm‘deme’essential.As The AthenianConstitution 22 25 And inhisimportantbookonthecoastaldemes,Eliotsuggests demos gentilice 16 can betranslatedinanumberofways,onethem 27 , thefamily, theprincipleofbirth, butcombined For Eliot,therefore,ademe isboththevillage 24 For Francotte,theearlyorganization ofthe was available,‘itregardedasself- trittyes 20 23 The bestsourcefromantiquityis However, whatthedememeantin , onefromeacharea. 18 19 21 26 which wouldgive100demes. In hisdetailedstudy, Traill but thisdatesfromafterthe and that‘eachruraldeme DEMOCRATIZATION territorial division 17 There are trittyes – Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page139 followers ofPythagoras. 5, and10–werealsoimportantinthecontemporaneousthoughtof had anearlysuspicionthatthefigureswithinKleisthenes’reforms–3, Pythagoreanism’, includinghispolitics. but Kleisthenes’reformsthatallowsustograspcertainaspectsof work isthat‘itnotPythagoreanismilluminatesKleisthenes’reforms secular andconcernedwithplaces. in eachtribe,whichseemsinaccurate. Vidal-Naquet alsointerpretHerodotustomeanthatthereweretendemes trittyes significance forKleisthenes’reforms.Threeisobviouslyimportantinthe creation ofapoliticalspaceandtime’remainedlargely intact. Athens afterKleisthenes’death,theessentialfeatureof hisreform,‘the the reformstobeterritorial. between politicalandgeometricconceptionsofnumber and spacerequires deme’. Kleisthenes, Eliotsuggests,established‘thegeographicalextentofeach POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES ‘highlight theresolutely reforms involvethecreationofan their keypoints,asCurtisnotes,isthat‘beyondshowing thatCleisthenes’s significant ispreciselythisuse oftheterm‘space’todescribedivisions. number ofissuesabouttheir studyarepotentiallycontestable,butthemost city, suchasrealizedby Kleisthenes’. by Anaximander, andthepoliticalvisionofarational andhomogeneous coincidence betweenthegeometricvisionofworld,such asformulated atmosphere attheendofsixthcenturywascharacterized byacertain division, onereligious,tribalandconcernedwiththepopulace, city, orthecitygeometry. philosophies’ –weshouldnotthereforethinkthatgeometrycreatedthe first geometriccity, itwasnotAthensthathadthefirstgeometric through withreligiouselements’. the ancientsystemoftribes,phratries, a rudimentaryspatialdivision,‘forbothlaicandpragmaticends,alongside However theydoargue thatwiththesystemofnaucrariesAtticapossessed but suggestthatunfortunatelyweknowalmostnothingaboutthem. They notethe48naucraries,whichhadexistedsinceseventhcentury, which theysuggestwereindependentofthehereditary suggest thattheneedsofadministrationrequiredsubdivisionspolity, Kleisthenes, sothereisanambiguity. Vidal-Naquet notesinaretrospectiveofthisworkthatheandLévêque Lévêque andVidal-Naquet suggest,thoughtherewerechangesto In theirvaluablestudyofthesereforms,LévêqueandVidal-Naquet 28 , thereweretentribes,butfiveismuchlesscertain.Lévêqueand But theterm‘deme’alsomeant‘village’before artificial 35 32 However, theysuggestthat‘theintellectual These numbersaredebatableintheir 29 31 In otherwords,Atticahadtwokindsof egalitarian civicspaceandtime character ofthisspaceand time’. 33 36 34 gene However, theconclusionoftheir But thisassumptionofalink ‘If Kleisthenesconstructedthe , foundedonbirthandshot cadres of thetribes. 30 and 37 and one One of ’, they after 38 139 A Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page140 Ehrenberg sayingthat‘Cleistheneswasinterested in people,notterritory’, divisions wereasstronghethinks’. not fullyargued’, so‘itdoesleaveitopentodoubtwhethergeographical were geographicalunits,butLewisnotesthat‘Eliot’s mapofthe book. Eliotthinksthatthe on theactualground’. thegeometerconcealscompletelydifficulties ofgeography survey. there werenottheresources,skillsortimetoconductapropercadastral these villageswereplaceswherepeoplemightregister. Hesuggeststhat Thompson, demeswereisolatedvillagesratherthanblocksofterritory, and boundaries orthatwereimportanttoKleisthenes.For though thedemeswerelocalunits,itdoesnotfollowthattheyhadformal consensus stemsfromtheworkofWesley Thompson,whosuggeststhat consensus havecomeundersustainedscrutiny. Thechallengetothe mapping. Itisnosurprise,therefore,thattheseclaimsandtheprevious Naquet suggestwouldhaverequiredanextensivelandsurveyand yet, tohavedemesthatweredividedinthewayEliot,LévêqueandVidal- of theissuesatstake: but thedemeswereunlikelytohavebeenmapped. characteristics: peopleregisteredatthedemecentrenearesttheirabode, city’. on themap.Suchlinesaredifficult todraw, andbreakdownnotablyinthe and suggeststhat‘itshouldbeclearCleisthenesdidnotjustdrawlines the Greekcolonies,butthereisnoevidencethiswasevermapped. archaeological evidenceofsystematicandregularurban/ruraldivisionsin whether thedemeshadstrictterritorialboundariesatall. Indeed, thereisanimportantdebateconcerningthesereforms,asto 140 contiguous. this thatthe of self-identificationbyresidentslocalcommunities. A relatedchallengeisfoundintheworkofLewis.HecitesVictor As KainandBaignetsuggest,thereisplentyoflandscape 45 about geographyorthesizes oftrittyes. or politics.Buthehasconvinced methatIhavenotthoughtenough enough aboutthepurposesof thetrittyes-system,aboutfamilies,cults of peoplelivinginthatterritory. IdonotthinkEliothasthought Eliot thinksofademeasterritory;forme,itismuchmore thegroup drawing linesonamap;Ithinkhewasupdeme-registers. Kleisthenes wasinterestedinlandorpeople.ForEliot, hewas