Federal Administration, DOT Pt. 61

Vmcl Minimum Control Speed—Landing. 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and Vmu The speed at which the last main passing grades. leaves the ground. 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other VR Rotate Speed. unauthorized conduct. VS Speed or minimum speed in the 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests. stall. 61.41 training received from flight WAT Weight, Altitude, Temperature. instructors not certificated by the FAA. 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures. END QPS REQUIREMENTS 61.45 Practical tests: Required and equipment. [Doc. No. FAA–2002–12461, 73 FR 26490, May 9, 61.47 Status of an examiner who is author- 2008] ized by the Administrator to conduct practical tests. PART 61—CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, 61.49 Retesting after failure. FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND 61.51 Pilot logbooks. 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience ob- GROUND INSTRUCTORS tained in ultralight vehicles. 61.53 Prohibition on operations during med- SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. ical deficiency. 73 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications. SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. 61.56 Flight review. 100–2 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in com- SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. mand. 118–2 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of an aircraft that requires Subpart A—General more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered. Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alter- 61.1 Applicability and definitions. ation of applications, certificates, 61.2 Exercise of Privilege. logbooks, reports, or records. 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, 61.60 Change of address. and authorizations. 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and Pilot simulators and flight training devices. Authorizations 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part. 61.61 Applicability. 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than 61.8 Inapplicability of unmanned aircraft for ratings at the airline transport pilot operations. certification level). 61.9 [Reserved] 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and training device. reissuance. 61.65 Instrument rating requirements. 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, rat- 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System Pilot ings, and authorizations. Requirements. 61.14 [Reserved] 61.67 Category II pilot authorization re- 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs. quirements. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or 61.68 Category III pilot authorization re- to furnish test results. quirements. 61.17 Temporary certificate. 61.69 and unpowered ultralight vehi- 61.18 [Reserved] cle towing: Experience and training re- 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor cer- quirements. tificates and privileges. 61.71 Graduates of an approved training pro- 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Cat- gram other than under this part: Special egory III pilot authorization (for other rules. than part 121 and part 135 use). 61.73 Military pilots or former military pi- 61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and lots: Special rules. duration. 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the 61.25 Change of name. basis of a foreign pilot license. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of 61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: certificate. Operation of a civil aircraft of the United 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed air- States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen. man or medical certificate or knowledge test report. Subpart C—Student Pilots 61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization require- 61.81 Applicability. ments. 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student 61.33 Tests: General procedure. pilots.

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61.85 Application. 61.158 [Reserved] 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots. 61.159 Aeronautical experience: 61.89 General limitations. category rating. 61.91 [Reserved] 61.160 Aeronautical experience—airplane 61.93 Solo cross-country flight require- category restricted privileges. ments. 61.161 Aeronautical experience: 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- category and . tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered- cate: Operations at airports within, and category rating. in airspace located within, Class B, C, 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class and D airspace, or at airports with an ratings. operational control tower in other air- 61.167 Airline transport pilot privileges and space. limitations. 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at 61.169 Letters of authorization for institu- airports located within Class B airspace. tions of higher education. 61.170–61.171 [Reserved] Subpart D—Recreational Pilots Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other Than 61.96 Applicability and eligibility require- ments: General. Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.181 Applicability. 61.98 Flight proficiency. 61.183 Eligibility requirements. 61.99 Aeronautical experience. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. 61.187 Flight proficiency. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and lim- 61.189 Flight instructor records. itations. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings. 61.193 Flight instructor privileges. Subpart E—Private Pilots 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and 61.102 Applicability. qualifications. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.197 Renewal requirements for flight in- 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. structor certification. 61.107 Flight proficiency. 61.199 Reinstatement requirements of an ex- 61.109 Aeronautical experience. pired flight instructor certificate. 61.110 Night flying exceptions. 61.201 [Reserved] 61.111 Cross-country : Pilots based on small islands. Subpart I—Ground Instructors 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limita- 61.211 Applicability. tions: Pilot in command. 61.213 Eligibility requirements. 61.115 rating: Limitations. 61.215 Ground instructor privileges. 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limita- 61.217 Recent experience requirements. tions: Second in command of aircraft re- quiring more than one pilot. 61.118–61.120 [Reserved] Subpart J—Sport Pilots 61.301 What is the purpose of this subpart Subpart F—Commercial Pilots and to whom does it apply? 61.121 Applicability. 61.303 If I want to operate a light-sport air- 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General. craft, what operating limits and endorse- 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. ment requirements in this subpart must 61.127 Flight proficiency. I comply with? 61.129 Aeronautical experience. 61.305 What are the age and language re- 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying re- quirements for a sport pilot certificate? quirements. 61.307 What tests do I have to take to obtain 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limi- a sport pilot certificate? tations. 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge must I 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- cate? Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots 61.311 What flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply for a sport pilot 61.151 Applicability. certificate? 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- 61.156 Training requirements: Airplane cat- cate? egory—multiengine class rating or air- 61.315 What are the privileges and limits of plane type rating concurrently with air- my sport pilot certificate? line transport pilot certificate. 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued 61.157 Flight proficiency. with aircraft category and class ratings?

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61.319 [Reserved] 45102–45103, 45301–45302; Sec. 2307 Pub. L. 114– 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate 190, 130 Stat. 615 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note). an additional category or class of light- SOURCE: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. sport aircraft? 4, 1997, unless otherwise noted. 61.323 [Reserved] 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to operate SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION a light-sport aircraft at an airport with- in, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and NO. 73—ROBINSON R–22/R–44 SPECIAL D airspace, or in other airspace with an TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE REQUIRE- airport having an operational control MENTS tower? 61.327 Are there specific endorsement re- Sections quirements to operate a light-sport air- 1. Applicability. craft based on VH? 2. Required training, aeronautical experi- ence, endorsements, and flight review. Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a Sport 3. Expiration date. Pilot Rating 1. Applicability. Under the procedures pre- scribed herein, this SFAR applies to all per- 61.401 What is the purpose of this subpart? sons who seek to manipulate the controls or 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot act as pilot in command of a Robinson model certificate requirements for a flight in- R–22 or R–44 helicopter. The requirements structor certificate with a sport pilot stated in this SFAR are in addition to the rating? current requirements of part 61. 61.405 What tests do I have to take to obtain 2. Required training, aeronautical experi- a flight instructor certificate with a ence, endorsements, and flight review. sport pilot rating? (a) Awareness Training: 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of have to apply for a flight instructor cer- this section, no person may manipulate the tificate with a sport pilot rating? controls of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 61.409 What flight proficiency requirements helicopter after March 27, 1995, for the pur- must I meet to apply for a flight instruc- pose of flight unless the awareness training tor certificate with a sport pilot rating? specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is 61.411 What aeronautical experience must I completed and the person’s logbook has been have to apply for a flight instructor cer- endorsed by a certified flight instructor au- tificate with a sport pilot rating? thorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec- 61.412 Do I need additional training to pro- tion. vide instruction on control and maneu- (2) A person who holds a rotorcraft cat- vering an airplane solely by reference to egory and helicopter class rating on that the instruments in a light-sport aircraft person’s pilot certificate and meets the expe- based on VH? rience requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or 61.413 What are the privileges of my flight paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not ma- instructor certificate with a sport pilot nipulate the controls of a Robinson model R– rating? 22 or R–44 helicopter for the purpose of flight 61.415 What are the limits of a flight in- after April 26, 1995, unless the awareness structor certificate with a sport pilot training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this rating? section is completed and the person’s log- 61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate book has been endorsed by a certified flight with a sport pilot rating list aircraft cat- instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) egory and class ratings? of this section. 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide (3) Awareness training must be conducted training in an additional category or by a certified flight instructor who has been class of light-sport aircraft? endorsed under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec- 61.421 May I give myself an endorsement? tion and consists of instruction in the fol- 61.423 What are the recordkeeping require- lowing general subject areas: ments for a flight instructor with a sport (i) Energy management; pilot rating? (ii) Mast bumping; 61.425 How do I renew my flight instructor (iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall); certificate? (iv) Low G hazards; and 61.427 What must I do if my flight instruc- (v) Rotor RPM decay. tor certificate with a sport pilot rating (4) A person who can show satisfactory expires? completion of the manufacturer’s safety 61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a course after January 1, 1994, may obtain an flight instructor certificate with a sport endorsement from an FAA pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor inspector in lieu of completing the aware- certificate with another rating? ness training required in paragraphs (a)(1) AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, and (a)(2) of this section. 44701–44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 44729, 44903, (b) Aeronautical Experience:

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(1) No person may act as pilot in command have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction of a Robinson model R–22 unless that person: in a Robinson R–22 helicopter prior to oper- (i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli- ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person copters, at least 50 flight hours of which must obtain an endorsement from a certified were in the Robinson R–22; or flight instructor authorized under paragraph (ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc- (b)(5) of this section that instruction has tion in the Robinson R–22 and has received been given in those maneuvers and proce- an endorsement from a certified flight in- dures, and the instructor has found the ap- structor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–22. this section that the individual has been This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 given the training required by this para- days. The dual instruction must include at graph and is proficient to act as pilot in least the following abnormal and emergency command of an R–22. Beginning 12 calendar procedures flight training: months after the date of the endorsement, (i) Enhanced training in pro- the individual may not act as pilot in com- cedures, mand unless the individual has completed a (ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the flight review in an R–22 within the preceding use of the governor, 12 calendar months and obtained an endorse- (iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- ment for that flight review. The dual in- ery, and struction must include at least the following (iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper abnormal and emergency procedures flight recovery procedures. training: (4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- category and helicopter class rating must cedures, have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the in a Robinson R–44 helicopter prior to oper- use of the governor, ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- must obtain an endorsement from a certified ery, and flight instructor authorized under paragraph (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper (b)(5) of this section that instruction has recovery procedures. been given in those maneuvers and proce- (2) No person may act as pilot in command dures, and the instructor has found the ap- of a Robinson R–44 unless that person— plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–44. (i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli- This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 copters, at least 50 flight hours of which days. The dual instruction must include at were in the Robinson R–44. The pilot in com- least the following abnormal and emergency mand may credit up to 25 flight hours in the procedures flight training: Robinson R–22 toward the 50 hour require- (i) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- ment in the Robinson R–44; or cedures, (ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc- (ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the tion in a Robinson helicopter, at least 5 use of the governor, hours of which must have been accomplished (iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- in the Robinson R–44 helicopter and has re- ery, and ceived an endorsement from a certified flight (iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) recovery procedures. of this section that the individual has been (5) No certificated flight instructor may given the training required by this para- provide instruction or conduct a flight re- graph and is proficient to act as pilot in view in a Robinson R–22 or R–44 unless that command of an R–44. Beginning 12 calendar instructor— months after the date of the endorsement, (i) Completes the awareness training in the individual may not act as pilot in com- paragraph 2(a) of this SFAR. mand unless the individual has completed a (ii) For the Robinson R–22, has had at least flight review in a Robinson R–44 within the 200 flight hours in , at least 50 preceding 12 calendar months and obtained flight hours of which were in the Robinson an endorsement for that flight review. The R–22, or for the Robinson R–44, has had at dual instruction must include at least the least 200 flight hours in helicopters, 50 flight following abnormal and emergency proce- hours of which were in Robinson helicopters. dures flight training— Up to 25 flight hours of Robinson R–22 flight (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- time may be credited toward the 50 hour re- cedures; quirement. (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the (iii) Has completed flight training in a use of the governor; Robinson R–22, R–44, or both, on the fol- (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- lowing abnormal and emergency proce- ery; and dures— (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- recovery procedures. cedures; (3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the category and helicopter class rating must use of the governor;

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(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- (c) An expired written test report to show ery; and eligibility to take a practical test required (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper under part 65 or an expired inspection au- recovery procedures. thorization to show eligibility for renewal (iv) Has been authorized by endorsement under § 65.93. from an FAA aviation safety inspector or au- 2. Eligibility. A person is eligible for the re- thorized designated examiner that the in- lief described in paragraph 1 of this SFAR if: structor has completed the appropriate training, meets the experience requirements (a) The person served in a U.S. military or and has satisfactorily demonstrated an abil- civilian capacity outside the United States ity to provide instruction on the general sub- in support of the U.S. Armed Forces’ oper- ject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, ation during some period of time from Sep- and the flight training identified in para- tember 11, 2001, to termination of SFAR 100– graph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR. 2; (c) Flight Review: (b) The person’s flight instructor certifi- (1) No flight review completed to satisfy cate, airman written test report, or inspec- § 61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi- tion authorization expired some time be- ble to function as pilot in command in a tween September 11, 2001, and 6 calendar Robinson R–22 helicopter shall be valid for months after returning to the United States the operation of R–22 helicopter unless that or termination of SFAR 100–2, whichever is flight review was taken in an R–22. earlier; and (2) No flight review completed to satisfy (c) The person complies with § 61.197 or § 61.56 by individual after becoming eligible § 65.93 of this chapter, as appropriate, or com- to function as pilot in command in a Robin- son R–44 helicopter shall be valid for the op- pletes the appropriate practical test within 6 eration of R–44 helicopter unless that flight calendar months after returning to the review was taken in the R–44. United States, or upon termination of SFAR (3) The flight review will include a review 100–2, whichever is earlier. of the awareness training subject areas of 3. Required documents. The person must paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight send the Airman Certificate and/or Rating training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this Application (FAA Form 8710–1) to the appro- SFAR. priate Flight Standards office. The person (d) Currency Requirements: No person may must include with the application one of the act as pilot in command of a Robinson model following documents, which must show the R–22 or R–44 helicopter carrying passengers date of assignment outside the United States unless the pilot in command has met the and the date of return to the United States: recency of flight experience requirements of (a) An official U.S. Government notifica- § 61.57 in an R–22 or R–44, as appropriate. tion of personnel action, or equivalent docu- 3. Expiration date. This SFAR No. 73 shall ment, showing the person was a civilian on remain in effect until it is revised or re- official duty for the U.S. Government out- scinded. side the United States and was assigned to a [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as U.S. Armed Forces’ operation some time be- amended by SFAR 73–1, 63 FR 666, Jan. 7, tween September 11, 2001, to termination of 1998; 68 FR 43, Jan. 2, 2003; Amdt. 61–120, 73 SFAR 100–2; FR 17246, Apr. 1, 2008; Amdt. SFAR 73–2, 74 (b) Military orders showing the person was FR 25650, May 29, 2009] assigned to duty outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces’ op- SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION eration some time between September 11, NO. 100–2—RELIEF FOR U.S. MILI- 2001, to termination of SFAR 100–2 ; or TARY AND CIVILIAN PERSONNEL WHO (c) A letter from the person’s military ARE ASSIGNED OUTSIDE THE UNITED commander or civilian supervisor providing STATES IN SUPPORT OF U.S. ARMED the dates during which the person served FORCES OPERATIONS outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces’ operation some time 1. Applicability. Flight Standards offices are authorized to accept from an eligible person, between September 11, 2001, to termination as described in paragraph 2 of this SFAR, the of SFAR 100–2. following: 4. Expiration date. This Special Federal (a) An expired flight instructor certificate Aviation Regulation No. 100–2 is effective to show eligibility for renewal of a flight in- until further notice. structor certificate under § 61.197, or an ex- [Doc. No. FAA–2009–0923, 75 FR 9766, Mar. 4, pired written test report to show eligibility 2010, as amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, under part 61 to take a practical test; (b) An expired written test report to show Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] eligibility under §§ 63.33 and 63.57 to take a practical test; and

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SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION (D) A flight to transport essential goods NO. 118–2—RELIEF FOR CERTAIN and medical supplies to support public PERSONS DURING THE NATIONAL health needs; (3) For operations conducted under part 91, EMERGENCY CONCERNING THE NOVEL subpart K, and part 125 of this chapter, per- CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID–19) sons who are serving as flight attendant PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY crewmembers, check pilots, and flight in- structors; and 1. Applicability. This Special Federal Avia- (4) Operations conducted under part 107 of tion Regulation (SFAR) applies to— this chapter by a person who holds a remote (a) Certain persons who are unable to meet pilot certificate issued under part 107 of this the following requirements during some pe- chapter. riod between March 1, 2020 and January 31, (b) This Part. 2021— (1) Second-in-command qualifications of (1) Training, recency, testing and checking § 61.55. (i) Airmen requirements. (A) Notwith- requirements specified in parts 61, 91, 107, standing the period specified in § 61.55(c), a and 125 of this chapter, and SFAR No. 73 of person who is required to complete the sec- this part; and ond-in-command familiarization and cur- (2) Duration and renewal requirements rency requirements under § 61.55(b)(1) and (2) specified in parts 61, 63, 65, and 141 of this between March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 chapter, and SFAR No. 100–2 of this part; and for purposes of maintaining second-in-com- (b) Certain air carriers and operators who mand privileges may complete the require- are unable to obtain special flight permits ments of § 61.55(b)(1) and (2) in the month be- with a continuing authorization under part fore or three months after the month in 21 of this chapter for the purpose of flying which they are required, provided the pilot the aircraft to a point of storage. meets the requirements of paragraph 2. Training, recency, testing, and checking re- 2.(b)(1)(ii) of this SFAR. quirements. (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in (a) Applicability. The relief provided by § 61.55(c), a person who is required to com- paragraph 2 of this SFAR applies to— plete the second-in-command familiarization (1) Operations conducted for compensation and currency requirements under § 61.55(b)(1) or hire under parts 91, 125, 133, and 137 of this and (2) between October 1, 2020 and January chapter by persons who are exercising the 31, 2021 for purposes of maintaining second- privileges of at least a commercial pilot cer- in-command privileges may complete the re- tificate issued under this part; quirements of § 61.55(b)(1) and (2) in the month before or two months after the month (2) Operations conducted by persons who in which they are required, provided the are exercising the privileges of a private pilot meets the requirements of paragraph pilot certificate issued under this part, pro- 2.(b)(1)(ii) of this SFAR. vided the person meets one of the following (C) A pilot who meets the requirements of paragraphs— § 61.55(b)(1) and (2) in accordance with para- (i) The person is conducting a charitable graph 2.(b)(1)(i)(A) or paragraph 2.(b)(1)(i)(B) medical flight for a volunteer pilot organiza- of this SFAR will be considered to have com- tion pursuant to an exemption issued under pleted the requirements in the month in part 11 of this chapter, and the flight in- which they were due. volves only the carriage of persons consid- (ii) Qualification requirements. To complete ered essential for the flight; the requirements of § 61.55(b)(1) or (2) within (ii) The person is conducting an agricul- the period specified in paragraph tural aircraft operation under a private agri- 2.(b)(1)(i)(A) or paragraph 2.(b)(1)(i)(B) of this cultural aircraft operating certificate issued SFAR, the person— in accordance with § 137.19 of this chapter; (A) Must review and become familiar with (iii) The person has at least 500 hours of the following information for the specific total time as a pilot, that includes at least type of aircraft for which second-in-com- 400 hours as a pilot in command and at least mand privileges are sought— 50 hours that were accrued within the pre- (1) Operational procedures applicable to ceding 12 calendar months, and the person is the powerplant, equipment, and systems; conducting one of the following operations (2) Performance specifications and limita- consistent with the compensation or hire ex- tions; ceptions specified in § 61.113: (3) Normal, abnormal, and emergency oper- (A) A flight incidental to that person’s ating procedures; business or employment; (4) Flight manual; and (B) A flight in support of family medical (5) Placards and markings; and needs or to transport essential goods for per- (B) Prior to serving as second-in-command, sonal use; must have logged at least three takeoffs and (C) A flight necessary to fly an aircraft to landings to a full stop as the sole manipu- a location in order to meet a requirement of lator of the flight controls within the 180 this chapter; or days preceding the date of the flight.

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(2) Flight review requirements of § 61.56. A under simulated conditions using a view-lim- person who has not completed a flight review iting device; and within the previous 24 calendar months in (B) Within the 9 calendar months preceding accordance with § 61.56 may continue to act the month of the flight, performed and as pilot in command of an aircraft, provided logged the tasks required by § 61.57(c)(1). the following requirements are met— (ii) Grace period. Between April 30, 2020 and (i) Airmen requirements. The person was cur- September 30, 2020, a person who meets the rent to act as pilot in command of an air- qualification requirements of paragraph craft in March 2020 and, to maintain cur- 2.(b)(3)(i) of this SFAR may act as pilot in rency, is required to complete a flight review command under IFR or in weather condi- under § 61.56 between March 1, 2020 and Janu- tions less than the minimums prescribed for ary 31, 2021. VFR. (ii) Qualification requirements. To act as (iii) Instrument currency after September 30, pilot in command of an aircraft during the 2020. Before acting as pilot in command period specified in paragraph 2.(b)(2)(iii)(A) under IFR or in weather conditions less than or paragraph 2.(b)(2)(iii)(B) of this SFAR, the the minimums prescribed for VFR after Sep- person must have— tember 30, 2020, the person must comply with (A) Within the 12 calendar months pre- § 61.57(c). ceding the month in which the flight review (4) Pilot in command proficiency check re- is due, logged at least 10 hours of flight time quirements of § 61.58. (i) Airmen requirements. (A) Notwithstanding the period specified in as pilot in command in an aircraft for which § 61.58(i), a pilot who is required to take a that pilot is rated; and pilot in command proficiency check under (B) Since January 1, 2020 and preceding the § 61.58(a)(1) or (2) between March 1, 2020 and date of flight, completed online Wings September 30, 2020 for purposes of maintain- courses for pilots from the FAA Safety Team ing pilot in command privileges may com- website, available at www.faasafety.gov. The plete the check in the month before or three online training courses must total at least 3 months after the month in which it is re- Wings credits. quired, provided the pilot meets the require- (iii) Grace period. (A) A person who is re- ments of paragraph 2.(b)(4)(ii) of this SFAR. quired to complete a flight review under (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in § 61.56 between March 1, 2020 and September § 61.58(i), a pilot who is required to take a 30, 2020 may act as pilot in command of an pilot in command proficiency check under aircraft for a duration of three calendar § 61.58(a)(1) or (2) between October 1, 2020 and months from the month in which the flight January 31, 2021 for purposes of maintaining review was due. Before acting as pilot in pilot in command privileges may complete command of an aircraft in the fourth month the check in the month before or two months after the month in which the flight review after the month in which it is required, pro- was due, the person must satisfactorily com- vided the pilot meets the requirements of plete a flight review in accordance with paragraph 2.(b)(4)(ii) of this SFAR. § 61.56. (C) A pilot who completes the proficiency (B) A person who is required to complete a check within the period prescribed by this flight review under § 61.56 between October 1, paragraph 2.(b)(4)(i)(A) or paragraph 2020 and January 31, 2021 may act as pilot in 2.(b)(4)(i)(B) of this SFAR will be considered command of an aircraft for a duration of two to have completed the check in the month in calendar months from the month in which which it was required. the flight review was due. Before acting as (ii) Qualification requirements. To complete pilot in command of an aircraft in the third the pilot in command proficiency check re- month after the month in which the flight quired by § 61.58(a)(1) or (2) within the period review was due, the person must satisfac- specified in paragraph 2.(b)(4)(i)(A) or para- torily complete a flight review in accordance graph 2.(b)(4)(i)(B) of this SFAR, the per- with § 61.56. son— (3) Instrument experience requirements of (A) Must meet the flight experience re- § 61.57. A person who has not performed and quirements of § 61.57 that are applicable to logged the tasks required by § 61.57(c)(1) the operation to be conducted; and within the 6 calendar months preceding the (B) Within the 3 calendar months preceding month of the flight may continue to act as the month of the flight, must have reviewed pilot in command under IFR or in weather the following information for the specific conditions less than the minimums pre- type of aircraft for which pilot in command scribed for VFR, provided the following re- privileges are sought— quirements are met— (1) Operational procedures applicable to (i) Qualification requirements. The person the powerplant, equipment, and systems; has— (2) Performance specifications and limita- (A) Within the 6 calendar months pre- tions; ceding the month of the flight, performed (3) Normal, abnormal, and emergency oper- and logged at least three instrument ap- ating procedures; proaches in actual weather conditions, or (4) Flight manual; and

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(5) Placards and markings. chapter may continue to use that type of ap- (5) Flight Crewmember Requirements of Part proach procedure, provided the following re- 91, Subpart K, of this Chapter. quirements are met— (i) Testing and checking Requirements. (A) (1) Airmen requirements. The person was cur- Notwithstanding the period specified in rent under § 91.1069(c) of this chapter to use § 91.1071(a) of this chapter, a crewmember that type of precision instrument approach who is required to take a test or a flight procedure in March 2020, and is required to check under § 91.1065(a), § 91.1065(b), § 91.1067, demonstrate that type of precision instru- § 91.1069(a), or § 91.1069(b) of this chapter be- ment approach procedure between March 1, tween March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 2020 and January 31, 2021. for purposes of maintaining qualification (2) Grace period. (i) For a person who is re- may complete the test or check in the month quired to demonstrate that type of precision before or three months after the month it is instrument approach procedure between required, provided the requirements of para- March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020, the per- graph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR are met. (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in son satisfactorily demonstrates that type of § 91.1071(a) of this chapter, a crewmember precision instrument approach procedure who is required to take a test or a flight within three months after the month in check under § 91.1065(a), § 91.1065(b), § 91.1067, which it was required. § 91.1069(a), or § 91.1069(b) of this chapter be- (ii) For a person who is required to dem- tween October 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021 for onstrate that type of precision instrument purposes of maintaining qualification may approach procedure between October 1, 2020 complete the test or check in the month be- and January 31, 2021, the person satisfac- fore or two months after the month it is re- torily demonstrates that type of precision quired, provided the requirements of para- instrument approach procedure within two graph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR are met. months after the month in which it was re- (C) A crewmember who completes a test or quired. check in accordance with paragraph (3) Safety mitigations. The management 2.(b)(5)(i)(A) or paragraph 2.(b)(5)(i)(B) of this specification holder satisfies paragraph SFAR will be considered to have completed 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR. the test or check in the month in which it (B) Non-precision instrument approaches. A was required. pilot who has not satisfactorily dem- (ii) Recurrent training requirements. (A) Not- onstrated either the type of non-precision in- withstanding the period specified in strument approach procedure to be used, or § 91.1073(b) of this chapter, a crewmember any other two different types of non-preci- who is required to complete recurrent train- sion approach procedures, within the pre- ing under § 91.1099 or § 91.1107(c) of this chap- vious six months in accordance with ter between March 1, 2020 and September 30, § 91.1069(c) of this chapter may continue to 2020 for purposes of maintaining qualifica- use that type of non-precision instrument tion may complete that training in the approach procedure, provided the following month before or three months after the requirements are met— month in which it is required, provided the (1) Airmen requirements. The person was cur- requirements of paragraph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this rent under § 91.1069(c) of this chapter to use SFAR are met. (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in that type of non-precision instrument ap- § 91.1073(b) of this chapter, a crewmember proach procedure in March 2020, and is re- who is required to complete recurrent train- quired to demonstrate that type of non-pre- ing under § 91.1099 or § 91.1107(c) of this chap- cision instrument approach procedure, or ter between October 1, 2020 and January 31, any other two different types of non-preci- 2021 for purposes of maintaining qualifica- sion instrument approach procedures, be- tion may complete that training in the tween March 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021. month before or two months after the month (2) Grace period. (i) For a person who is re- in which it is required, provided the require- quired to demonstrate that type of non-pre- ments of paragraph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR cision instrument approach procedure be- are met. tween March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020, (C) A crewmember who completes recur- the person satisfactorily demonstrates that rent training in accordance with this para- type of non-precision instrument approach graph 2.(b)(5)(ii)(A) or paragraph procedure within three months after the 2.(b)(5)(ii)(B) will be considered to have com- month in which it was required. pleted the training in the month in which it (ii) For a person who is required to dem- was required. onstrate that type of non-precision instru- (iii) Instrument experience. ment approach procedure between October 1, (A) Precision instrument approaches. A pilot 2020 and January 31, 2021, the person satisfac- who has not satisfactorily demonstrated the torily demonstrates that type of non-preci- type of precision instrument approach proce- sion instrument approach procedure within dure to be used within the previous six two months after the month in which it was months in accordance with § 91.1069(c) of this required.

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(3) Safety mitigations. The management ance with this paragraph 2.(b)(5)(v) will be specification holder satisfies paragraph considered to have completed the check in 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR. the month it which it was due. (iv) Check pilot (simulator) and flight instruc- (vi) Safety mitigations. The management tor (simulator) requirements. (A) Notwith- specification holder must provide an accept- standing the period specified in §§ 91.1089(g) able plan to the responsible Flight Standards and 91.1091(g) of this chapter, a check pilot office that contains the following informa- (simulator) or flight instructor (simulator) tion— who is required to complete the flight seg- (A) A safety analysis and corresponding ments or line-observation program under risk mitigations to be implemented by the § 91.1089(f) or § 91.1091(f) of this chapter be- management specification holder; and tween March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 (B) The method the management specifica- for purposes of maintaining qualification tion holder will use to ensure that each may complete the flight segments or line-ob- crewmember complying with paragraph servation program requirements in the 2.(b)(5) of this SFAR remains adequately month before or three months after the tested and currently proficient for each air- month they are required, provided the re- craft, duty position, and type of operation in quirements of paragraph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this which the person serves. SFAR are met. (6) Mitsubishi MU–2B Series Special Training, (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in Experience, and Operating Requirements of Part §§ 91.1089(g) and 91.1091(g) of this chapter, a 91, Subpart N, of this Chapter. check pilot (simulator) or flight instructor (i) Recurrent training. (A) Notwithstanding (simulator) who is required to complete the the period specified in § 91.1705(e) of this flight segments or line-observation program chapter, a person who is required to com- under § 91.1089(f) or § 91.1091(f) of this chapter plete recurrent training under § 91.1703(e) of between October 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021 this chapter between March 1, 2020 and Sep- for purposes of maintaining qualification tember 30, 2020 for purposes of complying may complete the flight segments or line-ob- servation program requirements in the with § 91.1705(a) and (b) may complete the re- month before or two months after the month current training in the month before or they are required, provided the requirements three months after the month the recurrent of paragraph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR are training is required, provided the require- met. ments of paragraph 2.(b)(6)(iii) of this SFAR (C) A check pilot (simulator) or flight in- are met. structor (simulator) who completes the (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in flight segments or line-observation program § 91.1705(e) of this chapter, a person who is re- requirements in accordance with this para- quired to complete recurrent training under graph 2.(b)(5)(iv) will be considered to have § 91.1703(e) of this chapter between October 1, completed the requirements in the month in 2020 and January 31, 2021 for purposes of com- which they were due. plying with § 91.1705(a) and (b) may complete (v) Check pilot and flight instructor observa- the recurrent training in the month before tion check requirements. (A) Notwithstanding or two months after the month the recurrent the period specified in §§ 91.1093(b) and training is required, provided the require- 91.1095(b) of this chapter, a check pilot or ments of paragraph 2.(b)(6)(iii) of this SFAR flight instructor who is required to complete are met. an observation check under § 91.1093(a)(2) or (C) A person who completes the recurrent § 91.1095(a)(2) of this chapter between March training in accordance with this paragraph 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 for purposes of 2.(b)(6)(i) will be considered to have com- maintaining qualification may complete the pleted the training in the month it was re- observation check in the month before or quired. three months after the month it is required, (ii) Flight review. A person who has not provided the requirements of paragraph completed a flight review in accordance with 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR are met. §§ 61.56 and 91.1715(c) of this chapter in a (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in Mitsubishi MU–2B series airplane or an MU– §§ 91.1093(b) and 91.1095(b) of this chapter, a 2B Simulator approved for landings with an check pilot or flight instructor who is re- approved course conducted under part 142 of quired to complete an observation check this chapter may continue to act as pilot in under § 91.1093(a)(2) or § 91.1095(a)(2) of this command of a Mitsubishi MU–2B series air- chapter between October 1, 2020 and January plane, providing the following requirements 31, 2021 for purposes of maintaining qualifica- are met— tion may complete the observation check in (A) Airmen requirements. The person was— the month before or two months after the (1) Current to act as pilot in command of a month it is required, provided the require- Mitsubishi MU–2B series airplane in March ments of paragraph 2.(b)(5)(vi) of this SFAR 2020 and, to maintain currency, is required to are met. complete a flight review in a Mitsubishi MU– (C) A check pilot or flight instructor who 2B series airplane between March 1, 2020 and completes an observation check in accord- January 31, 2021; and

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(2) The requirements of paragraph (3) The limitations, procedures, aircraft 2.(b)(6)(iii) of this SFAR are met. performance, and MU–2B Cockpit Checklist (B) Grace period. (1) A person who is re- procedures applicable to the MU–2B model to quired to complete a flight review in a be flown, which are contained in the flight Mitsubishi MU–2B series airplane between training curriculum required by § 91.1705(h)(2) March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 may act of this chapter; and as pilot in command of a Mitsubishi MU–2B (4) The current general operating and series airplane for a duration for three cal- flight rules of part 91 of this chapter. endar months from the month in which the (7) Aeronautical Knowledge Recency Require- flight review was due. Before acting as pilot ments of § 107.65 of this Chapter. A person who in command of an aircraft in the fourth has not satisfied the aeronautical knowledge month after the month in which the flight recency requirements of § 107.65(a) or (b) of review was due, the person must satisfac- this chapter within the previous 24 calendar torily complete a flight review in accordance months may operate a small unmanned air- with §§ 61.56 and 91.1715(c) of this chapter in a craft system under part 107 of this chapter, Mitsubishi MU–2B series airplane or an MU– provided that person meets the following re- 2B Simulator approved for landings with an quirements— approved course conducted under part 142 of (i) Airmen requirements. The person was cur- this chapter. rent to exercise the privileges of a remote (2) A person who is required to complete a pilot certificate in March 2020 and, to main- flight review in a Mitsubishi MU–2B series tain aeronautical currency, is required to airplane between October 1, 2020 and January meet the aeronautical recency requirements 31, 2021 may act as pilot in command of a in § 107.65(a) or (b) of this chapter between Mitsubishi MU–2B series airplane for a dura- April 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020. tion for two calendar months from the (ii) Qualification requirements. The person month in which the flight review was due. must have completed an FAA-developed ini- Before acting as pilot in command of an air- tial or recurrent online training course, craft in the third month after the month in which the flight review was due, the person available at www.faasafety.gov, covering the must satisfactorily complete a flight review areas of knowledge specified in § 107.74(a) or in accordance with §§ 61.56 and 91.1715(c) of (b) of this chapter. Each person is eligible to this chapter in a Mitsubishi MU–2B series take an online training course specified in airplane or an MU–2B Simulator approved this paragraph 2.(b)(7)(ii) one time for the for landings with an approved course con- purpose of obtaining the six calendar month ducted under part 142 of this chapter. period specified in paragraph 2.(b)(7)(iii) of (iii) Qualification requirements. To complete this SFAR; the recurrent training during the period pro- (iii) Grace period. The person may operate a vided under paragraph 2.(b)(6)(i)(A) or para- small unmanned aircraft system under part graph 2.(b)(6)(i)(B) of this SFAR or to com- 107 of this chapter for a duration of six cal- plete the flight review during the period pro- endar months from the month in which the vided under paragraph 2.(b)(6)(ii)(A) or para- person completed the online training course graph 2.(b)(6)(ii)(B) of this SFAR, the person specified in paragraph 2.(b)(7)(ii) of this must— SFAR. Before operating a small unmanned (A) Within the 12 calendar months pre- aircraft system under part 107 in the seventh ceding the month the recurrent training or month after the month in which the person flight review is due, logged at least 10 hours completed the online training course, the of flight time in an MU–2B series airplane person must satisfy § 107.65 of this chapter. that includes at least 3 hours of flight time (8) Flight Crewmember Requirements of Part in the 3 calendar months preceding the 125 of this Chapter. month in which the recurrent training or (i) Recent experience requirements. A person flight review is due; who has not satisfied the recent experience (B) Since January 1, 2020, completed online requirements of § 125.285(a) of this chapter Wings courses for pilots from FAA Safety may be used by a certificate holder (or hold- Team website, available at er of an A125 letter of deviation authority), www.faasafety.gov. The online training and may serve as a required pilot flight courses must total at least 3 Wings credits; crewmember, in operations conducted under and part 125 of this chapter, provided the fol- (C) Prior to manipulating the controls of lowing requirements are met— an MU–2B series airplane, completed three (A) Grace period. (1) For flights between hours of self-study, since January 1, 2020 and March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020, the per- preceding the date of the flight, on the fol- son has made at least three takeoffs and lowing subjects— landings, within the preceding 150 days, in (1) The ground training curriculum re- the type of airplane in which that person is quired by § 91.1705(h)(1) of this chapter; to serve. (2) The Special Emphasis Items listed in the (2) For flights between October 1, 2020 and approved MU–2B training program that the January 31, 2021, the person has made at pilot last completed; least three takeoffs and landings, within the

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preceding 120 days, in the type of airplane in as appropriate, between March 1, 2020 and which that person is to serve. January 31, 2021. (B) Safety Mitigations. The certificate hold- (ii) Qualification requirements. The person er complies with paragraph 2.(b)(8)(iii) of must— this SFAR. (A) Satisfy the qualification requirements (ii) Testing and checking requirements. (A) specified in paragraph 2.(b)(2)(ii) of this Notwithstanding the period specified in SFAR, except § 125.293(a) of this chapter, a crewmember (1) The 10 hours of flight time as pilot in who is required to take a test or check under command must be obtained in a Robinson § 125.287(a), § 125.287(b), § 125.289, or § 125.291(a) model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, as appropriate of this chapter between March 1, 2020 and to the privileges sought; September 30, 2020 for purposes of maintain- (2) At least 3 hours of flight time must be ing qualifications may complete the test or obtained within the 3 calendar months pre- check in the month before or three months ceding the month in which the flight review after the month it is required, provided the is due; and requirements of paragraph 2.(b)(8)(iii) of this (3) The courses required by paragraphs SFAR are met. 2.(b)(9)(ii)(C) and (D) of this SFAR may count (B) Notwithstanding the period specified in towards the 3 Wings credits. § 125.293(a) of this chapter, a crewmember (B) Complete three hours of self-study, who is required to take a test or check under since January 1, 2020 and preceding the date § 125.287(a), § 125.287(b), § 125.289, or § 125.291(a) of flight, on the following subjects— of this chapter between October 1, 2020 and (1) The awareness training subject areas January 31, 2021 for purposes of maintaining specified in paragraphs 2.(a)(3)(i) through (v) qualifications may complete the test or of SFAR No. 73 of this part; check in the month before or two months (2) The current general operating and after the month it is required, provided the flight rules of part 91 of this chapter; requirements of paragraph 2.(b)(8)(iii) of this (3) Robinson R–22 or R–44 Maneuvers SFAR are met. Guide, as applicable to the model(s) in which (C) A crewmember who completes the test the airmen holds pilot in command privi- or check in accordance with this paragraph leges; 2.(b)(8)(ii) will be considered to have com- (C) Complete Course ALC–103: Helicopter pleted the test or check in the month in Weight and Balance, Performance at which it was required. www.faasafety.gov; and (iii) Safety mitigations. The certificate hold- (D) Complete Course ALC–104: Helicopter— er (or holder of an A125 letter of deviation General and Flight at authority) must provide an acceptable plan www.faasafety.gov. to its assigned principal operations inspector (iii) Grace period. (A) A person who is re- that contains the following information— quired to complete a flight review under (A) A safety analysis and corresponding § 61.56 between March 1, 2020 and September risk mitigations to be implemented by the 30, 2020 may act as a pilot in command of a certificate holder (or holder of an A125 letter Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, as of deviation authority); and appropriate, for a duration of three calendar (B) The method the certificate holder (or months from the month in which the flight holder of an A125 letter of deviation author- review was due. Before acting as pilot in ity) will use to ensure that each crewmember command of an aircraft in the fourth month complying with paragraph 2.(b)(8) of this after the month in which the flight review SFAR remains adequately tested and cur- was due, the person must satisfactorily com- rently proficient for each aircraft, duty posi- plete a flight review in a Robinson model R– tion, and type of operation in which the per- 22 or R–44 helicopter, as appropriate to the son serves. privileges sought, in accordance with para- (9) Robinson R–22/R–44 Special Training and graph 2(c) of SFAR No. 73 of this part and Experience Requirements of SFAR No. 73 of this § 61.56. Part. A person who has not completed a (B) A person who is required to complete a flight review in a Robinson model R–22 or R– flight review under § 61.56 between October 1, 44 helicopter, as appropriate, within the pre- 2020 and January 31, 2021 may act as a pilot ceding 24 calendar months in accordance in command of a Robinson model R–22 or R– with paragraph 2(c) of SFAR No. 73 and 44 helicopter, as appropriate, for a duration § 61.56, may continue to act as pilot in com- of two calendar months from the month in mand of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 heli- which the flight review was due. Before act- copter, as appropriate, providing the fol- ing as pilot in command of an aircraft in the lowing requirements are met— third month after the month in which the (i) Airmen requirements. The person was cur- flight review was due, the person must satis- rent to act as pilot in command of a Robin- factorily complete a flight review in a Rob- son model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, as appro- inson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, as ap- priate, in March 2020 and, to maintain cur- propriate to the privileges sought, in accord- rency, is required to complete a flight review ance with paragraph 2(c) of SFAR No. 73 of in a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, this part and § 61.56.

