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The Athenian Mercantile Community: a Reappraisal of the Social, Political and Legal Status of Inter-Regional Merchants During the Fourth Century

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The Athenian Mercantile Community: a Reappraisal of the Social, Political and Legal Status of Inter-Regional Merchants During the Fourth Century 1616401212 The Athenian Mercantile Community: a reappraisal of the social, political and legal status of inter-regional merchants during the fourth century Ph.D. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008 Mark Woolmer 016119396 UMI Number: U584414 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584414 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ca r d if f UNIVERSITY PRIFYSGOL Cae RDY(§> NOTICE OF SUBMISSION OF THESIS FORM: POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed (candidate) Date 15 ^ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ................. .1.................. (inseitMChrMD) MPhiJ, PhD-eter as appropriate) Signed ...jjflrif. (candidate) Date ^ j 0 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed (candidate) Date \ <oloj /ocy STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. s'9ned (candidate) Date ,5/{>7/ STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed (candidate) Date Acknowledgements In the course of bringing this project to fruition I have been invaluably helped by a considerable number of people. I would therefore like to thank first and foremost all the staff that has comprised the Cardiff University Ancient History Department over the last five years. In particular I wish to thank my supervisors Dr. Sian Lewis, Dr. Louis Rawlings and Dr. Ruth Westgate whose boundless enthusiasm and insightful thoughts and comments have improved this project no end. Thanks are also due to Professor Keith Rutter, Professor Nick Fisher and Professor David Braund, who read various drafts of this thesis or provided me with unpublished material, and whose wealth of knowledge helped improve it immensely. I would like to thank my family, firstly my mum Dina Woolmer who has offered spiritual, emotional and financial support throughout all stages of the project and who at times must have felt like she was undertaking a Ph.D. My gratitude also goes to my brother James Woolmer who’s having Down’s Syndrome has brought with it many ‘ups’, my sister and brother-in-law Katie and Trevor Smith, who have funded various aspects of this project and finally my father Nigel Woolmer whose loan of a laptop and I.T. support made this thesis possible. Additionally I would like to extend my appreciation to the myriad of friends who have offered encouragement and support throughout and who have played a crucial behind the scenes role in helping to bring this project to completion. I especially owe a debt of gratitude to my three best friends Mathew Bean, Stephen Jenner and Clare Watts who endured the most and who offered constant assistance and more importantly friendship. Next I would like to extend my gratitude to those friends who showed not only an interest in this project at its various stages, but who also took the time and effort to offer comment or discussion. These are Samuel Potts, Alex Smith (I knew I’d convert you to Classics eventually!), Ruth Rees, Simon Browning, Tom Hay, Janet Morgan, Calvin Le Huree, Rosanna Bird (thanks for the one in a million trip), Deirdre Kenny, Richard Hubbard, Jan Allen, Dr. Ann Alston and Dr. Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones. I also wish acknowledge those people who bought me an all important pint or provided a listening ear when things didn’t quite go according to plan. These are Louise Beecher, Brett Hunt, Louisa Munn, Mansel Thewlis, Emma Griffith, ‘Metal’ James Fenwick, Natasha Hammond, Allyson Dudley, Julie King, Linda Fender, Dale Shaughnessy, Jonathon Bennett, Paul Edwards, Dr. Phil Jaccobs, Laura Wainwright, Yvonne Dryden, and Ben & Jess Pitcher. Last and by no means least I would like to thank my lord and saviour Jesus Christ who in reality carried me through this project from start to finish. Contents Introduction i-x iv Chapter One: Kapeloi, Emporoi or Naukleroi, Defining 1 Greek Inter-regional Merchants Introduction 1 1.1 Distinctions Between Emporoi and Kapeloi 5 1.1.1 Range of Operations 5 1.1.2 Emporoi and Overland Transport 10 1.1.3 Systems of Purchase and Distribution 13 1.2 Distinctions between Emporoi and Naukleroi 18 1.2.1 The Need to Distinguish Between Emporoi and Naukleroi 18 1.2.2 The Ownership of Vessels and Goods Being Transported 22 A) Ownership of a Vessel 23 B) Ownership of