Our fundamentaldifference ofopinionseemstobewhether For Lewis,indistinctiontoLévêqueandVidal-Naquet, the‘stresson 40 As Lambertnotes,demeshadpersonalandterritorial 43 trittyes were notunitsofland,becausethedemes 46 He pursuesthisreadinginacriticismofEliot’s trittyes of thesouthhadnaturalboundariesand 47 Lewis providesasuccinctsummary 48 41 This wouldbeanact DEMOCRATIZATION 42 It followsfrom trittyes 39 And is 44 Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page141 geographical trittyes…mayhavetobemodified,evendiscarded’. notes, ‘itsattractionshavegrownmorecompelling;andthetraditional marking legalencumbrance’maybemoreaccuratethan ‘boundary stone’. Greek term Aristophanes, geographical, andthereforeterritorialdivisionisentirelypossible. therefore downplaytheterritorialnature,topographerstendtothinkthata cannot believethatthesurveycouldhavebeenconductedintime,and challenge hasbeenmounted.MerleLangdonsuggeststhatwhilehistorians though mostrecentstudiesnowagreewithThompsonandLewis,acounter- a ‘strong,albeitcircumstantial,casefordemeboundaries’. LITEE N H RE IIINO H POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES rather thanageographicaldelimitation. that markedsuch,butthiscanbeunderstoodinalegal sense oflimitation Horos in ruralAttica’. of theurbandemes,andthat‘thesituationinAthensislikely toreflectthat He argues thatthisimplieswrittenrecordswere keptoftheboundaries took secondplacetolegalandpropertyaspects. of inscriptionsonstones,Finleyargued thatgeographicalconsiderations reading of reform wouldhavetakenmonths,notyears. same: unitscomposedofvillages Kleisthenes’ reforms,andinthosecreatedbythem,‘theendresultwasthe disputes.’ defining thelimitsofitsterritorysufficed. Therewereprobably few Notes recordingthephysicalfeatureswhicheachcommunityregardedas and thereforetherewas‘noneedforelaboratesurveyingormap-making. argument isthatmostdemesalreadyhadsomekindofterritorialdivision, mark demeboundariesbymeansofanyartificialdevice’, is givenitsfullvalue‘wemustconcludethatitwasnotpartoftheplanto natural geographicfeatures.Langdonconcedesthatifthenegativeevidence territory ofeachcommunitywouldhavehadtobecataloguedbymeans would havebeenwell-known,anddidnotneedconfirmation,butthe of whichwereindemesthemselves. the boundariescouldbestreets,orlimitsofacropolisagora,neither scholars, includingThompson,admittheneedforboundaries. In thiscontextapassageofStraboispertinent: In the Although initiallythischallengewasnotwellreceived,asWhitehead For iftherebenoaccurateboundaries [ [ stolon certainly doesmeanlimitorboundary, andcametomeananobject 51 asty horoi Langdon argues thatinboththosedemesexistedbefore horos ], forexample,orenclosures [ Aves 58 within thecity-walls,Langdonargues thatthemajorityof as boundarystonesinanysimplesense.Throughareading However, backinthe1950s,Finleyhadargued againstthe , whichsays‘asiswritteninthe in histext,hesuggests‘hypothecationstone’or‘stone plus 56 He citesamuch-disputedscholiumto land withinofficial boundaries’.This 61 perubolon akribon horon 52 The centresofthedemes 59 Although heretainsthe Horismoi ] –takethecaseof 53 54 but thatthereis ] ofstoneposts 55 of thecity’. For Langdon 49 Indeed, 50 141 His 57 60 Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page142 mind ofKleisthenes’. and thatitwas‘innowayentrustedtothelot,butskilfullydesignedby Eliot, itisclearthatthedistributionwouldhaveneededagreatdealoftime, though amorecommontranslationis‘gavethreetoeachtribebylot’.For passage in for alltheplaces’, with aparticularlocality’,‘for therewerenolongerfoundersinexistence The phrasehasbeenvariously translatedas‘fornotallwerestillconnected Kleisthenes distributedthe longer)’. demes aftertheirareas,andsomefounders(not allwerethereany if thatwaswhatactuallydone’. but ‘ifequaltribesweretobeobtainedfromunequaltrittyeswemaydoubt suggests thatdivisionbylotmayhavebeenKleisthenes’originalintention, is hardtoimaginehowthetribescouldinanywaybeequal.Rhodes trittyes difficult toseehowthedemescouldbeallocated various attemptstomapthedistributionofdemes, continuous territorybegantocrumblesomewhileago’. Andrewes, ‘thenaturalassumptionthat be believed. trittyes Kleisthenes tohaveproducedequaltribeshemustmatchedlarge a varyingextent,inpopulation’.Itwouldfollow, hesuggests,thatfor notes, werethistrue,‘geographicalunitswilldiffer insize,andtherefore,to clear naturalboundariesandwereessentiallygeographicunits.AsLewis indistinct districts. writing laterthanthesereforms–seemstoberecognizingthelimitsof people wouldroughlyknowwhereColytusandMelitewere.Strabo– This seemstoimplythattherearenostonepostsorenclosures,butlocal 142 presented onourmapsbecomesteadilymoreintricate’. as Rhodessuggests,the‘regionalboundariesarepurely schematic’. of thatclause?Itcouldeitherbethe Whatisthesubject rests ontheparenthetical‘notallwerethereanylonger’. A numberofissuesarisefromthisdebate.Thefirsttheseiswhether The secondisinthesuggestionthatKleisthenes‘named someofthe But evenifthegeographicalbasisofdemesisdisputed,itstill concerning districts. boundaries [ Colytus’ and‘thatisMelite’butweshouldnotbeabletopointoutthe Colytus andMelite[twoAtticdemes]–wecansayonly‘thisis to thetribesinanysimpleway. Ifthedistributionwerebylotthenit to small,smallmedium,andsoon.Therefore,‘Aristotle’cannot 71 Again, theauthor’s translationpreservestheambiguity. Theissue 65 The AthenianConstitution 72 horous 63 or ‘notallthefoundersof