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3. Duration and renewal requirements. passed between October 1, 2018 and January (a) This Part. 31, 2019; or (1) Extension of medical certificate duration (iv) Within the 62-calendar month period requirements. (i) The expiration date of a preceding the month the applicant completes first-, second-, or third-class medical certifi- the practical test for those applicants who cate that expires between March 31, 2020 and complete the airline transport pilot certifi- January 31, 2021 is extended three calendar cation training program in § 61.156 and pass months from the duration established in the knowledge test for an airline transport § 61.23(d) of this part as follows: pilot certificate with a multiengine class (A) For first-, second-, and third-class med- rating, provided the knowledge test was ical certificates that expire between March passed between October 1, 2015 and January 31, 2020 and September 30, 2020, the expira- 31, 2016. tion date is extended for three calendar (3) Extension of renewal requirements for months; flight instructor certification. The holder of a (B) Except as provided in paragraph flight instructor certificate that expires be- 3.(a)(1)(i)(C) of this SFAR, for first-, second- tween March 31, 2020 and May 31, 2020 may , and third-class medical certificates that ex- renew his or her flight instructor certificate pire between October 31, 2020 and January 31, by submitting a completed and signed appli- 2021, the expiration date is extended for two cation to the FAA and satisfactorily com- calendar months; and pleting one of the renewal requirements (C) For first-, second-, and third-class med- specified in § 61.197(a)(2)(i) through (iv) before ical certificates that expire between October June 30, 2020. 31, 2020 and January 31, 2021, the expiration (b) Part 63 of this Chapter. date is extended for three calendar months if (1) Extension of medical certificate duration the holder of the medical certificate resides requirements. (i) For a person acting as a in or serves as a pilot of an aircraft in the flight engineer of an aircraft, the expiration State of Alaska. date of a second-class (or higher) medical (ii) A certificate extended under this para- certificate that expires between March 31, graph 3.(a)(1) is considered valid under 2020 and September 30, 2020 is extended 3 cal- § 61.2(a)(5). endar months from the original expiration (iii) Unless otherwise prohibited by a for- date. eign country, a person may operate outside (ii) Except as provided in paragraph of the United States under this paragraph 3.(b)(1)(iii) of this SFAR, for a person acting 3.(a)(1) if the person— as a flight engineer of an aircraft, the expira- (A) Has access to this SFAR when outside tion date of a second-class (or higher) med- the United States; and ical certificate that expires between October (B) Presents a copy of this SFAR for in- 31, 2020 and January 31, 2021 is extended 2 cal- spection upon request by a foreign Civil endar months from the original expiration Aviation Authority in accordance with the date. Convention on International Civil Aviation (iii) For a person acting as a flight engi- (Chicago Convention), and its Annexes. neer of an aircraft, the expiration date of a (2) Extension of knowledge test duration re- second-class (or higher) medical certificate quirements in § 61.39. An applicant for a cer- that expires between October 31, 2020 and tificate or rating issued under part 61 of this January 31, 2021 is extended 3 calendar chapter may satisfy the eligibility require- months from the original expiration date if ment in § 61.39(a)(1) by passing the required the flight engineer resides in or serves as a knowledge test: flight engineer in an aircraft in the State of (i) Within the 27-calendar month period Alaska. preceding the month the applicant completes (iv) Unless otherwise prohibited by a for- the practical test, if a knowledge test is re- eign country, a person may operate outside quired, provided the knowledge test was of the United States under this paragraph passed between March 1, 2018 and September 3.(b)(1) if the person: 30, 2018; (A) Has access to this SFAR when outside (ii) Within the 63-calendar month period the United States; and preceding the month the applicant completes (B) Presents a copy of this SFAR for in- the practical test for those applicants who spection upon request by a foreign Civil complete the airline transport pilot certifi- Aviation Authority in accordance with the cation training program in § 61.156 and pass Convention on International Civil Aviation the knowledge test for an airline transport (Chicago Convention), and its Annexes. pilot certificate with a multiengine class (2) Extension of written test duration require- rating, provided the knowledge test was ments in § 63.35 of this chapter. (i) An appli- passed between March 1, 2015 and September cant for a flight engineer certificate or rat- 30, 2015; ing may satisfy the knowledge requirement (iii) Within the 26-calendar month period in § 63.35(d) of this chapter by passing the re- preceding the month the applicant completes quired written test within the 27-calendar the practical test, if a knowledge test is re- month period preceding the month the appli- quired, provided the knowledge test was cant completes the practical test, provided

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the written test was passed between March 1, of determining eligibility under § 65.93 of this 2018 and September 30, 2018. chapter. (ii) An applicant for a flight engineer cer- (ii) Inspection authorization privileges after tificate or rating may satisfy the knowledge June 2020. If the inspection authorization requirement in § 63.35(d) of this chapter by holder does not complete one of the five ac- passing the required written test within the tivities in § 65.93(a)(1) through (5) of this 26-calendar month period preceding the chapter by June 30, 2020, the inspection au- month the applicant completes the practical thorization holder may not exercise inspec- test, provided the written test was passed be- tion authorization privileges after June 30, tween October 1, 2018 and January 31, 2019. 2020. The inspection authorization holder (c) Part 65 of this Chapter. may resume exercising inspection authoriza- (1) Extension of knowledge test duration re- tion privileges only after passing an oral test quirements in § 65.55 of this chapter. (i) An ap- from an FAA inspector in accordance with plicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate § 65.93(c) of this chapter. may satisfy the knowledge requirement in (4) Military riggers or former military riggers: § 65.55(b) of this chapter by presenting satis- Special certification rule of § 65.117 of this chap- factory evidence that the applicant passed ter. A person may satisfy the requirements of the knowledge test within the 27-calendar § 65.117(a) and (b) of this chapter for a senior month period preceding the month the appli- parachute rigger certificate by presenting cant completes the practical test, provided satisfactory documentary evidence that the the knowledge test was passed between person was honorably discharged or released March 1, 2018 and September 30, 2018. from any status covered by § 65.117(a) of this (ii) An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher chapter between March 2019 and June 2019, certificate may satisfy the knowledge re- and has served as a parachute rigger for an quirement in § 65.55(b) of this chapter by pre- Armed Force within the 15 months before the senting satisfactory evidence that the appli- date of application. cant passed the knowledge test within the (d) Relief for U.S. Military and Civilian Per- 26-calendar month period preceding the sonnel Who are Assigned Outside the United month the applicant completes the practical States in Support of U.S. Armed Forces Oper- test, provided the knowledge test was passed ations. Notwithstanding the six calendar between October 1, 2018 and January 31, 2019. month period specified in paragraph 2 of (2) Extension of testing period in § 65.71 of this SFAR No. 100–2 of this part, a person may ex- chapter. (i) A person may show eligibility for ercise the relief specified in paragraph 1 of a mechanic certificate or rating under § 65.71 SFAR No. 100–2 for a duration of nine cal- of this chapter by passing all the prescribed endar months after returning to the United tests of part 65, subpart D, of this chapter States, provided the person— within a period of 27 months, provided the (i) Is eligible in accordance with paragraph testing period began between March 1, 2018 2 of SFAR No. 100–2 of this part; and September 30, 2018. (ii) Complies with the documentation re- (ii) A person may show eligibility for a me- quirements specified in paragraph 3 of SFAR chanic certificate or rating under § 65.71 of No. 100–2 of this part; and this chapter by passing all the prescribed (iii) Returned to the United States from tests of part 65, subpart D, of this chapter deployment between October 2019 and March within a period of 26 months, provided the 2020. testing period began between October 1, 2018 (e) Part 141 of this Chapter. and January 31, 2019. (1) Pilot school certificate requirements of (3) Renewal of inspection authorizations in § 141.5 of this chapter. § 65.93 of this chapter. (i) Provisional pilot school. Notwithstanding (i) Grace period for meeting renewal require- the period specified in § 141.5 of this chapter, ments. Notwithstanding the requirement in a provisional pilot school may apply for, and § 65.93(c) of this chapter, an inspection au- the FAA may issue, a pilot school certificate thorization holder who did not complete one with the appropriate ratings if the following of the activities in § 65.93(a)(1) through (5) of requirements are met— this chapter by March 31, 2020 of the first (A) The provisional pilot school must sat- year may still be eligible for renewal of an isfy the requirements of § 141.5(a) through (e) inspection authorization for a 2-year period of this chapter before December 31, 2020; in March 2021. To be eligible for renewal, the (B) The provisional pilot school certificate inspection authorization holder must show must expire between April 2020 and June completion of one of the five activities in 2020; and § 65.93(a)(1) through (5) of this chapter by (C) The provisional pilot school meets the June 30, 2020, and completion of the one of requirements of paragraph 3.(e)(1)(ii) of this the five activities in § 65.93(a)(1) through (5) SFAR. of this chapter during the second year of the (ii) Safety mitigations. 2-year period. A person who completes one of (A) The provisional pilot school must no- the five activities by June 30, 2020 will be tify its responsible Flight Standards office considered to have completed the activity by that it is applying for a pilot school certifi- March 31, 2020 of the first year for purposes cate in accordance with this SFAR.

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(B) Each provisional pilot school must in- 6. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) clude in its notification an acceptable plan control number. The Paperwork Reduction that explains the method to meet the re- Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501–3520) requires the quirements of § 141.5(d) and (e) of this chap- FAA to get approval from OMB for our infor- ter, including— mation collection activities. The OMB con- (1) Ensuring each instructor used for trol number assigned to the FAA’s informa- ground or flight training is current and pro- tion collection associated with this SFAR is ficient; and 2120–0788. (2) Evaluating students to determine if [Doc. No. FAA–2020–0446; Amdt. 61–147, 85 FR they are assigned to the proper stage of the 62966, Oct. 6, 2020] training course and if additional training is necessary. EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: By Doc. No. FAA– (2) Renewal of certificates and ratings in 2020–0446; Amdt. No. 61–147, 85 FR 62966, Oct. § 141.27 of this Chapter. 6, 2020S, FAR 118–2 to part 61 was added, ef- (i) Pilot school. A pilot school may apply for fective Oct. 1, 2020 through Apr. 30, 2021. renewal of its pilot school certificate and ratings after the expiration of its pilot schools certificate, provided the school ap- Subpart A—General plies for renewal before December 31, 2020 and the following requirements are met— § 61.1 Applicability and definitions. (A) The pilot school must meet § 141.27(a)(2) (a) Except as provided in part 107 of of this chapter before December 31, 2020; this chapter, this part prescribes: (B) The pilot school certificate must expire (1) The requirements for issuing between April 2020 and June 2020; and pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- (C) The pilot school meets the require- structor certificates and ratings; the ments of paragraph 3.(e)(2)(ii) of this SFAR. (ii) Safety mitigations. conditions under which those certifi- (A) Each pilot school must submit to the cates and ratings are necessary; and responsible Flight Standards office notifica- the privileges and limitations of those tion that it will renew its pilot school cer- certificates and ratings. tificate in accordance with this SFAR. (2) The requirements for issuing (B) Each pilot school must include in its pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- notification an acceptable plan that explains structor authorizations; the conditions the method to regain currency, including— under which those authorizations are (1) Ensuring each instructor used for ground or flight training is current and pro- necessary; and the privileges and limi- ficient; and tations of those authorizations. (2) Evaluating students to determine if (3) The requirements for issuing they are assigned to the proper stage of the pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- training course and if additional training is structor certificates and ratings for necessary. persons who have taken courses ap- 4. Other relief for special flight permits issued proved by the Administrator under under § 21.197(c) of this chapter. In addition to other parts of this chapter. the purposes specified in § 21.197(c) of this chapter, notwithstanding §§ 119.5(l) and (b) For the purpose of this part: 91.1015(a) of this chapter, a special flight per- Accredited has the same meaning as mit with a continuing authorization may be defined by the Department of Edu- issued under § 21.197(c) of this chapter cation in 34 CFR 600.2. through March 31, 2021, for aircraft that may Aeronautical experience means pilot not meet applicable airworthiness require- time obtained in an aircraft, flight ments, but are capable of safe flight for the simulator, or flight training device for purpose of flying the aircraft to a point of meeting the appropriate training and storage, provided the following requirements are met— flight time requirements for an airman (a) The air carrier or operator must hold a certificate, rating, flight review, or special flight permit with continuing author- recency of flight experience require- ization to conduct a ferry flight program ments of this part. issued under § 21.197(c) of this chapter; and Authorized instructor means— (b) The certificate holder or management (i) A person who holds a ground in- specification holder must notify the respon- structor certificate issued under part sible Flight Standards office each time the 61 of this chapter and is in compliance special flight permit is used for the purpose of flying the aircraft to a point of storage. with § 61.217, when conducting ground 5. Expiration date. This SFAR is effective training in accordance with the privi- until April 30, 2021. The FAA may amend, re- leges and limitations of his or her scind, or extend the SFAR as necessary. ground instructor certificate;

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(ii) A person who holds a flight in- under § 61.101 (c), time acquired during structor certificate issued under part a flight— 61 of this chapter and is in compliance (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- with § 61.197, when conducting ground craft; training or flight training in accord- (B) That includes a point of landing ance with the privileges and limita- that was at least a straight-line dis- tions of his or her flight instructor cer- tance of more than 50 nautical miles tificate; or from the original point of departure; (iii) A person authorized by the Ad- and ministrator to provide ground training (C) That involves the use of dead or flight training under part 61, 121, 135, reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- or 142 of this chapter when conducting tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- ground training or flight training in tion systems to navigate to the landing accordance with that authority. point. Aviation training device means a train- (iii) For the purpose of meeting the ing device, other than a full flight sim- aeronautical experience requirements ulator or flight training device, that for a sport pilot certificate (except for has been evaluated, qualified, and ap- privileges), time ac- proved by the Administrator. quired during a flight conducted in an Complex airplane means an airplane appropriate aircraft that— that has a retractable landing gear, (A) Includes a point of landing at flaps, and a controllable pitch pro- least a straight line distance of more peller, including equipped than 25 nautical miles from the origi- with an engine control system con- nal point of departure; and sisting of a digital computer and asso- (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of ciated accessories for controlling the dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic engine and propeller, such as a full au- navigation aids; radio aids; or other thority digital engine control; or, in navigation systems to navigate to the the case of a seaplane, flaps and a con- landing point. trollable pitch propeller, including sea- (iv) For the purpose of meeting the planes equipped with an engine control aeronautical experience requirements system consisting of a digital computer for a sport pilot certificate with pow- and associated accessories for control- ered parachute privileges or a private ling the engine and propeller, such as a pilot certificate with a powered para- full authority digital engine control. chute category rating, time acquired during a flight conducted in an appro- Cross-country time means— priate aircraft that— (i) Except as provided in paragraphs (A) Includes a point of landing at (ii) through (vi) of this definition, time least a straight line distance of more acquired during flight— than 15 nautical miles from the origi- (A) Conducted by a person who holds nal point of departure; and a pilot certificate; (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of (B) Conducted in an aircraft; dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic (C) That includes a landing at a point navigation aids; radio aids; or other other than the point of departure; and navigation systems to navigate to the (D) That involves the use of dead landing point. reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (v) For the purpose of meeting the tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- aeronautical experience requirements tion systems to navigate to the landing for any pilot certificate with a rotor- point. craft category rating or an instrument- (ii) For the purpose of meeting the helicopter rating, or for the purpose of aeronautical experience requirements exercising recreational pilot privileges, (except for a rotorcraft category rat- in a rotorcraft, under § 61.101(c), time ing), for a private pilot certificate (ex- acquired during a flight— cept for a powered parachute category (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- rating), a commercial pilot certificate, craft; or an instrument rating, or for the pur- (B) That includes a point of landing pose of exercising recreational pilot that was at least a straight-line dis- privileges (except in a rotorcraft) tance of more than 25 nautical miles

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from the original point of departure; ceived from an authorized instructor and under actual or simulated instrument (C) That involves the use of dead conditions. reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- Knowledge test means a test on the tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- aeronautical knowledge areas required tion systems to navigate to the landing for an airman certificate or rating that point. can be administered in written form or (vi) For the purpose of meeting the by a computer. aeronautical experience requirements Nationally recognized accrediting agen- for an airline transport pilot certifi- cy has the same meaning as defined by cate (except with a rotorcraft category the Department of Education in 34 CFR rating), time acquired during a flight— 600.2. (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- Night vision goggles means an appli- craft; ance worn by a pilot that enhances the (B) That is at least a straight-line pilot’s ability to maintain visual sur- distance of more than 50 nautical miles face reference at night. from the original point of departure; Night vision goggle operation means and the portion of a flight that occurs dur- (C) That involves the use of dead ing the time period from 1 hour after reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- sunset to 1 hour before sunrise where tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- the pilot maintains visual surface ref- tion systems. erence using night vision goggles in an (vii) For a military pilot who quali- aircraft that is approved for such an fies for a commercial pilot certificate operation. (except with a rotorcraft category rat- Pilot time means that time in which a ing) under § 61.73 of this part, time ac- person— quired during a flight— (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- (i) Serves as a required pilot flight craft; crewmember; (B) That is at least a straight-line (ii) Receives training from an author- distance of more than 50 nautical miles ized instructor in an aircraft, full from the original point of departure; flight simulator, flight training device, and or aviation training device; (C) That involves the use of dead (iii) Gives training as an authorized reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- instructor in an aircraft, full flight tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- simulator, flight training device, or tion systems. aviation training device; or Examiner means any person who is (iv) Serves as second in command in authorized by the Administrator to operations conducted in accordance conduct a pilot proficiency test or a with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a practical test for an airman certificate second pilot is not required under the or rating issued under this part, or a type certification of the aircraft or the person who is authorized to conduct a regulations under which the flight is knowledge test under this part. being conducted, provided the require- Flight training means that training, ments in § 61.159(c) are satisfied. other than ground training, received Practical test means a test on the from an authorized instructor in flight areas of operations for an airman cer- in an aircraft. tificate, rating, or authorization that Ground training means that training, is conducted by having the applicant other than flight training, received respond to questions and demonstrate from an authorized instructor. maneuvers in flight, in a flight simu- Institution of higher education has the lator, or in a flight training device. same meaning as defined by the De- Set of aircraft means aircraft that partment of Education in 34 CFR 600.4. share similar performance characteris- Instrument approach means an ap- tics, such as similar airspeed and alti- proach procedure defined in part 97 of tude operating envelopes, similar han- this chapter. dling characteristics, and the same Instrument training means that time number and type of propulsion sys- in which instrument training is re- tems.

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Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- ical certificate is surrendered, sus- tificate means a person who has re- pended, revoked or expired according ceived an endorsement— to the duration standards set forth in (i) To exercise student pilot privi- § 61.23(d). leges from a certificated flight instruc- (6) Use an official government issued tor with a sport pilot rating; or driver’s license to meet any require- (ii) That includes a limitation for the ments of part 61 related to holding that operation of a light-sport aircraft spec- driver’s license, if the driver’s license ified in § 61.89(c) issued by a certifi- is surrendered, suspended, revoked or cated flight instructor with other than expired. a sport pilot rating. (b) Currency. No person may: Technically advanced airplane (TAA) (1) Exercise privileges of an airman means an airplane equipped with an certificate, rating, endorsement, or au- electronically advanced avionics sys- thorization issued under this part un- tem. less that person meets the appropriate Training time means training re- airman and medical recency require- ceived— ments of this part, specific to the oper- (i) In flight from an authorized in- ation or activity. structor; (2) Exercise privileges of a foreign (ii) On the ground from an authorized pilot license within the United States instructor; or to conduct an operation described in (iii) In a flight simulator or flight § 61.3(b), unless that person meets the training device from an authorized in- appropriate airman and medical structor. recency requirements of the country [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; that issued the license, specific to the Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40893, July 30, 1997 as operation. amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 21, 2009] 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, June 28, 2016; § 61.3 Requirement for certificates, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018] ratings, and authorizations. (a) Required pilot certificate for oper- § 61.2 Exercise of Privilege. ating a civil aircraft of the United States. (a) Validity. No person may: No person may serve as a required pilot (1) Exercise privileges of a certifi- flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of cate, rating, endorsement, or author- the United States, unless that person: ization issued under this part if the (1) Has in the person’s physical pos- certificate, rating or authorization is session or readily accessible in the air- surrendered, suspended, revoked or ex- craft when exercising the privileges of pired. that pilot certificate or authoriza- (2) Exercise privileges of a flight in- tion— structor certificate if that flight in- (i) A pilot certificate issued under structor certificate is surrendered, sus- this part and in accordance with § 61.19; pended, revoked or expired. (ii) A special purpose pilot authoriza- (3) Exercise privileges of a foreign tion issued under § 61.77; pilot certificate to operate an aircraft (iii) A temporary certificate issued of foreign registry under § 61.3(b) if the under § 61.17; certificate is surrendered, suspended, (iv) A document conveying tem- revoked or expired. porary authority to exercise certificate (4) Exercise privileges of a pilot cer- privileges issued by the Airmen Certifi- tificate issued under § 61.75, or an au- cation Branch under § 61.29(e); thorization issued under § 61.77, if the (v) When engaged in a flight oper- foreign pilot certificate relied upon for ation within the United States for a the issuance of the U.S. pilot certifi- part 119 certificate holder authorized cate or authorization is surrendered, to conduct operations under part 121 or suspended, revoked or expired. 135 of this chapter, a temporary docu- (5) Exercise privileges of a medical ment provided by that certificate hold- certificate issued under part 67 to meet er under an approved certificate any requirements of part 61 if the med- verification plan;

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(vi) When engaged in a flight oper- (c)(2) of this section provides certain ation within the United States for a exceptions to the requirement to hold a fractional ownership program manager medical certificate. authorized to conduct operations under (2) A person is not required to meet part 91, subpart K, of this chapter, a the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of temporary document provided by that this section if that person— program manager under an approved (i) Is exercising the privileges of a certificate verification plan; or student pilot certificate while seeking (vii) When operating an aircraft with- a pilot certificate with a glider cat- in a foreign country, a pilot license egory rating, a balloon class rating, or issued by that country may be used. glider or balloon privileges; (2) Has a photo identification that is (ii) Is exercising the privileges of a in that person’s physical possession or student pilot certificate while seeking readily accessible in the aircraft when a sport pilot certificate with other exercising the privileges of that pilot than glider or balloon privileges and certificate or authorization. The photo holds a U.S. driver’s license; identification must be a: (iii) Is exercising the privileges of a (i) Driver’s license issued by a State, student pilot certificate while seeking the District of Columbia, or territory a pilot certificate with a weight-shift- or possession of the United States; control aircraft category rating or a (ii) Government identification card powered parachute category rating and issued by the Federal government, a holds a U.S. driver’s license; State, the District of Columbia, or a (iv) Is exercising the privileges of a territory or possession of the United sport pilot certificate with glider or States; balloon privileges; (iii) U.S. Armed Forces’ identifica- (v) Is exercising the privileges of a tion card; sport pilot certificate with other than (iv) Official passport; glider or balloon privileges and holds a (v) Credential that authorizes U.S. driver’s license. A person who has unescorted access to a security identi- applied for or held a medical certificate fication display area at an airport reg- may exercise the privileges of a sport ulated under 49 CFR part 1542; or pilot certificate using a U.S. driver’s li- (vi) Other form of identification that cense only if that person— the Administrator finds acceptable. (b) Required pilot certificate for oper- (A) Has been found eligible for the ating a foreign-registered aircraft within issuance of at least a third-class air- the United States. No person may serve man medical certificate at the time of as a required pilot flight crewmember his or her most recent application; and of a civil aircraft of foreign registry (B) Has not had his or her most re- within the United States, unless— cently issued medical certificate sus- (1) That person’s pilot certificate or pended or revoked or most recent Au- document issued under § 61.29(e) is in thorization for a Special Issuance of a that person’s physical possession or Medical Certificate withdrawn. readily accessible in the aircraft when (vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with exercising the privileges of that pilot a balloon class rating and is piloting or certificate; and providing training in a balloon as ap- (2) Has been issued in accordance propriate; with this part, or has been issued or (vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a validated by the country in which the flight instructor certificate with a aircraft is registered. glider category rating, and is piloting (c) Medical certificate. (1) A person or providing training in a glider, as ap- may serve as a required pilot flight propriate; crewmember of an aircraft only if that (viii) Is exercising the privileges of a person holds the appropriate medical flight instructor certificate, provided certificate issued under part 67 of this the person is not acting as pilot in chapter, or other documentation ac- command or as a required pilot flight ceptable to the FAA, that is in that crewmember; person’s physical possession or readily (ix) Is exercising the privileges of a accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph ground instructor certificate;

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(x) Is operating an aircraft within a (iv) Endorse a logbook for solo oper- foreign country using a pilot license ating privileges. issued by that country and possesses (3) A flight instructor certificate evidence of current medical qualifica- issued under this part is not nec- tion for that license; essary— (xi) Is operating an aircraft with a (i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the tion, if the training is given by the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued holder of a commercial pilot certificate under § 61.75, and holds a medical cer- with a lighter-than-air rating, provided tificate issued by the foreign country the training is given in accordance that issued the foreign pilot license, with the privileges of the certificate in which is in that person’s physical pos- a lighter-than-air aircraft; session or readily accessible in the air- (ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- craft when exercising the privileges of tion, if the training is given by the that airman certificate; holder of an airline transport pilot cer- (xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed tificate with a rating appropriate to Forces, has an up-to-date U.S. military the aircraft in which the training is medical examination, and holds mili- given, provided the training is given in tary pilot flight status; accordance with the privileges of the (xiii) Is exercising the privileges of a certificate and conducted in accord- student, recreational or private pilot ance with an approved air carrier certificate for operations conducted training program approved under part under the conditions and limitations 121 or part 135 of this chapter; set forth in § 61.113(i) and holds a U.S. (iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this driver’s license; or section, if the training is given by a (xiv) Is exercising the privileges of a person who is qualified in accordance flight instructor certificate and acting with subpart C of part 142 of this chap- as pilot in command for operations ter, provided the training is conducted conducted under the conditions and in accordance with an approved part limitations set forth in § 61.113(i) and 142 training program; holds a U.S. driver’s license. (iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this sec- person who holds a flight instructor tion, if the training is given by the certificate issued under this part must holder of a ground instructor certifi- have that certificate, or other docu- cate in accordance with the privileges mentation acceptable to the Adminis- of the certificate; or trator, in that person’s physical posses- (v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this sion or readily accessible in the air- section, if the training is given by an craft when exercising the privileges of authorized flight instructor under that flight instructor certificate. § 61.41 of this part. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) Instrument rating. No person may (d)(3) of this section, no person other act as pilot in command of a civil air- than the holder of a flight instructor craft under IFR or in weather condi- certificate issued under this part with tions less than the minimums pre- the appropriate rating on that certifi- scribed for VFR flight unless that per- cate may— son holds: (i) Give training required to qualify a (1) The appropriate aircraft category, person for solo flight and solo cross- class, type (if required), and instru- country flight; ment rating on that person’s pilot cer- (ii) Endorse an applicant for a— tificate for any airplane, helicopter, or (A) Pilot certificate or rating issued powered-lift being flown; under this part; (2) An airline transport pilot certifi- (B) Flight instructor certificate or cate with the appropriate aircraft cat- rating issued under this part; or egory, class, and type rating (if re- (C) Ground instructor certificate or quired) for the aircraft being flown; rating issued under this part; (3) For a glider, a pilot certificate (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show with a glider category rating and an training given; or airplane instrument rating; or

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(4) For an , a commercial pilot (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air cat- certificate with category and class rat- egory rating and airship class rating. ings for that aircraft; or (f) Category II pilot authorization. Ex- (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of cept for a pilot conducting Category II foreign registry, is authorized by the operations under part 121 or part 135, a country of registry to act as second in person may not: command of that aircraft during Cat- (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil egory III operations. aircraft during Category II operations (h) Category A aircraft pilot authoriza- unless that person— tion. The Administrator may issue a (i) Holds a Category II pilot author- certificate of authorization for a Cat- ization for that category or class of egory II or Category III operation to the pilot of a small aircraft that is a aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- Category A aircraft, as identified in plicable; or § 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if: (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of (1) The Administrator determines foreign registry, is authorized by the that the Category II or Category III op- country of registry to act as pilot in eration can be performed safely by that command of that aircraft in Category pilot under the terms of the certificate II operations. of authorization; and (2) Act as second in command of a (2) The Category II or Category III civil aircraft during Category II oper- operation does not involve the carriage ations unless that person— of persons or property for compensa- (i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- tion or hire. egory and class ratings for that air- (i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) craft and an instrument rating for that Each person who holds a ground in- category aircraft; structor certificate issued under this (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot part must have that certificate or a certificate with category and class rat- temporary document issued under ings for that aircraft; or § 61.29(e) in that person’s physical pos- (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of session or immediately accessible when foreign registry, is authorized by the exercising the privileges of that certifi- country of registry to act as second in cate. command of that aircraft during Cat- (2) Except as provided in paragraph egory II operations. (i)(3) of this section, no person other (g) Category III pilot authorization. Ex- than the holder of a ground instructor cept for a pilot conducting Category III certificate, issued under this part or operations under part 121 or part 135, a part 143, with the appropriate rating on person may not: that certificate may— (i) Give ground training required to (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil qualify a person for solo flight and solo aircraft during Category III operations cross-country flight; unless that person— (ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowl- (i) Holds a Category III pilot author- edge test required for a pilot, flight in- ization for that category or class of structor, or ground instructor certifi- aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- cate or rating issued under this part; or plicable; or (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of ground training given. foreign registry, is authorized by the (3) A ground instructor certificate country of registry to act as pilot in issued under this part is not nec- command of that aircraft in Category essary— III operations. (i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- (2) Act as second in command of a tion, if the training is given by the civil aircraft during Category III oper- holder of a flight instructor certificate ations unless that person— issued under this part in accordance (i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- with the privileges of that certificate; egory and class ratings for that air- (ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- craft and an instrument rating for that tion, if the training is given by the category aircraft; holder of a commercial pilot certificate

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with a lighter-than-air rating, provided service passes through the airspace the training is given in accordance over the territory of more than one with the privileges of the certificate in country. a lighter-than-air aircraft; (ii) ‘‘International air transpor- (iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this tation,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), section, if the training is given by the means air transportation performed in holder of an airline transport pilot cer- airplanes for the public transport of tificate with a rating appropriate to passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the the aircraft in which the training is service passes through the airspace given, provided the training is given in over the territory of more than one accordance with the privileges of the country. certificate and conducted in accord- (k) Special purpose pilot authorization. ance with an approved air carrier Any person that is required to hold a training program approved under part special purpose pilot authorization, 121 or part 135 of this chapter; issued in accordance with § 61.77 of this (iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- part, must have that authorization and tion, if the training is given by a per- the person’s foreign pilot license in son who is qualified in accordance with that person’s physical possession or subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, have it readily accessible in the air- provided the training is conducted in craft when exercising the privileges of accordance with an approved part 142 that authorization. training program; or (l) Inspection of certificate. Each per- (v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this son who holds an airman certificate, section, if the training is given by an temporary document in accordance authorized flight instructor under with paragraph (a)(1)(v) or (vi) of this § 61.41 of this part. section, medical certificate, documents (j) Age limitation for certain operations. establishing alternative medical quali- (1) Age limitation. No person who holds fication under part 68 of this chapter, a pilot certificate issued under this authorization, or license required by part may serve as a pilot on a civil air- this part must present it and their plane of U.S. registry in the following photo identification as described in operations if the person has reached his paragraph (a)(2) of this section for in- or her 60th birthday or, in the case of spection upon a request from: operations with more than one pilot, (1) The Administrator; his or her 65th birthday: (2) An authorized representative of (i) Scheduled international air serv- the National Transportation Safety ices carrying passengers in turbojet- Board; powered airplanes; (3) Any Federal, State, or local law (ii) Scheduled international air serv- enforcement officer; or ices carrying passengers in airplanes (4) An authorized representative of having a passenger-seat configuration the Transportation Security Adminis- of more than nine passenger seats, ex- tration. cluding each crewmember seat; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (iii) Nonscheduled international air Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40894, July 30, 1997; transportation for compensation or Amdt. 61–111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002; Amdt. hire in airplanes having a passenger- 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– seat configuration of more than 30 pas- 123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 senger seats, excluding each crew- FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR member seat; or 53644, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, (iv) Scheduled international air serv- Sept. 16, 2013; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33400, June 12, 2015; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, ices, or nonscheduled international air 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016; Doc. No. FAA–2016– transportation for compensation or 9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017; hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- Amdt. 60–6, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018] pacity of more than 7,500 pounds. (2) Definitions. (i) ‘‘International air § 61.4 Qualification and approval of service,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), flight simulators and flight training means scheduled air service performed devices. in airplanes for the public transport of (a) Except as specified in paragraph passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the (b) or (c) of this section, each flight

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simulator and flight training device (ii) Rotorcraft. used for training, and for which an air- (iii) Glider. man is to receive credit to satisfy any (iv) Lighter-than-air. training, testing, or checking require- (v) Powered-lift. ment under this chapter, must be (vi) Powered parachute. qualified and approved by the Adminis- (vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft. trator for— (2) Airplane class ratings— (1) The training, testing, and check- (i) Single-engine land. ing for which it is used; (ii) Multiengine land. (2) Each particular maneuver, proce- (iii) Single-engine sea. dure, or crewmember function per- (iv) Multiengine sea. formed; and (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— (3) The representation of the specific (i) Helicopter. category and class of aircraft, type of (ii) Gyroplane. aircraft, particular variation within (4) Lighter-than-air class ratings— the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft (i) Airship. for certain flight training devices. (ii) Balloon. (b) Any device used for flight train- (5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class ing, testing, or checking that has been ratings— determined to be acceptable to or ap- (i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land. proved by the Administrator prior to (ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea. August 1, 1996, which can be shown to (6) Powered parachute class ratings— function as originally designed, is con- (i) Powered parachute land. sidered to be a flight training device, (ii) Powered parachute sea. provided it is used for the same pur- (7) Aircraft type ratings— poses for which it was originally ac- (i) Large aircraft other than lighter- cepted or approved and only to the ex- than-air. tent of such acceptance or approval. (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (c) The Administrator may approve a (iii) Other aircraft type ratings speci- device other than a flight simulator or fied by the Administrator through the flight training device for specific pur- aircraft type certification procedures. poses. (iv) Second-in-command pilot type [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; rating for aircraft that is certificated Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997] for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots. § 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued (8) Instrument ratings (on private under this part. and commercial pilot certificates (a) The following certificates are only)— issued under this part to an applicant (i) Instrument—Airplane. who satisfactorily accomplishes the (ii) Instrument—Helicopter. training and certification requirements (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. for the certificate sought: (c) The following ratings are placed (1) Pilot certificates— on a flight instructor certificate when (i) Student pilot. an applicant satisfactorily accom- (ii) Sport pilot. plishes the training and certification (iii) Recreational pilot. requirements for the rating sought: (iv) Private pilot. (1) Aircraft category ratings— (v) Commercial pilot. (i) Airplane. (vi) Airline transport pilot. (ii) Rotorcraft. (2) Flight instructor certificates. (iii) Glider. (3) Ground instructor certificates. (iv) Powered-lift. (b) The following ratings are placed (2) Airplane class ratings— on a pilot certificate (other than stu- (i) Single-engine. dent pilot) when an applicant satisfac- (ii) Multiengine. torily accomplishes the training and (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— certification requirements for the rat- (i) Helicopter. ing sought: (ii) Gyroplane. (1) Aircraft category ratings— (4) Instrument ratings— (i) Airplane. (i) Instrument—Airplane.