Goods Being Transported 24 1.2.3 Naukleros: Independent Trader, Haulier, Ship’s Captain or Something 28 Else? A) Naukleroi Not Independent Traders 28 B) Naukleroi Operating as Hauliers or Ship’s Masters 30 1.3 General Definitions for the Terms Emporos, Naukleros and 37 Kapelos 1.3.1 Definition of Emporos 37 1.3.2 Definition of Naukleros 38 1.3.3. Definition of Kapelos 38 Chapter Two: Foreigner, Citizen, Metic, Rich or Poor? 40 Who Comprised the Mercantile Community? Introduction 40 2.1 Justifications for the Usage of the Term ‘Mercantile Community’ 41 2.2 The Mercantile Community 47 2.2.1 The Size of the Mercantile Community 50 2.2.2 Foreigner, Metic and Citizen 55 2.3 Rich, Poor or Moderately Affluent? 62 2.3.1 Moderately Wealthy Merchants 63 2.3.2 Evidence for Wealthy Merchants as Part of the Mercantile Community 66 2.3.3 Slaves as Part of the Mercantile Community 70 2.3.4 Moneylanders as Part of the Mercantile Community 74 2.3.5 Large-Scale Professional Maritime Lenders 75 2.3.6 Small-Scale Non-Professional Lenders 78 Overall Conclusions 79 Chapter Three: Perceptions: An Examination of the 81 Social Standing and Integration of the Mercantile Community Introduction 81 3.1. The Development of Economic Thought 83 3.1.1 Economic and Social Change Prior to the Fourth Century 86 3.1.2 Prestige Goods and the Blurring of Social Status 87 3.2 Athenian Economic Thought: The Fifth and Fourth Centuries 90 3.2.1 Xenophon’s Discussions of Economics, Inter-Regional Trade and Traders 91 3.2.2 Plato’s Discussions of Economics, Inter-regional Trade and Traders 92 3.2.3 Aristotle’s Discussions of Economics, Inter-regional Trade and Traders 99 3.2.4 Aristotle’s Views on Wealth and its Acquisition 100 3.2.5 Aristotle’s View of Trade and Traders 103 3.2.6 The Legal Corpus 106 A) Negative Actions of the Mercantile Community 107 B) Positive Actions of the Mercantile Community 112 3.3 The Cultural Stigma of Inter-Regional Trade: Death at Sea 116 Overall Conclusions 119 Chapter Four:The Importance of Inter-Regional 122 Exchange: The Goods Being Traded Introduction 122 4.1 The Grain Trade 123 4.1.1 Consumption 124 4.1.2 Population and Consumption 125 A) Population 125 B) Metics and Slaves 127 4.1.3 Cultivable Land 130 4.1.4 The Importance of the Grain Trade and Traders 133 4.2 The Trade in Timber and Pitch 138 4.3. The Import of Slaves 142 4.4 Athenian Exports 148 4.4.1 Olives and Olive Oil 149 4.4.2 Honey 151 4.4.3 Manufactured Goods 151 4.4.4 The Export of Silver 154 4.5 The Revenue Generated by Inter-Regional Exchange 156 Overall Conclusions 159 Chapter Five:Credit, Reputation and Honour; An i6i Alternative Model for the Perception of the Mercantile Community Introduction 161 Credit, Reputation and Honour 162 5.1 The Importance of Maritime Loans as a Source of Finance 163 5.1.1 The Reasons for the Prevalence of Maritime Loans 166 5.2 The Business Reputation of Merchants 170 Social Reputation and Honour 175 5.3 Mercantile Displays of Honour and the Services Being 179 Rewarded 5.3.1 The Commercial Services that are Rewarded 180 A) The import of Commodities 181 B) The Sale of Imported Commodities at Below Market Value 182 C) Securing Shipments 184 D) Gifts of Imported Goods or Money for Grain 185 E) Miscellaneous Commercial Services 185 5.4 The Honours and Rewards Granted to the Mercantile 187 Community 5.4.1 Public Commendations 188 5.4.2. Proxenia and Euergesia 189 5.4.3 Invitations to Xenia 192 5.4.4 The Award of Priority Theatre Seats 194 5.4.5 The Award of Gold Crowns 194 5.4.6 The Award of Inscribed Stelai 197 5.4.7 The Award of Asylia 199 5.4.8 The Award of Ateleia 200 5.4.9 The Award of Enktesis 202 5.4.10 The Award of Paying the Eisphora and Serving in the Army 204 5.4.11 The Award of Citizenship 206 Overall Conclusions 207 Chapter Six: The Legal and Political Status of the 209 Mercantile Community Introduction 209 The Political Influence of the Mercantile Community 210 6.1 Mercantile representation in the Athenian Ecclesia and Boule 212 6.2 Political Awareness of Commercial Affairs 215 6.3 The Active and Passive Political Influence of Merchants 221 6.3.1 The Active Influence of Merchants 222 6.3.2 The Passive Influence of Merchants 225 The Legal Status of the Mercantile Community 233 6.4 The Dikai Emporikai 234 6.5 Laws Protecting Inter-Regional Merchants and Commerce 239 Overall Conclusions 243 Final Conclusions 245 Appendices: Appendix One: Greek Word Frequencies 250 Appendix Two: Inscriptions List 254 Bibliography 256 Introduction “Let us see then wherein trade is reputed to be a thing not noble or even respectable, and what has caused it to be disparaged..
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