demeswereknownany 64 This restsonEliot’s assumptionthatthe ], andthisisthereasonwhydisputesoftenarise 62 trittyes to thetribesbylot.Ihavetranslated demoi 66 As Andrewesargues, ‘theresults as ‘allottedthreetoeachtribe’, trittyes or the trittyes ktisantes would beblocksof DEMOCRATIZATION 70 67 There havebeen trittyes and tribes, , thefounders. trittyes , andthe 69 68 had For but Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page143 has bothameaningofparticular place,andthecommunitywithinit. should benoted.First,itisclear thattheterm cannot workasevidenceforeitherside. the latterhadbettersupport,butthatsentenceissoambiguousit conclusion thatthedemeshaddefiniteterritorialidentity’.Hesuggests honoured theirfounders,inwhichcasethereisnothingopposingthe demonstrated, orelsenotallplaceshadpeoplewhostillremembered territorial natureofthedemesnewlycreatedbyKleisthenesis the eponymousfoundersoftheirvillages,inwhichcaseartificial constituted somedemeswerenolongerlivingintheplacesassociatedwith brought itmorecloselybacktokinship. hereditary Kleisthenesundidtheshifttoterritory, eveninaloosesense,and – buteventhis,hesuggestsisnotclear. emphasizes thefounders–thiscertainlyfitsbetterwithprecedingclause kinship. membership ofthepreviousfourtribeshadbeenhereditary, basedon nature ofthesereforms,suchthatitwas,wasonlytemporary. The records. boundaries, muchlessonesthatwererigidlyestablishedandfixedinpublic demes was. membership ofhistribeshereditary, justasmembershipoftheindividual the peopleamongtennewtribes,itiscertainthatKleisthenesalsomade longer’. POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES the demotic,startedtoreplacepatronymic. village anditsinhabitants)’. purpose ‘couldbeavillageandthelandaroundit(orperhapsbetter, a division wastheeasiestwaytodothis.AsRhodessuggests,ademeforthis Kleisthenes’ reformswastocataloguepeople,andthataroughterritorial consistent witheitherofthereadingstosuggestthatprimarypurpose form. Butitisthisweakformwhichmostpersuasive.Itentirely because hisinterpretationsupportsargument in eitherastrongorweak still belongedtohisfather’s deme. at themomentofreform,butsubsequentlyevenifa personmovedhe Kleisthenes himselfisworthconsideration. Ionian tribeswithtenartificialwasapartisanreform whichbenefited governing the unchanged. Ratherthanlookingforafundamentalshift inthelogicof distributive principle,buttheunderlyingrationale remained largely mix-up oftheprevioussituation,forwhichlocationwas importantasa Notwithstanding thedisputed natureofthereforms,threekeypoints For Langdontheimplicationofthisisthateither‘thepeoplewho Indeed, andthisbringsustothefinalconsequentialpoint,territorial 73 77 Despite theattemptto‘mixup’population,andredistribute Rhodes suggeststhatthemostacceptablereadingisonewhich 78 The newdivisionmayhavebeengeographicalinsomesense polis , Stanton’s suggestionthatthereplacement of thefour 76 This doesnotimplythatthedemeshadfixed 74 79 80 75 However, thenameofdeme, By makingdeme-membership This isofcoursedisingenuous, 82 81 demos In otherwords,therewasa – likethatof polis 143 – 83 Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page144 mathematics topoliticsisfound. discussions ofmathematics,itisin the designofanactual because unlikethe combines asenseofjustice andaneedofindifference towealth(737a), equally impossible(736). The solutionisproposed,andessentially difficulties asbothleaving them astheyareandreformingboth Older statesthatareforcedtolegislatesolvetheseproblems encounter disputes aboutlandandcancellationofdebtsdistribution ofproperty. that theyarefortunate,becausecanavoidvicious anddangerous way ofdoingthis.Indesigninganew The landdividers, the futurecityor, moregenerally, thenatureofitsterritory’. an existing land. passage hereisthediscussionaboutdivisionand distribution ofthe This isespeciallythecasewithquestionofdivision Whilst Plato’s Plato’s with understandingsofarithmeticratherthangeometry. Vidal-Naquet’s interpretation,isthatthequantitativedivisionaccordsmore but arelationnonetheless.Thekeypointhowever, contrarytoLévêqueand the conceptionsofmathematicscurrentattime.Nodirectcausallink, Second, themechanismsofdivision 144 laws (702c–e). a colonyandheasksthemtohelphim–initiallyintheorysetoutits preliminaries, KleiniasrevealstotheothersthatCreteisattemptingfound utopia’. Kleisthenes thegeometertoofAcademy, fromrealityto admonition that‘longisthepathtraversedinacenturyandhalffrom isquestionableitworthnotingLévêqueandVidal-Naquet’s‘geometer’ relate tothispreviouspoliticalsituation.Althoughthedesignationof interesting thereforetoexaminehowPlato’s plansforthedesignofa these wereactualreforms,ratherthanphilosopher’s schemes.Itis distributed bylot.Theland, separate theywouldhavecloserlinkstotheoriginalpolis thantoothers. stranger, whoiseffectively Platohimself. old men–KleiniasfromCrete,MegillusSparta,andanAthenian concrete analysisthelatedialogue As Straussnotes,‘thefirstseriousquestion…concerns thelocationof 93 Plato’s suggestionisthatthelandbedivided intoequalportionsand 85 Laws polis 89 Republic A colonywasusuallyfoundedbyagroupofsettlersfrom , whothenenjoyedautonomyinthenew Republic geonomoi polis is hismostoftencitedpoliticaltext,foramore sutopianideal ’s . Althoughthe , arecharged withworkingoutanequitable ge , mustthereforebemeasuredanddivided. 