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(ii) Instrument—Helicopter. (3) A pilot certificate with a lighter- (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. than-air or free-balloon rating issued (5) Sport pilot rating. before July 1, 1945. (d) The following ratings are placed (c) An airline transport pilot certifi- on a ground instructor certificate when cate that was issued after April 30, 1949, an applicant satisfactorily accom- and that bears an expiration date but plishes the training and certification does not contain a horsepower limita- requirements for the rating sought: tion, may have that airline transport (1) Basic. pilot certificate re-issued without an (2) Advanced. expiration date. (3) Instrument. (d) A private or commercial pilot cer- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as tificate that was issued after June 30, amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 1945, and that bears an expiration date, 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, may have that pilot certificate re- 2005] issued without an expiration date. (e) A pilot certificate with a lighter- § 61.7 Obsolete certificates and rat- than-air or free-balloon rating that was ings. issued after June 30, 1945, and that (a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot bears an expiration date, may have certificate issued before November 1, that pilot certificate reissued without 1973, may not exercise the privileges of an expiration date. that certificate. (b) The holder of a pilot certificate [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42547, Aug. that bears any of the following cat- 21, 2009] egory ratings without an associated § 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, class rating may not exercise the privi- ratings, and authorizations. leges of that category rating: (1) Rotorcraft. (a) Application. (1) An applicant for (2) Lighter-than-air. an airman certificate, rating, or au- (3) Helicopter. thorization under this part must make (4) . that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to the Adminis- § 61.8 Inapplicability of unmanned air- trator. craft operations. (2) An applicant must show evidence Any action conducted pursuant to that the appropriate fee prescribed in part 107 of this chapter cannot be used appendix A to part 187 of this chapter to meet the requirements of this part. has been paid when that person applies for airmen certification services ad- [FAA–2020–1067, Amdt. Nos. 61-148, 85 FR ministered outside the United States. 79825, Dec. 11, 2020] (3) An applicant who is neither a cit- § 61.9 [Reserved] izen of the United States nor a resident alien of the United States may be re- § 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and fused issuance of any U.S. airman cer- re-issuance. tificate, rating or authorization by the (a) No person who holds an expired Administrator. pilot certificate or rating may act as (4) Except as provided in paragraph pilot in command or as a required pilot (a)(3) of this section, an applicant who flight crewmember of an aircraft of the satisfactorily accomplishes the train- same category or class that is listed on ing and certification requirements for that expired pilot certificate or rating. the certificate, rating, or authorization (b) The following pilot certificates sought is entitled to receive that air- and ratings have expired and will not man certificate, rating, or authoriza- be reissued: tion. (1) An airline transport pilot certifi- (b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who cate issued before May 1, 1949, or an cannot comply with certain areas of airline transport pilot certificate that operation required on the practical test contains a horsepower limitation. because of physical limitations may be (2) A private or commercial pilot cer- issued an airman certificate, rating, or tificate issued before July 1, 1945. authorization with the appropriate

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limitation placed on the applicant’s (d) Application during suspension or airman certificate provided the— revocation. (1) Unless otherwise author- (i) Applicant is able to meet all other ized by the Administrator, a person certification requirements for the air- whose pilot, flight instructor, or man certificate, rating, or authoriza- ground instructor certificate has been tion sought; suspended may not apply for any cer- (ii) Physical limitation has been re- tificate, rating, or authorization dur- corded with the FAA on the applicant’s ing the period of suspension. medical records; and (2) Unless otherwise authorized by (iii) Administrator determines that the Administrator, a person whose the applicant’s inability to perform the pilot, flight instructor, or ground in- particular area of operation will not structor certificate has been revoked adversely affect safety. may not apply for any certificate, rat- (2) A limitation placed on a person’s ing, or authorization for 1 year after airman certificate may be removed, the date of revocation. provided that person demonstrates for an examiner satisfactory proficiency in [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997, as the area of operation appropriate to amended by Amdt. 61–116, 72 FR 18558, Apr. 12, 2007; Amdt. 61–132, 78 FR 77572, Dec. 24, the airman certificate, rating, or au- 2013] thorization sought. (c) Additional requirements for Cat- § 61.14 [Reserved] egory II and Category III pilot authoriza- tions. (1) A Category II or Category III § 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or pilot authorization is issued by a letter drugs. of authorization as part of an appli- (a) A conviction for the violation of cant’s instrument rating or airline any Federal or State statute relating transport pilot certificate. to the growing, processing, manufac- (2) Upon original issue, the author- ture, sale, disposition, possession, ization contains the following limita- transportation, or importation of nar- tions: cotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant (i) For Category II operations, the or stimulant drugs or substances is limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150- grounds for: foot decision height; and (1) Denial of an application for any (ii) For Category III operations, each certificate, rating, or authorization initial limitation is specified in the au- issued under this part for a period of up thorization document. to 1 year after the date of final convic- (3) The limitations on a Category II tion; or or Category III pilot authorization may (2) Suspension or revocation of any be removed as follows: certificate, rating, or authorization (i) In the case of Category II limita- issued under this part. tions, a limitation is removed when the (b) Committing an act prohibited by holder shows that, since the beginning § 91.17(a) or § 91.19(a) of this chapter is of the sixth preceding month, the hold- er has made three Category II ILS ap- grounds for: proaches with a 150-foot decision (1) Denial of an application for a cer- height to a landing under actual or tificate, rating, or authorization issued simulated instrument conditions. under this part for a period of up to 1 (ii) In the case of Category III limita- year after the date of that act; or tions, a limitation is removed as speci- (2) Suspension or revocation of any fied in the authorization. certificate, rating, or authorization (4) To meet the experience require- issued under this part. ments of paragraph (c)(3) of this sec- (c) For the purposes of paragraphs tion, and for the practical test required (d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor by this part for a Category II or a Cat- vehicle action means: egory III pilot authorization, a flight (1) A conviction after November 29, simulator or flight training device may 1990, for the violation of any Federal or be used if it is approved by the Admin- State statute relating to the operation istrator for such use. of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by

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alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- (1) Denial of an application for any cohol or a drug, or while under the in- certificate, rating, or authorization fluence of alcohol or a drug; issued under this part for a period of up (2) The cancellation, suspension, or to 1 year after the date of the motor revocation of a license to operate a vehicle action; or motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, (2) Suspension or revocation of any for a cause related to the operation of certificate, rating, or authorization a motor vehicle while intoxicated by issued under this part. alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- cohol or a drug, or while under the in- § 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol fluence of alcohol or a drug; or test or to furnish test results. (3) The denial after November 29, A refusal to submit to a test to indi- 1990, of an application for a license to cate the percentage by weight of alco- operate a motor vehicle for a cause re- hol in the blood, when requested by a lated to the operation of a motor vehi- law enforcement officer in accordance cle while intoxicated by alcohol or a with § 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a re- drug, while impaired by alcohol or a fusal to furnish or authorize the re- drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug. lease of the test results requested by (d) Except for a motor vehicle action the Administrator in accordance with that results from the same incident or § 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is arises out of the same factual cir- grounds for: cumstances, a motor vehicle action oc- (a) Denial of an application for any curring within 3 years of a previous certificate, rating, or authorization motor vehicle action is grounds for: issued under this part for a period of up (1) Denial of an application for any to 1 year after the date of that refusal; certificate, rating, or authorization or issued under this part for a period of up (b) Suspension or revocation of any to 1 year after the date of the last certificate, rating, or authorization motor vehicle action; or issued under this part. (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization § 61.17 Temporary certificate. issued under this part. (a) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- (e) Each person holding a certificate tor, or ground instructor certificate or issued under this part shall provide a rating is issued for up to 120 days, at written report of each motor vehicle which time a permanent certificate action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Se- will be issued to a person whom the Ad- curity Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box ministrator finds qualified under this 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not part. later than 60 days after the motor vehi- (b) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- cle action. The report must include: tor, or ground instructor certificate or (1) The person’s name, address, date rating expires: of birth, and airman certificate num- ber; (1) On the expiration date shown on (2) The type of violation that re- the certificate; sulted in the conviction or the admin- (2) Upon receipt of the permanent istrative action; certificate; or (3) The date of the conviction or ad- (3) Upon receipt of a notice that the ministrative action; certificate or rating sought is denied or (4) The State that holds the record of revoked. conviction or administrative action; and § 61.18 [Reserved] (5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same § 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor incident or arose out of the same fac- certificates and privileges. tual circumstances related to a pre- (a) General. (1) The holder of a certifi- viously reported motor vehicle action. cate with an expiration date may not, (f) Failure to comply with paragraph after that date, exercise the privileges (e) of this section is grounds for: of that certificate.

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(2) Except for a certificate issued exercise the privileges of that certifi- with an expiration date, a pilot certifi- cate after March 31, 2010. cate is valid unless it is surrendered, [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as suspended, or revoked. amended by Amdt. 61–118, 73 FR 10668, Feb. (b) Paper student pilot certificate. A 28, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, student pilot certificate issued under 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009; this part prior to April 1, 2016 expires: Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] (1) For student pilots who have not reached their 40th birthday, 60 calendar § 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a months after the month of the date of Category III pilot authorization (for examination shown on the medical cer- other than part 121 and part 135 tificate. use). (2) For student pilots who have (a) A Category II pilot authorization reached their 40th birthday, 24 calendar or a Category III pilot authorization months after the month of the date of expires at the end of the sixth calendar examination shown on the medical cer- month after the month in which it was tificate. issued or renewed. (b) Upon passing a practical test for a (3) For student pilots seeking a glider Category II or Category III pilot au- rating, balloon rating, or a sport pilot thorization, the authorization may be certificate, 60 calendar months after renewed for each type of aircraft for the month of the date issued, regard- which the authorization is held. less of the person’s age. (c) A Category II or Category III pilot (c) Pilot certificates. (1) A pilot certifi- authorization for a specific type air- cate (including a student pilot certifi- craft for which an authorization is held cate issued after April 1, 2016 issued will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar under this part is issued without a spe- months from the month the practical cific expiration date. test was accomplished in that type air- (2) The holder of a pilot certificate craft. issued on the basis of a foreign pilot li- (d) If the holder of a Category II or cense may exercise the privileges of Category III pilot authorization passes that certificate only while that per- the practical test for a renewal in the son’s foreign pilot license is effective. month before the authorization ex- pires, the holder is considered to have (d) Flight instructor certificate. Except passed it during the month the author- as specified in § 61.197(b), a flight in- ization expired. structor certificate expires 24 calendar months from the month in which it § 61.23 Medical certificates: Require- was issued, renewed, or reinstated, as ment and duration. appropriate. (a) Operations requiring a medical cer- (e) Ground instructor certificate. A tificate. Except as provided in para- ground instructor certificate is issued graphs (b) and (c) of this section, a per- without a specific expiration date. son— (f) Return of certificates. The holder of (1) Must hold a first-class medical any airman certificate that is issued certificate: under this part, and that has been sus- (i) When exercising the pilot-in-com- pended or revoked, must return that mand privileges of an airline transport certificate to the FAA when requested pilot certificate; to do so by the Administrator. (ii) When exercising the second-in- command privileges of an airline trans- (g) Duration of pilot certificates. Ex- port pilot certificate in a flag or sup- cept for a temporary certificate issued plemental operation in part 121 of this under § 61.17 or a student pilot certifi- chapter that requires three or more pi- cate issued under paragraph (b) of this lots; or section, the holder of a paper pilot cer- (iii) When serving as a required pilot tificate issued under this part may not flightcrew member in an operation conducted under part 121 of this chap- ter if the pilot has reached his or her 60th birthday.

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(2) Must hold at least a second class (5) When exercising the privileges of medical certificate when exercising: a flight instructor certificate if the (i) Second-in-command privileges of person is not acting as pilot in com- an airline transport pilot certificate in mand or serving as a required pilot part 121 of this chapter (other than op- flight crewmember; erations specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) (6) When exercising the privileges of of this section); or a ground instructor certificate; (ii) Privileges of a commercial pilot (7) When serving as an Examiner or certificate; or check airman and administering a (3) Must hold at least a third-class practical test or proficiency check for medical certificate— an airman certificate, rating, or au- (i) When exercising the privileges of a thorization conducted in a glider, bal- private pilot certificate, recreational loon, flight simulator, or flight train- pilot certificate, or student pilot cer- ing device; tificate, except when operating under (8) When taking a practical test or a the conditions and limitations set proficiency check for a certificate, rat- forth in § 61.113(i); ing, authorization or operating privi- (ii) When exercising the privileges of lege conducted in a glider, balloon, a flight instructor certificate and act- flight simulator, or flight training de- ing as the pilot in command or as a re- vice; or quired flightcrew member, except when (9) When a military pilot of the U.S. operating under the conditions and Armed Forces can show evidence of an limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); up-to-date medical examination au- (iii) When taking a practical test in thorizing pilot flight status issued by an aircraft for a recreational pilot, pri- the U.S. Armed Forces and— vate pilot, commercial pilot, or airline (i) The flight does not require higher transport pilot certificate, or for a than a third-class medical certificate; flight instructor certificate, except and when operating under the conditions (ii) The flight conducted is a domes- and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); tic flight operation within U.S. air- or space. (iv) When performing the duties as an (c) Operations requiring either a med- Examiner in an aircraft when admin- ical certificate or U.S. driver’s license. (1) istering a practical test or proficiency A person must hold and possess either check for an airman certificate, rating, a medical certificate issued under part or authorization. 67 of this chapter or a U.S. driver’s li- (b) Operations not requiring a medical cense when— certificate. A person is not required to (i) Exercising the privileges of a stu- hold a medical certificate— dent pilot certificate while seeking (1) When exercising the privileges of sport pilot privileges in a light-sport a student pilot certificate while seek- aircraft other than a glider or balloon; ing— (ii) Exercising the privileges of a (i) A sport pilot certificate with glid- sport pilot certificate in a light-sport er or balloon privileges; or aircraft other than a glider or balloon; (ii) A pilot certificate with a glider (iii) Exercising the privileges of a category rating or balloon class rating; flight instructor certificate with a (2) When exercising the privileges of sport pilot rating while acting as pilot a sport pilot certificate with privileges in command or serving as a required in a glider or balloon; flight crewmember of a light-sport air- (3) When exercising the privileges of craft other than a glider or balloon; a pilot certificate with a glider cat- (iv) Serving as an Examiner and ad- egory rating or balloon class rating in ministering a practical test for the a glider or a balloon, as appropriate; issuance of a sport pilot certificate in a (4) When exercising the privileges of light-sport aircraft other than a glider a flight instructor certificate with— or balloon; (i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or (v) Exercising the privileges of a stu- balloon; or dent, recreational or private pilot cer- (ii) A glider category rating; tificate if the flight is conducted under

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the conditions and limitations set (C) Complete the medical education forth in § 61.113(i); or course set forth in § 68.3 of this chapter (vi) Exercising the privileges of a during the 24-calendar months before flight instructor certificate and acting acting as pilot in command in an oper- as the pilot in command or as a re- ation conducted under § 61.113(i) and re- quired flight crewmember if the flight tain a certification of course comple- is conducted under the conditions and tion in accordance with § 68.3(b)(1) of limitations set forth in § 61.113(i). this chapter; (2) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- (D) Receive a comprehensive medical cense to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) while exercising sport examination from a State-licensed pilot privileges must— physician during the 48 months before (i) Comply with each restriction and acting as pilot in command of an oper- limitation imposed by that person’s ation conducted under § 61.113(i) and U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or that medical examination is conducted administrative order applying to the in accordance with the requirements in operation of a motor vehicle; part 68 of this chapter; and (ii) Have been found eligible for the (E) If the individual has been diag- issuance of at least a third-class air- nosed with any medical condition that man medical certificate at the time of may impact the ability of the indi- his or her most recent application (if vidual to fly, be under the care and the person has applied for a medical treatment of a State-licensed physi- certificate); cian when acting as pilot in command (iii) Not have had his or her most re- of an operation conducted under cently issued medical certificate (if the § 61.113(i). person has held a medical certificate) (ii) The most recently issued medical suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of certificate— a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and (A) May include an authorization for (iv) Not know or have reason to know special issuance; of any medical condition that would (B) May be expired; and make that person unable to operate a (C) Cannot have been suspended or light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. revoked. (3) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- (iii) The most recently issued Au- cense to meet the requirements of thorization for a Special Issuance of a paragraph (c) while operating under Medical Certificate cannot have been the conditions and limitations of withdrawn; and § 61.113(i) must meet the following re- (iv) The most recent application for quirements— an airman medical certificate sub- (i) The person must— mitted to the FAA cannot have been (A) Comply with all medical require- ments or restrictions associated with completed and denied. his or her U.S. driver’s license; (d) Duration of a medical certificate. (B) At any point after July 14, 2006, Use the following table to determine have held a medical certificate issued duration for each class of medical cer- under part 67 of this chapter; tificate:

And on the date of examination If you hold for your most And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that recent med- requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the ical certificate you were

(1) A first-class (i) Under age an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in- 12th month after the month of the date of ex- medical cer- 40. command privileges, or for second-in-com- amination shown on the medical certificate. tificate. mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots.

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And on the date of examination If you hold for your most And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that recent med- requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the ical certificate you were

(ii) Age 40 or an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in- 6th month after the month of the date of ex- older. command privileges, for second-in-com- amination shown on the medical certificate. mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots, or for a pilot flightcrew member in part 121 operations who has reached his or her 60th birthday.. (iii) Any age .. a commercial pilot certificate or an air traffic 12th month after the month of the date of ex- control tower operator certificate. amination shown on the medical certificate. (iv) Under a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- age 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification). (v) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(2) A second- (i) Any age ... an airline transport pilot certificate for second- 12th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- in-command privileges (other than the oper- amination shown on the medical certificate. ical certifi- ations specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this cate. section), a commercial pilot certificate, or an air traffic control tower operator certifi- cate. (ii) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification). (iii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(3) A third- (i) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. ical certifi- (when acting as pilot in command or a re- cate. quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification). (ii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

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[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43064, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, 2008; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–129, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16, 2011; Amdt. 61–129A, 77 FR 61721, Oct. 11, 2012; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017]

§ 61.25 Change of name. a request online to Airmen Services at http://www.faa.gov, and must be accom- (a) An application to change the panied by acceptable form of payment name on a certificate issued under this for the appropriate fee. part must be accompanied by the appli- cant’s: (b) A request for the replacement of a (1) Airman certificate; and lost or destroyed medical certificate (2) A copy of the marriage license, must be made: court order, or other document (1) By letter to the Department of verifying the name change. Transportation, FAA, Aerospace Med- (b) The documents in paragraph (a) of ical Certification Division, P.O. Box this section will be returned to the ap- 26200, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and plicant after inspection. must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as payable to the FAA; or amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. (2) In any other manner and form ap- 21, 2009] proved by the Administrator and must § 61.27 Voluntary surrender or ex- be accompanied by acceptable form of change of certificate. payment for the appropriate fee. (c) A request for the replacement of a (a) The holder of a certificate issued lost or destroyed knowledge test report under this part may voluntarily sur- must be made: render it for: (1) By letter to the Department of (1) Cancellation; Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi- (2) Issuance of a lower grade certifi- cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla- cate; or homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac- (3) Another certificate with specific companied by a check or money order ratings deleted. for the appropriate fee payable to the (b) Any request made under para- FAA; or graph (a) of this section must include (2) In any other manner and form ap- the following signed statement or its proved by the Administrator and must equivalent: ‘‘This request is made for be accompanied by acceptable form of my own reasons, with full knowledge payment for the appropriate fee. that my (insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be re- (d) The letter requesting replacement issued to me unless I again pass the of a lost or destroyed airman certifi- tests prescribed for its issuance.’’ cate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state: § 61.29 Replacement of a lost or de- (1) The name of the person; stroyed airman or medical certifi- (2) The permanent mailing address cate or knowledge test report. (including ZIP code), or if the perma- (a) A request for the replacement of a nent mailing address includes a post of- lost or destroyed airman certificate fice box number, then the person’s cur- issued under this part must be made: rent residential address; (1) By letter to the Department of (3) The certificate holder’s date and Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi- place of birth; and cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla- (4) Any information regarding the— homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac- (i) Grade, number, and date of companied by a check or money order issuance of the airman certificate and for the appropriate fee payable to the ratings, if appropriate; FAA; or (ii) Class of medical certificate, the (2) In any other manner and form ap- place and date of the medical exam, proved by the Administrator including name of the Airman Medical Examiner

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(AME), and the circumstances con- (3) The person shows that compliance cerning the loss of the original medical with paragraph (a) of this section is certificate, as appropriate; and impracticable for the flight or series of (iii) Date the knowledge test was flights; and taken, if appropriate. (4) The flight— (e) A person who has lost an airman (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train- certificate, medical certificate, or ing flight, test flight, or practical test knowledge test report may obtain, in a for a pilot certificate or rating; form or manner approved by the Ad- (ii) Is within the United States; ministrator, a document conveying (iii) Does not involve operations for temporary authority to exercise cer- compensation or hire unless the com- tificate privileges from the FAA pensation or hire involves payment for Aeromedical Certification Branch or the use of the aircraft for training or the Airman Certification Branch, as taking a practical test; and appropriate, and the: (iv) Involves only the carriage of (1) Document may be carried as an flight crewmembers considered essen- airman certificate, medical certificate, tial for the flight. or knowledge test report, as appro- (5) If the flight or series of flights priate, for up to 60 days pending the cannot be accomplished within the person’s receipt of a duplicate under time limit of the authorization, the paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, Administrator may authorize an addi- unless the person has been notified tional period of up to 60 days to accom- that the certificate has been suspended plish the flight or series of flights. or revoked. (c) Aircraft category, class, and type (2) Request for such a document must ratings: Limitations on the carriage of include the date on which a duplicate persons, or operating for compensation or certificate or knowledge test report hire. Unless a person holds a category, was previously requested. class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required) that applies to [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; the aircraft, that person may not act Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997; as pilot in command of an aircraft that Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43065, July 24, 2008; is carrying another person, or is oper- Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; ated for compensation or hire. That Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013] person also may not act as pilot in § 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi- command of that aircraft for com- tional training, and authorization pensation or hire. requirements. (d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on operating an air- (a) Type ratings required. A person craft as the pilot in command. To serve who acts as a pilot in command of any as the pilot in command of an aircraft, of the following aircraft must hold a a person must— type rating for that aircraft: (1) Hold the appropriate category, (1) Large aircraft (except lighter- class, and type rating (if a class or type than-air). rating is required) for the aircraft to be (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. flown; or (3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad- (2) Have received training required by ministrator through aircraft type cer- this part that is appropriate to the tificate procedures. pilot certification level, aircraft cat- (b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat- egory, class, and type rating (if a class ing. A person may be authorized to op- or type rating is required) for the air- erate without a type rating for up to 60 craft to be flown, and have received an days an aircraft requiring a type rat- endorsement for solo flight in that air- ing, provided— craft from an authorized instructor. (1) The Administrator has authorized (e) Additional training required for op- the flight or series of flights; erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as (2) The Administrator has deter- provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec- mined that an equivalent level of safe- tion, no person may act as pilot in ty can be achieved through the oper- command of a complex airplane, unless ating limitations on the authorization; the person has—

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(i) Received and logged ground and ance airplane, or in a full flight simu- flight training from an authorized in- lator or flight training device that is structor in a complex airplane, or in a representative of a high-performance full flight simulator or flight training airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or device that is representative of a com- (ii) The person has received ground plex airplane, and has been found pro- and flight training under an approved ficient in the operation and systems of training program and has satisfactorily the airplane; and completed a competency check under (ii) Received a one-time endorsement § 135.293 of this chapter in a high per- in the pilot’s logbook from an author- formance airplane, or in a full flight ized instructor who certifies the person simulator or flight training device that is proficient to operate a complex air- is representative of a high performance plane. airplane which must be documented in (2) The training and endorsement re- the pilot’s logbook or training record. quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- (g) Additional training required for op- tion is not required if— erating pressurized aircraft capable of op- (i) The person has logged flight time erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as as pilot in command of a complex air- provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec- plane, or in a full flight simulator or tion, no person may act as pilot in flight training device that is represent- command of a pressurized aircraft (an ative of a complex airplane prior to Au- aircraft that has a service ceiling or gust 4, 1997; or maximum operating altitude, which- (ii) The person has received ground ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), and flight training under an approved unless that person has received and training program and has satisfactorily logged ground training from an author- completed a competency check under ized instructor and obtained an en- § 135.293 of this chapter in a complex dorsement in the person’s logbook or airplane, or in a full flight simulator or training record from an authorized in- flight training device that is represent- structor who certifies the person has ative of a complex airplane which must satisfactorily accomplished the ground be documented in the pilot’s logbook or training. The ground training must in- training record. clude at least the following subjects: (f) Additional training required for op- (i) High-altitude aerodynamics and erating high-performance airplanes. (1) meteorology; Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) (ii) Respiration; of this section, no person may act as (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of pilot in command of a high-perform- hypoxia and any other high-altitude ance airplane (an airplane with an en- sickness; gine of more than 200 horsepower), un- (iv) Duration of consciousness with- less the person has— out supplemental oxygen; (i) Received and logged ground and (v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup- flight training from an authorized in- plemental oxygen; structor in a high-performance air- (vi) Causes and effects of gas expan- plane, or in a full flight simulator or sion and gas bubble formation; flight training device that is represent- (vii) Preventive measures for elimi- ative of a high-performance airplane, nating gas expansion, gas bubble for- and has been found proficient in the op- mation, and high-altitude sickness; eration and systems of the airplane; (viii) Physical phenomena and inci- and dents of decompression; and (ii) Received a one-time endorsement (ix) Any other physiological aspects in the pilot’s logbook from an author- of high-altitude flight. ized instructor who certifies the person (2) Except as provided in paragraph is proficient to operate a high-perform- (g)(3) of this section, no person may act ance airplane. as pilot in command of a pressurized (2) The training and endorsement re- aircraft unless that person has received quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec- and logged training from an authorized tion is not required if— instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or (i) The person has logged flight time in a full flight simulator or flight as pilot in command of a high-perform- training device that is representative

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of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained ceived an endorsement in the person’s an endorsement in the person’s logbook logbook from an authorized instructor or training record from an authorized who found the person proficient in the instructor who found the person pro- operation of a tailwheel airplane. The ficient in the operation of a pressurized flight training must include at least aircraft. The flight training must in- the following maneuvers and proce- clude at least the following subjects: dures: (i) Normal cruise flight operations (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; and landings; (ii) Proper emergency procedures for (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu- simulated rapid decompression without facturer has recommended against such actually depressurizing the aircraft; landings); and and (iii) Go-around procedures. (iii) Emergency descent procedures. (2) The training and endorsement re- (3) The training and endorsement re- quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec- quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of tion is not required if the person logged this section are not required if that pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel person can document satisfactory ac- airplane before April 15, 1991. complishment of any of the following (j) Additional training required for op- in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full erating a glider. (1) No person may act flight simulator or flight training de- as pilot in command of a glider— vice that is representative of a pressur- (i) Using ground-tow procedures, un- ized aircraft: less that person has satisfactorily ac- (i) Serving as pilot in command be- complished ground and flight training fore April 15, 1991; on ground-tow procedures and oper- (ii) Completing a pilot proficiency ations, and has received an endorse- check for a pilot certificate or rating ment from an authorized instructor before April 15, 1991; who certifies in that pilot’s logbook (iii) Completing an official pilot-in- that the pilot has been found proficient command check conducted by the mili- in ground-tow procedures and oper- tary services of the United States; or ations; (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command (ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless proficiency check under part 121, 125, that person has satisfactorily accom- or 135 of this chapter conducted by the plished ground and flight training on Administrator or by an approved pilot aerotow procedures and operations, and check airman. has received an endorsement from an (h) Additional aircraft type-specific authorized instructor who certifies in training. No person may serve as pilot that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has in command of an aircraft that the Ad- been found proficient in aerotow proce- ministrator has determined requires dures and operations; or aircraft type-specific training unless (iii) Using self-launch procedures, un- that person has— less that person has satisfactorily ac- (1) Received and logged type-specific complished ground and flight training training in the aircraft, or in a full on self-launch procedures and oper- flight simulator or flight training de- ations, and has received an endorse- vice that is representative of that type ment from an authorized instructor of aircraft; and who certifies in that pilot’s logbook (2) Received a logbook endorsement that the pilot has been found proficient from an authorized instructor who has in self-launch procedures and oper- found the person proficient in the oper- ations. ation of the aircraft and its systems. (2) The holder of a glider rating (i) Additional training required for op- issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid- erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as ered to be in compliance with the provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- training and logbook endorsement re- tion, no person may act as pilot in quirements of this paragraph for the command of a tailwheel airplane unless specific operating privilege for which that person has received and logged the holder is already qualified. flight training from an authorized in- (k) Additional training required for structor in a tailwheel airplane and re- night vision goggle operations. (1) Except

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as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of isfactory completion of any of the fol- this section, a person may act as pilot lowing pilot proficiency checks using in command of an aircraft using night night vision goggles in an aircraft: vision goggles only if that person re- (i) A pilot proficiency check on night ceives and logs ground training from vision goggle operations conducted by an authorized instructor and obtains a the U.S. Armed Forces. logbook or training record endorse- (ii) A pilot proficiency check on ment from an authorized instructor night vision goggle operations under who certifies the person completed the part 135 of this chapter conducted by ground training. The ground training an Examiner or Check Airman. must include the following subjects: (i) Applicable portions of this chapter (iii) A pilot proficiency check on that relate to night vision goggle limi- night vision goggle operations con- tations and flight operations; ducted by a night vision goggle manu- (ii) Aeromedical factors related to facturer or authorized instructor, when the use of night vision goggles, includ- the pilot— ing how to protect night vision, how (A) Is employed by a Federal, State, the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed county, or municipal law enforcement stresses that affect night vision, effects agency; and of lighting on night vision, cues used to (B) Has logged at least 20 hours as estimate distance and depth perception pilot in command in night vision gog- at night, and visual illusions; gle operations. (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- (l) Exceptions. (1) This section does gency operations of night vision goggle not require a category and class rating equipment; for aircraft not type-certificated as air- (iv) Night vision goggle performance planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter- and scene interpretation; and than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow- (v) Night vision goggle operation ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con- flight planning, including night terrain trol aircraft. interpretation and factors affecting (2) The rating limitations of this sec- terrain interpretation. (2) Except as provided under para- tion do not apply to— graph (k)(3) of this section, a person (i) An applicant when taking a prac- may act as pilot in command of an air- tical test given by an examiner; craft using night vision goggles only if (ii) The holder of a student pilot cer- that person receives and logs flight tificate; training from an authorized instructor (iii) The holder of a pilot certificate and obtains a logbook or training when operating an aircraft under the record endorsement from an authorized authority of— instructor who found the person pro- (A) A provisional type certificate; or ficient in the use of night vision gog- (B) An experimental certificate, un- gles. The flight training must include less the operation involves carrying a the following tasks: passenger; (i) Preflight and use of internal and (iv) The holder of a pilot certificate external aircraft lighting systems for with a lighter-than-air category rating night vision goggle operations; when operating a balloon; (ii) Preflight preparation of night vi- sion goggles for night vision goggle op- (v) The holder of a recreational pilot erations; certificate operating under the provi- (iii) Proper piloting techniques when sions of § 61.101(h); or using night vision goggles during the (vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer- , climb, enroute, descent, and tificate when operating a light-sport landing phases of flight; and aircraft. (iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as gency flight operations using night vi- amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. sion goggles. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, (3) The requirements under para- 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; not apply if a person can document sat- Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018]

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§ 61.33 Tests: General procedure. (b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade for the Tests prescribed by or under this part knowledge test. are given at times and places, and by persons designated by the Adminis- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as trator. amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, § 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; and passing grades. Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013] (a) An applicant for a knowledge test § 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or must have: other unauthorized conduct. (1) Received an endorsement, if re- (a) An applicant for a knowledge test quired by this part, from an authorized may not: instructor certifying that the applicant (1) Copy or intentionally remove any accomplished the appropriate ground- knowledge test; training or a home-study course re- (2) Give to another applicant or re- quired by this part for the certificate ceive from another applicant any part or rating sought and is prepared for the or copy of a knowledge test; knowledge test; (3) Give assistance on, or receive as- (2) After July 31, 2014, for the knowl- sistance on, a knowledge test during edge test for an airline transport pilot the period that test is being given; certificate with an airplane category (4) Take any part of a knowledge test multiengine class rating, a graduation on behalf of another person; certificate for the airline transport (5) Be represented by, or represent, pilot certification training program another person for a knowledge test; specified in § 61.156; and (6) Use any material or aid during the (3) Proper identification at the time period that the test is being given, un- of application that contains the appli- less specifically authorized to do so by cant’s— the Administrator; and (i) Photograph; (7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par- (ii) Signature; ticipate in any act prohibited by this (iii) Date of birth, which shows: paragraph. (A) For issuance of certificates other (b) An applicant who the Adminis- than the ATP certificate with an air- trator finds has committed an act pro- plane category multiengine class rat- hibited by paragraph (a) of this section ing, the applicant meets or will meet is prohibited, for 1 year after the date the age requirements of this part for of committing that act, from: the certificate sought before the expi- (1) Applying for any certificate, rat- ration date of the airman knowledge ing, or authorization issued under this test report; chapter; and (B) Prior to August 1, 2014, for (2) Applying for and taking any test issuance of an ATP certificate with an under this chapter. airplane category multiengine class (c) Any certificate or rating held by rating under the aeronautical experi- an applicant may be suspended or re- ence requirements of §§ 61.159 or 61.160, voked if the Administrator finds that the applicant is at least 21 years of age person has committed an act prohib- at the time of the knowledge test; and ited by paragraph (a) of this section. (C) After July 31, 2014, for issuance of an ATP certificate with an airplane § 61.39 Prerequisites for practical category multiengine class rating ob- tests. tained under the aeronautical experi- (a) Except as provided in paragraphs ence requirements of §§ 61.159 or 61.160, (b), (c), and (e) of this section, to be eli- the applicant is at least 18 years of age gible for a practical test for a certifi- at the time of the knowledge test; cate or rating issued under this part, (iv) If the permanent mailing address an applicant must: is a post office box number, then the (1) Pass the required knowledge test: applicant must provide a current resi- (i) Within the 24-calendar-month pe- dential address. riod preceding the month the applicant