87 The Laws The Laws The Laws polis 88 In BookThree,aftersomeinitial the AthenianStrangersuggests The Laws polis is actuallymoreconstructive. Republic are adialoguebetweenthree that thedirectapplicationof into DEMOCRATIZATION contains theplanfor demos has someimportant 84 Third, andfinally, polis may relateto 92 . 90 The key Though polis polis 91 86 , Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page145 farmers and,asLaceynotes,alsosoldiers, assumes afigureof5,040adultmalesandtheirfamilies.Thesemenare An actualsurveyofthelandisnotattemptedhere,andAthenianstranger sufficient todefendthemselves,andhelpoutneighbouringcommunities. comfort, butnomoreisneeded.Equallythenumberofpeopleshouldbe land obviouslyneedstobegreatenoughsupportthepeopleinmodest derived fromthelandavailable,andthenthatdistributedequally. The be criminallystupid(736b). though theydonotownland(see814c). others mightownland,andbecausewomenaredescribed ascitizenstoo, The qualificationforcitizenshipisnotownershipofland, becausemany indiscriminate equalityleading toinequality(see757a–b).Itwillhowever they areinitiallymeasured. Thisisgroundedontheargument about distributed equally, butratheratfourlevelsorclasses dependingonhow man’s bees(843c–e).However, Platodoesnotthinkthatlandshouldbe someone else’s land,andsomewhatbizarrely, attemptingtoattractanother to grazeoutsidetheboundaries,plantingtreesorburning woodtoocloseto there areclearprohibitionsofoversteppingtheboundaries, allowingcattle to acquirelandunjustly, can expectseverepunishment(842e–843b).And the peopletoinhabitthis avoid suchproblemslater. Thereareassumedtobenoproblemsbetween existing problem,itshouldadoptthisbroadpolicyinitsestablishment,to (736e). Thoughthenew because povertyisamatterofincreasedgreedratherthandiminishedwealth POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES but a‘unionofhouseholdsorfamilies’. important isthatforPlatothe intention istokeepthenumberof5,040atallcosts(740a–c).What as awhole.Thelawofsuccessionwillbetothefavouredson,and of land,heissupposedtoconsideritasthecommonpossession division oflandbetweenthe5,040,butthougheachmanreceivesthisparcel people theselegislatorshavetodealwith(739d–740a).Thereisthereforea unrealistic, andevensuggeststhatfarmingincommonisbeyondthesortof heros (738c–d). the landmustalsoincludeprovisionforsacredsitesgodsorspirits, military, administration,contractsandtaxes(737e–738a).Thedivisionof This facilitatesdivisionofthenumberforvariouspurposes because ofitslarge numberofdivisors–59intotal, includingonetoten. inalienable (741b–c). for thosewhotradeinthisdistributedland,property inlandwillbe as atranslationof In ordertoavoidtheseproblems,thenumberofpeopleoughtbe Whilst anidealsocietywouldshareeverything,Platoconsidersthis polites 98 Equally thosewhoseektomoveboundaries,thatis , isessentiallyasproblematiccityfor polis polis polis , soadistributionthatcreatedill-willwould proposed doesnotneedtosolveanalready is notacollectionofdetachedcitizens, 95 97 (We shouldnoteherethatcitizen, There willbestrictpunishment 94 and thenumberischosen polis polis 145 . 96 ) Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page146 agora place forHestia,ZeusandAthena.AsCartledgenotes,‘spatially, thecivic ancient Greekpoliticalnetworking’. where thegodstypicallyhadtheirabode,weretwin,symbioticnodesof A centralpointofthe be atthecentreof proper andthecountryoutside’. acropolis ofthecitytobordersstate,includinglandwithin Morrow noteswillmean‘eachdivisionbeacontinuousareafromthe divided into12,withtheboundariesradiatingfromcentre,which constitutions ofSparta,Crete andCarthage.Becauseofitswideranging well asthelesserknown plans ofPhaleasandHippodamus,the discussions ofPlato’s derive somemoregeneralrules.IndeedAristotle’s Aristotle’s intentwasmuchmoretocatalogue itsmanifestationsandto Whereas Platowasconcernedwithoutliningadesign forthe Aristotle’s citizenry canbederivedfromthis(746d–747a,see771). aspects ofadministration.Allsortsmeasuresand divisionsofthe sections [ to eight,twelve,fifteenandtwenty). comprise 420citizens(thisnumbertoohasplentyofdivisors,includingone rich andpoormen,separategods.Theywillbecalledthetribes, toward theperiphery. Thetwelvedivisionswouldbegivenroughlyequal divided intotwo,whicheachmanhavingonelotnearthecentreand having poorersoillarger areasandsoon.These lotsshouldbefurther be subdividedinto5,040lots,whichshouldequalinvalue,withthose Hestia, aswelltheirownpatrondeity(848c–d).Thesedivisionsshouldthen village, inwhichtherewillbean the holding(744d–745a).AsMorrownotes,in polis holding wealthabovethatlevelshouldberequiredtohanditoverthe lower limitofwealth,andfourtimesasmuchtheupperlimit.People work. Whatisclarifiedthatthevalueofholdingaloneshouldbe become richerorpoorer(744c–d),butitisnotquiteclearhowthiswould be possibleforpeopletomovethroughthesedifferent classes,asthey 146 Athens’ a significantdeparture. there isnoprivatelandfortheguardians,andhewondersifthisconstitutes The , andthe , thehuman“placeofgathering”and polis demes. meron Politics as awholeshouldequallybedivided.The polis 103 ] (738d),whichThompsonsuggestsistheparallel of This fascinationwithnumbersiscontinuedforother should ensurethatno-onedropslowerthantheworthof khora Laws polis 99 , orasnearconvenientifthesiteisnotsuited. should bedesignatedthe and (morebriefly)ofKleisthenes’ reforms,as 101 agora Each ofthe12divisionswillhavea 100 102 Each tribewouldbemadeupof The wholeareashouldthenbe and shrinesforAthena,Zeus acropolis Republic acropolis DEMOCRATIZATION polis Politics , the“highcity” (416d–417b) itself should as asacred contains polis , Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page147 (1160a10–30; 1252a1–7). community [ and thattheseassociationsarethefoundationoflarger political superhuman’ (1252b27–31,1253a1–3). [ which istwostades,that1,200feet,willnotbeaship atall. of a (1170b31–1171a1). Heusesaparallelwithshiptodescribetheidealsize rather therightnumberissomewherewithinacertainrange communities, thefirstofwhichisfamily[ land [ that alegislatorshouldlooktojusttwothingsinestablishing hislaws:the However hedoesmakesome importantpointsaboutlandwhichareworth hold tothisequalvaluation, butemphasizesthepeopleoverland. For Aristotle,similarthingsholdfortheland[ self-sufficiency andthatcanbeeasilysurveyedasawhole’(1326b22–24). the ideal will findithardtobeheard(1326a39–b6). have aconstitution,themultitudewillbehardtocommand, andtheherald sufficient; toolarge anditmightbeanation[ therefore relatestoapossiblerange.Too smallanditwillnotbeself- live ina being whosenature–thatis,highestpurpose,orgoal, appropriately Aristotelianlanguage,thehumanisdefinedasthatliving natural forthemtocongregateintheinterestsoflivingwell, 1280b38–1281a1). Becausethefirstassociationsexistbynature,anditis and continuesforthesamereason(1160a10–30, 1252a1–7, political communityoriginallycametogetherforthesakeofwhatisuseful, something usefulinmind,tosupplyforlife.ForAristotle,the of thepoliticalcommunity[ can becalleda associations reachalimitofself-sufficiency [ Politics concrete proposalsthatfollowfromtheminBooksVIIandVIII,the analysis bothofpracticeandtheoreticalmodels,becausethe POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES course besupplementedwiththeargument ofthe which itformsacontinuousinquiry. political animal[ by nature.Thehumanistherefore–intheoft-citedphrasenaturea apolis Aristotle notesthattenpeopledonotmakea Aristotle suggeststhatpeoplejointogetherinassociationsor Indeed, atonepointAristotlesuggeststhatinPlato’s polis khoran ], notbybadluckbutnature,is‘eitherapoorspecimenorelse is oftentakenastheclassicdefinitionofa polis . Ashipthatisonespan,sevenandahalfinches, orone polis ] andthepeople[ politikes will have‘thegreatestsizeofmultitudethatpromoteslife’s . AsAristotlecontinues,anyonewhoiswithouta polis anthropos physeipolitikonzoon (1252b27–31). Alltheseassociationsseemtobeparts ], the 106 polis It iswhenthecongregationofvillagesized anthropos politikes , whichtooisanassociationofsomekind 105 ], andpeoplecometogetherwith 107 ]’ (1265a19–20).Aristotledoes not 109 oikos autarkeia His summaryisthereforethat khoras ethnos Nicomachean Ethics inordertoimprovelife, ] polis ]. However, inmore ] (1326b26). ], butwillnoteasily polis thattheassociation ] , nordo100,000, Laws . 104 It shouldof telos ‘it isstated 108 polis The size – isto exists , with polis 147 Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page148 and anyothersuchmaterialsthesurroundingland[ that the surrounding landshouldbeconsidered.‘Theremainingdefiningprincipleis polis points theadviceofmilitaryexpertsshouldalsobetaken.Essentially, fora for enemiestoinvadeandeasythecitizensleave.However, onsome layout is,hesuggests,notdifficult todescribe,becauseitshouldbedifficult defend. Defensivetroopsshouldhaveeasyaccesstoallpartsoftheland.Its survey asawhole,becauselandwhichiseasytoalso but equallynottoovast.Likethemultitudeofpeople,itshouldbeeasyto discussing here.Thelandorlocationofa 148 Aristotle discussestheidentity conditionsfora [ instance ‘sharetheirlocation [ concerned (1330a9–20). otherwise beunconcernedattheprospectofwar, thosenearoverly case ofwarwithneighbours.Thosewholivefarfrom thebordermay is notsimplyjusticeandequality, butbecauseitwouldbebeneficialinthe citizen, allofthemmayshareinbothlocations[ the othernear of communalmeals.Oftheprivatelandonepartmustbe neartheborder, be usedtosupportpublicservicesthegods,other todefraythecost these mustagainbedividedintwo:onepartofthecommunal landshould communal andanotherthatbelongstoprivateindividuals. Andeachof Therefore, ‘thelandmustbedividedintotwoparts,oneofwhichis and nocitizenshouldbeinneedofsustenance’(1329b36–1330a2). communally owned,butitshouldbecommonlyused,asisamongfriends, he doesnotagree‘withthosewhoclaimthatpropertyshouldbe farmers shouldbe,andwhatsortofpeopletheybe.Hesuggeststhat thinks asubsidiarytaskistodiscussthedistributionofland,who also outlinedhowmuchlandthereshouldbeandofwhatsort.Hetherefore explained whytheclassoffarmersshouldbedifferent fromthem.Hehas possess weaponsandparticipateintheconstitution’thathehas (1330a34–b17). Aristotlenotesthattheland‘shouldbelongtothosewho enemies toapproachandblockade’,questionsoforderorbeauty ‘easy forthecitizensthemselvestomarchoutfrombutdifficult fortheir and cleanwater, therearepoliticalandmilitaryrequirements–itshouldbe read inanumberofways.Healthisnecessity, andthisincludesfreshair situation ofa possess canbeeasilytransportedtoit’(1326b39–1327a10). topos Therefore forAristotle,thequalificationthatcitizensmust inthefirst In BookVII,Chapter11, Aristotlegoesintosomemoredetailaboutthe ], andcitizenssharethatone to beideallysited,itslocationinrelationtheseaand polis polis should beaccessibletotransportation,sothatcrops,timber, . Thereare,hesays,fourfactors,thoughthelistcanbe polis , sothat,withtwoallotmentsassignedtoeach topo ]; forone polis ’ (1260b40–1261a1),iscentral. polis polis polis