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completes the practical test, if a chapter at the time of the practical knowledge test is required; or test and has satisfactorily accom- (ii) Within the 60-calendar month pe- plished that operator’s approved pilot- riod preceding the month the applicant in-command training or checking pro- completes the practical test for those gram; or applicants who complete the airline (2) As a flightcrew member by a part transport pilot certification training 119 certificate holder conducting oper- program in § 61.156 and pass the knowl- ations under part 121 of this chapter at edge test for an airline transport pilot the time of the practical test and has certificate with a multiengine class satisfactorily accomplished that opera- rating after July 31, 2014; tor’s approved initial training pro- (2) Present the knowledge test report gram; or at the time of application for the prac- (3) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a tical test, if a knowledge test is re- flight crewmember in U.S. military air quired; transport operations at the time of the (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished practical test and has completed the the required training and obtained the pilot in command aircraft qualification aeronautical experience prescribed by training program that is appropriate to this part for the certificate or rating the pilot certificate and rating sought. sought, and if applying for the prac- (c) An applicant for an airline trans- tical test with flight time accom- port pilot certificate with a rating plished under § 61.159(c), present a copy other than those ratings set forth in of the records required by paragraph (b) of this section may take § 135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) of this chapter; the practical test for that certificate or (4) Hold at least a third-class medical rating with an expired knowledge test certificate, if a medical certificate is report, provided that the applicant is required; employed: (5) Meet the prescribed age require- (1) As a flightcrew member by a part ment of this part for the issuance of 119 certificate holder conducting oper- the certificate or rating sought; ations under parts 125 or 135 of this (6) Have an endorsement, if required chapter at the time of the practical by this part, in the applicant’s logbook test and has satisfactorily accom- or training record that has been signed plished that operator’s approved pilot- by an authorized instructor who cer- in-command training or checking pro- tifies that the applicant— gram; or (i) Has received and logged training (2) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a time within 2 calendar months pre- flight crewmember in U.S. military air ceding the month of application in transport operations at the time of the preparation for the practical test; practical test and has completed the (ii) Is prepared for the required prac- pilot in command aircraft qualification tical test; and training program that is appropriate to (iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory the pilot certificate and rating sought. knowledge of the subject areas in (d) In addition to the requirements in which the applicant was deficient on paragraph (a) of this section, to be eli- the airman knowledge test; and gible for a practical test for an airline (7) Have a completed and signed ap- transport pilot certificate with an air- plication form. plane category multiengine class rat- (b) An applicant for an airline trans- ing or airline transport pilot certifi- port pilot certificate with an airplane cate obtained concurrently with an air- category multiengine class rating or an plane type rating, an applicant must: airline transport pilot certificate with (1) If the applicant passed the knowl- an airplane type rating may take the edge test after July 31, 2014, present the practical test with an expired knowl- graduation certificate for the airline edge test only if the applicant passed transport pilot certification training the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, program in § 61.156, at the time of appli- and is employed: cation for the practical test; (1) As a flightcrew member by a part (2) If applying for the practical test 119 certificate holder conducting oper- under the aeronautical experience re- ations under parts 125 or 135 of this quirements of § 61.160(a), the applicant

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must present the documents required (ii) A foreign contracting State to by that section to substantiate eligi- the Convention on International Civil bility; and Aviation. (3) If applying for the practical test (2) A flight instructor who is author- under the aeronautical experience re- ized to give such training by the licens- quirements of § 61.160(b), (c), or (d), the ing authority of a foreign contracting applicant must present an official tran- State to the Convention on Inter- script and certifying document from an national Civil Aviation, and the flight institution of higher education that training is given outside the United holds a letter of authorization from the States. Administrator under § 61.169. (b) A flight instructor described in (e) A person is not required to com- paragraph (a) of this section is only au- ply with the provisions of paragraph thorized to give endorsements to show (a)(6) of this section if that person: training given. (1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Conven- § 61.43 Practical tests: General proce- tion on International Civil Aviation dures. that authorizes at least the privileges (a) Completion of the practical test of the pilot certificate sought; for a certificate or rating consists of— (2) Is only applying for a type rating; (1) Performing the tasks specified in or the areas of operation for the airman (3) Is applying for an airline trans- certificate or rating sought; port pilot certificate or an additional (2) Demonstrating mastery of the air- rating to an airline transport pilot cer- craft by performing each task success- tificate in an aircraft that does not re- fully; quire an aircraft type rating practical (3) Demonstrating proficiency and test. competency within the approved stand- (f) If all increments of the practical ards; and test for a certificate or rating are not (4) Demonstrating sound judgment. completed on the same date, then all (b) The pilot flight crew complement the remaining increments of the test required during the practical test is must be completed within 2 calendar based on one of the following require- months after the month the applicant ments that applies to the aircraft being began the test. used on the practical test: (g) If all increments of the practical (1) If the aircraft’s FAA-approved test for a certificate or rating are not flight manual requires the pilot flight completed within 2 calendar months crew complement be a single pilot, after the month the applicant began then the applicant must demonstrate the test, the applicant must retake the single pilot proficiency on the prac- entire practical test. tical test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (2) If the aircraft’s type certification Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as data sheet requires the pilot flight amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. crew complement be a single pilot, 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, then the applicant must demonstrate 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; single pilot proficiency on the prac- Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30726, June 27, 2018] tical test. (3) If the FAA Flight Standardization § 61.41 Flight training received from Board report, FAA-approved aircraft flight instructors not certificated by flight manual, or aircraft type certifi- the FAA. cation data sheet allows the pilot (a) A person may credit flight train- flight crew complement to be either a ing toward the requirements of a pilot single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, certificate or rating issued under this then the applicant may demonstrate part, if that person received the train- single pilot proficiency or have a copi- ing from: lot on the practical test. If the appli- (1) A flight instructor of an Armed cant performs the practical test with a Force in a program for training mili- copilot, the limitation of ‘‘Second in tary pilots of either— Command Required’’ will be placed on (i) The United States; or the applicant’s pilot certificate. The

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limitation may be removed if the appli- (ii) Has a standard airworthiness cer- cant passes the practical test by dem- tificate or special airworthiness certifi- onstrating single-pilot proficiency in cate in the limited, primary, or light- the aircraft in which single-pilot privi- sport category. leges are sought. (2) At the discretion of the examiner (c) If an applicant fails any area of who administers the practical test, the operation, that applicant fails the applicant may furnish— practical test. (i) An aircraft that has an airworthi- (d) An applicant is not eligible for a ness certificate other than a standard certificate or rating sought until all airworthiness certificate or special air- the areas of operation are passed. worthiness certificate in the limited, (e) The examiner or the applicant primary, or light-sport category, but may discontinue a practical test at any that otherwise meets the requirements time: of paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (1) When the applicant fails one or (ii) An aircraft of the same category, more of the areas of operation; or class, and type, if applicable, of foreign (2) Due to inclement weather condi- registry that is properly certificated by tions, aircraft airworthiness, or any the country of registry; or other safety-of-flight concern. (iii) A military aircraft of the same (f) If a practical test is discontinued, category, class, and type, if aircraft the applicant is entitled credit for class and type are appropriate, for those areas of operation that were which the applicant is applying for a passed, but only if the applicant: certificate or rating, and provided— (1) Passes the remainder of the prac- (A) The aircraft is under the direct tical test within the 60-day period after operational control of the U.S. Armed the date the practical test was discon- Forces; tinued; (B) The aircraft is airworthy under (2) Presents to the examiner for the the maintenance standards of the U.S. retest the original notice of dis- Armed Forces; and approval form or the letter of dis- continuance form, as appropriate; (C) The applicant has a letter from (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any his or her commanding officer author- additional training needed and obtains izing the use of the aircraft for the the appropriate instructor endorse- practical test. ments, if additional training is re- (b) Required equipment (other than con- quired; and trols). (1) Except as provided in para- (4) Presents to the examiner for the graph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft retest a properly completed and signed used for a practical test must have— application. (i) The equipment for each area of op- eration required for the practical test; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (ii) No prescribed operating limita- amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, tions that prohibit its use in any of the 2018] areas of operation required for the practical test; § 61.45 Practical tests: Required air- (iii) Except as provided in paragraphs craft and equipment. (e) and (f) of this section, at least two (a) General. Except as provided in pilot stations with adequate visibility paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when for each person to operate the aircraft permitted to accomplish the entire safely; and flight increment of the practical test (iv) Cockpit and outside visibility in a flight simulator or a flight train- adequate to evaluate the performance ing device, an applicant for a certifi- of the applicant when an additional cate or rating issued under this part jump seat is provided for the examiner. must furnish: (2) An applicant for a certificate or (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for rating may use an aircraft with oper- each required test that— ating characteristics that preclude the (i) Is of the category, class, and type, applicant from performing all of the if applicable, for which the applicant is tasks required for the practical test. applying for a certificate or rating; and However, the applicant’s certificate or

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rating, as appropriate, will be issued passenger carriage and flight in a sin- with an appropriate limitation. gle-seat light-sport aircraft only.’’ (c) Required controls. Except for light- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; er-than-air aircraft, and a glider with- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; out an engine, an aircraft used for a Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. practical test must have engine power 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– controls and flight controls that are 124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009] easily reached and operable in a con- § 61.47 Status of an examiner who is ventional manner by both pilots, un- authorized by the Administrator to less the Examiner determines that the conduct practical tests. practical test can be conducted safely (a) An examiner represents the Ad- in the aircraft without the controls ministrator for the purpose of con- easily reached by the Examiner. ducting practical tests for certificates (d) Simulated instrument flight equip- and ratings issued under this part and ment. An applicant for a practical test to observe an applicant’s ability to per- that involves maneuvering an aircraft form the areas of operation on the solely by reference to instruments practical test. must furnish: (b) The examiner is not the pilot in (1) Equipment on board the aircraft command of the aircraft during the that permits the applicant to pass the practical test unless the examiner areas of operation that apply to the agrees to act in that capacity for the rating sought; and flight or for a portion of the flight by (2) A device that prevents the appli- prior arrangement with: (1) The applicant; or cant from having visual reference out- (2) A person who would otherwise act side the aircraft, but does not prevent as pilot in command of the flight or for the examiner from having visual ref- a portion of the flight. erence outside the aircraft, and is oth- (c) Notwithstanding the type of air- erwise acceptable to the Adminis- craft used during the practical test, the trator. applicant and the examiner (and any (e) Aircraft with single controls. A other occupants authorized to be on practical test may be conducted in an board by the examiner) are not subject aircraft having a single set of controls, to the requirements or limitations for provided the: the carriage of passengers that are (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the specified in this chapter. test; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (2) Test does not involve a dem- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997] onstration of instrument skills; and (3) Proficiency of the applicant can § 61.49 Retesting after failure. be observed by an examiner who is in a (a) An applicant for a knowledge or position to observe the applicant. practical test who fails that test may (f) Light-sport aircraft with a single reapply for the test only after the ap- seat. A practical test for a sport pilot plicant has received: certificate may be conducted in a (1) The necessary training from an light-sport aircraft having a single seat authorized instructor who has deter- provided that the— mined that the applicant is proficient (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the to pass the test; and (2) An endorsement from an author- test; ized instructor who gave the applicant (2) Examiner is in a position to ob- the additional training. serve the operation of the aircraft and (b) An applicant for a flight instruc- evaluate the proficiency of the appli- tor certificate with an airplane cat- cant; and egory rating or, for a flight instructor (3) Pilot certificate of an applicant certificate with a glider category rat- successfully passing the test is issued a ing, who has failed the practical test pilot certificate with a limitation ‘‘No due to deficiencies in instructional pro- ficiency on stall awareness, entry, spins, or spin recovery must:

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(1) Comply with the requirements of (iii) Simulated instrument conditions paragraph (a) of this section before in flight, a full flight simulator, flight being retested; training device, or aviation training (2) Bring an aircraft to the retest device. that is of the appropriate aircraft cat- (iv) Use of night vision goggles in an egory for the rating sought and is cer- aircraft in flight, in a full flight simu- tificated for spins; and lator, or in a flight training device. (3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc- (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot tional proficiency on stall awareness, time described in this section may be spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to used to: an examiner during the retest. (1) Apply for a certificate or rating § 61.51 Pilot logbooks. issued under this part or a privilege au- thorized under this part; or (a) Training time and aeronautical ex- (2) Satisfy the recent flight experi- perience. Each person must document ence requirements of this part. and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the Adminis- (d) Logging of solo flight time. Except trator: for a student pilot performing the du- (1) Training and aeronautical experi- ties of pilot in command of an airship ence used to meet the requirements for requiring more than one pilot flight a certificate, rating, or flight review of crewmember, a pilot may log as solo this part. flight time only that flight time when (2) The aeronautical experience re- the pilot is the sole occupant of the quired for meeting the recent flight ex- aircraft. perience requirements of this part. (e) Logging pilot-in-command flight (b) Logbook entries. For the purposes time. (1) A sport, recreational, private, of meeting the requirements of para- commercial, or airline transport pilot graph (a) of this section, each person may log pilot in command flight time must enter the following information for flights- for each flight or lesson logged: (i) Except when logging flight time (1) General— under § 61.159(c), when the pilot is the (i) Date. sole manipulator of the controls of an (ii) Total flight time or lesson time. aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or (iii) Location where the aircraft de- has sport pilot privileges for that cat- parted and arrived, or for lessons in a egory and class of aircraft, if the air- full flight simulator or flight training craft class rating is appropriate; device, the location where the lesson (ii) When the pilot is the sole occu- occurred. pant in the aircraft; (iv) Type and identification of air- (iii) When the pilot, except for a craft, full flight simulator, flight train- holder of a sport or recreational pilot ing device, or aviation training device, certificate, acts as pilot in command of as appropriate. an aircraft for which more than one (v) The name of a safety pilot, if re- pilot is required under the type certifi- quired by § 91.109 of this chapter. cation of the aircraft or the regula- (2) Type of pilot experience or train- ing— tions under which the flight is con- (i) Solo. ducted; or (ii) Pilot in command. (iv) When the pilot performs the du- (iii) Second in command. ties of pilot in command while under (iv) Flight and ground training re- the supervision of a qualified pilot in ceived from an authorized instructor. command provided— (v) Training received in a full flight (A) The pilot performing the duties of simulator, flight training device, or pilot in command holds a commercial aviation training device from an au- or airline transport pilot certificate thorized instructor. and aircraft rating that is appropriate (3) Conditions of flight— to the category and class of aircraft (i) Day or night. being flown, if a class rating is appro- (ii) Actual instrument. priate;

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(B) The pilot performing the duties of (5) A commercial pilot or airline pilot in command is undergoing an ap- transport pilot may log all flight time proved pilot in command training pro- while acting as pilot in command of an gram that includes ground and flight operation in accordance with § 135.99(c) training on the following areas of oper- of this chapter if the flight is con- ation— ducted in accordance with an approved (1) Preflight preparation; second-in-command professional devel- (2) Preflight procedures; opment program that meets the re- (3) Takeoff and departure; quirements of § 135.99(c) of this chapter. (4) In-flight maneuvers; (f) Logging second-in-command flight (5) Instrument procedures; time. A person may log second-in-com- (6) Landings and approaches to land- mand time only for that flight time ings; during which that person: (7) Normal and abnormal procedures; (1) Is qualified in accordance with the (8) Emergency procedures; and second-in-command requirements of (9) Postflight procedures; § 61.55, and occupies a crewmember sta- (C) The supervising pilot in command tion in an aircraft that requires more holds— than one pilot by the aircraft’s type (1) A commercial pilot certificate and certificate; flight instructor certificate, and air- (2) Holds the appropriate category, craft rating that is appropriate to the class, and instrument rating (if an in- category, class, and type of aircraft strument rating is required for the being flown, if a class or type rating is flight) for the aircraft being flown, and required; or more than one pilot is required under (2) An airline transport pilot certifi- the type certification of the aircraft or cate and aircraft rating that is appro- the regulations under which the flight priate to the category, class, and type is being conducted; or of aircraft being flown, if a class or (3) Serves as second in command in type rating is required; and operations conducted in accordance (D) The supervising pilot in command with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a logs the pilot in command training in second pilot is not required under the the pilot’s logbook, certifies the pilot type certification of the aircraft or the in command training in the pilot’s log- regulations under which the flight is book and attests to that certification being conducted, provided the require- with his or her signature, and flight in- ments in § 61.159(c) are satisfied. structor certificate number. (g) Logging instrument time. (1) A per- (2) If rated to act as pilot in com- son may log instrument time only for mand of the aircraft, an airline trans- that flight time when the person oper- port pilot may log all flight time while ates the aircraft solely by reference to acting as pilot in command of an oper- instruments under actual or simulated ation requiring an airline transport instrument flight conditions. pilot certificate. (2) An authorized instructor may log (3) A certificated flight instructor instrument time when conducting in- may log pilot in command flight time strument flight instruction in actual for all flight time while serving as the instrument flight conditions. authorized instructor in an operation if (3) For the purposes of logging in- the instructor is rated to act as pilot in strument time to meet the recent in- command of that aircraft. strument experience requirements of (4) A student pilot may log pilot-in- § 61.57(c) of this part, the following in- command time only when the student formation must be recorded in the per- pilot— son’s logbook— (i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft (i) The location and type of each in- or is performing the duties of pilot of strument approach accomplished; and command of an airship requiring more (ii) The name of the safety pilot, if than one pilot flight crewmember; required. (ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as (4) A person may use time in a full required under § 61.87 of this part; and flight simulator, flight training device, (iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot or aviation training device for acquir- certificate or rating. ing instrument aeronautical experience

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for a pilot certificate or rating pro- (i) That exceed 50 nautical miles vided an authorized instructor is from the airport at which training was present to observe that time and signs received; the person’s logbook or training record (ii) Within airspace that requires to verify the time and the content of communication with air traffic con- the training session. trol; (5) A person may use time in a full (iii) Conducted between sunset and flight simulator, flight training device, sunrise; or or aviation training device for satis- (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot fying instrument recency experience does not hold an appropriate category requirements provided a logbook or or class rating. training record is maintained to speci- fy the training device, time, and the (5) A flight instructor with a sport content. pilot rating must carry his or her log- (h) Logging training time. (1) A person book or other evidence of required au- may log training time when that per- thorized instructor endorsements on son receives training from an author- all flights when providing flight train- ized instructor in an aircraft, full ing. flight simulator, flight training device, (j) Aircraft requirements for logging or aviation training device. flight time. For a person to log flight (2) The training time must be logged time, the time must be acquired in an in a logbook and must: aircraft that is identified as an aircraft (i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by under § 61.5(b), and is— the authorized instructor; and (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with (ii) Include a description of the train- either a standard or special airworthi- ing given, the length of the training ness certificate; lesson, and the authorized instructor’s (2) An aircraft of foreign registry signature, certificate number, and cer- with an airworthiness certificate that tificate expiration date. is approved by the aviation authority (i) Presentation of required documents. of a foreign country that is a Member (1) Persons must present their pilot State to the Convention on Inter- certificate, medical certificate, log- national Civil Aviation Organization; book, or any other record required by (3) A military aircraft under the di- this part for inspection upon a reason- rect operational control of the U.S. able request by— Armed Forces; or (i) The Administrator; (4) A public aircraft under the direct (ii) An authorized representative operational control of a Federal, State, from the National Transportation Safe- county, or municipal law enforcement ty Board; or agency, if the flight time was acquired (iii) Any Federal, State, or local law by the pilot while engaged on an offi- enforcement officer. cial law enforcement flight for a Fed- (2) A student pilot must carry the eral, State, County, or Municipal law following items in the aircraft on all enforcement agency. solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required authorized instructor (k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1) clearances and endorsements— A person may log night vision goggle (i) Pilot logbook; time only for the time the person uses (ii) Student pilot certificate; and night vision goggles as the primary vis- (iii) Any other record required by ual reference of the surface and oper- this section. ates: (3) A sport pilot must carry his or her (i) An aircraft during a night vision logbook or other evidence of required goggle operation; or authorized instructor endorsements on (ii) A full flight simulator or flight all flights. training device with the lighting sys- (4) A recreational pilot must carry tem adjusted to represent the period his or her logbook with the required beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- authorized instructor endorsements on ing 1 hour before sunrise. all solo flights—

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(2) An authorized instructor may log ging pilot time in aircraft as specified night vision goggle time when that per- in § 61.51; son conducts training using night vi- (3) Obtain the aeronautical experi- sion goggles as the primary visual ref- ence in a category and class of vehicle erence of the surface and operates: corresponding to the rating or privilege (i) An aircraft during a night goggle sought; and operation; or (4) Provide the FAA with a certified (ii) A full flight simulator or flight copy of his or her ultralight pilot training device with the lighting sys- records from an FAA-recognized ultra- tem adjusted to represent the period light organization, that — beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- (i) Document that he or she is a reg- ing 1 hour before sunrise. istered ultralight pilot with that FAA- (3) To log night vision goggle time to recognized ultralight organization; and meet the recent night vision goggle ex- (ii) Indicate that he or she is recog- perience requirements under § 61.57(f), a nized to operate the category and class person must log the information re- of aircraft for which sport pilot privi- quired under § 61.51(b). leges are sought. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 § 61.53 Prohibition on operations dur- FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR ing medical deficiency. 30277, June 27, 2018] (a) Operations that require a medical § 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience certificate. Except as provided for in obtained in ultralight vehicles. paragraph (b) of this section, no person (a) Before January 31, 2012, a person who holds a medical certificate issued may use aeronautical experience ob- under part 67 of this chapter may act tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet as pilot in command, or in any other the requirements for the following cer- capacity as a required pilot flight tificates and ratings issued under this crewmember, while that person: part: (1) Knows or has reason to know of (1) A sport pilot certificate. any medical condition that would (2) A flight instructor certificate make the person unable to meet the re- with a sport pilot rating; quirements for the medical certificate (3) A private pilot certificate with a necessary for the pilot operation; or weight-shift-control or powered para- (2) Is taking medication or receiving chute category rating. other treatment for a medical condi- (b) Before January 31, 2012, a person tion that results in the person being may use aeronautical experience ob- unable to meet the requirements for tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the medical certificate necessary for the provisions of § 61.69. the pilot operation. (c) A person using aeronautical expe- (b) Operations that do not require a rience obtained in an ultralight vehicle medical certificate. For operations pro- to meet the requirements for a certifi- vided for in § 61.23(b) of this part, a per- cate or rating specified in paragraph son shall not act as pilot in command, (a) of this section or the requirements or in any other capacity as a required of paragraph (b) of this section must— pilot flight crewmember, while that (1) Have been a registered ultralight person knows or has reason to know of pilot with an FAA-recognized ultra- any medical condition that would light organization when that aero- make the person unable to operate the nautical experience was obtained; aircraft in a safe manner. (2) Document and log that aero- (c) Operations requiring a medical cer- nautical experience in accordance with tificate or a U.S. driver’s license. For op- the provisions for logging aeronautical erations provided for in § 61.23(c), a per- experience specified by an FAA-recog- son must meet the provisions of— nized ultralight organization and in ac- (1) Paragraph (a) of this section if cordance with the provisions for log- that person holds a medical certificate

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issued under part 67 of this chapter and (i) Three takeoffs and three landings does not hold a U.S. driver’s license. to a full stop as the sole manipulator of (2) Paragraph (b) of this section if the flight controls; that person holds a U.S. driver’s li- (ii) Engine-out procedures and ma- cense. neuvering with an engine out while [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as executing the duties of pilot in com- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July mand; and 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, (iii) Crew resource management 2009] training. (c) If a person complies with the re- § 61.55 Second-in-command qualifica- quirements in paragraph (b) of this sec- tions. tion in the calendar month before or (a) A person may serve as a second- the calendar month after the month in in-command of an aircraft type certifi- which compliance with this section is cated for more than one required pilot required, then that person is consid- flight crewmember or in operations re- ered to have accomplished the training quiring a second-in-command pilot and practice in the month it is due. flight crewmember only if that person (d) A person may receive a second-in- holds: command pilot type rating for an air- (1) At least a private pilot certificate craft after satisfactorily completing with the appropriate category and the second-in-command familiarization class rating; and training requirements under paragraph (2) An instrument rating or privilege (b) of this section in that type of air- that applies to the aircraft being flown craft provided the training was com- if the flight is under IFR; and pleted within the 12 calendar months (3) At least a pilot type rating for the before the month of application for the aircraft being flown unless the flight SIC pilot type rating. The person must will be conducted as domestic flight operations within the United States comply with the following application airspace. and pilot certification procedures: (b) Except as provided in paragraph (1) The person who provided the (e) of this section, no person may serve training must sign the applicant’s log- as a second-in-command of an aircraft book or training record after each les- type certificated for more than one re- son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of quired pilot flight crewmember or in this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is operations requiring a second-in-com- permissible for a qualified management mand unless that person has within the official within the organization to sign previous 12 calendar months: the applicant’s training records or log- (1) Become familiar with the fol- book and make the required endorse- lowing information for the specific ment. The qualified management offi- type aircraft for which second-in-com- cial must hold the position of Chief mand privileges are requested— Pilot, Director of Training, Director of (i) Operational procedures applicable Operations, or another comparable to the powerplant, equipment, and sys- management position within the orga- tems. nization that provided the training and (ii) Performance specifications and must be in a position to verify the ap- limitations. plicant’s training records and that the (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- training was given. gency operating procedures. (2) The trainer or qualified manage- (iv) Flight manual. ment official must make an endorse- (v) Placards and markings. ment in the applicant’s logbook that (2) Except as provided in paragraph states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot (g) of this section, performed and Certificate Number] has demonstrated logged pilot time in the type of aircraft the skill and knowledge required for or in a flight simulator that represents the safe operation of the [Type of Air- the type of aircraft for which second- craft], relevant to the duties and re- in-command privileges are requested, sponsibilities of a second in com- which includes— mand.’’

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(3) If the applicant’s flight experience must be in a position to verify the ap- and/or training records are in an elec- plicant’s training records and that the tronic form, the applicant must training was given. present a paper copy of those records (2) The trainer or qualified manage- containing the signature of the trainer ment official must make an endorse- or qualified management official to a ment in the applicant’s logbook that Flight Standards office or Examiner. states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot (4) The applicant must complete and Certificate Number] has demonstrated sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- the skill and knowledge required for ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and the safe operation of the [Type of Air- present the application to a Flight craft], relevant to the duties and re- Standards office or to an Examiner. sponsibilities of a second in com- (5) The person who provided the mand.’’ ground and flight training to the appli- (3) If the applicant’s flight experience cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- and/or training records are in an elec- ommendation’’ section of the Airman tronic form, the applicant must pro- Certificate and/or Rating Application, vide a paper copy of those records con- FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, taining the signature of the trainer or it is permissible for a qualified man- qualified management official to a agement official within the organiza- Flight Standards office, an Examiner, tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form or an Aircrew Program Designee. 8710–1. (4) The applicant must complete and (6) The applicant must appear in per- sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- son at a Flight Standards office or to ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and an Examiner with his or her logbook/ present the application to a Flight training records and with the com- Standards office or to an Examiner or pleted and signed FAA Form 8710–1. to an authorized Aircrew Program Des- (7) There is no practical test required ignee. for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges (5) The person who provided the Only’’ pilot type rating. ground and flight training to the appli- (e) A person may receive a second-in- cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- command pilot type rating for the type ommendation’’ section of the Airman of aircraft after satisfactorily com- Certificate and/or Rating Application, pleting an approved second-in-com- FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, mand training program, proficiency it is permissible for a qualified man- check, or competency check under sub- agement official within the organiza- part K of part 91, part 125, or part 135, tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form as appropriate, in that type of aircraft 8710–1. provided the training was completed (6) The applicant must appear in per- within the 12 calendar months before son at a Flight Standards office or to the month of application for the SIC an Examiner or to an authorized Air- pilot type rating. The person must crew Program Designee with his or her comply with the following application logbook/training records and with the and pilot certification procedures: completed and signed FAA Form 8710– (1) The person who provided the 1. training must sign the applicant’s log- (7) There is no practical test required book or training record after each les- for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of Only’’ pilot type rating. this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is (f) The familiarization training re- permissible for a qualified management quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- official within the organization to sign tion do not apply to a person who is: the applicant’s training records or log- (1) Designated and qualified as pilot book and make the required endorse- in command under subpart K of part 91, ment. The qualified management offi- part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in cial must hold the position of Chief that specific type of aircraft; Pilot, Director of Training, Director of (2) Designated as the second in com- Operations, or another comparable mand under subpart K of part 91, part management position within the orga- 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that nization that provided the training and specific type of aircraft;

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(3) Designated as the second in com- part 135 for the particular type of air- mand in that specific type of aircraft craft. for the purpose of receiving flight [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; training required by this section, and Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; no passengers or cargo are carried on Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; the aircraft; or Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. (4) Designated as a safety pilot for 61–109, 70 FR 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61–124, purposes required by § 91.109 of this 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR chapter. 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. (g) The holder of a commercial or air- 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] line transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class rating § 61.56 Flight review. is not required to meet the require- (a) Except as provided in paragraphs ments of paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- (b) and (f) of this section, a flight re- tion, provided the pilot: view consists of a minimum of 1 hour (1) Is conducting a ferry flight, air- of flight training and 1 hour of ground craft flight test, or evaluation flight of training. The review must include: an aircraft’s equipment; and (1) A review of the current general (2) Is not carrying any person or operating and flight rules of part 91 of property on board the aircraft, other this chapter; and than necessary for conduct of the (2) A review of those maneuvers and flight. procedures that, at the discretion of (h) For the purpose of meeting the re- the person giving the review, are nec- quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- essary for the pilot to demonstrate the tion, a person may serve as second in safe exercise of the privileges of the command in that specific type aircraft, pilot certificate. provided: (b) Glider pilots may substitute a (1) The flight is conducted under day minimum of three instructional flights VFR or day IFR; and in a glider, each of which includes a (2) No person or property is carried flight to traffic pattern altitude, in on board the aircraft, other than nec- lieu of the 1 hour of flight training re- essary for conduct of the flight. quired in paragraph (a) of this section. (i) The training under paragraphs (b) (c) Except as provided in paragraphs and (d) of this section and the training, (d), (e), and (g) of this section, no per- proficiency check, and competency son may act as pilot in command of an check under paragraph (e) of this sec- aircraft unless, since the beginning of tion may be accomplished in a flight the 24th calendar month before the simulator that is used in accordance month in which that pilot acts as pilot with an approved training course con- in command, that person has— ducted by a training center certificated (1) Accomplished a flight review under part 142 of this chapter or under given in an aircraft for which that subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 pilot is rated by an authorized instruc- tor and of this chapter. (2) A logbook endorsed from an au- (j) When an applicant for an initial thorized instructor who gave the re- second-in-command qualification for a view certifying that the person has sat- particular type of aircraft receives all isfactorily completed the review. the training in a flight simulator, that (d) A person who has, within the pe- applicant must satisfactorily complete riod specified in paragraph (c) of this one takeoff and one landing in an air- section, passed any of the following craft of the same type for which the need not accomplish the flight review qualification is sought. This require- required by this section: ment does not apply to an applicant (1) A pilot proficiency check or prac- who completes a proficiency check tical test conducted by an examiner, an under part 121 or competency check approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege.

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(2) A practical test conducted by an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the examiner for the issuance of a flight in- pilot is rated. structor certificate, an additional rat- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ing on a flight instructor certificate, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; renewal of a flight instructor certifi- Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. cate, or reinstatement of a flight in- 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61– structor certificate. 131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013] (e) A person who has, within the pe- riod specified in paragraph (c) of this § 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot section, satisfactorily accomplished in command. one or more phases of an FAA-spon- (a) General experience. (1) Except as sored pilot proficiency award program provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- need not accomplish the flight review tion, no person may act as a pilot in required by this section. command of an aircraft carrying pas- (f) A person who holds a flight in- sengers or of an aircraft certificated structor certificate and who has, with- for more than one pilot flight crew- in the period specified in paragraph (c) member unless that person has made at of this section, satisfactorily com- least three takeoffs and three landings pleted a renewal of a flight instructor within the preceding 90 days, and— certificate under the provisions in (i) The person acted as the sole ma- § 61.197 need not accomplish the one nipulator of the flight controls; and hour of ground training specified in (ii) The required takeoffs and land- paragraph (a) of this section. ings were performed in an aircraft of (g) A student pilot need not accom- the same category, class, and type (if a plish the flight review required by this type rating is required), and, if the air- section provided the student pilot is craft to be flown is an airplane with a undergoing training for a certificate tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings and has a current solo flight endorse- must have been made to a full stop in ment as required under § 61.87 of this an airplane with a tailwheel. part. (2) For the purpose of meeting the re- (h) The requirements of this section quirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this may be accomplished in combination section, a person may act as a pilot in with the requirements of § 61.57 and command of an aircraft under day VFR other applicable recent experience re- or day IFR, provided no persons or quirements at the discretion of the au- property are carried on board the air- craft, other than those necessary for thorized instructor conducting the the conduct of the flight. flight review. (3) The takeoffs and landings re- (i) A flight simulator or flight train- quired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- ing device may be used to meet the tion may be accomplished in a full flight review requirements of this sec- flight simulator or flight training de- tion subject to the following condi- vice that is— tions: (i) Approved by the Administrator for (1) The flight simulator or flight landings; and training device must be used in accord- (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- ance with an approved course con- proved course conducted by a training ducted by a training center certificated center certificated under part 142 of under part 142 of this chapter. this chapter. (2) Unless the flight review is under- (b) Night takeoff and landing experi- taken in a flight simulator that is ap- ence. (1) Except as provided in para- proved for landings, the applicant must graph (e) of this section, no person may meet the takeoff and landing require- act as pilot in command of an aircraft ments of § 61.57(a) or § 61.57(b) of this carrying passengers during the period part. beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- (3) The flight simulator or flight ing 1 hour before sunrise, unless within training device used must represent an the preceding 90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three

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landings to a full stop during the pe- conditions. A person may complete the riod beginning 1 hour after sunset and instrument experience in any combina- ending 1 hour before sunrise, and— tion of an aircraft, full flight simu- (i) That person acted as sole manipu- lator, flight training device, or avia- lator of the flight controls; and tion training device. (ii) The required takeoffs and land- (3) Maintaining instrument recent ings were performed in an aircraft of experience in a glider. the same category, class, and type (if a (i) Within the 6 calendar months pre- type rating is required). ceding the month of the flight, that (2) The takeoffs and landings re- person must have performed and logged quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- at least the following instrument cur- tion may be accomplished in a full rency tasks, iterations, and flight flight simulator that is— time, and the instrument currency (i) Approved by the Administrator for must have been performed in actual takeoffs and landings, if the visual sys- weather conditions or under simulated tem is adjusted to represent the period weather conditions— described in paragraph (b)(1) of this (A) One hour of instrument flight section; and time in a glider or in a single engine (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- airplane using a view-limiting device proved course conducted by a training while performing interception and center certificated under part 142 of tracking courses through the use of this chapter. navigation electronic systems. (c) Instrument experience. Except as (B) Two hours of instrument flight provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- time in a glider or a single engine air- tion, a person may act as pilot in com- plane with the use of a view-limiting mand under IFR or weather conditions device while performing straight less than the minimums prescribed for glides, turns to specific headings, steep VFR only if: turns, flight at various airspeeds, navi- (1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, hel- gation, and slow flight and stalls. icopter, or airship for maintaining instru- (ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry ment experience. Within the 6 calendar a passenger in a glider under IFR or in months preceding the month of the weather conditions less than the mini- flight, that person performed and mums prescribed for VFR, that pilot logged at least the following tasks and must— iterations in an airplane, powered-lift, (A) Have logged and performed 2 helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, hours of instrument flight time in a for the instrument rating privileges to glider within the 6 calendar months be maintained in actual weather condi- preceding the month of the flight. tions, or under simulated conditions (B) Use a view-limiting-device while using a view-limiting device that in- practicing performance maneuvers, volves having performed the fol- performance airspeeds, navigation, lowing— slow flight, and stalls. (i) Six instrument approaches. (d) Instrument proficiency check. (1) (ii) Holding procedures and tasks. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of (iii) Intercepting and tracking this section, a person who has failed to courses through the use of navigational meet the instrument experience re- electronic systems. quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- (2) Use of a full flight simulator, flight tion for more than six calendar months training device, or aviation training de- may reestablish instrument currency vice for maintaining instrument experi- only by completing an instrument pro- ence. A pilot may accomplish the re- ficiency check. The instrument pro- quirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this ficiency check must consist of at least section in a full flight simulator, flight the following areas of operation: training device, or aviation training (i) Air traffic control clearances and device provided the device represents procedures; the category of aircraft for the instru- (ii) Flight by reference to instru- ment rating privileges to be main- ments; tained and the pilot performs the tasks (iii) Navigation systems; and iterations in simulated instrument (iv) Instrument approach procedures;