topon must beofsufficient size, , andsuggeststhat‘the occupies onelocation ]’. Thereasonforthis DEMOCRATIZATION khoras ] happensto Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page149 Aristotle’s understandingofthe The PoliticsofDivision adequate forself-sufficiency (1274b32–1275b20). householding animal[ Aristotle suggeststhatthehumanisnotonlyapoliticalbutalso polis recognizes thatthefirstrealquestionconcerningconstitutionsiswhata (1242a40–b2). AtthebeginningofBookIII ‘in thehouseholdlieprimaryoriginsoffriendship, whose natureistoliveinahousehold(1242a22–3).AsAristotlecontinues, the familyand constitution [ of association,anassociationcitizens[ as otherssuchforeignersandslavesdotoo(1274b32–1275b20): The essentialdefinitionofa constitution ofa polis that peopleinhabitingthesamelocationshouldbethoughtofasasingle (1276a15–23).Norisitsufficient tosay in oneplaceandsomeaanother’ [ most superficialwaytoinvestigatethisproblemisbylookinglocation POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES the offices ofa dwelling place.Ratheracitizenissomeonewhoeligible totakepartin such byresidinginaplace,becauseforeignersandslaves mightsharethis of multitudecitizens’.Asnoted,itisnotenoughtosay thatacitizenis composite, andthefirstpartofthisiscitizens,for‘a precisely becausetheyadmit ofalarge numberofdividers,Aristotleismore balance. WhilePlatoprovides numericalrequirementsandchoosesnumbers in Aristotlethereisacontrary emphasisontheneedforrelationand was astrongemphasisonthenumericaldivisionofland andinhabitants, with thatofPlatoorKleisthenes.Whilstinboththese earlierplansthere topon is. Thefirstquestionneedstobefurtherdivided,becausea and practiceintermarriage[ will notbepossibleunlesstheydoinhabitoneandthesamelocation association whoseendisacompleteandself-sufficient life.Butthis a there istobea and exchanginggoods.Rather, whilethesemustbepresentifindeed and doesnotexistforthepurposeofpreventingmutualwrongdoing Evidently then,a (1276a24–32; seealso1280b12–15;1326a5–10).Equallyforthe ] andpeople’.Thepeopleofa polis , butonlywhenhouseholdsandfamilieslivewellasa politeias polis polis ; andthata polis polis ]’ (1276a40–b4).Thelinkbetweentheassociationof it isnotsufficient thattheysharetheirdwellingplace, oikonomikon zoon polis , whenallofthemarepresentthereisstillnotyet is notinsignificant.Inthe polis is notasharingofcommonlocation[ polis polis chromenon epigamiais for Aristotleisthereforethatita‘sort is thereforeamultitudeofsuchpeople, polis can thereforebeprofitablycompared ], thatisthehumanalsoabeing can besplit,and‘somelive koinonia politon politeia ] (1280b29–36). Politics polis Eudemian Ethics and thejust’ is somesort ] sharinga , Aristotle polis topo 149 is a 110 ], Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page150 Like Platohisquantitativedivision ismorearithmeticalthangeometrical, but arenowherenearasrigidly territorialastheliteratureoftensuggests. Kleisthenes, whosereforms are certainlyconcernedwithadivisionofland, actually closertoarithmetic.Thesameargument canbemadefor the landappearstobegeometric,becauseofemphasis ondivisionitis qualitative understandingofrelationandbalance.While Plato’s partitionof than others. (1318a27–40). Effectively thismeansthatsomevotesshouldcountmore combine bothanumericalweightingandqualitativebalance equally (1301a25–30,1280a7–34).Thisiswhyheargues thatvotingshould proportionate [ of equality, whereallaretreatedequally, insteadofamorerelational or The problemwithdemocracyforAristotle,isthatitworksonacrudetype quantity, and“worth”forthatwhichisequalbyratio[ to coverthatwhichisequalandthesameinrespectofeithersizeor or byquantitativemeasures[ Politics qualitative measures[ and space,isdefective’. Vilatte putsit,forAristotle,‘allquantitativedefinitionofthecity, ofmen Aristotle isprovidinganunderstandingbasedonqualitativemeasure.As Kleisthenes’ reformsowemuchtomathematicalmodelsatthetime, quantification –areductionofgeometrytomodearithmetic,and Plato’s understandingofciviclandisshotthroughwithacrude too hisunderstandingofpoliticalspaceadmitsnoeasydivision.Where difference betweentheunitofarithmetic,andpoint ofgeometry, here understanding ofgeometryisdistinctfromthatarithmetic,becausethe concerned withissuesofbalancethanaquantification.JustasAristotle’s interested intherangeofpossiblesizes.Concerninglandheismore 150 Aristotle’s people istakentoasymbolic,yetstillrathercrude, level. Andyetin controllable, demarcatable.InPlato’s there isperhapsthefirstconcertedattempttothink with theparallelsofPythagoreannumbersomewherein thebackground, (1131a10–1132a32). rather thancrudeequality, geometric equalityratherthanarithmetic Nicomachean Ethics types ofequality, ofnumber[ outweigh thepooronaqualitativemeasure.Consequentlytherearetwo This meansthatina We findthisdistinctioninanumberofplacesAristotle’s work.Inthe What wehavethenisaninterestingparadox.InKleisthenes’ reforms, Aristotlesuggeststhat all , Politics 112 analogian He makesasimilarargument aboutjusticeinthe this quantitativeunderstandingiseclipsedbyamore polis – justiceisinaccordancewithproportion[ poion 111 typeofequalitywhereonlyequalsaretreated ] the poormayoutnumberrich,butrich suchasfreedom,wealth,educationandstatus, ] poson arithmoi ], bythegreaternumber(1296b17–20). and worth[ ] poleis Laws this calculabilityoflandand can bemeasuredbyeither axian logoi DEMOCRATIZATION ]. ‘Iuse“number” polis ]’ (1301b29–32). as