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(v) Emergency operations; and mand is in compliance with §§ 135.243 (vi) Postflight procedures. and 135.247 of this chapter. (2) The instrument proficiency check (4) Paragraph (b) of this section does must be— not apply to a pilot in command of a (i) In an aircraft that is appropriate turbine-powered airplane that is type to the aircraft category; certificated for more than one pilot (ii) For other than a glider, in a full crewmember, provided that pilot has flight simulator or flight training de- complied with the requirements of vice that is representative of the air- paragraph (e)(4)(i) or (ii) of this sec- craft category; or tion: (iii) For a glider, in a single-engine (i) The pilot in command must hold airplane or a glider. at least a commercial pilot certificate (3) The instrument proficiency check with the appropriate category, class, must be given by— and type rating for each airplane that (i) An examiner; is type certificated for more than one (ii) A person authorized by the U.S. pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks Armed Forces to conduct instrument to operate under this alternative, and: flight tests, provided the person being (A) That pilot must have logged at tested is a member of the U.S. Armed least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- Forces; ence as a pilot; (iii) A company check pilot who is (B) In each airplane that is type cer- authorized to conduct instrument tificated for more than one pilot crew- flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of member that the pilot seeks to operate this chapter or subpart K of part 91 of under this alternative, that pilot must this chapter, and provided that both have accomplished and logged the day- the check pilot and the pilot being time takeoff and landing recent flight tested are employees of that operator experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- or fractional ownership program man- tion, as the sole manipulator of the ager, as applicable; flight controls; (iv) An authorized instructor; or (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior (v) A person approved by the Admin- to the operation of that airplane that istrator to conduct instrument prac- is type certificated for more than one tical tests. pilot crewmember, the pilot must have (e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and accomplished and logged at least 15 (b) of this section do not apply to a hours of flight time in the type of air- pilot in command who is employed by a plane that the pilot seeks to operate part 119 certificate holder authorized under this alternative; and to conduct operations under part 125 (D) That pilot has accomplished and when the pilot is engaged in a flight logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 land- operation for that certificate holder if ings to a full stop, as the sole manipu- the pilot in command is in compliance lator of the flight controls, in a tur- with §§ 125.281 and 125.285 of this chap- bine-powered airplane that requires ter. more than one pilot crewmember. The (2) This section does not apply to a pilot must have performed the takeoffs pilot in command who is employed by a and landings during the period begin- part 119 certificate holder authorized ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 to conduct operations under part 121 hour before sunrise within the pre- when the pilot is engaged in a flight ceding 6 months prior to the month of operation under part 91 or 121 for that the flight. certificate holder if the pilot in com- (ii) The pilot in command must hold mand complies with §§ 121.436 and at least a commercial pilot certificate 121.439 of this chapter. with the appropriate category, class, (3) This section does not apply to a and type rating for each airplane that pilot in command who is employed by a is type certificated for more than one part 119 certificate holder authorized pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to conduct operations under part 135 to operate under this alternative, and: when the pilot is engaged in a flight (A) That pilot must have logged at operation under parts 91 or 135 for that least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- certificate holder if the pilot in com- ence as a pilot;

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(B) In each airplane that is type cer- (iv) Three tasks of transitioning from tificated for more than one pilot crew- aided night flight (aided night flight member that the pilot seeks to operate means that the pilot uses night vision under this alternative, that pilot must goggles to maintain visual surface ref- have accomplished and logged the day- erence) to unaided night flight (unaided time takeoff and landing recent flight night flight means that the pilot does experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- not use night vision goggles) and back tion, as the sole manipulator of the to aided night flight. flight controls; (v) Three night vision goggle oper- (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior ations, or when operating helicopters to the operation of that airplane that or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle is type certificated for more than one operations. pilot crewmember, the pilot must have (2) A person may act as pilot in com- accomplished and logged at least 15 mand using night vision goggles only hours of flight time in the type of air- if, within the 4 calendar months pre- plane that the pilot seeks to operate ceding the month of the flight, that under this alternative; and person performs and logs the tasks list- (D) Within the preceding 12 months ed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of prior to the month of the flight, the this section as the sole manipulator of pilot must have completed a training the controls during a night vision gog- program that is approved under part gle operation. 142 of this chapter. The approved train- (g) Night vision goggle proficiency ing program must have required and check. A person must either meet the the pilot must have performed, at least night vision goggle experience require- 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop ments of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of as the sole manipulator of the controls this section or pass a night vision gog- in a full flight simulator that is rep- gle proficiency check to act as pilot in resentative of a turbine-powered air- command using night vision goggles. plane that requires more than one pilot The proficiency check must be per- crewmember. The full flight simula- formed in the category of aircraft that tor’s visual system must have been ad- is appropriate to the night vision gog- justed to represent the period begin- gle operation for which the person is ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 seeking the night vision goggle privi- hour before sunrise. lege or in a full flight simulator or (f) Night vision goggle operating experi- flight training device that is represent- ence. (1) A person may act as pilot in ative of that category of aircraft. The command in a night vision goggle oper- check must consist of the tasks listed ation with passengers on board only if, in § 61.31(k), and the check must be per- within 2 calendar months preceding the formed by: month of the flight, that person per- (1) An Examiner who is qualified to forms and logs the following tasks as perform night vision goggle operations the sole manipulator of the controls on in that same aircraft category and a flight during a night vision goggle class; operation— (2) A person who is authorized by the (i) Three takeoffs and three landings, U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vi- with each takeoff and landing includ- sion goggle proficiency checks, pro- ing a climbout, cruise, descent, and ap- vided the person being administered proach phase of flight (only required if the check is also a member of the U.S. the pilot wants to use night vision gog- Armed Forces; gles during the takeoff and landing (3) A company check pilot who is au- phases of the flight). thorized to perform night vision goggle (ii) Three hovering tasks (only re- proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, quired if the pilot wants to use night or 135 of this chapter, provided that vision goggles when operating heli- both the check pilot and the pilot copters or powered-lifts during the hov- being tested are employees of that op- ering phase of flight). erator; (iii) Three area departure and area (4) An authorized flight instructor arrival tasks. who is qualified to perform night vision

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goggle operations in that same aircraft factory completion of one of the fol- category and class; lowing: (5) A person who is qualified as pilot (1) A pilot-in-command proficiency in command for night vision goggle op- check conducted by a person author- erations in accordance with paragraph ized by the Administrator, consisting (f) of this section; or of the aeronautical knowledge areas, (6) A person approved by the FAA to areas of operations, and tasks required perform night vision goggle proficiency for a type rating, in an aircraft that is checks. type certificated for more than one [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997] powered; (2) The practical test required for a EDITORIAL NOTE: For FEDERAL REGISTER ci- tations affecting § 61.57, see the List of CFR type rating, in an aircraft that is type Sections Affected, which appears in the certificated for more than one required Finding Aids section of the printed volume pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet- and at www.govinfo.gov. powered; (3) The initial or periodic practical § 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency test required for the issuance of a pilot check: Operation of an aircraft that examiner or check airman designation, requires more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow- in an aircraft that is type certificated ered. for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered; (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot in com- (4) A pilot proficiency check adminis- mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- tered by a U.S. Armed Force that cated for more than one required pilot qualifies the military pilot for pilot-in- flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow- command designation with instrument ered, a person must— privileges, and was performed in a mili- (1) Within the preceding 12 calendar tary aircraft that the military requires months, complete a pilot-in-command to be operated by more than one pilot proficiency check in an aircraft that is flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow- type certificated for more than one re- ered; quired pilot flight crewmember or is (5) For a pilot authorized by the Ad- turbojet-powered; and ministrator to operate an experimental (2) Within the preceding 24 calendar turbojet- that pos- months, complete a pilot-in-command sesses, by original design or through proficiency check in the particular modification, more than a single seat, type of aircraft in which that person the required proficiency check for all will serve as pilot in command, that is of the experimental turbojet-powered type certificated for more than one re- aircraft for which the pilot holds an quired pilot flight crewmember or is authorization may be accomplished by turbojet-powered. completing any one of the following: (b) This section does not apply to (i) A single proficiency check, con- persons conducting operations under ducted by an examiner authorized by subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, the Administrator, in any one of the 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons experimental turbojet-powered aircraft maintaining continuing qualification for which the airman holds an author- under an Advanced Qualification pro- ization to operate if conducted within gram approved under subpart Y of part the prior 12 months; 121 of this chapter. (ii) A single proficiency check, con- (c) The pilot-in-command proficiency ducted by an examiner authorized by check given in accordance with the the Administrator, in any experi- provisions of subpart K of part 91, part mental turbojet-powered aircraft (e.g., 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be if a pilot acquires a new authorization used to satisfy the requirements of this to operate an additional experimental section. turbojet-powered aircraft, the check (d) The pilot-in-command proficiency for that new authorization will meet check required by paragraph (a) of this the intent), if conducted within the section may be accomplished by satis- prior 12 months;

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(iii) Current qualification under an and approved for each omitted maneu- Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) ver. under subpart Y of part 121 of this (2) If the flight simulator used pursu- chapter; ant to paragraph (g) of this section is (iv) Any proficiency check conducted not qualified and approved for circling under subpart K of part 91, part 121, or approaches— part 135 of this chapter within the prior (i) The applicant’s record must in- 12 months if conducted in a turbojet- clude the statement, ‘‘Proficiency in powered aircraft; or circling approaches not demonstrated’’; (v) Any other § 61.58 proficiency and check conducted within the prior 12 (ii) The applicant may not perform months if conducted in a turbojet-pow- circling approaches as pilot in com- ered aircraft. mand when weather conditions are less (e) The pilot of a multi-seat experi- than the basic VFR conditions de- mental turbojet-powered aircraft who scribed in § 91.155 of this chapter, until has not received a proficiency check proficiency in circling approaches has within the prior 12 months in accord- been successfully demonstrated in a ance with this section may continue to flight simulator qualified and approved operate such aircraft in accordance for circling approaches or in an aircraft with the pilot’s authorizations. How- to a person authorized by the Adminis- ever, the pilot is prohibited from car- trator to conduct the check required riage of any persons in any experi- mental turbojet-powered aircraft with by this section. the exception of those individuals au- (3) If the flight simulator used pursu- thorized by the Administrator to con- ant to paragraph (g) of this section is duct training, conduct flight checks, or not qualified and approved for land- perform pilot certification functions in ings, the applicant must— such aircraft, and only during flights (i) Hold a type rating in the airplane specifically related to training, flight represented by the simulator; and checks, or certification in such air- (ii) Have completed within the pre- craft. ceding 90 days at least three takeoffs (f) This section will not apply to a and three landings (one to a full stop) pilot authorized by the Administrator as the sole manipulator of the flight to serve as pilot in command in experi- controls in the type airplane for which mental turbojet-powered aircraft that the pilot-in-command proficiency possesses, by original design, a single check is sought. seat, when operating such single-seat (h) For the purpose of meeting the aircraft. pilot-in-command proficiency check re- (g) A check or test described in para- quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- graphs (d)(1) through (5) of this section tion, a person may act as pilot in com- may be accomplished in a flight simu- mand of a flight under day VFR condi- lator under part 142 of this chapter, tions or day IFR conditions if no per- subject to the following: son or property is carried, other than (1) Except as provided for in para- as necessary to demonstrate compli- graphs (g)(2) and (3) of this section, if ance with this part. an otherwise qualified and approved (i) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-com- flight simulator used for a pilot-in- mand proficiency check required by command proficiency check is not qualified and approved for a specific re- this section in the calendar month be- quired maneuver— fore or the calendar month after the (i) The training center must anno- month in which it is due, the pilot is tate, in the applicant’s training record, considered to have taken it in the the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; month in which it was due for the pur- and pose of computing when the next pilot- (ii) Prior to acting as pilot in com- in-command proficiency check is due. mand, the pilot must demonstrate pro- (j) A pilot-in-command of a turbojet ficiency in each omitted maneuver in powered aircraft that is type certifi- an aircraft or flight simulator qualified cated for one pilot does not have to

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comply with the pilot-in-command pro- permanent mailing address includes a ficiency check requirements in para- post office box number, then the hold- graphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section er’s current residential address. until October 31, 2012. (k) Unless required by the aircraft’s Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and operating limitations, a pilot-in-com- Pilot Authorizations mand of an experimental turbojet-pow- ered aircraft does not have to comply § 61.61 Applicability. with the pilot-in-command proficiency This subpart prescribes the require- check requirements in paragraphs ments for the issuance of additional (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section until Oc- aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate tober 31, 2012. is issued, issuance of a type rating con- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as currently with a pilot certificate, and amended by Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. the requirements for and limitations of 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–112, 70 FR 54814, Sept. 16, pilot authorizations issued by the Ad- 2005; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; ministrator. 76 FR 63184, Oct. 12, 2011] [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. § 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or 16, 2011] alteration of applications, certifi- cates, logbooks, reports, or records. § 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than for ratings at the air- (a) No person may make or cause to line transport pilot certification be made: level). (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally (a) General. For an additional aircraft false statement on any application for rating on a pilot certificate, other than a certificate, rating, authorization, or for an airline transport pilot certifi- duplicate thereof, issued under this cate, a person must meet the require- part; ments of this section appropriate to (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally the additional aircraft rating sought. false entry in any logbook, record, or (b) Additional aircraft category rating. report that is required to be kept, A person who applies to add a category made, or used to show compliance with rating to a pilot certificate: any requirement for the issuance or ex- (1) Must complete the training and ercise of the privileges of any certifi- have the applicable aeronautical expe- cate, rating, or authorization under rience. this part; (2) Must have a logbook or training (3) Any reproduction for fraudulent record endorsement from an authorized purpose of any certificate, rating, or instructor attesting that the person authorization, under this part; or was found competent in the appro- (4) Any alteration of any certificate, priate aeronautical knowledge areas rating, or authorization under this and proficient in the appropriate areas part. of operation. (b) The commission of an act prohib- (3) Must pass the practical test. ited under paragraph (a) of this section (4) Need not take an additional is a basis for suspending or revoking knowledge test, provided the applicant any airman certificate, rating, or au- holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- thorization held by that person. lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- ered parachute, or airship rating at § 61.60 Change of address. that pilot certificate level. The holder of a pilot, flight instruc- (c) Additional aircraft class rating. A tor, or ground instructor certificate person who applies for an additional who has made a change in permanent class rating on a pilot certificate: mailing address may not, after 30 days (1) Must have a logbook or training from that date, exercise the privileges record endorsement from an authorized of the certificate unless the holder has instructor attesting that the person notified in writing the FAA, Airman was found competent in the appro- Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, priate aeronautical knowledge areas Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new and proficient in the appropriate areas permanent mailing address, or if the of operation.

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(2) Must pass the practical test. the certificate holder’s approved (3) Need not meet the specified train- ground and flight training program. ing time requirements prescribed by (e) Aircraft not capable of instrument this part that apply to the pilot certifi- maneuvers and procedures. (1) An appli- cate for the aircraft class rating cant for a type rating or a type rating sought; unless, the person only holds a in addition to an aircraft category and/ lighter-than-air category rating with a or class rating who provides an aircraft balloon class rating and is seeking an that is not capable of the instrument airship class rating, then that person maneuvers and procedures required on must receive the specified training the practical test: time requirements and possess the ap- (i) May apply for the type rating, but propriate aeronautical experience. the rating will be limited to ‘‘VFR (4) Need not take an additional only.’’ knowledge test, provided the applicant (ii) May have the ‘‘VFR only’’ limita- holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- tion removed for that aircraft type lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- after the applicant: ered parachute, or airship rating at (A) Passes a practical test in that that pilot certificate level. type of aircraft in actual or simulated (d) Additional aircraft type rating. Ex- instrument conditions; cept as provided under paragraph (d)(6) (B) Passes a practical test in that of this section, a person who applies for type of aircraft on the appropriate in- an aircraft type rating or an aircraft strument maneuvers and procedures in type rating to be completed concur- § 61.157; or rently with an aircraft category or (C) Becomes qualified under § 61.73(d) class rating— for that type of aircraft. (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain (2) When an instrument rating is an appropriate instrument rating, ex- issued to a person who holds one or cept as provided in paragraph (e) of more type ratings, the amended pilot this section. certificate must bear the ‘‘VFR only’’ (2) Must have a logbook or training limitation for each aircraft type rating record endorsement from an authorized that the person did not demonstrate in- instructor attesting that the person is strument competency. competent in the appropriate aero- (f) Multiengine airplane with a single- nautical knowledge areas and pro- pilot station. An applicant for a type ficient in the appropriate areas of oper- rating, at other than the ATP certifi- ation at the airline transport pilot cer- cation level, in a multiengine airplane tification level. with a single-pilot station must per- (3) Must pass the practical test at the form the practical test in the multi- airline transport pilot certification seat version of that airplane, or the level. practical test may be performed in the (4) Must perform the practical test in single-seat version of that airplane if actual or simulated instrument condi- the Examiner is in a position to ob- tions, except as provided in paragraph serve the applicant during the prac- (e) of this section. tical test and there is no multi-seat (5) Need not take an additional version of that multiengine airplane. knowledge test if the applicant holds (g) Single engine airplane with a single- an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or pilot station. An applicant for a type airship rating on the pilot certificate. rating, at other than the ATP certifi- (6) In the case of a pilot employee of cation level, in a single engine airplane a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder with a single-pilot station must per- or of a fractional ownership program form the practical test in the multi- manager under subpart K of part 91 of seat version of that single engine air- this chapter, the pilot must— plane, or the practical test may be per- (i) Meet the appropriate require- formed in the single-seat version of ments under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3), that airplane if the Examiner is in a and (d)(4) of this section; and position to observe the applicant dur- (ii) Receive a flight training record ing the practical test and there is no endorsement from the certificate hold- multi-seat version of that single engine er attesting that the person completed airplane.

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(h) Aircraft category and class rating (1) Hold a type rating in a turbojet for the operation of aircraft with an ex- airplane of the same class of airplane perimental certificate. A person holding for which the type rating is sought, and a recreational, private, or commercial that type rating may not contain a su- pilot certificate may apply for a cat- pervised operating experience limita- egory and class rating limited to a spe- tion; cific make and model of experimental (2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in aircraft, provided— two different turbojet airplanes of the (1) The person logged 5 hours flight same class of airplane for which the time while acting as pilot in command type rating is sought; in the same category, class, make, and (3) Have been appointed by the U.S. model of aircraft. Armed Forces as pilot in command in a (2) The person received a logbook en- turbojet airplane of the same class of dorsement from an authorized instruc- airplane for which the type rating is tor who determined the pilot’s pro- sought; ficiency to act as pilot in command of (4) Have 500 hours of flight time in the same category, class, make, and the same type of airplane for which the model of aircraft. type rating is sought; or (3) The flight time specified under (5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of paragraph (h)(1) of this section was flight time, of which 500 hours were in logged between September 1, 2004 and turbine-powered airplanes of the same August 31, 2005. class of airplane for which the type rat- (i) Waiver authority. An Examiner ing is sought. who conducts a practical test may (c) Except as provided in paragraph waive any task for which the FAA has (f) of this section, if an airplane is not provided waiver authority. used during the practical test for a type rating for a turbo-propeller air- [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42552, Aug. plane (except for preflight inspection), 21, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR an applicant must accomplish the en- 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] tire practical test in a Level C or high- er flight simulator and the applicant § 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight training device. must— (1) Hold a type rating in a turbo-pro- (a) Use of a flight simulator or flight peller airplane of the same class of air- training device. If an applicant for a cer- plane for which the type rating is tificate or rating uses a flight simu- sought, and that type rating may not lator or flight training device for train- contain a supervised operating experi- ing or any portion of the practical test, ence limitation; the flight simulator and flight training (2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in device— two different turbo-propeller airplanes (1) Must represent the category, of the same class of airplane for which class, and type (if a type rating is ap- the type rating is sought; plicable) for the rating sought; and (3) Have been appointed by the U.S. (2) Must be qualified and approved by Armed Forces as pilot in command in a the Administrator and used in accord- turbo-propeller airplane of the same ance with an approved course of train- class of airplane for which the type rat- ing under part 141 or part 142 of this ing is sought; chapter; or under part 121 or part 135 of (4) Have 500 hours of flight time in this chapter, provided the applicant is the same type of airplane for which the a pilot employee of that air carrier op- type rating is sought; or erator. (5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of (b) Except as provided in paragraph flight time, of which 500 hours were in (f) of this section, if an airplane is not turbine-powered airplanes of the same used during the practical test for a class of airplane for which the type rat- type rating for a turbojet airplane (ex- ing is sought. cept for preflight inspection), an appli- (d) Except as provided in paragraph cant must accomplish the entire prac- (f) of this section, if a helicopter is not tical test in a Level C or higher flight used during the practical test for a simulator and the applicant must— type rating in a helicopter (except for

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preflight inspection), an applicant removed from the pilot certificate if must accomplish the entire practical the applicant complies with the fol- test in a Level C or higher flight simu- lowing— lator and the applicant must meet one (1) Performs 25 hours of flight time in of the following requirements— an aircraft of the category, class, and (1) Hold a type rating in a helicopter type for which the limitation applies and that type rating may not contain under the direct observation of the the supervised operating experience pilot in command who holds a cat- limitation; egory, class, and type rating, without (2) Have been appointed by the U.S. limitations, for the aircraft; Armed Forces as pilot in command of a (2) Logs each flight and the pilot in helicopter; command who observed the flight at- (3) Have 500 hours of flight time in tests in writing to each flight; the type of helicopter; or (3) Obtains the flight time while per- (4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in forming the duties of pilot in com- two different types of helicopters. mand; and (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, if a powered-lift is (4) Presents evidence of the super- not used during the practical test for a vised operating experience to any Ex- type rating in a powered-lift (except aminer or Flight Standards office to for preflight inspection), an applicant have the limitation removed. must accomplish the entire practical [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. test in a Level C or higher flight simu- 16, 2011, as amended by Docket FAA–2018– lator and the applicant must meet one 0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] of the following requirements— (1) Hold a type rating in a powered- § 61.65 Instrument rating require- lift without a supervised operating ex- ments. perience limitation; (a) General. A person who applies for (2) Have been appointed by the U.S. an instrument rating must: Armed Forces as pilot in command of a (1) Hold at least a current private powered-lift; pilot certificate, or be concurrently ap- (3) Have 500 hours of flight time in plying for a private pilot certificate, the type of powered-lift for which the with an airplane, helicopter, or pow- rating is sought; or ered-lift rating appropriate to the in- (4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in strument rating sought; two different types of powered-lifts. (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and (f) If the applicant does not meet one understand the English language. If the of the experience requirements of para- applicant is unable to meet any of graphs (b)(1) through (5), (c)(1) through these requirements due to a medical (5), (d)(1) through (4) or (e)(1) through (4) of this section, as appropriate to the condition, the Administrator may type rating sought, then— place such operating limitations on the (1) The applicant must complete the applicant’s pilot certificate as are nec- following tasks on the practical test in essary for the safe operation of the air- an aircraft appropriate to category, craft; class, and type for the rating sought: (3) Receive and log ground training Preflight inspection, normal takeoff, from an authorized instructor or ac- normal instrument landing system ap- complish a home-study course of train- proach, missed approach, and normal ing on the aeronautical knowledge landing; or areas of paragraph (b) of this section (2) The applicant’s pilot certificate that apply to the instrument rating will be issued with a limitation that sought; states: ‘‘The [name of the additional (4) Receive a logbook or training type rating] is subject to pilot in com- record endorsement from an authorized mand limitations,’’ and the applicant instructor certifying that the person is is restricted from serving as pilot in prepared to take the required knowl- command in an aircraft of that type. edge test; (g) The limitation described under (5) Receive and log training on the paragraph (f)(2) of this section may be areas of operation of paragraph (c) of

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this section from an authorized in- (6) Procurement and use of aviation structor in an aircraft, full flight simu- weather reports and forecasts and the lator, or flight training device that elements of forecasting weather trends represents an airplane, helicopter, or based on that information and personal powered-lift appropriate to the instru- observation of weather conditions; ment rating sought; (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- (6) Receive a logbook or training craft under instrument flight rules and record endorsement from an authorized conditions; instructor certifying that the person is (8) Recognition of critical weather prepared to take the required practical situations and windshear avoidance; test; (9) Aeronautical decision making and (7) Pass the required knowledge test judgment; and on the aeronautical knowledge areas of (10) Crew resource management, in- paragraph (b) of this section; however, cluding crew communication and co- an applicant is not required to take an- other knowledge test when that person ordination. already holds an instrument rating; (c) Flight proficiency. A person who and applies for an instrument rating must (8) Pass the required practical test on receive and log training from an au- the areas of operation in paragraph (c) thorized instructor in an aircraft, or in of this section in— a full flight simulator or flight train- (i) An airplane, helicopter, or pow- ing device, in accordance with para- ered-lift appropriate to the rating graph (g) of this section, that includes sought; or the following areas of operation: (ii) A full flight simulator or a flight (1) Preflight preparation; training device appropriate to the rat- (2) Preflight procedures; ing sought and for the specific maneu- (3) Air traffic control clearances and ver or instrument approach procedure procedures; performed. If an approved flight train- (4) Flight by reference to instru- ing device is used for the practical test, ments; the instrument approach procedures (5) Navigation systems; conducted in that flight training device (6) Instrument approach procedures; are limited to one precision and one (7) Emergency operations; and nonprecision approach, provided the (8) Postflight procedures. flight training device is approved for the procedure performed. (d) Aeronautical experience for the in- (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person strument-airplane rating. A person who who applies for an instrument rating applies for an instrument-airplane rat- must have received and logged ground ing must have logged: training from an authorized instructor (1) Except as provided in paragraph or accomplished a home-study course (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- on the following aeronautical knowl- country flight time as pilot in com- edge areas that apply to the instru- mand, of which 10 hours must have ment rating sought: been in an airplane; and (1) Federal Aviation Regulations of (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- this chapter that apply to flight oper- lated instrument time in the areas of ations under IFR; operation listed in paragraph (c) of this (2) Appropriate information that ap- section, of which 15 hours must have plies to flight operations under IFR in been received from an authorized in- the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- structor who holds an instrument-air- ual;’’ plane rating, and the instrument time (3) Air traffic control system and pro- includes: cedures for instrument flight oper- (i) Three hours of instrument flight ations; training from an authorized instructor (4) IFR navigation and approaches by in an airplane that is appropriate to use of navigation systems; the instrument-airplane rating within (5) Use of IFR en route and instru- 2 calendar months before the date of ment approach procedure charts; the practical test; and

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(ii) Instrument flight training on (1) Except as provided in paragraph cross country flight procedures, includ- (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- ing one cross country flight in an air- country flight time as pilot in com- plane with an authorized instructor, mand, of which 10 hours must have that is performed under instrument been in a powered-lift; and flight rules, when a flight plan has (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- been filed with an air traffic control fa- lated instrument time in the areas of cility, and that involves— operation listed under paragraph (c) of (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles this section, of which 15 hours must along airways or by directed routing have been received from an authorized from an air traffic control facility; instructor who holds an instrument- (B) An instrument approach at each powered-lift rating, and the instrument airport; and time includes: (C) Three different kinds of ap- (i) Three hours of instrument flight proaches with the use of navigation training from an authorized instructor systems. in a powered-lift that is appropriate to (e) Aeronautical experience for the in- the instrument-powered-lift rating strument-helicopter rating. A person who within 2 calendar months before the applies for an instrument-helicopter date of the practical test; and rating must have logged: (ii) Instrument flight training on (1) Except as provided in paragraph cross country flight procedures, includ- (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- ing one cross country flight in a pow- country flight time as pilot in com- ered-lift with an authorized instructor mand, of which 10 hours must have that is performed under instrument been in a helicopter; and flight rules, when a flight plan has (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- been filed with an air traffic control fa- lated instrument time in the areas of cility, that involves— operation listed under paragraph (c) of (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles this section, of which 15 hours must along airways or by directed routing have been with an authorized instruc- from an air traffic control facility; tor who holds an instrument-helicopter (B) An instrument approach at each rating, and the instrument time in- airport; and cludes: (i) Three hours of instrument flight (C) Three different kinds of ap- training from an authorized instructor proaches with the use of navigation in a helicopter that is appropriate to systems. the instrument-helicopter rating with- (g) An applicant for a combined pri- in 2 calendar months before the date of vate pilot certificate with an instru- the practical test; and ment rating may satisfy the cross- (ii) Instrument flight training on country flight time requirements of cross country flight procedures, includ- this section by crediting: ing one cross country flight in a heli- (1) For an instrument-airplane rating copter with an authorized instructor or an instrument-powered-lift rating, that is performed under instrument up to 45 hours of cross-country flight flight rules and a flight plan has been time performing the duties of pilot in filed with an air traffic control facil- command with an authorized instruc- ity, and involves— tor; or (A) A flight of 100 nautical miles (2) For an instrument-helicopter rat- along airways or by directed routing ing, up to 47 hours of cross-country from an air traffic control facility; flight time performing the duties of (B) An instrument approach at each pilot in command with an authorized airport; and instructor. (C) Three different kinds of ap- (h) Use of full flight simulators or flight proaches with the use of navigation training devices. If the instrument time systems. was provided by an authorized instruc- (f) Aeronautical experience for the in- tor in a full flight simulator or flight strument-powered-lift rating. A person training device— who applies for an instrument-powered- (1) A maximum of 30 hours may be lift rating must have logged: performed in that full flight simulator

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or flight training device if the instru- training appropriate to the category of ment time was completed in accord- aircraft for which the person is seeking ance with part 142 of this chapter; or the EFVS privilege. (2) A maximum of 20 hours may be (2) The ground training must include performed in that full flight simulator the following subjects: or flight training device if the instru- (i) Those portions of this chapter ment time was not completed in ac- that relate to EFVS flight operations cordance with part 142 of this chapter. and limitations, including the Airplane (i) Use of an aviation training device. A Flight Manual or Rotorcraft Flight maximum of 10 hours of instrument Manual limitations; time received in a basic aviation train- (ii) EFVS sensor imagery, required ing device or a maximum of 20 hours of aircraft flight information, and flight instrument time received in an ad- symbology; vanced aviation training device may be (iii) EFVS display, controls, modes, credited for the instrument time re- features, symbology, annunciations, quirements of this section if— and associated systems and compo- (1) The device is approved and au- nents; thorized by the FAA; (iv) EFVS sensor performance, sensor (2) An authorized instructor provides limitations, scene interpretation, vis- the instrument time in the device; and ual anomalies, and other visual effects; (3) The FAA approved the instrument (v) Preflight planning and oper- training and instrument tasks per- ational considerations associated with formed in the device. using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, (j) Except as provided in paragraph cruise, descent and landing phases of (h)(1) of this section, a person may not flight, including the use of EFVS for credit more than 20 total hours of in- instrument approaches, operating strument time in a full flight simu- below DA/DH or MDA, executing lator, flight training device, aviation missed approaches, landing, rollout, training device, or a combination to- and balked landings; wards the instrument time require- (vi) Weather associated with low visi- ments of this section. bility conditions and its effect on EFVS performance; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (vii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42554, Aug. 21, 2009; and crew coordination procedures when Amdt. 61–127, 76 FR 19267, Apr. 7, 2011; Amdt. using EFVS; and 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; Docket (viii) Interpretation of approach and FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 61–136, 81 FR 21460, lighting systems and their dis- Apr. 12, 2016] play characteristics when using an EFVS. § 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System (b) Flight training. (1) Except as pro- Pilot Requirements. vided under paragraph (h) of this sec- (a) Ground training. (1) Except as pro- tion, no person may manipulate the vided under paragraphs (f) and (h) of controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in this section, no person may manipulate command of an aircraft during an the controls of an aircraft or act as EFVS operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) pilot in command of an aircraft during of this chapter unless that person— an EFVS operation conducted under (i) Receives and logs flight training § 91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter, or serve for the EFVS operation under a train- as a required pilot flightcrew member ing program approved by the Adminis- during an EFVS operation conducted trator; and under § 91.176(a) of this chapter, unless (ii) Obtains a logbook or training that person— record endorsement from an authorized (i) Receives and logs ground training training provider certifying the person under a training program approved by is proficient in the use of EFVS in the the Administrator; and category of aircraft in which the train- (ii) Obtains a logbook or training ing was provided for the EFVS oper- record endorsement from an authorized ation to be conducted. training provider certifying the person (2) Flight training must include the satisfactorily completed the ground following tasks:

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(i) Preflight and inflight preparation (h) of this section, no person may ma- of EFVS equipment for EFVS oper- nipulate the controls of an aircraft ations, including EFVS setup and use during an EFVS operation or act as of display, controls, modes and associ- pilot in command of an aircraft during ated systems, and adjustments for an EFVS operation unless, within 6 brightness and contrast under day and calendar months preceding the month night conditions; of the flight, that person performs and (ii) Proper piloting techniques associ- logs six instrument approaches as the ated with using EFVS during taxi, sole manipulator of the controls using takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, landing, an EFVS under any weather conditions and rollout, including missed ap- in the category of aircraft for which proaches and balked landings; the person seeks the EFVS privilege. (iii) Proper piloting techniques for The instrument approaches may be the use of EFVS during instrument ap- performed in day or night conditions; proaches, to include operations below and DA/DH or MDA as applicable to the (1) One approach must terminate in a EFVS operations to be conducted, full stop landing; and under both day and night conditions; (2) For persons authorized to exercise (iv) Determining enhanced flight vis- the privileges of § 91.176(a), the full stop ibility; landing must be conducted using the (v) Identifying required visual ref- EFVS. erences appropriate to EFVS oper- (e) EFVS refresher training. (1) Except ations; as provided in paragraph (h) of this sec- (vi) Transitioning from EFVS sensor tion, a person who has failed to meet imagery to natural vision acquisition the recent flight experience require- of required visual references and the ments of paragraph (d) of this section runway environment; for more than six calendar months may (vii) Using EFVS sensor imagery, re- reestablish EFVS currency only by sat- quired aircraft flight information, and isfactorily completing an approved flight symbology to touchdown and rollout, if the person receiving training EFVS refresher course in the category will conduct EFVS operations under of aircraft for which the person seeks § 91.176(a) of this chapter; and the EFVS privilege. The EFVS re- (viii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, fresher course must consist of the sub- and crew coordination procedures when jects and tasks listed in paragraphs using an EFVS. (a)(2) and (b)(2) of this section applica- (c) Supplementary EFVS training. A ble to the EFVS operations to be con- person qualified to conduct an EFVS ducted. operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) of this (2) The EFVS refresher course must chapter who seeks to conduct an addi- be conducted by an authorized training tional EFVS operation for which that provider whose instructor meets the person has not received training training requirements of this section must— and, if conducting EFVS operations in (1) Receive and log the ground and an aircraft, the recent flight experi- flight training required by paragraphs ence requirements of this section. (a) and (b) of this section, under a (f) Military pilots and former military training program approved by the Ad- pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. (1) The ministrator, appropriate to the addi- training requirements of paragraphs (a) tional EFVS operation to be con- and (b) of this section applicable to ducted; and EFVS operations conducted under (2) Obtain a logbook or training § 91.176(a) of this chapter do not apply record endorsement from the author- to a military pilot or former military ized training provider certifying the pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that person is proficient in the use of EFVS person documents satisfactory comple- in the category of aircraft in which the tion of ground and flight training in training was provided for the EFVS op- EFVS operations to touchdown and eration to be conducted. rollout by the U.S. Armed Forces. (d) Recent flight experience: EFVS. Ex- (2) The training requirements in cept as provided in paragraphs (f) and paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section

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applicable to EFVS operations con- recent flight experience requirements ducted under § 91.176(b) of this chapter of paragraph (d) of this section, pro- do not apply to a military pilot or vided another individual is serving as former military pilot in the U.S. pilot in command of the aircraft during Armed Forces if that person documents the EFVS operation and that indi- satisfactory completion of ground and vidual meets the requirements in this flight training in EFVS operations to section to perform the EFVS operation 100 feet above the touchdown zone ele- in the category of aircraft in which the vation by the U.S. Armed Forces. flight is being conducted. (3) A military pilot or former mili- (iii) During an EFVS operation per- tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces formed in the course of completing may satisfy the recent flight experi- EFVS refresher training in accordance ence requirements of paragraph (d) of with paragraph (e) of this section, pro- this section if he or she documents sat- vided the instructor providing the re- isfactory completion of an EFVS pro- fresher training meets the require- ficiency check in the U.S. Armed ments in this section to perform the Forces within 6 calendar months pre- EFVS operation in the category of air- ceding the month of the flight, the craft for which the training is being check was conducted by a person au- conducted. thorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to (2) The requirements of paragraphs administer the check, and the person (a) and (b) of this section do not apply receiving the check was a member of if a person is conducting a flight or se- the U.S. Armed Forces at the time the ries of flights in an aircraft issued an check was administered. experimental airworthiness certificate (g) Use of full flight simulators. A level under § 21.191 of this chapter for the C or higher full flight simulator (FFS) purpose of research and development or equipped with an EFVS may be used to showing compliance with regulations, meet the flight training, recent flight provided the person has knowledge of experience, and refresher training re- the subjects specified in paragraph quirements of this section. The FFS (a)(2) of this section and has experience must be evaluated and qualified for with the tasks specified in paragraph EFVS operations by the Adminis- (b)(2) of this section applicable to the trator, and must be: EFVS operations to be conducted. (1) Qualified and maintained in ac- cordance with part 60 of this chapter, (3) The requirements specified in or a previously qualified device, as per- paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section do mitted in accordance with § 60.17 of this not apply to a pilot who: chapter; (i) Is employed by a part 119 certifi- (2) Approved by the Administrator cate holder authorized to conduct oper- for the tasks and maneuvers to be con- ations under part 121, 125, or 135 when ducted; and the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper- (3) Equipped with a daylight visual ation for that certificate holder under display if being used to meet the flight part 91, 121, 125, or 135, as applicable, training requirements of this section. provided the pilot conducts the oper- (h) Exceptions. (1) A person may ma- ation in accordance with the certifi- nipulate the controls of an aircraft cate holder’s operations specifications during an EFVS operation without for EFVS operations; meeting the requirements of this sec- (ii) Is employed by a person who tion in the following circumstances: holds a letter of deviation authority (i) When receiving flight training to issued under § 125.3 of this chapter meet the requirements of this section when the pilot is conducting an EFVS under an approved training program, operation for that person under part provided the instructor meets the re- 125, provided the pilot is conducting quirements in this section to perform the operation in accordance with that the EFVS operation in the category of person’s letter of authorization for aircraft for which the training is being EFVS operations; or conducted. (iii) Is employed by a fractional own- (ii) During an EFVS operation per- ership program manager to conduct op- formed in the course of satisfying the erations under part 91 subpart K when