divisible, analogon ] Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page151 important thanarithmetic. measure, withrelation,ratioandbalanceratherthancalculation–ismore understood assomethingconcernedwithqualitativeratherthanquantitative importance oflandandlocationisdownplayed,itappearsthatgeometry– and theactualmeasurementoflandislimited.Yet inAristotle,wherethe POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES polis as wellinabroadersensenotingtheroleoflocationdetermining demos of for anothertime.Theclaimbeingmadehereisthatwhilsttheunderstanding seventeenth centurycontributetothatbroaddevelopment.Butisatopic through tobreaksinthinkingaboutgeometrybyDescartesthe understandings ofspace.Various readingsofAristotleby thescholastics, territory parallelsshiftsinthephilosophicalandmathematical modern period.Itisnotinconsequentialthatthemovetoasenseof which woulddominateunderstandingsofterritorialpoliticsuntiltheearly land surveying.InAristotlethereisamovetowardrelationandbalance, in termsofthedivisionlandthiswasnottakentomodernlevel and theoryforthesystematicdivisionof thought. InbothKleisthenesandPlatothereareearlyattemptsinpractice caution shouldbeshowninthinkingmodernnotionsbackintoGreek In moderntermsthesearetheattributesofpopulationandterritory, yet .See,forexample,JohnDunn, 1. .SeeHomer, 2. .NicoleLoraux, 3. .Forthispointmoregenerally, see Sealey, 4. .Thisseemstobethegeneralconsensus.SeeP.J. Rhodes, 5. demos (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress,1993);AnthonyArblaster, (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress,1983),pp.1–2. (Buckingham: OpenUniversityPress,1994);M.I.Finley, The word p.48. Athens from CleisthenestoPericles University ofCaliforniaPress,1976),p.91;CharlesW. FornaraandLorenJ.SamonsII, See RaphaelSealey, 2 Vols, 1924,III.50,whereitmeans‘people’,andXVI.437,thelandofLycia. Penguin, 1984),p.179. ‘Glossary’, inAristotle, sexes Athenaion Politeia(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981),p.63,whosuggeststhatAristotlecould NY: Cornell UniversityPress,1948),pp.1–16. Arthur E.Murphy(eds), and theDevelopmentofTheoryDemocracyatAthens’,inMilton R.Konvitzand (Princeton, NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1986),p.37.SeealsoJ.A.O.Larsen, ‘Cleisthenes Whitehead, . , itisworthbearinginmindwhenancientdemocracyconsidered, (Paris: FrançoisMaspero,1981),p.162.Ontheterm‘deme’seealso P.J. Rhodes, as deme,villageorcommuneisnottheprincipalsenseofterm Iliad The DemesofAttica508/7–ca.250B.C.:APoliticalandSocial Study demos Les enfantsd’athéna:Idéesathéniennessurlacitoyennetéetdivision des , Greek–EnglishEdition,trans.A.T. Murray, London:William Heinemann, A HistoryoftheGreek CityStatesca.700–338B.C. therefore relatestopeopleandthelandtheylivewithin. Essays inPoliticalTheory:Presented toGeorge H.Sabine The AthenianConstitution Western PoliticalTheoryintheFaceofFuture (Berkeley, CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1991), NOTES A HistoryoftheGreek City States polis , trans.P.J. Rhodes(Harmondsworth: A CommentaryontheAristotelian , thoughitseemsclearthat Politics intheAncientWorld Democracy (Berkeley, CA: , p.301;David , 2nded. (Ithaca, 151 Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page152 0 JohnS.Traill, 20. Whitehead,pp.18–19. 19. Herodotus,V.69. 18. 2 Traill, 22. 5 HenriFrancotte, 25. Whitehead,p.27;forasurveyofearlierscholarship,seepp.xviii–xx. 24. PierreLévêqueandVidal-Naquet, 23. Strabo, 21. 7 However, seeDavidM.Lewis’accountofSiewert,in‘Review 17. 6 Aristotle, 16. Herodotus,V.66. 15. 4 Aristotle, 14. Aristotle, 13. 2 Aristotle, 12. 1 Herodotus,V.66; V.69. ForadiscussionseeSealey, 11. SeeMarioBunge,‘Lelieuetl’espace’, in 10. 152 .Aristotle, 8. Aristotle, 7. .See,forexample,Plato, 9. .SeeAristotle, 6. are acceptedbyRhodes, (Princeton: AmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesatAthens,1975),pp.96–7. Thesefigures Phylai, andtheirRepresentation intheAthenianCouncil inspection oftheiractualnature’. false, averycasualfourth-centurydeductionfromthenamesof Press, 1997).ForSiewert,accordingtoLewis,p.102,Aristotle’s accountis‘unequivocally Greek andNearEastern History, (London: William Heinemann,1927), Vol.IV, 9.1.16. Platon l’espace etdutempsdanslapensée politiquegrecque dela finduVIesiècleàlamortde die Heerereform desKleisthenes that itisunlikelymixingpeopleupwasasmuchofagoalAristotlesuggests. Reform Bill’, 1319b19–27. See 21.4. Classical Quarterly H.T. Wade-Gery, ‘Studies intheStructureofAtticSociety:TheLawsKleisthenes’, Heythrop Journal Elden, ‘ThePlaceofGeometry:Heidegger’s MathematicalExcursusonAristotle’, The EthicsofGeometry:AGenealogyModernity Thought andtheOriginofAlgebra (Frankfurt-am-Main: Vittorio Klostermann,1992),§15;JacobKlein, Mathematics de Besançon,1995);MaziarzandGreenwood;ThomasHeath, et temps:LacitéaristotéliciennedelaPolitique direction deM.A.Sinaceur Greek–English version,4Vols (London:William Heinemann,1925),II.s109. measuring devicebytheEgyptiansisdescribedinHerodotus, Philosophy Press, 1993),527a.SeeEdwardA.MaziarzandThomasGreenwood, Clarendon, 1902),Vol.IV; 1996), 226b18–227a34. by W.D. Ross(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1930),1016b29–31. Gruyter &Co,1831);translatedin Constitution totheEndofFifthCenturyB.C. have writtenit,butthathedoesnotbelievedid;C.Hignett, The PoliticalOrganisation ofAttica (Paris: AnnalesLitterairesdel’Université deBesançon,1964),p.15. The