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the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper- (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category ation for that program manager under II pilot authorization; and part 91, provided the pilot is con- (ii) The addition of another type air- ducting the operation in accordance craft to the applicant’s Category II with the program manager’s manage- pilot authorization. ment specifications for EFVS oper- (2) To be eligible for the practical ations. test for an authorization under this (4) The requirements of paragraphs section, an applicant must— (a) and (b) of this section do not apply (i) Meet the requirements of para- if a person is conducting EFVS oper- graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and ations under § 91.176(b) of this chapter (ii) If the applicant has not passed a and that person documents that prior practical test for this authorization to March 13, 2018, that person satisfac- during the 12 calendar months pre- torily completed ground and flight training on EFVS operations to 100 feet ceding the month of the test, then that above the touchdown zone elevation. person must— (A) Meet the requirements of [Docket FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR § 61.57(c); and 90170, Dec. 13, 2016, as amended by Docket (B) Have performed at least six ILS FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR 90172, Dec. 13, 2016] approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the § 61.67 Category II pilot authorization test, of which at least three of the ap- requirements. proaches must have been conducted (a) General. A person who applies for without the use of an approach coupler. a Category II pilot authorization must (3) The approaches specified in para- hold: graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— (1) At least a private or commercial (i) Must be conducted under actual or pilot certificate with an instrument simulated instrument flight condi- rating or an airline transport pilot cer- tions; tificate; (ii) Must be conducted to the decision (2) A type rating for the aircraft for height for the ILS approach in the type which the authorization is sought if aircraft in which the practical test is that aircraft requires a type rating; to be conducted; and (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- (3) A category and class rating for cision height authorized for Category the aircraft for which the authoriza- II operations; tion is sought. (iv) Must be conducted to the deci- (b) An appli- Experience requirements. sion height authorized for Category II cant for a Category II pilot authoriza- operations only if conducted in a flight tion must have at least— simulator or flight training device; and (1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command. (v) Must be accomplished in an air- (2) 75 hours of instrument time under craft of the same category and class, actual or simulated instrument condi- and type, as applicable, as the aircraft tions that may include not more in which the practical test is to be con- than— ducted or in a flight simulator that— (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- (A) Represents an aircraft of the lated instrument flight time in a flight same category and class, and type, as simulator or flight training device; or applicable, as the aircraft in which the (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument authorization is sought; and flight time if accomplished in an ap- (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- proved course conducted by an appro- proved course conducted by a training priately rated training center certifi- center certificated under part 142 of cated under part 142 of this chapter. this chapter. (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight (4) The flight time acquired in meet- time as pilot in command. ing the requirements of paragraph (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used practical test must be passed by a per- to meet the requirements of paragraph son who applies for— (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

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(d) Practical test procedures. The prac- 100 feet AGL including at least one tical test consists of an oral increment landing and one missed approach. and a flight increment. (iii) All approaches performed during (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- the flight increment must be made ment of the practical test an applicant with the use of an approved flight con- must demonstrate knowledge of the trol guidance system, except if an ap- following: proved auto approach coupler is in- (i) Required landing distance; stalled, at least one approach must be (ii) Recognition of the decision hand flown using flight director com- height; mands. (iii) Missed approach procedures and (iv) If a multiengine airplane with techniques using computed or fixed at- the performance capability to execute titude guidance displays; a missed approach with one engine in- (iv) Use and limitations of RVR; operative is used for the practical test, the flight increment must include the (v) Use of visual clues, their avail- performance of one missed approach ability or limitations, and altitude at with an engine, which shall be the which they are normally discernible at most critical engine, if applicable, set reduced RVR readings; at idle or zero before reaching (vi) Procedures and techniques re- the middle marker. lated to transition from nonvisual to (v) If a multiengine flight simulator visual flight during a final approach or multiengine flight training device is under reduced RVR; used for the practical test, the appli- (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- cant must execute a missed approach zontal windshear; with the most critical engine, if appli- (viii) Characteristics and limitations cable, failed. of the ILS and runway lighting system; (vi) For an authorization for an air- (ix) Characteristics and limitations craft that requires a type rating, the of the flight director system, auto ap- practical test must be performed in co- proach coupler (including split axis ordination with a second in command type if equipped), auto throttle system who holds a type rating in the aircraft (if equipped), and other required Cat- in which the authorization is sought. egory II equipment; (vii) Oral questioning may be con- (x) Assigned duties of the second in ducted at any time during a practical command during Category II ap- test. proaches, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does not re- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997] quire a second in command; and (xi) Instrument and equipment fail- § 61.68 Category III pilot authorization ure warning systems. requirements. (2) Flight increment. The following re- (a) General. A person who applies for quirements apply to the flight incre- a Category III pilot authorization must ment of the practical test: hold: (i) The flight increment must be con- (1) At least a private pilot certificate ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- or commercial pilot certificate with an egory, class, and type, as applicable, as instrument rating or an airline trans- the aircraft in which the authorization port pilot certificate; is sought or in a flight simulator (2) A type rating for the aircraft for that— which the authorization is sought if (A) Represents an aircraft of the that aircraft requires a type rating; same category and class, and type, as and applicable, as the aircraft in which the (3) A category and class rating for authorization is sought; and the aircraft for which the authoriza- (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- tion is sought. proved course conducted by a training (b) Experience requirements. An appli- center certificated under part 142 of cant for a Category III pilot authoriza- this chapter. tion must have at least— (ii) The flight increment must con- (1) 50 hours of night flight time as sist of at least two ILS approaches to pilot in command.

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(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time and type, as applicable, as the aircraft during actual or simulated instrument in which the practical test is to be con- conditions that may include not more ducted or in a flight simulator that— than— (A) Represents an aircraft of the (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- same category and class, and type, as lated instrument flight time in a flight applicable, as the aircraft for which the simulator or flight training device; or authorization is sought; and (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- flight time if accomplished in an ap- proved course conducted by a training proved course conducted by an appro- center certificated under part 142 of priately rated training center certifi- this chapter. cated under part 142 of this chapter. (4) The flight time acquired in meet- (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight ing the requirements of paragraph time as pilot in command. (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A to meet the requirements of paragraph practical test must be passed by a per- (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. son who applies for— (d) Practical test procedures. The prac- (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category tical test consists of an oral increment III pilot authorization; and and a flight increment. (ii) The addition of another type of (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- aircraft to the applicant’s Category III ment of the practical test an applicant pilot authorization. must demonstrate knowledge of the (2) To be eligible for the practical following: test for an authorization under this (i) Required landing distance; section, an applicant must— (ii) Determination and recognition of (i) Meet the requirements of para- the alert height or decision height, as graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and applicable, including use of a radar al- (ii) If the applicant has not passed a timeter; practical test for this authorization (iii) Recognition of and proper reac- during the 12 calendar months pre- tion to significant failures encountered ceding the month of the test, then that prior to and after reaching the alert person must— height or decision height, as applica- (A) Meet the requirements of ble; § 61.57(c); and (B) Have performed at least six ILS (iv) Missed approach procedures and approaches during the 6 calendar techniques using computed or fixed at- months preceding the month of the titude guidance displays and expected test, of which at least three of the ap- height loss as they relate to manual proaches must have been conducted go-around or automatic go-around, and without the use of an approach coupler. initiation altitude, as applicable; (3) The approaches specified in para- (v) Use and limitations of RVR, in- graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— cluding determination of controlling (i) Must be conducted under actual or RVR and required transmissometers; simulated instrument flight condi- (vi) Use, availability, or limitations tions; of visual cues and the altitude at which (ii) Must be conducted to the alert they are normally discernible at re- height or decision height for the ILS duced RVR readings including— approach in the type aircraft in which (A) Unexpected deterioration of con- the practical test is to be conducted; ditions to less than minimum RVR (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- during approach, flare, and rollout; cision height authorized for Category (B) Demonstration of expected visual III operations; references with weather at minimum (iv) Must be conducted to the alert conditions; height or decision height, as applica- (C) The expected sequence of visual ble, authorized for Category III oper- cues during an approach in which visi- ations only if conducted in a flight bility is at or above landing minima; simulator or flight training device; and and (v) Must be accomplished in an air- (D) Procedures and techniques for craft of the same category and class, making a transition from instrument

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reference flight to visual flight during the flight increment must include the a final approach under reduced RVR. performance of one missed approach (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- with the most critical engine, if appli- zontal windshear; cable, set at idle or zero thrust before (viii) Characteristics and limitations reaching the middle or outer marker; of the ILS and runway lighting system; (v) If a multiengine flight simulator (ix) Characteristics and limitations or multiengine flight training device is of the flight director system auto ap- used, a missed approach must be exe- proach coupler (including split axis cuted with an engine, which shall be type if equipped), auto throttle system the most critical engine, if applicable, (if equipped), and other Category III failed; equipment; (vi) For an authorization for an air- (x) Assigned duties of the second in craft that requires a type rating, the command during Category III oper- practical test must be performed in co- ations, unless the aircraft for which ordination with a second in command authorization is sought does not re- who holds a type rating in the aircraft quire a second in command; in which the authorization is sought; (xi) Recognition of the limits of ac- (vii) Oral questioning may be con- ceptable aircraft position and flight ducted at any time during the practical path tracking during approach, flare, test; and, if applicable, rollout; and (viii) Subject to the limitations of (xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, this paragraph, for Category IIIb oper- airborne or ground system faults or ab- ations predicated on the use of a fail- normalities, particularly after passing passive rollout control system, at least alert height or decision height, as ap- one manual rollout using visual ref- plicable. erence or a combination of visual and (2) Flight increment. The following re- instrument references must be exe- quirements apply to the flight incre- cuted. The maneuver required by this ment of the practical test— paragraph shall be initiated by a fail- (i) The flight increment may be con- passive disconnect of the rollout con- ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- trol system— egory and class, and type, as applica- (A) After main gear touchdown; ble, as the aircraft for which the au- (B) Prior to nose gear touchdown; thorization is sought, or in a flight (C) In conditions representative of simulator that— the most adverse lateral touchdown (A) Represents an aircraft of the displacement allowing a safe landing same category and class, and type, as on the runway; and applicable, as the aircraft in which the (D) In weather conditions anticipated authorization is sought; and in Category IIIb operations. (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; proved course conducted by a training Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997] center certificated under part 142 of this chapter. § 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultra- (ii) The flight increment must con- light vehicle towing: Experience sist of at least two ILS approaches to and training requirements. 100 feet AGL, including one landing and (a) No person may act as pilot in one missed approach initiated from a command for towing a glider or very low altitude that may result in a unpowered ultralight vehicle unless touchdown during the go-around ma- that person— neuver; (1) Holds a private, commercial or (iii) All approaches performed during airline transport pilot certificate with the flight increment must be made a category rating for powered aircraft; with the approved automatic landing (2) Has logged at least 100 hours of system or an equivalent landing sys- pilot-in-command time in the aircraft tem approved by the Administrator; category, class and type, if required, (iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the that the pilot is using to tow a glider performance capability to execute a or unpowered ultralight vehicle; missed approach with one engine inop- (3) Has a logbook endorsement from erative is used for the practical test, an authorized instructor who certifies

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that the person has received ground (2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot and flight training in gliders or in command of an aircraft while towing unpowered ultralight vehicles and is a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- proficient in— cle. (i) The techniques and procedures es- (d) If the pilot described in paragraph sential to the safe towing of gliders or (a)(4) of this section holds only a pri- unpowered ultralight vehicles, includ- vate pilot certificate, then that pilot ing airspeed limitations; must have— (ii) Emergency procedures; (1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot- (iii) Signals used; and in-command time in airplanes, or 200 (iv) Maximum angles of bank. hours of pilot-in-command time in a (4) Except as provided in paragraph combination of powered and other- (b) of this section, has logged at least than-powered aircraft; and three flights as the sole manipulator of (2) Performed and logged at least the controls of an aircraft while towing three flights within the 12 calendar a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- months preceding the month that pilot cle, or has simulated towing flight pro- accompanies or endorses the logbook of cedures in an aircraft while accom- a person seeking towing privileges— panied by a pilot who meets the re- (i) In an aircraft while towing a glid- quirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of er or unpowered ultralight vehicle ac- this section. companied by another pilot who meets (5) Except as provided in paragraph the requirements of this section; or (b) of this section, has received a log- (ii) As pilot in command of a glider book endorsement from the pilot, de- or unpowered ultralight vehicle being scribed in paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- towed by another aircraft. tion, certifying that the person has ac- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44866, July complished at least 3 flights in an air- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR craft while towing a glider or 42555, Aug. 21, 2009] unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while simulating towing flight procedures; § 61.71 Graduates of an approved and training program other than under (6) Within 24 calendar months before this part: Special rules. the flight has— (a) A person who graduates from an (i) Made at least three actual or sim- approved training program under part ulated tows of a glider or unpowered 141 or part 142 of this chapter is consid- ultralight vehicle while accompanied ered to have met the applicable aero- by a qualified pilot who meets the re- nautical experience, aeronautical quirements of this section; or knowledge, and areas of operation re- (ii) Made at least three flights as quirements of this part if that person pilot in command of a glider or presents the graduation certificate and unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by passes the required practical test with- an aircraft. in the 60-day period after the date of (b) Any person who, before May 17, graduation. 1967, has made and logged 10 or more (b) A person may apply for an airline flights as pilot in command of an air- transport pilot certificate, type rating, craft towing a glider or unpowered or both under this part, and will be ultralight vehicle in accordance with a considered to have met the applicable certificate of waiver need not comply requirements under § 61.157, except for with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this the airline transport pilot certification section. training program required by § 61.156, (c) The pilot, described in paragraph for that certificate and rating, if that (a)(4) of this section, who endorses the person has: logbook of a person seeking towing (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an privileges must have— approved training curriculum and a (1) Met the requirements of this sec- proficiency check for that airplane tion prior to endorsing the logbook of type that includes all the tasks and the person seeking towing privileges; maneuvers required by §§ 121.424 and and 121.441 of this chapter to serve as pilot

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in command in operations conducted erating rules, and accident reporting under part 121 of this chapter; and rules. (2) Applied for an airline transport (3) Presents official U.S. military pilot certificate, type rating, or both records that show compliance with one within the 60-day period from the date of the following requirements— the person satisfactorily accomplished (i) Before the date of the application, the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) for passing an official U.S. military pilot that airplane type. and instrument proficiency check in a (c) A person who holds a foreign pilot military aircraft of the kind of aircraft license and is applying for an equiva- category, class, and type, if class or lent U.S. pilot certificate on the basis type of aircraft is applicable, for the of a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agree- ratings sought; or ment and associated Implementation (ii) Before the date of application, Procedures for Licensing may be con- logging 10 hours of pilot time as a mili- sidered to have met the applicable tary pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in aeronautical experience, aeronautical the kind of aircraft category, class, and knowledge, and areas of operation re- type, if a class rating or type rating is quirements of this part. applicable, for the aircraft rating [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; sought. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997; (c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011; of a foreign contracting State to the Con- Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; vention on International Civil Aviation. A Amdt. 61-144, 85 FR 10920, Feb. 25, 2020] person who is a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting § 61.73 Military pilots or former mili- State to the Convention on Inter- tary pilots: Special rules. national Civil Aviation and is assigned (a) General. Except for a person who to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed has been removed from flying status Forces, for purposes other than receiv- for lack of proficiency or because of a ing flight training, may apply for a disciplinary action involving aircraft commercial pilot certificate and rat- operations, a U.S. military pilot or ings under paragraph (a) of this sec- former military pilot who meets the re- tion, provided that person— quirements of this section may apply, (1) Presents evidentiary documents on the basis of his or her military pilot described under paragraph (h)(4) of this qualifications, for: section that show the person is a mili- (1) A commercial pilot certificate tary pilot in the Armed Forces of a for- with the appropriate aircraft category eign contracting State to the Conven- and class rating. tion on International Civil Aviation, (2) An instrument rating with the ap- and is assigned to pilot duties in the propriate aircraft rating. U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other (3) A type rating. than receiving flight training. (b) Military pilots and former military (2) Has passed the military com- pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person petency aeronautical knowledge test who qualifies as a military pilot or on the appropriate parts of this chapter former military pilot in the U.S. for commercial pilot privileges and Armed Forces may apply for a pilot limitations, air traffic and general op- certificate and ratings under paragraph erating rules, and accident reporting (a) of this section if that person— rules. (1) Presents evidentiary documents (3) Presents official U.S. military described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), records that show compliance with one and (3) of this section that show the of the following requirements: person’s status in the U.S. Armed (i) Before the date of the application, Forces. passed an official U.S. military pilot (2) Has passed the military com- and instrument proficiency check in a petency aeronautical knowledge test military aircraft of the kind of aircraft on the appropriate parts of this chapter category, class, or type, if class or type for commercial pilot privileges and of aircraft is applicable, for the rat- limitations, air traffic and general op- ings; or

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(ii) Before the date of the applica- (2) Holds an instrument rating, or has tion, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a instrument privileges, on the pilot cer- military pilot in a U.S. military air- tificate that is appropriate to the craft of the kind of category, class, and flight instructor rating sought; and type of aircraft, if a class rating or (3) Presents the following documents: type rating is applicable, for the air- (i) A knowledge test report that craft rating. shows the person passed a knowledge (d) Instrument rating. A person who is test on the aeronautical knowledge qualified as a U.S. military pilot or areas listed under § 61.185(a) appro- former military pilot may apply for an priate to the flight instructor rating instrument rating to be added to a sought and the knowledge test was pilot certificate if that person— passed within the preceding 24 calendar (1) Has passed an instrument pro- months prior to the month of applica- ficiency check in the U.S. Armed tion. If the U.S. military instructor Forces in the aircraft category for the pilot or pilot examiner already holds a instrument rating sought; and flight instructor certificate, holding of (2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces a flight instructor certificate suffices record that shows the person is instru- for the knowledge test report. ment pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces Forces to conduct instrument flying on record or order that shows the person is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed Federal airways in that aircraft cat- Forces military instructor pilot or egory and class for the instrument rat- pilot examiner for the flight instructor ing sought. rating sought. (e) An aircraft Aircraft type rating. (iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces type rating may only be issued for a record or order that shows the person type of aircraft that has a comparable completed a U.S. Armed Forces’ in- civilian type designation by the Ad- structor pilot or pilot examiner train- ministrator. ing course and received an aircraft rat- (f) Aircraft type rating placed on an ing qualification as a military instruc- airline transport pilot certificate. A per- tor pilot or pilot examiner that is ap- son who is a military pilot or former propriate to the flight instructor rat- military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces ing sought. and requests an aircraft type rating to (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces be placed on an existing U.S. airline record or order that shows the person transport pilot certificate may be passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor issued the rating at the airline trans- pilot or pilot examiner proficiency port pilot certification level, provided check in an aircraft as a military in- that person: structor pilot or pilot examiner that is (1) Holds a category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor for that type of aircraft at the airline rating sought. transport pilot certification level; and (h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot (2) Has passed an official U.S. mili- certificate and rating. The following doc- tary pilot check and instrument pro- uments are required for a person to ficiency check in that type of aircraft. apply for a pilot certificate and rating: (g) Flight instructor certificate and rat- (1) An official U.S. Armed Forces ings. A person who can show official record that shows the person is or was U.S. military documentation of being a a military pilot. U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces military pilot examiner, or a former record that shows the person graduated instructor pilot or pilot examiner may from a U.S. Armed Forces under- apply for and be issued a flight instruc- graduate pilot training school and re- tor certificate with the appropriate ceived a rating qualification as a mili- ratings if that person: tary pilot. (1) Holds a commercial or airline (3) An official U.S. Armed Forces transport pilot certificate with the ap- record that shows the pilot passed a propriate aircraft category and class pilot proficiency check and instrument rating, if a class rating is appropriate, proficiency check in an aircraft as a for the flight instructor rating sought; military pilot.

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(4) If a person is a military pilot in (2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at the Armed Forces from a foreign con- the private pilot license level or high- tracting State to the Convention on er, that does not contain a limitation International Civil Aviation and is ap- stating that the applicant has not met plying for a pilot certificate and rat- all of the standards of ICAO for that li- ing, that person must present the fol- cense; lowing: (3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certifi- (i) An official U.S. Armed Forces cate other than a U.S. student pilot record that shows the person is a mili- certificate; tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces; (4) Holds a medical certificate issued (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces under part 67 of this chapter or a med- record that shows the person is as- ical license issued by the country that signed as a military pilot in the U.S. issued the person’s foreign pilot li- Armed Forces for purposes other than cense; and receiving flight training; (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and (iii) An official record that shows the understand the English language. If the person graduated from a military un- applicant is unable to meet one of dergraduate pilot training school from these requirements due to medical rea- the Armed Forces from a foreign con- sons, then the Administrator may tracting State to the Convention on place such operating limitations on International Civil Aviation or from that applicant’s pilot certificate as are the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a necessary for the safe operation of the qualification as a military pilot; and aircraft. (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft record that shows that the person ratings listed on a person’s foreign passed a pilot proficiency check and in- pilot license, in addition to any issued strument proficiency check in an air- after testing under the provisions of craft as a military pilot in the U.S. this part, may be placed on that per- Armed Forces. son’s U.S. pilot certificate for private pilot privileges only. [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. (d) Instrument ratings issued. A person 21, 2009] who holds an instrument rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a con- § 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued tracting State to the Convention on on the basis of a foreign pilot li- International Civil Aviation may be cense. issued an instrument rating on a U.S. (a) General. A person who holds a for- pilot certificate provided: eign pilot license at the private pilot (1) The person’s foreign pilot license level or higher that was issued by a authorizes instrument privileges; contracting State to the Convention on (2) Within 24 months preceding the International Civil Aviation may apply month in which the person applies for for and be issued a U.S. private pilot the instrument rating, the person certificate with the appropriate ratings passes the appropriate knowledge test; if the foreign pilot license meets the and requirements of this section. (3) The person is able to read, speak, (b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private write, and understand the English lan- pilot certificate issued under this sec- guage. If the applicant is unable to tion must specify the person’s foreign meet one of these requirements due to license number and country of medical reasons, then the Adminis- issuance. A person who holds a foreign trator may place such operating limi- pilot license issued by a contracting tations on that applicant’s pilot cer- State to the Convention on Inter- tificate as are necessary for the safe national Civil Aviation may be issued a operation of the aircraft. U.S. private pilot certificate based on (e) Operating privileges and limitations. the foreign pilot license without any A person who receives a U.S. private further showing of proficiency, pro- pilot certificate that has been issued vided the applicant: under the provisions of this section: (1) Meets the requirements of this (1) May act as pilot in command of a section; civil aircraft of the United States in

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accordance with the pilot privileges (i) Scheduled international air serv- authorized by this part and the limita- ices in turbojet-powered airplanes of tions placed on that U.S. pilot certifi- U.S. registry; cate; (ii) Scheduled international air serv- (2) Is limited to the privileges placed ices in airplanes of U.S. registry having on the certificate by the Adminis- a configuration of more than nine pas- trator; senger seats, excluding crewmember (3) Is subject to the limitations and seats; restrictions on the person’s U.S. cer- (iii) Nonscheduled international air tificate and foreign pilot license when transportation in airplanes of U.S. reg- istry having a configuration of more exercising the privileges of that U.S. than 30 passenger seats, excluding pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. crewmember seats; or registry operating within or outside (iv) Scheduled international air serv- the United States; and ices, or nonscheduled international air (f) Limitation on licenses used as the transportation, in airplanes of U.S. basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may registry having a payload capacity of use only one foreign pilot license as a more than 7,500 pounds. basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the certificate. The foreign pilot license issuance or renewal of a special pur- and medical certification used as a pose pilot authorization, an applicant basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate must present the following to a Flight under this section must be written in Standards office: English or accompanied by an English (1) A foreign pilot license issued by transcription that has been signed by the aeronautical authority of a con- an official or representative of the for- tracting State to the Convention on eign aviation authority that issued the International Civil Aviation that con- foreign pilot license. tains the appropriate aircraft category, (g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot class, type rating, if appropriate, and certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate instrument rating for the aircraft to be issued under this section can only be flown; exercised when the pilot has the for- (2) A certification by the lessee of the eign pilot license, upon which the aircraft— issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate (i) Stating that the applicant is em- was based, in the holder’s possession or ployed by the lessee; readily accessible in the aircraft. (ii) Specifying the aircraft type on which the applicant will perform pilot [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as duties; and amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42556, Aug. (iii) Stating that the applicant has 21, 2009] received ground and flight instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform § 61.77 Special purpose pilot author- ization: Operation of a civil aircraft the duties to be assigned on the air- of the United States and leased by a craft. non-U.S. citizen. (3) Documentation showing when the applicant will reach the age of 65 years (a) General. The holder of a foreign (an official copy of the applicant’s pilot license issued by a contracting birth certificate or other official docu- State to the Convention on Inter- mentation); national Civil Aviation who meets the (4) Documentation the applicant requirements of this section may be meets the medical standards for the issued a special purpose pilot author- issuance of the foreign pilot license ization by the Administrator for the from the aeronautical authority of purpose of performing pilot duties— that contracting State to the Conven- (1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry tion on International Civil Aviation; that is leased to a person who is not a and citizen of the United States, and (5) A statement that the applicant (2) For carrying persons or property does not already hold a special purpose for compensation or hire for operations pilot authorization; however, if the ap- in— plicant already holds a special purpose

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pilot authorization, then that special (2) Scheduled international air serv- purpose pilot authorization must be ices carrying passengers in airplanes surrendered to either the Flight Stand- having a passenger-seat configuration ards office that issued it, or the Flight of more than nine passenger seats, ex- Standards office processing the appli- cluding each crewmember seat; cation for the authorization, prior to (3) Nonscheduled international air being issued another special purpose transportation for compensation or pilot authorization. hire in airplanes having a passenger- (c) Privileges. A person issued a spe- seat configuration of more than 30 pas- cial purpose pilot authorization under senger seats, excluding each crew- this section— member seat; or (1) May exercise the privileges pre- (4) Scheduled international air serv- scribed on the special purpose pilot au- ices, or nonscheduled international air thorization; and transportation for compensation or (2) Must comply with the limitations hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- specified in this section and any addi- pacity of more than 7,500 pounds. tional limitations specified on the spe- (f) Definitions. (1) International air cial purpose pilot authorization. service, as used in paragraph (e) of this (d) General limitations. A special pur- section, means scheduled air service pose pilot authorization may be used performed in airplanes for the public only— transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, (1) For flights between foreign coun- in which the service passes through the tries or for flights in foreign air com- air space over the territory of more merce within the time period allotted than one country. on the authorization. (2) International air transportation, as (2) If the foreign pilot license re- used in paragraph (e) of this section, quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- means air transportation performed in tion, the medical documentation re- airplanes for the public transport of quired by paragraph (b)(4) of this sec- passengers, mail, or cargo, in which tion, and the special purpose pilot au- service passes through the air space thorization issued under this section over the territory of more than one are in the holder’s physical possession country. or immediately accessible in the air- (g) Expiration date. Each special pur- craft. pose pilot authorization issued under (3) While the holder is employed by this section expires— the person to whom the aircraft de- (1) 60 calendar months from the scribed in the certification required by month it was issued, unless sooner sus- paragraph (b)(2) of this section is pended or revoked; leased. (2) When the lease agreement for the (4) While the holder is performing aircraft expires or the lessee termi- pilot duties on the U.S.-registered air- nates the employment of the person craft described in the certification re- who holds the special purpose pilot au- quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- thorization; tion. (3) Whenever the person’s foreign (5) If the holder has only one special pilot license has been suspended, re- purpose pilot authorization as provided voked, or is no longer valid; or in paragraph (b)(5) of this section. (4) When the person no longer meets (e) Age limitation. No person who the medical standards for the issuance holds a special purpose pilot authoriza- of the foreign pilot license. tion issued under this part may serve (h) Renewal. A person exercising the as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. privileges of a special purpose pilot au- registry in the following operations if thorization may apply for a 60-cal- the person has reached his or her 60th endar-month extension of that author- birthday or, in the case of operations ization, provided the person— with more than one pilot, his or her (1) Continues to meet the require- 65th birthday: ments of this section; and (1) Scheduled international air serv- (2) Surrenders the expired special ices carrying passengers in turbojet- purpose pilot authorization upon re- powered airplanes; ceipt of the new authorization.

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(i) Surrender. The holder of a special § 61.87 Solo requirements for student purpose pilot authorization must sur- pilots. render the authorization to the Admin- (a) General. A student pilot may not istrator within 7 days after the date operate an aircraft in solo flight unless the authorization terminates. that student has met the requirements [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997, as of this section. The term ‘‘solo flight’’ amended by Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July as used in this subpart means that 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, flight time during which a student 2009; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33401, June 12, 2015; pilot is the sole occupant of the air- Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] craft or that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an Subpart C—Student Pilots airship requiring more than one pilot § 61.81 Applicability. flight crewmember. (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student This subpart prescribes the require- pilot must demonstrate satisfactory ments for the issuance of student pilot aeronautical knowledge on a knowl- certificates, the conditions under edge test that meets the requirements which those certificates are necessary, of this paragraph: and the general operating rules and (1) The test must address the student limitations for the holders of those cer- pilot’s knowledge of— tificates. (i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and § 61.83 Eligibility requirements for stu- 91 of this chapter; dent pilots. (ii) Airspace rules and procedures for To be eligible for a student pilot cer- the airport where the solo flight will be tificate, an applicant must: performed; and (a) Be at least 16 years of age for (iii) Flight characteristics and oper- other than the operation of a glider or ational limitations for the make and balloon. model of aircraft to be flown. (b) Be at least 14 years of age for the (2) The student’s authorized instruc- operation of a glider or balloon. tor must— (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and (i) Administer the test; and understand the English language. If the (ii) At the conclusion of the test, re- applicant is unable to meet one of view all incorrect answers with the these requirements due to medical rea- student before authorizing that stu- sons, then the Administrator may dent to conduct a solo flight. place such operating limitations on (c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to that applicant’s pilot certificate as are conducting a solo flight, a student necessary for the safe operation of the pilot must have: aircraft. (1) Received and logged flight train- ing for the maneuvers and procedures § 61.85 Application. of this section that are appropriate to An applicant for a student pilot cer- the make and model of aircraft to be tificate: flown; and (a) Must make that application in a (2) Demonstrated satisfactory pro- form acceptable to the Administrator; ficiency and safety, as judged by an au- and thorized instructor, on the maneuvers (b) Must submit the application to a and procedures required by this section Flight Standards office, a designated in the make and model of aircraft or pilot examiner, an airman certification similar make and model of aircraft to representative associated with a pilot be flown. school, a flight instructor, or other (d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- person authorized by the Adminis- solo flight training in a single-engine air- trator. plane. A student pilot who is receiving [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR training for a single-engine airplane 1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket rating or privileges must receive and FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. log flight training for the following 5, 2018] maneuvers and procedures:

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(1) Proper flight preparation proce- (10) Stall entries from various flight dures, including preflight planning and attitudes and power combinations with preparation, powerplant operation, and recovery initiated at the first indica- aircraft systems; tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- stall; cluding runups; (11) Emergency procedures and equip- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including ment malfunctions; normal and crosswind; (12) Ground reference maneuvers; (4) Straight and level flight, and (13) Approaches to a landing area turns in both directions; with simulated engine malfunctions; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (14) Go-arounds. entry and departure procedures; (f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a helicopter. A stu- avoidance, and avoid- dent pilot who is receiving training for ance; a helicopter rating must receive and (8) Descents, with and without turns, log flight training for the following using high and low configurations; maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight; dures, including preflight planning and (10) Stall entries from various flight preparation, powerplant operation, and attitudes and power combinations with aircraft systems; recovery initiated at the first indica- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tion of a stall, and recovery from a full cluding runups; stall; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (11) Emergency procedures and equip- normal and crosswind; ment malfunctions; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Ground reference maneuvers; turns in both directions; (13) Approaches to a landing area (5) Climbs and climbing turns; with simulated engine malfunctions; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (14) Slips to a landing; and entry and departure procedures; (15) Go-arounds. (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a multiengine air- ance; plane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a multiengine airplane rat- (8) Descents with and without turns; ing must receive and log flight training (9) Flight at various airspeeds; for the following maneuvers and proce- (10) Emergency procedures and equip- dures: ment malfunctions; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (11) Ground reference maneuvers; dures, including preflight planning and (12) Approaches to the landing area; preparation, powerplant operation, and (13) Hovering and hovering turns; aircraft systems; (14) Go-arounds; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (15) Simulated emergency proce- cluding runups; dures, including autorotational de- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including scents with a power recovery and normal and crosswind; power recovery to a hover; (4) Straight and level flight, and (16) Rapid decelerations; and turns in both directions; (17) Simulated one-engine-inoper- (5) Climbs and climbing turns; ative approaches and landings for mul- (6) Airport traffic patterns, including tiengine helicopters. entry and departure procedures; (g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a gyroplane. A stu- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- dent pilot who is receiving training for ance; a gyroplane rating or privileges must (8) Descents, with and without turns, receive and log flight training for the using high and low drag configurations; following maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight; dures, including preflight planning and

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preparation, powerplant operation, and (11) Emergency procedures and equip- aircraft systems; ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (12) Ground reference maneuvers; cluding runups; (13) Approaches to a landing with (3) Takeoffs and landings, including simulated engine malfunctions; normal and crosswind; (14) Go-arounds; (4) Straight and level flight, and (15) Approaches to the landing area; turns in both directions; (16) Hovering and hovering turns; and (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (17) For multiengine powered-lifts, (6) Airport traffic patterns, including simulated one-engine-inoperative ap- entry and departure procedures; proaches and landings. (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a glider. A student ance; pilot who is receiving training for a (8) Descents with and without turns; glider rating or privileges must receive (9) Flight at various airspeeds; and log flight training for the following (10) Emergency procedures and equip- maneuvers and procedures: ment malfunctions; (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (12) Approaches to the landing area; dures, including preflight planning, (13) High rates of descent with power preparation, aircraft systems, and, if on and with simulated power off, and appropriate, powerplant operations; recovery from those flight configura- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tions; cluding runups, if applicable; (14) Go-arounds; and (3) Launches, including normal and (15) Simulated emergency proce- crosswind; dures, including simulated power-off (4) Straight and level flight, and landings and simulated power failure turns in both directions, if applicable; during departures. (5) Airport traffic patterns, including (h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- entry procedures; solo flight training in a powered-lift. A (6) Collision avoidance, windshear student pilot who is receiving training avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- for a powered-lift rating must receive ance; and log flight training in the following (7) Descents with and without turns maneuvers and procedures: using high and low drag configurations; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (8) Flight at various airspeeds; dures, including preflight planning and (9) Emergency procedures and equip- preparation, powerplant operation, and ment malfunctions; aircraft systems; (10) Ground reference maneuvers, if (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- applicable; cluding runups; (11) Inspection of towline rigging and (3) Takeoffs and landings, including review of signals and release proce- normal and crosswind; dures, if applicable; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self- turns in both directions; launch procedures; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (13) Procedures for disassembly and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including assembly of the glider; entry and departure procedures; (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- ery; ance; (15) Straight glides, turns, and spi- (8) Descents with and without turns; rals; (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (16) Landings, including normal and cruise to slow flight; crosswind; (10) Stall entries from various flight (17) Slips to a landing; attitudes and power combinations with (18) Procedures and techniques for recovery initiated at the first indica- thermalling; and tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (19) Emergency operations, including stall; towline break procedures.

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(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- training for a powered parachute rat- solo flight training in an airship. A stu- ing or privileges must receive and log dent pilot who is receiving training for flight training for the following ma- an airship rating or privileges must re- neuvers and procedures: ceive and log flight training for the fol- (1) Proper flight preparation proce- lowing maneuvers and procedures: dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce- preparation, preflight assembly and dures, including preflight planning and rigging, aircraft systems, and power- preparation, powerplant operation, and plant operations. aircraft systems; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- cluding run-ups. cluding runups; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind. normal and crosswind; (4) Straight and level flight, and (4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions. turns in both directions; (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in (5) Climbs and climbing turns; both directions. (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures; entry and departure procedures. (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- ance; ance. (8) Descents with and without turns; (8) Descents, and descending turns in (9) Flight at various airspeeds from both directions. cruise to slow flight; (9) Emergency procedures and equip- (10) Emergency procedures and equip- ment malfunctions. ment malfunctions; (10) Ground reference maneuvers. (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (11) Straight glides, and turns (12) Rigging, ballasting, and control- in both directions. ling pressure in the ballonets, and (12) Go-arounds. superheating; and (13) Approaches to landing areas with (13) Landings with positive and with a simulated engine malfunction. negative static trim. (14) Procedures for canopy packing (k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- and aircraft disassembly. solo flight training in a balloon. A stu- (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- dent pilot who is receiving training in solo flight training in a weight-shift-con- a balloon must receive and log flight trol aircraft. A student pilot who is re- training for the following maneuvers ceiving training for a weight-shift-con- and procedures: trol aircraft rating or privileges must (1) Layout and assembly procedures; receive and log flight training for the (2) Proper flight preparation proce- following maneuvers and procedures: dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce- preparation, and aircraft systems; dures, including preflight planning and (3) Ascents and descents; preparation, preflight assembly and (4) Landing and recovery procedures; rigging, aircraft systems, and power- (5) Emergency procedures and equip- plant operations. ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (6) Operation of hot air or gas source, cluding run-ups. ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as (3) Takeoffs and landings, including appropriate; normal and crosswind. (7) Use of deflation valves or rip pan- (4) Straight and level flight, and els for simulating an emergency; turns in both directions. (8) The effects of on climb and (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in approach angles; and both directions. (9) Obstruction detection and avoid- (6) Airport traffic patterns, including ance techniques. entry and departure procedures. (l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a powered para- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- chute. A student pilot who is receiving ance.

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(8) Descents, and descending turns in (4) Endorsed the student pilot’s log- both directions. book for the specific make and model (9) Flight at various airspeeds from aircraft to be flown, and that endorse- maximum cruise to slow flight. ment remains current for solo flight (10) Emergency procedures and equip- privileges, provided an authorized in- ment malfunctions. structor updates the student’s logbook (11) Ground reference maneuvers. every 90 days thereafter. (12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ery. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; (13) Straight glides, and gliding turns Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. in both directions. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– (14) Go-arounds. 124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA– (15) Approaches to landing areas with 2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, a simulated engine malfunction. 2016] (16) Procedures for disassembly. (n) Limitations on student pilots oper- § 61.89 General limitations. ating an aircraft in solo flight. A student (a) A student pilot may not act as pilot may not operate an aircraft in pilot in command of an aircraft: solo flight unless that student pilot has (1) That is carrying a passenger; received an endorsement in the stu- (2) That is carrying property for com- dent’s logbook for the specific make pensation or hire; and to be flown by an (3) For compensation or hire; authorized instructor who gave the (4) In furtherance of a business; training within the 90 days preceding (5) On an international flight, except the date of the flight. that a student pilot may make solo (o) Limitations on student pilots oper- training flights from Haines, Gustavus, ating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, student pilot may not operate an air- Yukon, Canada, and return over the craft in solo flight at night unless that province of British Columbia; student pilot has received: (6) With a flight or surface visibility (1) Flight training at night on night of less than 3 statute miles during day- flying procedures that includes take- light hours or 5 statute miles at night; offs, approaches, landings, and go- (7) When the flight cannot be made arounds at night at the airport where with visual reference to the surface; or the solo flight will be conducted; (8) In a manner contrary to any limi- (2) Navigation training at night in tations placed in the pilot’s logbook by the vicinity of the airport where the an authorized instructor. solo flight will be conducted; and (b) A student pilot may not act as a (3) An endorsement in the student’s required pilot flight crewmember on logbook for the specific make and any aircraft for which more than one model aircraft to be flown for night pilot is required by the type certificate solo flight by an authorized instructor of the aircraft or regulations under who gave the training within the 90- which the flight is conducted, except day period preceding the date of the when receiving flight training from an flight. authorized instructor on board an air- (p) Limitations on flight instructors au- ship, and no person other than a re- thorizing solo flight. No instructor may quired flight crewmember is carried on authorize a student pilot to perform a the aircraft. solo flight unless that instructor has— (c) A student pilot seeking a sport (1) Given that student pilot training pilot certificate must comply with the in the make and model of aircraft or a provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of similar make and model of aircraft in this section and may not act as pilot in which the solo flight is to be flown; command— (2) Determined the student pilot is (1) Of an aircraft other than a light- proficient in the maneuvers and proce- sport aircraft; dures prescribed in this section; (2) At night; (3) Determined the student pilot is (3) At an altitude of more than 10,000 proficient in the make and model of feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever aircraft to be flown; and is higher;

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(4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at craft for which solo cross-country an airport located in Class B, C, or D privileges are sought; airspace, and to, from, through, or on (ii) Have demonstrated cross-country an airport having an operational con- proficiency on the appropriate maneu- trol tower without having received the vers and procedures of this section to ground and flight training specified in an authorized instructor; § 61.94 and an endorsement from an au- (iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished thorized instructor; the pre-solo flight maneuvers and pro- (5) Of a light-sport aircraft without cedures required by § 61.87 of this part having received the applicable ground in the make and model of aircraft or training, flight training, and instructor similar make and model of aircraft for endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) which solo cross-country privileges are and (b). sought; and (d) The holder of a student pilot cer- (iv) Comply with any limitations in- tificate may act as pilot in command cluded in the authorized instructor’s of an aircraft without holding a med- endorsement that are required by para- ical certificate issued under part 67 of graph (c) of this section. this chapter provided the student pilot (3) A student pilot who seeks solo holds a valid U.S. driver’s license, cross-country flight privileges must meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), have received ground and flight train- and the operation is conducted con- ing from an authorized instructor on sistent with the requirements of para- the cross-country maneuvers and pro- graphs (a) and (b) of this section and cedures listed in this section that are the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the appropriate to the aircraft to be flown. requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) (b) Authorization to perform certain of this section conflict with § 61.113(i), a solo flights and cross-country flights. A student pilot must comply with para- student pilot must obtain an endorse- graphs (a) and (b) of this section. ment from an authorized instructor to make solo flights from the airport [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as where the student pilot normally re- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; ceives training to another location. A Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR student pilot who receives this en- 3165, Jan. 11, 2017] dorsement must comply with the re- quirements of this paragraph. § 61.91 [Reserved] (1) Solo flights may be made to an- other airport that is within 25 nautical § 61.93 Solo cross-country flight re- miles from the airport where the stu- quirements. dent pilot normally receives training, (a) General. (1) Except as provided in provided— paragraph (b) of this section, a student (i) An authorized instructor has pilot must meet the requirements of given the student pilot flight training this section before— at the other airport, and that training (i) Conducting a solo cross-country includes flight in both directions over flight, or any flight greater than 25 the route, entering and exiting the nautical miles from the airport from traffic pattern, and takeoffs and land- where the flight originated. ings at the other airport; (ii) Making a solo flight and landing (ii) The authorized instructor who at any location other than the airport gave the training endorses the student of origination. pilot’s logbook authorizing the flight; (2) Except as provided in paragraph (iii) The student pilot has a solo (b) of this section, a student pilot who flight endorsement in accordance with seeks solo cross-country flight privi- § 61.87 of this part; leges must: (iv) The authorized instructor has de- (i) Have received flight training from termined that the student pilot is pro- an instructor authorized to provide ficient to make the flight; and flight training on the maneuvers and (v) The purpose of the flight is to procedures of this section that are ap- practice takeoffs and landings at that propriate to the make and model of air- other airport.

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(2) Repeated specific solo cross-coun- (iii) State that any limitations re- try flights may be made to another air- quired by the student’s authorized in- port that is within 50 nautical miles of structor are met. the airport from which the flight origi- (d) Limitations on authorized instruc- nated, provided— tors to permit solo cross-country flights. (i) The authorized instructor has An authorized instructor may not per- given the student flight training in mit a student pilot to conduct a solo both directions over the route, includ- cross-country flight unless that in- ing entering and exiting the traffic pat- structor has: terns, takeoffs, and landings at the air- (1) Determined that the student’s ports to be used; cross-country planning is correct for (ii) The authorized instructor who the flight; gave the training has endorsed the stu- (2) Reviewed the current and forecast dent’s logbook certifying that the stu- weather conditions and has determined dent is proficient to make such flights; that the flight can be completed under (iii) The student has a solo flight en- VFR; dorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of (3) Determined that the student is this part; and proficient to conduct the flight safely; (iv) The student has a solo cross (4) Determined that the student has country flight endorsement in accord- the appropriate solo cross-country en- ance with paragraph (c) of this section; dorsement for the make and model of however, for repeated solo cross coun- aircraft to be flown; and try flights to another airport within 50 (5) Determined that the student’s nautical miles from which the flight solo flight endorsement is current for originated, separate endorsements are the make and model aircraft to be not required to be made for each flight. flown. (c) Endorsements for solo cross-country (e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- flights. Except as specified in paragraph country flight training in a single-engine (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- must have the endorsements prescribed ing training for cross-country flight in in this paragraph for each cross-coun- a single-engine airplane must receive try flight: and log flight training in the following (1) A student pilot must have a solo maneuvers and procedures: cross-country endorsement from the (1) Use of aeronautical charts for authorized instructor who conducted VFR navigation using pilotage and the training that is placed in that per- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- son’s logbook for the specific category netic ; of aircraft to be flown. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (2) A student pilot must have a solo pertaining to cross-country flight; cross-country endorsement from an au- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- thorized instructor that is placed in nautical weather reports and forecasts, that person’s logbook for the specific including recognition of critical weath- make and model of aircraft to be flown. er situations and estimating visibility (3) For each cross-country flight, the while in flight; authorized instructor who reviews the (4) Emergency procedures; cross-country planning must make an (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- endorsement in the person’s logbook clude area departure, area arrival, after reviewing that person’s cross- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- country planning, as specified in para- proach; graph (d) of this section. The endorse- (6) Procedures and operating prac- ment must— tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (i) Specify the make and model of bulence precautions, and windshear aircraft to be flown; avoidance; (ii) State that the student’s preflight (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- planning and preparation is correct and ational restrictions of hazardous ter- that the student is prepared to make rain features in the geographical area the flight safely under the known con- where the cross-country flight will be ditions; and flown;

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(8) Procedures for operating the in- (8) Procedures for operating the in- struments and equipment installed in struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- ognition and use of the proper oper- ognition and use of the proper oper- ational procedures and indications; ational procedures and indications; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except and two-way communications; that a student pilot seeking a sport (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing pilot certificate must only receive and procedures, including short-field, soft- log flight training on the use of radios field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- installed in the aircraft to be flown; proaches, and landings; (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing (11) Climbs at best angle and best procedures, including short-field, soft- rate; and field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- (12) Control and maneuvering solely proaches, and landings; by reference to , in- (11) Climbs at best angle and best cluding straight and level flight, turns, rate; and descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and (12) Control and maneuvering solely ATC directives. by reference to flight instruments, in- (g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- cluding straight and level flight, turns, country flight training in a helicopter. A descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and student pilot who is receiving training ATC directives. For student pilots for cross-country flight in a helicopter seeking a sport pilot certificate, the must receive and log flight training for provisions of this paragraph only apply the following maneuvers and proce- when receiving training for cross-coun- dures: try flight in an airplane that has a VH (1) Use of aeronautical charts for greater than 87 knots CAS. VFR navigation using pilotage and (f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- country flight training in a multiengine netic compass; airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts ing training for cross-country flight in pertaining to cross-country flight; a multiengine airplane must receive (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- and log flight training in the following nautical weather reports and forecasts, maneuvers and procedures: including recognition of critical weath- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for er situations and estimating visibility VFR navigation using pilotage and while in flight; dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- (4) Emergency procedures; netic compass; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts clude area departure, area arrival, pertaining to cross-country flight; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- proach; nautical weather reports and forecasts, (6) Procedures and operating prac- including recognition of critical weath- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- er situations and estimating visibility bulence precautions, and windshear while in flight; avoidance; (4) Emergency procedures; (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- ational restrictions of hazardous ter- clude area departure, area arrival, rain features in the geographical area entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- where the cross-country flight will be proach; flown; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- struments and equipment installed in bulence precautions, and windshear the aircraft to be flown, including rec- avoidance; ognition and use of the proper oper- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- ational procedures and indications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation rain features in the geographical area and two-way communications; and where the cross-country flight will be (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing flown; procedures.

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(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts country flight training in a gyroplane. A pertaining to cross-country flight; student pilot who is receiving training (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- for cross-country flight in a gyroplane nautical weather reports and forecasts, must receive and log flight training in including recognition of critical weath- the following maneuvers and proce- er situations and estimating visibility dures: while in flight; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (4) Emergency procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage and (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- clude area departure, area arrival, netic compass; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts proach; pertaining to cross-country flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- nautical weather reports and forecasts, bulence precautions, and windshear including recognition of critical weath- avoidance; er situations and estimating visibility (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- while in flight; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (4) Emergency procedures; rain features in the geographical area (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- where the cross-country flight will be clude area departure, area arrival, flown; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (8) Procedures for operating the in- proach; struments and equipment installed in (6) Procedures and operating prac- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- ognition and use of the proper oper- bulence precautions, and windshear ational procedures and indications; avoidance; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- and two-way communications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing rain features in the geographical area procedures that include high-altitude, where the cross-country flight will be steep, and shallow takeoffs, ap- flown; proaches, and landings; and (8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control and maneuvering solely struments and equipment installed in by reference to flight instruments, in- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- cluding straight and level flight, turns, ognition and use of the proper oper- descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ational procedures and indications; ATC directives. (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- and two-way communication, except country flight training in a glider. A stu- that a student pilot seeking a sport dent pilot who is receiving training for pilot certificate must only receive and cross-country flight in a glider must log flight training on the use of radios receive and log flight training in the installed in the aircraft to be flown; following maneuvers and procedures: and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing VFR navigation using pilotage and procedures, including short-field and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and netic compass; landings. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- pertaining to cross-country flight; country flight training in a powered-lift. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- A student pilot who is receiving train- nautical weather reports and forecasts, ing for cross-country flight training in including recognition of critical weath- a powered-lift must receive and log er situations and estimating visibility flight training in the following maneu- while in flight; vers and procedures: (4) Emergency procedures; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- VFR navigation using pilotage and clude area departure, area arrival, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- netic compass; proach;

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(6) Procedures and operating prac- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- and two-way communication, except bulence precautions, and windshear that a student pilot seeking a sport avoidance; pilot certificate must only receive and (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- log flight training on the use of radios ational restrictions of hazardous ter- installed in the aircraft to be flown; rain features in the geographical area (10) Control of air pressure with re- where the cross-country flight will be gard to ascending and descending flight flown; and altitude control; (8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control of the airship solely by struments and equipment installed in reference to flight instruments, except the aircraft to be flown, including rec- for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot ognition and use of the proper oper- certificate; and ational procedures and indications; (12) Recognition of weather and upper (9) Landings accomplished without air conditions conducive for the direc- the use of the from at least tion of cross-country flight. 2,000 feet above the surface; and (l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (10) Recognition of weather and upper country flight training in a powered para- air conditions favorable for cross-coun- chute. A student pilot who is receiving try soaring, ascending and descending training for cross-country flight in a flight, and altitude control. powered parachute must receive and (k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- log flight training in the following ma- country flight training in an airship. A neuvers and procedures: student pilot who is receiving training (1) Use of aeronautical charts for for cross-country flight in an airship VFR navigation using pilotage and must receive and log flight training for dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- the following maneuvers and proce- netic compass, as appropriate. dures: (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight. (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- VFR navigation using pilotage and nautical weather reports and forecasts, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- including recognizing critical weather netic compass; situations and estimating visibility (2) Use of aircraft performance charts while in flight. pertaining to cross-country flight; (4) Emergency procedures. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- nautical weather reports and forecasts, clude area departure, area arrival, including recognition of critical weath- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- er situations and estimating visibility proach. while in flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (4) Emergency procedures; tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- bulence precautions, and windshear clude area departure, area arrival, avoidance. entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- proach; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (6) Procedures and operating prac- rain features in the geographical area tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- where the cross-country flight will be bulence precautions, and windshear flown. avoidance; (8) Procedures for operating the in- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- struments and equipment installed in ational restrictions of hazardous ter- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- rain features in the geographical area ognition and use of the proper oper- where the cross-country flight will be ational procedures and indications. flown; (9) If equipped for flight with naviga- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tion radios, the use of radios for VFR struments and equipment installed in navigation. the aircraft to be flown, including rec- (10) Recognition of weather and upper ognition and use of the proper oper- air conditions favorable for the cross- ational procedures and indications; country flight.

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(11) Takeoff, approach and landing § 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport procedures. pilot certificate or a recreational (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pilot certificate: Operations at air- cross-country flight training in a weight- ports within, and in airspace lo- shift-control aircraft. A student pilot cated within, Class B, C, and D air- space, or at airports with an oper- who is receiving training for cross- ational control tower in other air- country flight in a weight-shift-control space. aircraft must receive and log flight (a) A student pilot seeking a sport training for the following maneuvers pilot certificate or a recreational pilot and procedures: certificate who wants to obtain privi- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for leges to operate in Class B, C, and D VFR navigation using pilotage and airspace, at an airport located in Class dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, netic compass, as appropriate. through, or at an airport having an (2) Use of aircraft performance charts operational control tower, must re- pertaining to cross-country flight. ceive and log ground and flight train- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- ing from an authorized instructor in nautical weather reports and forecasts, the following aeronautical knowledge including recognizing critical weather areas and areas of operation: situations and estimating visibility (1) The use of radios, communica- while in flight. tions, navigation systems and facili- (4) Emergency procedures. ties, and radar services. (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Operations at airports with an op- clude area departure, area arrival, erating control tower, to include three entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- takeoffs and landings to a full stop, proach. with each landing involving a flight in (6) Procedures and operating prac- the traffic pattern, at an airport with tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- an operating control tower. bulence precautions, and windshear (3) Applicable flight rules of part 91 avoidance. of this chapter for operations in Class (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- ational restrictions of hazardous ter- trol clearances. rain features in the geographical area (4) Ground and flight training for the where the cross-country flight will be specific Class B, C, or D airspace for flown. which the solo flight is authorized, if (8) Procedures for operating the in- applicable, within the 90-day period struments and equipment installed in preceding the date of the flight in that the aircraft to be flown, including rec- airspace. The flight training must be ognition and use of the proper oper- received in the specific airspace area for which solo flight is authorized. ational procedures and indications. (5) Ground and flight training for the (9) If equipped for flight using navi- specific airport located in Class B, C, or gation radios, the use of radios for VFR D airspace for which the solo flight is navigation. authorized, if applicable, within the 90- (10) Recognition of weather and upper day period preceding the date of the air conditions favorable for the cross- flight at that airport. The flight and country flight. ground training must be received at (11) Takeoff, approach and landing the specific airport for which solo procedures, including crosswind ap- flight is authorized. proaches and landings. (b) The authorized instructor who [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; provides the training specified in para- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; graph (a) of this section must provide a Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; logbook endorsement that certifies the Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; student has received that training and Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket is proficient to conduct solo flight in FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. that specific airspace or at that spe- 12, 2016] cific airport and in those aeronautical

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knowledge areas and areas of operation tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- specified in this section. cate. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44867, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 27, 2004] Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004] § 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class Subpart D—Recreational Pilots B airspace. (a) A student pilot may not operate § 61.96 Applicability and eligibility re- an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B quirements: General. airspace unless: (a) This subpart prescribes the re- (1) The student pilot has received quirement for the issuance of rec- both ground and flight training from reational pilot certificates and ratings, an authorized instructor on that Class the conditions under which those cer- B airspace area, and the flight training tificates and ratings are necessary, and was received in the specific Class B air- the general operating rules for persons space area for which solo flight is au- who hold those certificates and ratings. thorized; (b) To be eligible for a recreational (2) The logbook of that student pilot pilot certificate, a person who applies has been endorsed by the authorized in- for that certificate must: structor who gave the student pilot (1) Be at least 17 years of age; flight training, and the endorsement is (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and dated within the 90-day period pre- understand the English language. If the ceding the date of the flight in that applicant is unable to meet one of Class B airspace area; and these requirements due to medical rea- sons, then the Administrator may (3) The logbook endorsement speci- place such operating limitations on fies that the student pilot has received that applicant’s pilot certificate as are the required ground and flight train- necessary for the safe operation of the ing, and has been found proficient to aircraft; conduct solo flight in that specific (3) Receive a logbook endorsement Class B airspace area. from an authorized instructor who— (b) A student pilot may not operate (i) Conducted the training or re- an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or viewed the applicant’s home study on at an airport located within Class B the aeronautical knowledge areas list- airspace pursuant to § 91.131(b) of this ed in § 61.97(b) of this part that apply to chapter unless: the aircraft category and class rating (1) The student pilot has received sought; and both ground and flight training from (ii) Certified that the applicant is an instructor authorized to provide prepared for the required knowledge training to operate at that airport, and test. the flight and ground training has been (4) Pass the required knowledge test received at the specific airport for on the aeronautical knowledge areas which the solo flight is authorized; listed in § 61.97(b) of this part; (2) The logbook of that student pilot (5) Receive flight training and a log- has been endorsed by an authorized in- book endorsement from an authorized structor who gave the student pilot instructor who— flight training, and the endorsement is (i) Conducted the training on the dated within the 90-day period pre- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of ceding the date of the flight at that this part that apply to the aircraft cat- airport; and egory and class rating sought; and (3) The logbook endorsement speci- (ii) Certified that the applicant is fies that the student pilot has received prepared for the required practical the required ground and flight train- test. ing, and has been found proficient to (6) Meet the aeronautical experience conduct solo flight operations at that requirements of § 61.99 of this part that specific airport. apply to the aircraft category and class (c) This section does not apply to a rating sought before applying for the student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- practical test;

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(7) Pass the practical test on the use, data on takeoff and landing dis- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) tances, weather reports and forecasts, that apply to the aircraft category and and fuel requirements; and class rating; (ii) How to plan for alternatives if (8) Comply with the sections of this the planned flight cannot be completed part that apply to the aircraft category or delays are encountered. and class rating; and (9) Hold either a student pilot certifi- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] cate or sport pilot certificate. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; § 61.98 Flight proficiency. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; (a) General. A person who applies for Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009] a recreational pilot certificate must re- § 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. ceive and log ground and flight train- ing from an authorized instructor on (a) General. A person who applies for the areas of operation of this section a recreational pilot certificate must re- that apply to the aircraft category and ceive and log ground training from an class rating sought. authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical (b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single- knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight this section that apply to the aircraft preparation; category and class rating sought. (ii) Preflight procedures; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (iii) Airport operations; Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- tions of this chapter that relate to rec- arounds; reational pilot privileges, limitations, (v) Performance maneuvers; and flight operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (2) Accident reporting requirements (vii) Navigation; of the National Transportation Safety (viii) Slow flight and stalls; Board; (ix) Emergency operations; and (3) Use of the applicable portions of (x) Postflight procedures. the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- (2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars; preparation; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (ii) Preflight procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage with (iii) Airport and heliport operations; the aid of a magnetic compass; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (5) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- flight, windshear avoidance, and the arounds; procurement and use of aeronautical (vi) Performance maneuvers; weather reports and forecasts; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; (6) Safe and efficient operation of air- (viii) Navigation; craft, including collision avoidance, (ix) Emergency operations; and and recognition and avoidance of wake (x) Postflight procedures. turbulence; (3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight (7) Effects of density altitude on preparation; takeoff and climb performance; (ii) Preflight procedures; (8) Weight and balance computations; (iii) Airport operations; (9) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- erplants, and aircraft systems; arounds; (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, (v) Performance maneuvers; spins, and spin recovery techniques, if (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; applying for an airplane single-engine (vii) Navigation; rating; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (11) Aeronautical decision making (ix) Emergency operations; and and judgment; and (12) Preflight action that includes— (x) Postflight procedures. (i) How to obtain information on run- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; way lengths at airports of intended Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

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§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience. with the requirements of that section. However, if other airports that permit (a) A person who applies for a rec- civil operations are available to which reational pilot certificate must receive a flight may be made without flying and log at least 30 hours of flight time over water for more than 10 nautical that includes at least— miles from the nearest shoreline, the (1) 15 hours of flight training from an applicant must show completion of a authorized instructor on the areas of dual flight between two airports, which operation listed in § 61.98 that consists must include three landings at the of at least: other airport. (i) Except as provided in § 61.100, 2 (b) An applicant who complies with hours of flight training en route to an paragraph (a) of this section and meets airport that is located more than 25 all requirements for the issuance of a nautical miles from the airport where recreational pilot certificate, except the applicant normally trains, which the requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this includes at least three takeoffs and part, will be issued a pilot certificate three landings at the airport located with an endorsement containing the more than 25 nautical miles from the following limitation, ‘‘Passenger car- airport where the applicant normally rying prohibited on flights more than trains; and 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate (ii) Three hours of flight training island).’’ The limitation may be subse- with an authorized instructor in the quently amended to include another is- aircraft for the rating sought in prepa- land if the applicant complies with the ration for the practical test within the requirements of paragraph (a) of this preceding 2 calendar months from the section for another island. month of the test. (c) Upon meeting the requirements of (2) Three hours of solo flying in the § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, the applicant aircraft for the rating sought, on the may have the limitation(s) in para- areas of operation listed in § 61.98 that graph (b) of this section removed. apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought. § 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges (b) The holder of a sport pilot certifi- and limitations. cate may credit flight training re- (a) A person who holds a recreational ceived from a flight instructor with a pilot certificate may: sport pilot rating toward the aero- (1) Carry no more than one pas- nautical experience requirements of senger; and this section if the following conditions (2) Not pay less than the pro rata are met: share of the operating expenses of a (1) The flight training was accom- flight with a passenger, provided the plished in the same category and class expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport of aircraft for which the rating is expenses, or aircraft rental fees. sought; (b) A person who holds a recreational (2) The flight instructor with a sport pilot certificate may act as pilot in pilot rating was authorized to provide command of an aircraft on a flight the flight training; and within 50 nautical miles from the de- (3) The flight training included train- parture airport, provided that person ing on areas of operation that are re- has— quired for both a sport pilot certificate (1) Received ground and flight train- and a recreational pilot certificate. ing for takeoff, departure, arrival, and [Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR landing procedures at the departure 30277, June 27, 2018 airport; (2) Received ground and flight train- § 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. ing for the area, terrain, and aids to (a) An applicant located on an island navigation that are in the vicinity of from which the flight training required the departure airport; in § 61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be ac- (3) Been found proficient to operate complished without flying over water the aircraft at the departure airport for more than 10 nautical miles from and the area within 50 nautical miles the nearest shoreline need not comply from that airport; and

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(4) Received from an authorized in- (3) Received from an authorized in- structor a logbook endorsement, which structor a logbook endorsement, which is carried in the person’s possession in is carried on the person’s possession or the aircraft, that permits flight within readily accessible in the aircraft, that 50 nautical miles from the departure certifies the person has received and airport. been found proficient in those aero- (c) A person who holds a recreational nautical knowledge areas and areas of pilot certificate may act as pilot in operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) command of an aircraft on a flight that of this section. exceeds 50 nautical miles from the de- (e) Except as provided in paragraphs parture airport, provided that person (d) and (i) of this section, a rec- has— reational pilot may not act as pilot in (1) Received ground and flight train- command of an aircraft— ing from an authorized instructor on (1) That is certificated— the cross-country training require- (i) For more than four occupants; ments of subpart E of this part that (ii) With more than one powerplant; apply to the aircraft rating held; (iii) With a powerplant of more than (2) Been found proficient in cross- 180 horsepower, except aircraft certifi- country flying; and cated in the rotorcraft category; or (3) Received from an authorized in- (iv) With retractable landing gear; structor a logbook endorsement, which (2) That is classified as a multiengine is carried on the person’s possession in airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, the aircraft, that certifies the person balloon, powered parachute, or weight- has received and been found proficient shift-control aircraft; in the cross-country training require- (3) That is carrying a passenger or ments of subpart E of this part that property for compensation or hire; apply to the aircraft rating held. (4) For compensation or hire; (d) A person who holds a recreational (5) In furtherance of a business; pilot certificate may act as pilot in (6) Between sunset and sunrise; command of an aircraft in Class B, C, (7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at and D airspace, at an airport located in an airport located in Class B, C, or D Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, airspace, or to, from, through, or at an through, or at an airport having an airport having an operational control operational control tower, provided tower; that person has— (8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (1) Received and logged ground and feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever flight training from an authorized in- is higher; structor on the following aeronautical (9) When the flight or surface visi- knowledge areas and areas of oper- bility is less than 3 statute miles; ation, as appropriate to the aircraft (10) Without visual reference to the rating held: surface; (i) The use of radios, communica- (11) On a flight outside the United tions, navigation system and facilities, States, unless authorized by the coun- and radar services. try in which the flight is conducted; (ii) Operations at airports with an op- (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in erating control tower to include three flight as an aircraft salesperson to a takeoffs and landings to a full stop, prospective buyer; with each landing involving a flight in (13) That is used in a passenger-car- the traffic pattern at an airport with rying airlift and sponsored by a chari- an operating control tower. table organization; and (iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 (14) That is towing any object. of this chapter for operations in Class (f) A recreational pilot may not act B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- as a pilot flight crewmember on any trol clearances; aircraft for which more than one pilot (2) Been found proficient in those is required by the type certificate of aeronautical knowledge areas and the aircraft or the regulations under areas of operation specified in para- which the flight is conducted, except graph (d)(1) of this section; and when:

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(1) Receiving flight training from a (3) Has found that the recreational person authorized to provide flight pilot is competent to make solo flights training on board an airship; and in accordance with the logbook en- (2) No person other than a required dorsement. flight crewmember is carried on the (k) A recreational pilot may act as aircraft. pilot in command of an aircraft with- (g) A person who holds a recreational out holding a medical certificate issued pilot certificate, has logged fewer than under part 67 of this chapter provided 400 flight hours, and has not logged the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s li- pilot-in-command time in an aircraft cense, meets the requirements of within the 180 days preceding the flight § 61.23(c)(3), and the operation is con- shall not act as pilot in command of an ducted consistent with this section and aircraft until the pilot receives flight the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the training and a logbook endorsement requirements of this section conflict from an authorized instructor, and the with § 61.113(i), a recreational pilot instructor certifies that the person is must comply with this section. proficient to act as pilot in command [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as of the aircraft. This requirement can amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July be met in combination with the re- 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, quirements of §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of this 2009; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 part, at the discretion of the author- FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017] ized instructor. (h) A recreational pilot certificate Subpart E—Private Pilots issued under this subpart carries the notation, ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO § 61.102 Applicability. requirements.’’ This subpart prescribes the require- (i) For the purpose of obtaining addi- ments for the issuance of private pilot tional certificates or ratings while certificates and ratings, the conditions under the supervision of an authorized under which those certificates and rat- instructor, a recreational pilot may fly ings are necessary, and the general op- as the sole occupant of an aircraft: erating rules for persons who hold (1) For which the pilot does not hold those certificates and ratings. an appropriate category or class rat- ing; § 61.103 Eligibility requirements: Gen- (2) Within airspace that requires eral. communication with air traffic con- To be eligible for a private pilot cer- trol; or tificate, a person must: (3) Between sunset and sunrise, pro- (a) Be at least 17 years of age for a vided the flight or surface visibility is rating in other than a glider or bal- at least 5 statute miles. loon. (j) In order to fly solo as provided in (b) Be at least 16 years of age for a paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- rating in a glider or balloon. reational pilot must meet the appro- (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and priate aeronautical knowledge and understand the English language. If the flight training requirements of § 61.87 applicant is unable to meet one of for that aircraft. When operating an these requirements due to medical rea- aircraft under the conditions specified sons, then the Administrator may in paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- place such operating limitations on reational pilot shall carry the logbook that applicant’s pilot certificate as are that has been endorsed for each flight necessary for the safe operation of the by an authorized instructor who: aircraft. (1) Has given the recreational pilot (d) Receive a logbook endorsement training in the make and model of air- from an authorized instructor who: craft in which the solo flight is to be (1) Conducted the training or re- made; viewed the person’s home study on the (2) Has found that the recreational aeronautical knowledge areas listed in pilot has met the applicable require- § 61.105(b) of this part that apply to the ments of § 61.87; and aircraft rating sought; and

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(2) Certified that the person is pre- procurement and use of aeronautical pared for the required knowledge test. weather reports and forecasts; (e) Pass the required knowledge test (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- on the aeronautical knowledge areas craft, including collision avoidance, listed in § 61.105(b) of this part. and recognition and avoidance of wake (f) Receive flight training and a log- turbulence; book endorsement from an authorized (8) Effects of density altitude on instructor who: takeoff and climb performance; (1) Conducted the training in the (9) Weight and balance computations; areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of (10) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- this part that apply to the aircraft rat- erplants, and aircraft systems; ing sought; and (11) Stall awareness, spin entry, (2) Certified that the person is pre- spins, and spin recovery techniques for pared for the required practical test. the airplane and glider category rat- (g) Meet the aeronautical experience ings; requirements of this part that apply to (12) Aeronautical decision making the aircraft rating sought before apply- and judgment; and ing for the practical test. (13) Preflight action that includes— (h) Pass a practical test on the areas (i) How to obtain information on run- of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of this way lengths at airports of intended part that apply to the aircraft rating use, data on takeoff and landing dis- sought. tances, weather reports and forecasts, (i) Comply with the appropriate sec- and fuel requirements; and tions of this part that apply to the air- (ii) How to plan for alternatives if craft category and class rating sought. the planned flight cannot be completed (j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certifi- or delays are encountered. cate, sport pilot certificate, or rec- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; reational pilot certificate. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. § 61.107 Flight proficiency. 21, 2009] (a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate must receive § 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. and log ground and flight training from (a) General. A person who is applying an authorized instructor on the areas for a private pilot certificate must re- of operation of this section that apply ceive and log ground training from an to the aircraft category and class rat- authorized instructor or complete a ing sought. home-study course on the aeronautical (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of plane category rating with a single-en- this section that apply to the aircraft gine class rating: category and class rating sought. (i) Preflight preparation; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (ii) Preflight procedures; Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- tions of this chapter that relate to pri- ations; vate pilot privileges, limitations, and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- flight operations; arounds; (2) Accident reporting requirements (v) Performance maneuvers; of the National Transportation Safety (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; Board; (vii) Navigation; (3) Use of the applicable portions of (viii) Slow flight and stalls; the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars; (x) Emergency operations; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (xi) Night operations, except as pro- VFR navigation using pilotage, dead vided in § 61.110 of this part; and reckoning, and navigation systems; (xii) Postflight procedures. (5) Radio communication procedures; (2) For an airplane category rating (6) Recognition of critical weather with a multiengine class rating: situations from the ground and in (i) Preflight preparation; flight, windshear avoidance, and the (ii) Preflight procedures;

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(iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xiii) Postflight procedures. ations; (6) For a glider category rating: (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (i) Preflight preparation; arounds; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; ations; (vii) Navigation; (iv) Launches and landings; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance speeds; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (vi) Soaring techniques; (x) Emergency operations; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Multiengine operations; (viii) Navigation; (xii) Night operations, except as pro- (ix) Slow flight and stalls; vided in § 61.110 of this part; and (x) Emergency operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (xi) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (7) For a lighter-than-air category with a helicopter class rating: rating with an airship class rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- arounds; arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Night operations, except as pro- (ix) Postflight procedures. vided in § 61.110 of this part; and (8) For a lighter-than-air category (x) Postflight procedures. rating with a balloon class rating: (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (i) Preflight preparation; with a gyroplane class rating: (ii) Preflight procedures; (i) Preflight preparation; (iii) Airport operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iv) Launches and landings; (iii) Airport operations; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vi) Navigation; arounds; (vii) Emergency operations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Postflight procedures. (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (9) For a powered parachute category (vii) Navigation; rating— (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Emergency operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Night operations, except as pro- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and ations, as applicable; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (5) For a powered-lift category rat- arounds; ing: (v) Performance maneuvers; (i) Preflight preparation; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vii) Navigation; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (viii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; vided in § 61.110; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ix) Emergency operations; and arounds; (x) Post-flight procedures. (vi) Performance maneuvers; (10) For a weight-shift-control air- (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; craft category rating— (viii) Navigation; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xi) Emergency operations; ations, as applicable; (xii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and arounds;