GeographyofStrabo Constitution ofAthens Constitution Constitution, Physics Physics Politics (New York: FrederickUngar, 1968),p.7.Thenotionofgeometryasaland , 2Vols (NewYork: Dover, 1981);MartinHeidegger, The ClassicalQuarterly Metaphysics The PoliticalOrganisation ofAttica:AStudytheDemes,Trittyes, and L’organisation delacitéAthenienne et laréformedeClisthènes , 231a24. , Vol.42, No.3(2001),pp.311–28. , inBekker;trans.RobinWaterfield (Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress, idem nBke;tas ...Ree(Indianapolis:Hackett,1996), , inBekker;trans.C.D.C.Reeve , Vol.27, No.1(1933),pp.17–29. , 21.3. , 21.4–5. SeeHignett,p.129. Constitution, A Commentary Politeia Tuos:Éiin rs 91,p.8–;SylvieVilatte, (Toulouse: ÉditionsÉrès,1991),pp.483–8; , inImmanuelBekker(ed.), Republic , editedbyJohnEdwinSandys(London:Macmillan,1912), , byPeterSiewert’,inDavidM.Lewis, , in edited byP.J. Rhodes(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity , trans.HoraceLeonardJones,Greek–Englishversion The Works ofAristotle:Volume VIIIMetaphysica (New York: Dover, 1992);DavidRapportLachterman, , trans.RobinWaterfield (Oxford:OxfordUniversity , N.S.Vol.27, No.2,(1977),pp.241–8,p.241,suggests 21.2; Herodotus,VI.131.A.Andrewes,‘Kleisthenes’ Platonis Opera , p.252. Clisthène l’Athénien:Essaisurlareprésentation de , p.97. Penser avecAristotle:Étudesréuniessousla (Oxford: Clarendon,1952),pp.29–30. (Paris: AnnalesLittérairesdel’Université A HistoryoftheGreek CityStates (New York: Routledge,1989);Stuart , editedbyIoannesBurnet(Oxford: Aristotelis Opera , Histories, Hesperia DEMOCRATIZATION A HistoryoftheAthenian Die Trittyen Attikasund A HistoryofGreek Greek Mathematical Greek Mathematical Supplement XIV , trans. AD.Godley, Selected Papersin Platon: Sophistes trittyes (Berlin: Wde , Studia without , p.150; , edited Espace The The Downloaded By: [New York University] At: 01:05 28 November 2007 101dem07.qxd 29/01/200308:35Page153 2 PierreVidal-Naquet, ‘1993Preface’,inP. LévêqueandP. Vidal-Naquet, 32. AsFrançoisdePolignac, 31. 0 On 30. C.W.J. Eliot, 26. LITEE N H RE IIINO H POLIS THE OF DIVISION THEGREEK AND KLEISTHENES 3 SeeD.M.Lewis,‘Lévêque(P.) andVidal-Naquet (P.), 33. LévêqueandVidal-Naquet, 29. Ibid. 28. Ibid.,p.3. 27. 9 RogerJ.P. KainandElizabethBaignet, 39. DavidAmesCurtis,‘Translator’s Foreword’,inLévêqueandVidal-Naquet, 38. Ibid.,p.109. 37. Ibid.,p.123. 36. Ibid.,p.78. 35. LévêqueandVidal-Naquet, 34 0 Wesley E.Thompson,‘TheDemeinKleisthenes’Reforms’, 40. 4 Victor Ehrenberg, 44. Thompson,‘TheDemeinKleisthenes’Reforms’,p.76;Andrewes,p.245. 43. Whitehead,p.67. 42. S.D.Lambert, 41. 4 Ibid.,p.9. 54. Ibid.,p.10. 53. Ibid.,p.7. 52. Ibid.,p.6. 51. 0 MerleK.Langdon,‘TheTerritorial BasisoftheAtticDemes’, 50. Whitehead,p.xxi. 49. Ibid.,p.724.SeeLambert,p.7. 48. D.M.Lewis,‘C.W.J. Eliot, 47. Lewis,‘Lévêque(P.) andVidal-Naquet (P.)’, p.223. 46. Lewis,‘CleisthenesandAttica’,p.30. 45. Athens’. between sacredandprofanespaceisfoundinHomer. SeeSealey, ‘RegionalisminAncient VIIe sièclesavantJ.C. pp.92–3. Jersey: HumanitiesPress,1996),p.xxxii;LévêqueandVidal-Naquet, from theEndofSixthCenturytoDeathPlato Athenian: AnEssayontheRepresentation ofSpaceandTime inGreek PoliticalThought Geography at Athens R.J. Hopper, ‘”Plain”,“Shore”,and“Hill”inEarlyAthens’, Raphael Sealey, ‘RegionalisminAncientAthens’, Toronto Press, 1962),p.4. of theClassicalAssociationCanadaSupplementaryVolume V Larousse delalanguefrançaise old andobscureFrenchword,whichderivesfromtheLatin Historica 123(Rome:‘L’Erma’ diBretschneider, 1976[1892]),pp.123,125. Athenian Hellenic Studies for aresponseseeC.W.J. Eliot,‘KleisthenesandtheCreationofTen Phylai’, Demes (1971), p.72;seeAndrewes,p.243.ThompsontakesissuedirectlywithEliot’s History ofProperty Mapping p.7. Vol.22, No.1 (1968),pp.3–17. (1985), pp.5–16,p.5. ’, Gesamte KlassicheAltertumswissenschaft genos in ‘ThreeThousandAcharnianHoplites’, Historia , p.xxiv. (1961), pp.189–219;and,moregenerally, J.OliverThompson, and (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress,1948). Coastal DemesofAttika:AStudythePolicyKleisthenes phratria The PhratriesofAttica , Vol.85 (1965),pp.222–3. , Vol.12, No.1(1963),pp.22–40,p.35. Neugründer desStaates , seeSealey, (Paris: ÉditionslaDécouverte,1984),p.27,suggests,nodivision La naissancedelacitégrecque: Cultes,EspaceetSociétéVIIIe– Coastal DemesofAttica Clisthène l’Athénien Clisthène l’Athénien (Chicago: UniversityofChicagoPress,1992),p.1. (Paris: Larousse,1973),Vol.3, p.2213. A HistoryoftheGreek CityStates (Ann Arbor. 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Heidegger, Vorträge G272 (Opladen:Westdeutscher Verlag, 1984).SomecautionisadvisedbyMartin Polis: AristotleandArchaeology’,Rheinish-Westfälischen AkademiederWissenschaften Vol.63, No.3–4 (1965),pp.134–6,p.134;seealsoWhitehead,p.50. p.14. and hiscampaigntoendserfdom,seeSealey, Abuse ofHistory relation betweenthesetexts,seeRichardKraut, University Press,2000),modifiedthroughcomparisonwiththeGreek.For areadingofthe of the Bekker edition,alreadycited,fromnowon.IhavebasedquotationsonReeve’s translation 800–500 B.C 1982), pp.99–100;ChesterG.Starr, Politics (Princeton, NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1986),ch.5. A HistoryoftheGreek CityStates Book One’, Colony andMotherCity , Vol.17, No.68(1967),pp.193–203. Hölderlins Hymne‘DerIster’ (Leiden: Brill,2001). 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