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(v) Performance maneuvers; (ii) One solo cross country flight of (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; 150 nautical miles total distance, with (vii) Navigation; full-stop landings at three points, and (viii) Slow flight and stalls; one segment of the flight consisting of (ix) Night operations, except as pro- a straight-line distance of more than 50 vided in § 61.110; nautical miles between the takeoff and (x) Emergency operations; and landing locations; and (xi) Post-flight procedures. (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as ings to a full stop (with each landing amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July involving a flight in the traffic pat- 27, 2004] tern) at an airport with an operating control tower. § 61.109 Aeronautical experience. (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- Except as provided in paragraph (k) of ing. Except as provided in paragraph this section, a person who applies for a (k) of this section, a person who applies private pilot certificate with an air- for a private pilot certificate with an plane category and multiengine class airplane category and single-engine rating must log at least 40 hours of class rating must log at least 40 hours flight time that includes at least 20 of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an au- hours of flight training from an au- thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(2) of this part, and listed in § 61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least— the training must include at least— (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane; training in a single-engine airplane; (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight train- this part, 3 hours of night flight train- ing in a multiengine airplane that in- ing in a single-engine airplane that in- cludes— cludes— (i) One cross-country flight of over (i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and 100 nautical miles total distance; and (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- port. port. (3) 3 hours of flight training in a mul- (3) 3 hours of flight training in a sin- tiengine airplane on the control and gle-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air- straight and level flight, constant air- speed climbs and descents, turns to a speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in- and radar services appropriate to in- strument flight; strument flight; (4) 3 hours of flight training with an (4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a multiengine authorized instructor in a single-en- airplane in preparation for the prac- gine airplane in preparation for the tical test, which must have been per- practical test, which must have been formed within the preceding 2 calendar performed within the preceding 2 cal- months from the month of the test; endar months from the month of the and test; and (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a airplane consisting of at least— single-engine airplane, consisting of at (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; least— (ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; 150 nautical miles total distance, with

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full-stop landings at three points, and log at least 40 hours of flight time that one segment of the flight consisting of includes at least 20 hours of flight a straight-line distance of more than 50 training from an authorized instructor nautical miles between the takeoff and and 10 hours of solo flight training in landing locations; and the areas of operation listed in (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- § 61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the train- ings to a full stop (with each landing ing must include at least— involving a flight in the traffic pat- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight tern) at an airport with an operating training in a gyroplane; control tower. (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as this part, 3 hours of night flight train- provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- ing in a gyroplane that includes— tion, a person who applies for a private (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- nautical miles total distance; and egory and helicopter class rating must (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a log at least 40 hours of flight time that full stop (with each landing involving a includes at least 20 hours of flight flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- training from an authorized instructor port. and 10 hours of solo flight training in (3) 3 hours of flight training with an the areas of operation listed in authorized instructor in a gyroplane in § 61.107(b)(3) of this part, and the train- preparation for the practical test, ing must include at least— which must have been performed with- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight in the preceding 2 calendar months training in a helicopter; from the month of the test; and (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a this part, 3 hours of night flight train- gyroplane, consisting of at least— ing in a helicopter that includes— (i) 3 hours of cross-country time; (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total distance; and (ii) One solo cross country flight of (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a 100 nautical miles total distance, with full stop (with each landing involving a landings at three points, and one seg- flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- ment of the flight being a straight-line port. distance of more than 25 nautical miles (3) 3 hours of flight training with an between the takeoff and landing loca- authorized instructor in a helicopter in tions; and preparation for the practical test, (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- which must have been performed with- ings to a full stop (with each landing in the preceding 2 calendar months involving a flight in the traffic pat- from the month of the test; and tern) at an airport with an operating (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a control tower. helicopter, consisting of at least— (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as (i) 3 hours cross-country time; provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- (ii) One solo cross country flight of tion, a person who applies for a private 100 nautical miles total distance, with pilot certificate with a powered-lift landings at three points, and one seg- category rating must log at least 40 ment of the flight being a straight-line hours of flight time that includes at distance of more than 25 nautical miles least 20 hours of flight training from an between the takeoff and landing loca- authorized instructor and 10 hours of tions; and solo flight training in the areas of op- (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- eration listed in § 61.107(b)(5) of this ings to a full stop (with each landing part, and the training must include at involving a flight in the traffic pat- least— tern) at an airport with an operating (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight control tower. training in a powered-lift; (d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- this part, 3 hours of night flight train- tion, a person who applies for a private ing in a powered-lift that includes— pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- (i) One cross-country flight of over egory and gyroplane class rating must 100 nautical miles total distance; and

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(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a less than 10 launches and landings full stop (with each landing involving a being performed. flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- (2) If the applicant has logged at port. least 40 hours of flight time in a heav- (3) 3 hours of flight training in a pow- ier-than-air aircraft, the applicant ered-lift on the control and maneu- must log at least 3 hours of flight time vering of a powered-lift solely by ref- in a glider in the areas of operation erence to instruments, including listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and straight and level flight, constant air- that flight time must include at least— speed climbs and descents, turns to a (i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the heading, recovery from unusual flight areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) attitudes, radio communications, and of this part; and the use of navigation systems/facilities (ii) 3 training flights with an author- and radar services appropriate to in- ized instructor in a glider in prepara- strument flight; tion for the practical test that must (4) 3 hours of flight training with an have been performed within the pre- authorized instructor in a powered-lift ceding 2 calendar months from the in preparation for the practical test, month of the test. which must have been performed with- (g) For an airship rating. A person who in the preceding 2 calendar months applies for a private pilot certificate from the month of the test; and with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating must log at least: (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an (1) 25 hours of flight training in air- airplane or powered-lift consisting of ships on the areas of operation listed in at least— § 61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists (i) 5 hours cross-country time; of at least: (ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight 150 nautical miles total distance, with training in an airship; full-stop landings at three points, and (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of one segment of the flight consisting of this part, 3 hours of night flight train- a straight-line distance of more than 50 ing in an airship that includes: nautical miles between the takeoff and (A) A cross-country flight of over 25 landing locations; and nautical miles total distance; and (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to ings to a full stop (with each landing a full stop (with each landing involving involving a flight in the traffic pat- a flight in the traffic pattern) at an tern) at an airport with an operating airport. control tower. (2) 3 hours of flight training in an air- (f) For a glider category rating. (1) If ship on the control and maneuvering of the applicant for a private pilot certifi- an airship solely by reference to instru- cate with a glider category rating has ments, including straight and level not logged at least 40 hours of flight flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air scents, turns to a heading, recovery aircraft, the applicant must log at from unusual flight attitudes, radio least 10 hours of flight time in a glider communications, and the use of navi- in the areas of operation listed in gation systems/facilities and radar § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight services appropriate to instrument time must include at least— flight; (i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of (3) Three hours of flight training operations listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this with an authorized instructor in an air- part, including at least 3 training ship in preparation for the practical flights with an authorized instructor in test within the preceding 2 calendar a glider in preparation for the practical months from the month of the test; test that must have been performed and within the preceding 2 calendar months (4) 5 hours performing the duties of from the month of the test; and pilot in command in an airship with an (ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a authorized instructor. glider in the areas of operation listed (h) For a balloon rating. A person who in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not applies for a private pilot certificate

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with a lighter-than-air category and volving a flight in the traffic pattern) balloon class rating must log at least at an airport; 10 hours of flight training that includes (3) Three hours of flight training at least six training flights with an au- with an authorized instructor in a pow- thorized instructor in the areas of op- ered parachute in preparation for the eration listed in § 61.107(b)(8) of this practical test, which must have been part, that includes— performed within the preceding 2 cal- (1) Gas balloon. If the training is endar months from the month of the being performed in a gas balloon, at test; least two flights of 2 hours each that (4) Three hours of solo flight time in consists of— a powered parachute, consisting of at (i) At least one training flight with least— an authorized instructor in a gas bal- (i) One solo cross-country flight with loon in preparation for the practical a landing at an airport at least 25 nau- test within the preceding 2 calendar tical miles from the departure airport; months from the month of the test; and (ii) At least one flight performing the duties of pilot in command in a gas bal- (ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and land- loon with an authorized instructor; and ings to a full stop (with each landing (iii) At least one flight involving a involving a flight in a traffic pattern) controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above at an airport; and the launch site. (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If each landing involving a flight in the the training is being performed in a traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- balloon with an airborne heater, at port with an operating control tower. least— (j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft (i) At least two training flights of 1 rating. A person who applies for a pri- hour each with an authorized instruc- vate pilot certificate with a weight- tor in a balloon with an airborne heat- shift-control rating must log at least 40 er in preparation for the practical test hours of flight time that includes at within the preceding 2 calendar months least 20 hours of flight training with an from the month of the test; authorized instructor and 10 hours of (ii) One solo flight in a balloon with solo flight training in the areas of op- an airborne heater; and eration listed in § 61.107(b)(10) and the (iii) At least one flight involving a training must include at least— controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above (1) Three hours of cross-country the launch site. flight training in a weight-shift-con- (i) For a powered parachute rating. A trol aircraft; person who applies for a private pilot (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 certificate with a powered parachute hours of night flight training in a category rating must log at least 25 weight-shift-control aircraft that in- hours of flight time in a powered para- cludes— chute that includes at least 10 hours of (i) One cross-country flight of over 75 flight training with an authorized in- nautical miles total distance that in- structor, including 30 takeoffs and landings, and 10 hours of solo flight cludes a point of landing that is a training in the areas of operation listed straight-line distance of more than 50 in § 61.107 (b)(9) and the training must nautical miles from the original point include at least— of departure; and (1) One hour of cross-country flight (ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with training in a powered parachute that each landing involving a flight in the includes a 1-hour cross-country flight traffic pattern) at an airport; with a landing at an airport at least 25 (3) Three hours of flight training nautical miles from the airport of de- with an authorized instructor in a parture; weight-shift-control aircraft in prepa- (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 ration for the practical test, which hours of night flight training in a pow- must have been performed within the ered parachute that includes 10 take- preceding 2 calendar months from the offs and landings (with each landing in- month of the test;

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(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a (1) The flight training was accom- weight-shift-control aircraft, con- plished in the same category and class sisting of at least— of aircraft for which the rating is (i) Five hours of solo cross-country sought; time; and (2) The flight instructor with a sport (ii) One solo cross-country flight over pilot rating was authorized to provide 100 nautical miles total distance, with the flight training; and landings at a minimum of three points, (3) The flight training included ei- and one segment of the flight being a ther— straight line distance of at least 50 (i) Training on areas of operation nautical miles between takeoff and that are required for both a sport pilot landing locations; and certificate and a private pilot certifi- (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with cate; or each landing involving a flight in the (ii) For airplanes with a VH greater traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- than 87 knots CAS, training on the con- port with an operating control tower. trol and maneuvering of an airplane (k) Permitted credit for use of a full solely by reference to the flight instru- flight simulator or flight training device. ments, including straight and level (1) Except as provided in paragraphs flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of (k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 radio aids, and ATC directives, pro- hours of training in a full flight simu- vided the training was received from a lator or flight training device rep- flight instructor with a sport pilot rat- resenting the category, class, and type, ing who holds an endorsement required if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to by § 61.412(c). the rating sought, may be credited to- ward the flight training time required [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as by this section, if received from an au- amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. thorized instructor. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, (2) A maximum of 5 hours of training 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; in a flight simulator or flight training Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. device representing the category, class, 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018] and type, if applicable, of aircraft ap- propriate to the rating sought, may be § 61.110 Night flying exceptions. credited toward the flight training (a) Subject to the limitations of time required by this section if the paragraph (b) of this section, a person training is accomplished in a course is not required to comply with the conducted by a training center certifi- night flight training requirements of cated under part 142 of this chapter. this subpart if the person receives (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- flight training in and resides in the proved by the Administrator, an appli- State of Alaska. cant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift (b) A person who receives flight rating, who has satisfactorily com- training in and resides in the State of pleted an approved private pilot course Alaska but does not meet the night conducted by a training center certifi- flight training requirements of this cated under part 142 of this chapter, section: need only have a total of 35 hours of (1) May be issued a pilot certificate aeronautical experience to meet the re- with a limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- quirements of this section. ited’’; and (l) Permitted credit for flight training (2) Must comply with the appropriate received from a flight instructor with a night flight training requirements of sport pilot rating. The holder of a sport this subpart within the 12-calendar- pilot certificate may credit flight month period after the issuance of the training received from a flight instruc- pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- tor with a sport pilot rating toward the riod, the certificate will become in- aeronautical experience requirements valid for use until the person complies of this section if the following condi- with the appropriate night training re- tions are met: quirements of this subpart. The person

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may have the ‘‘Night flying prohib- land if the applicant complies with the ited’’ limitation removed if the per- requirements of paragraph (b) of this son— section for another island. (i) Accomplishes the appropriate (d) Upon meeting the cross-country night flight training requirements of training requirements of § 61.109 of this this subpart; and part, the applicant may have the limi- (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- tation in paragraph (c) of this section book or training record endorsement removed. from an authorized instructor that [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; verifies accomplishment of the appro- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] priate night flight training require- ments of this subpart. § 61.113 Private pilot privileges and (c) A person who does not meet the limitations: Pilot in command. night flying requirements in (a) Except as provided in paragraphs § 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be (b) through (h) of this section, no per- issued a private pilot certificate with son who holds a private pilot certifi- the limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- cate may act as pilot in command of an ited.’’ This limitation may be removed aircraft that is carrying passengers or by an examiner if the holder complies property for compensation or hire; nor with the requirements of § 61.109(d)(2), may that person, for compensation or (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate. hire, act as pilot in command of an air- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; craft. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; (b) A private pilot may, for com- Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004] pensation or hire, act as pilot in com- mand of an aircraft in connection with § 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots any business or employment if: based on small islands. (1) The flight is only incidental to (a) Except as provided in paragraph that business or employment; and (b) of this section, an applicant located (2) The aircraft does not carry pas- on an island from which the cross- sengers or property for compensation country flight training required in or hire. § 61.109 of this part cannot be accom- (c) A private pilot may not pay less plished without flying over water for than the pro rata share of the oper- more than 10 nautical miles from the ating expenses of a flight with pas- nearest shoreline need not comply with sengers, provided the expenses involve the requirements of that section. only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or (b) If other airports that permit civil rental fees. operations are available to which a (d) A private pilot may act as pilot in flight may be made without flying over command of a charitable, nonprofit, or water for more than 10 nautical miles community event flight described in from the nearest shoreline, the appli- § 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply cant must show completion of two with the requirements of § 91.146. round-trip solo flights between those (e) A private pilot may be reimbursed two airports that are farthest apart, in- for aircraft operating expenses that are cluding a landing at each airport on directly related to search and location both flights. operations, provided the expenses in- (c) An applicant who complies with volve only fuel, oil, airport expendi- paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this tures, or rental fees, and the operation section, and meets all requirements for is sanctioned and under the direction the issuance of a private pilot certifi- and control of: cate, except the cross-country training (1) A local, State, or Federal agency; requirements of § 61.109 of this part, or will be issued a pilot certificate with (2) An organization that conducts an endorsement containing the fol- search and location operations. lowing limitation, ‘‘Passenger carrying (f) A private pilot who is an aircraft prohibited on flights more than 10 nau- salesman and who has at least 200 tical miles from (the appropriate is- hours of logged flight time may dem- land).’’ The limitation may be subse- onstrate an aircraft in flight to a pro- quently amended to include another is- spective buyer.

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(g) A private pilot who meets the re- § 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. quirements of § 61.69 may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a (a) If a person who applies for a pri- glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle. vate pilot certificate with a balloon (h) A private pilot may act as pilot in rating takes a practical test in a bal- command for the purpose of conducting loon with an airborne heater: a production flight test in a light-sport (1) The pilot certificate will contain aircraft intended for certification in a limitation restricting the exercise of the light-sport category under § 21.190 the privileges of that certificate to a of this chapter, provided that— balloon with an airborne heater; and (1) The aircraft is a powered para- (2) The limitation may be removed chute or a weight-shift-control air- when the person obtains the required craft; aeronautical experience in a gas bal- (2) The person has at least 100 hours loon and receives a logbook endorse- of pilot-in-command time in the cat- ment from an authorized instructor egory and class of aircraft flown; and who attests to the person’s accomplish- (3) The person is familiar with the ment of the required aeronautical ex- processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight test- perience and ability to satisfactorily ing, to include operations conducted operate a gas balloon. under a special flight permit and any (b) If a person who applies for a pri- associated operating limitations. vate pilot certificate with a balloon (i) A private pilot may act as pilot in rating takes a practical test in a gas command of an aircraft without hold- balloon: ing a medical certificate issued under (1) The pilot certificate will contain part 67 of this chapter provided the a limitation restricting the exercise of pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s license, the privilege of that certificate to a meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), gas balloon; and and complies with this section and all (2) The limitation may be removed of the following conditions and limita- when the person obtains the required tions: aeronautical experience in a balloon (1) The aircraft is authorized to carry with an airborne heater and receives a not more than 6 occupants, has a max- logbook endorsement from an author- imum takeoff weight of not more than ized instructor who attests to the per- 6,000 pounds, and is operated with no son’s accomplishment of the required more than five passengers on board; and aeronautical experience and ability to (2) The flight, including each portion satisfactorily operate a balloon with an of the flight, is not carried out— airborne heater. (i) At an altitude that is more than 18,000 feet above mean sea level; § 61.117 Private pilot privileges and (ii) Outside the United States unless limitations: Second in command of authorized by the country in which the aircraft requiring more than one pilot. flight is conducted; or (iii) At an indicated airspeed exceed- Except as provided in § 61.113 of this ing 250 knots; and part, no private pilot may, for com- (3) The pilot has available in his or pensation or hire, act as second in com- her logbook— mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- (i) The completed medical examina- cated for more than one pilot, nor may tion checklist required under § 68.7 of that pilot act as second in command of this chapter; and such an aircraft that is carrying pas- (ii) The certificate of course comple- sengers or property for compensation tion required under § 61.23(c)(3). or hire. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–115, 72 FR 6910, Feb. 13, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] 2007; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017]

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§§ 61.118–61.120 [Reserved] aircraft category and class rating sought; Subpart F—Commercial Pilots (h) Hold at least a private pilot cer- tificate issued under this part or meet § 61.121 Applicability. the requirements of § 61.73; and This subpart prescribes the require- (i) Comply with the sections of this ments for the issuance of commercial part that apply to the aircraft category pilot certificates and ratings, the con- and class rating sought. ditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the gen- § 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. eral operating rules for persons who (a) General. A person who applies for hold those certificates and ratings. a commercial pilot certificate must re- § 61.123 Eligibility requirements: Gen- ceive and log ground training from an eral. authorized instructor, or complete a home-study course, on the aeronautical To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must: knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of (a) Be at least 18 years of age; this section that apply to the aircraft (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and category and class rating sought. understand the English language. If the (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) applicant is unable to meet one of Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- these requirements due to medical rea- tions of this chapter that relate to sons, then the Administrator may commercial pilot privileges, limita- place such operating limitations on tions, and flight operations; that applicant’s pilot certificate as are (2) Accident reporting requirements necessary for the safe operation of the of the National Transportation Safety aircraft. Board; (c) Receive a logbook endorsement (3) Basic aerodynamics and the prin- from an authorized instructor who: ciples of flight; (1) Conducted the required ground (4) Meteorology to include recogni- training or reviewed the person’s home tion of critical weather situations, study on the aeronautical knowledge windshear recognition and avoidance, areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that and the use of aeronautical weather re- apply to the aircraft category and class ports and forecasts; rating sought; and (5) Safe and efficient operation of air- (2) Certified that the person is pre- pared for the required knowledge test craft; that applies to the aircraft category (6) Weight and balance computations; and class rating sought. (7) Use of performance charts; (d) Pass the required knowledge test (8) Significance and effects of exceed- on the aeronautical knowledge areas ing aircraft performance limitations; listed in § 61.125 of this part; (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a (e) Receive the required training and magnetic compass for pilotage and a logbook endorsement from an author- dead reckoning; ized instructor who: (10) Use of air navigation facilities; (1) Conducted the training on the (11) Aeronautical decision making areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of and judgment; this part that apply to the aircraft cat- (12) Principles and functions of air- egory and class rating sought; and craft systems; (2) Certified that the person is pre- (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and pared for the required practical test. (f) Meet the aeronautical experience emergency operations appropriate to requirements of this subpart that apply the aircraft; to the aircraft category and class rat- (14) Night and high-altitude oper- ing sought before applying for the prac- ations; tical test; (15) Procedures for operating within (g) Pass the required practical test the National Airspace System; and on the areas of operation listed in (16) Procedures for flight and ground § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the training for lighter-than-air ratings.

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§ 61.127 Flight proficiency. (v) Performance maneuvers; (a) General. A person who applies for (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; a commercial pilot certificate must re- (vii) Navigation; ceive and log ground and flight train- (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; ing from an authorized instructor on (ix) Emergency operations; and the areas of operation of this section (x) Postflight procedures. that apply to the aircraft category and (5) For a powered-lift category rat- class rating sought. ing: (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (i) Preflight preparation; plane category rating with a single-en- (ii) Preflight procedures; gine class rating: (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- arounds; ations; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vii) Navigation; arounds; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Emergency operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (x) High-altitude operations; (vii) Navigation; (xi) Special operations; and (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (xii) Postflight procedures. (ix) Emergency operations; (6) For a glider category rating: (x) High-altitude operations; and (i) Preflight preparation; (xi) Postflight procedures. (ii) Preflight procedures; (2) For an airplane category rating (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- with a multiengine class rating: ations; (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) Launches and landings; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Performance speeds; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (vi) Soaring techniques; ations; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (viii) Navigation; arounds; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; and (vi) Navigation; (xi) Postflight procedures. (vii) Slow flight and stalls; (7) For a lighter-than-air category (viii) Emergency operations; rating with an airship class rating: (ix) Multiengine operations; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (x) High-altitude operations; and (ii) Technical subjects; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a helicopter class rating: to be performed in flight; (i) Preflight preparation; (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; arounds; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (viii) Performance maneuvers; arounds; (ix) Navigation; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; and (vii) Navigation; (xi) Postflight procedures. (viii) Emergency operations; (8) For a lighter-than-air category (ix) Special operations; and rating with a balloon class rating: (x) Postflight procedures. (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (ii) Technical subjects; with a gyroplane class rating: (iii) Preflight preparation; (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (ii) Preflight procedures; to be performed in flight; (iii) Airport operations; (v) Preflight procedures; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vi) Airport operations; arounds; (vii) Launches and landings;

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(viii) Performance maneuvers; preparation for the practical test with- (ix) Navigation; in the preceding 2 calendar months (x) Emergency operations; and from the month of the test. (xi) Postflight procedures. (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as single engine airplane or 10 hours of amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. flight time performing the duties of 21, 2009] pilot in command in a single engine airplane with an authorized instructor § 61.129 Aeronautical experience. on board (either of which may be cred- (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- ited towards the flight time require- ing. Except as provided in paragraph (i) ment under paragraph (a)(2) of this sec- of this section, a person who applies for tion), on the areas of operation listed a commercial pilot certificate with an under § 61.127(b)(1) that include— airplane category and single-engine (i) One cross-country flight of not class rating must log at least 250 hours less than 300 nautical miles total dis- of flight time as a pilot that consists of tance, with landings at a minimum of at least: three points, one of which is a straight- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of line distance of at least 250 nautical which 50 hours must be in airplanes. miles from the original departure (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command point. However, if this requirement is flight time, which includes at least— being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of ment need only have a straight-line which at least 10 hours must be in air- distance of at least 150 nautical miles; planes. and (3) 20 hours of training on the areas (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(1) of with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with this part that includes at least— each landing involving a flight in the (i) Ten hours of instrument training traffic pattern) at an airport with an using a view-limiting device including operating control tower. attitude instrument flying, partial (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. panel skills, recovery from unusual Except as provided in paragraph (i) of flight attitudes, and intercepting and this section, a person who applies for a tracking navigational systems. Five commercial pilot certificate with an hours of the 10 hours required on in- airplane category and multiengine strument training must be in a single class rating must log at least 250 hours engine airplane; of flight time as a pilot that consists of (ii) 10 hours of training in a complex at least: airplane, a turbine-powered airplane, (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of or a technically advanced airplane which 50 hours must be in airplanes. (TAA) that meets the requirements of (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command paragraph (j) of this section, or any flight time, which includes at least— combination thereof. The airplane (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and must be appropriate to land or sea for (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of the rating sought; which at least 10 hours must be in air- (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in a single engine airplane in daytime planes. conditions that consists of a total (3) 20 hours of training on the areas straight-line distance of more than 100 of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) of nautical miles from the original point this part that includes at least— of departure; (i) Ten hours of instrument training (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight using a view-limiting device including in a single engine airplane in night- attitude instrument flying, partial time conditions that consists of a total panel skills, recovery from unusual straight-line distance of more than 100 flight attitudes, and intercepting and nautical miles from the original point tracking navigational systems. Five of departure; and hours of the 10 hours required on in- (v) Three hours in a single-engine air- strument training must be in a multi- plane with an authorized instructor in engine airplane;

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(ii) 10 hours of training in a multien- craft category and helicopter class rat- gine complex or turbine-powered air- ing must log at least 150 hours of flight plane; or for an applicant seeking a time as a pilot that consists of at least: multiengine seaplane rating, 10 hours (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of of training in a multiengine seaplane which 50 hours must be in helicopters. that has flaps and a controllable pitch (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command propeller, including seaplanes equipped flight time, which includes at least— with an engine control system con- (i) 35 hours in helicopters; and sisting of a digital computer and asso- (ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in ciated accessories for controlling the helicopters. engine and propeller, such as a full au- (3) 20 hours of training on the areas thority digital engine control; of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(3) of (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight this part that includes at least— in a multiengine airplane in daytime (i) Five hours on the control and ma- conditions that consists of a total neuvering of a helicopter solely by ref- straight-line distance of more than 100 erence to instruments using a view- nautical miles from the original point limiting device including attitude in- of departure; strument flying, partial panel skills, (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight recovery from unusual flight attitudes, in a multiengine airplane in nighttime and intercepting and tracking naviga- conditions that consists of a total tional systems. This aeronautical expe- straight-line distance of more than 100 rience may be performed in an aircraft, nautical miles from the original point full flight simulator, flight training de- of departure; and vice, or an aviation training device; (v) Three hours in a multiengine air- plane with an authorized instructor in (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in preparation for the practical test with- a helicopter in daytime conditions that in the preceding 2 calendar months consists of a total straight-line dis- from the month of the test. tance of more than 50 nautical miles (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a from the original point of departure; multiengine airplane or 10 hours of (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight flight time performing the duties of in a helicopter in nighttime conditions pilot in command in a multiengine air- that consists of a total straight-line plane with an authorized instructor (ei- distance of more than 50 nautical miles ther of which may be credited towards from the original point of departure; the flight time requirement in para- and graph (b)(2) of this section), on the (iv) Three hours in a helicopter with areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) an authorized instructor in preparation of this part that includes at least— for the practical test within the pre- (i) One cross-country flight of not ceding 2 calendar months from the less than 300 nautical miles total dis- month of the test. tance with landings at a minimum of (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a three points, one of which is a straight- helicopter or 10 hours of flight time line distance of at least 250 nautical performing the duties of pilot in com- miles from the original departure mand in a helicopter with an author- point. However, if this requirement is ized instructor on board (either of being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- which may be credited towards the ment need only have a straight-line flight time requirement under para- distance of at least 150 nautical miles; graph (c)(2) of this section), on the and areas of operation listed under (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions § 61.127(b)(3) that includes— with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with (i) One cross-country flight with each landing involving a flight with a landings at a minimum of three points, traffic pattern) at an airport with an with one segment consisting of a operating control tower. straight-line distance of at least 50 (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as nautical miles from the original point provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- of departure; and tion, a person who applies for a com- (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions mercial pilot certificate with a rotor- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with

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each landing involving a flight in the (i) One cross-country flight with traffic pattern). landings at a minimum of three points, (d) For a gyroplane rating. A person with one segment consisting of a who applies for a commercial pilot cer- straight-line distance of at least 50 tificate with a rotorcraft category and nautical miles from the original point gyroplane class rating must log at of departure; and least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (of which 5 hours may have been ac- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with complished in a full flight simulator or each landing involving a flight in the flight training device that is represent- traffic pattern). ative of a gyroplane) that consists of at (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as least: provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of tion, a person who applies for a com- which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes. mercial pilot certificate with a pow- (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command ered-lift category rating must log at flight time, which includes at least— least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot (i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and that consists of at least: (ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in gyroplanes. (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of (3) 20 hours of training on the areas which 50 hours must be in a powered- of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) of lift. this part that includes at least— (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command (i) 2.5 hours on the control and ma- flight time, which includes at least— neuvering of a gyroplane solely by ref- (i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and erence to instruments using a view- (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of limiting device including attitude in- which 10 hours must be in a powered- strument flying, partial panel skills, lift. recovery from unusual flight attitudes, (3) 20 hours of training on the areas and intercepting and tracking naviga- of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) of tional systems. This aeronautical expe- this part that includes at least— rience may be performed in an aircraft, (i) Ten hours of instrument training full flight simulator, flight training de- using a view-limiting device including vice, or an aviation training device; attitude instrument flying, partial (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in panel skills, recovery from unusual a gyroplane in daytime conditions that flight attitudes, and intercepting and consists of a total straight-line dis- tracking navigational systems. Five tance of more than 50 nautical miles hours of the 10 hours required on in- from the original point of departure; strument training must be in a pow- (iii) Two hours of flight training dur- ered-lift; ing nighttime conditions in a gyro- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in plane at an airport, that includes 10 a powered-lift in daytime conditions takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop that consists of a total straight-line (with each landing involving a flight in distance of more than 100 nautical the traffic pattern); and miles from the original point of depar- (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with ture; an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the pre- (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight ceding 2 calendar months from the in a powered-lift in nighttime condi- month of the test. tions that consists of a total straight- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a line distance of more than 100 nautical gyroplane or 10 hours of flight time miles from the original point of depar- performing the duties of pilot in com- ture; and mand in a gyroplane with an author- (iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an ized instructor on board (either of authorized instructor in preparation which may be credited towards the for the practical test within the pre- flight time requirement under para- ceding 2 calendar months from the graph (d)(2) of this section), on the month of the test. areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a that includes— powered-lift or 10 hours of flight time

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performing the duties of pilot in com- calendar months from the month of the mand in a powered-lift with an author- test; and ized instructor on board (either of (ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the which may be credited towards the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) flight time requirement under para- of this part. graph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas (g) For an airship rating. A person who of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) that applies for a commercial pilot certifi- includes— cate with a lighter-than-air category (i) One cross-country flight of not and airship class rating must log at less than 300 nautical miles total dis- least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, tance with landings at a minimum of which includes at least the following three points, one of which is a straight- hours: line distance of at least 250 nautical (1) 50 hours in . miles from the original departure (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command point. However, if this requirement is flight time in airships or performing being met in Hawaii the longest seg- the duties of pilot in command in an ment need only have a straight-line airship with an authorized instructor distance of at least 150 nautical miles; aboard, which consists of— and (i) 10 hours of cross-country flight (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions time in airships; and with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with (ii) 10 hours of night flight time in each landing involving a flight in the airships. traffic pattern) at an airport with an (3) Forty hours of instrument time to operating control tower. include— (f) For a glider rating. A person who (i) Instrument training using a view- applies for a commercial pilot certifi- limiting device for attitude instrument cate with a glider category rating must flying, partial panel skills, recovery log at least— from unusual flight attitudes, and (1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in intercepting and tracking navigational a glider and that flight time must in- systems; and clude at least 100 flights in a glider as (ii) Twenty hours of instrument pilot in command, including at least— flight time, of which 10 hours must be (i) Three hours of flight training in a in flight in airships. glider with an authorized instructor or (4) 20 hours of flight training in air- 10 training flights in a glider with an ships on the areas of operation listed in authorized instructor on the areas of § 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this at least— part, including at least 3 training (i) Three hours in an airship with an flights in a glider with an authorized authorized instructor in preparation instructor in preparation for the prac- for the practical test within the pre- tical test within the preceding 2 cal- ceding 2 calendar months from the endar months from the month of the month of the test; test; and (ii) One hour cross country flight in (ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include an airship in daytime conditions that not less than 10 solo flights in a glider consists of a total straight-line dis- on the areas of operation listed in tance of more than 25 nautical miles § 61.127(b)(6) of this part; or from the point of departure; and (2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot (iii) One hour cross country flight in in heavier-than-air aircraft and at an airship in nighttime conditions that least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in consists of a total straight-line dis- command, including at least— tance of more than 25 nautical miles (i) Three hours of flight training in a from the point of departure. glider or 10 training flights in a glider (5) 10 hours of flight training per- with an authorized instructor on the forming the duties of pilot in command areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) with an authorized instructor on the of this part including at least 3 train- areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(7) ing flights in a glider with an author- of this part, which includes at least— ized instructor in preparation for the (i) One cross-country flight with practical test within the preceding 2 landings at a minimum of three points,

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with one segment consisting of a training center certificated under part straight-line distance of at least 25 142 of this chapter may: nautical miles from the original point (i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- of departure; and ward the total aeronautical experience (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions requirements for an airplane or pow- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with ered-lift rating, provided the aero- each landing involving a flight in the nautical experience was obtained from traffic pattern). an authorized instructor in a full flight (h) For a balloon rating. A person who simulator or flight training device that applies for a commercial pilot certifi- represents that class of airplane or cate with a lighter-than-air category powered-lift category and type, if ap- and a balloon class rating must log at plicable, appropriate to the rating least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, sought; and which includes at least the following (ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours to- requirements: ward the total aeronautical experience (1) 20 hours in balloons; requirements of this section for a heli- (2) 10 flights in balloons; copter rating, provided the aero- (3) Two flights in balloons as the nautical experience was obtained from pilot in command; and an authorized instructor in a full flight (4) 10 hours of flight training that in- simulator or flight training device that cludes at least 10 training flights with represents a helicopter and type, if ap- an authorized instructor in balloons on plicable, appropriate to the rating the areas of operation listed in sought. § 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists (2) An applicant who has accom- of at least— plished the training required by this (i) For a gas balloon— section in a course conducted by a (A) Two training flights of 2 hours training center certificated under part each in a gas balloon with an author- 142 of this chapter may: ized instructor in preparation for the (i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours to- practical test within the preceding 2 ward the total aeronautical experience calendar months from the month of the requirements of this section for an air- test; plane and powered-lift rating, provided (B) 2 flights performing the duties of the aeronautical experience was ob- pilot in command in a gas balloon with tained from an authorized instructor in an authorized instructor on the appro- a full flight simulator or flight train- priate areas of operation; and ing device that represents that class of (C) One flight involving a controlled airplane or powered-lift category and ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch type, if applicable, appropriate to the site. rating sought; and (ii) For a balloon with an airborne (ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- heater— ward the total aeronautical experience (A) Two training flights of 1 hour requirements of this section for a heli- each in a balloon with an airborne copter rating, provided the aero- heater with an authorized instructor in nautical experience was obtained from preparation for the practical test with- an authorized instructor in a full flight in the preceding 2 calendar months simulator or flight training device that from the month of the test; represents a helicopter and type, if ap- (B) Two solo flights in a balloon with plicable, appropriate to the rating an airborne heater on the appropriate sought. areas of operation; and (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- (C) One flight involving a controlled proved by the FAA, an applicant for ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch the commercial pilot certificate with site. the airplane or powered-lift rating who (i) Permitted credit for use of a flight has completed 190 hours of aero- simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex- nautical experience is considered to cept as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of have met the total aeronautical experi- this section, an applicant who has not ence requirements of this section, pro- accomplished the training required by vided the applicant satisfactorily com- this section in a course conducted by a pleted an approved commercial pilot

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course under part 142 of this chapter valid for use until the person complies and the approved course was appro- with the appropriate night flight train- priate to the commercial pilot certifi- ing requirements of this subpart. The cate and aircraft rating sought. person may have the ‘‘night flying pro- (j) Technically advanced airplane. Un- hibited’’ limitation removed if the per- less otherwise authorized by the Ad- son— ministrator, a technically advanced (i) Accomplishes the appropriate airplane must be equipped with an elec- night flight training requirements of tronically advanced avionics system this subpart; and that includes the following installed (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- components: book or training record endorsement (1) An electronic Primary Flight Dis- from an authorized instructor that play (PFD) that includes, at a min- verifies accomplishment of the appro- imum, an , turn coor- priate night flight training require- dinator, , heading in- ments of this subpart. dicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997] (2) An electronic Multifunction Dis- play (MFD) that includes, at a min- § 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges imum, a moving map using Global Po- and limitations. sitioning System (GPS) navigation (a) Privileges—(1) General. A person with the aircraft position displayed; who holds a commercial pilot certifi- (3) A two axis autopilot integrated cate may act as pilot in command of an with the navigation and heading guid- aircraft— ance system; and (i) Carrying persons or property for (4) The display elements described in compensation or hire, provided the per- paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section son is qualified in accordance with this must be continuously visible. part and with the applicable parts of [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; this chapter that apply to the oper- Amdt. 61–101, 62 FR 16892, Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. ation; and 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (ii) For compensation or hire, pro- 104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 vided the person is qualified in accord- FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, ance with this part and with the appli- June 27, 2018] cable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation. § 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying (2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than- requirements. air category ratings. A person with a (a) Subject to the limitations of commercial pilot certificate with a paragraph (b) of this section, a person lighter-than-air category rating may— is not required to comply with the (i) For an airship—(A) Give flight and night flight training requirements of ground training in an airship for the this subpart if the person receives issuance of a certificate or rating; flight training in and resides in the (B) Give an endorsement for a pilot State of Alaska. certificate with an airship rating; (b) A person who receives flight (C) Endorse a pilot’s logbook for solo training in and resides in the State of operating privileges in an airship; Alaska but does not meet the night (D) Act as pilot in command of an flight training requirements of this airship under IFR or in weather condi- section: tions less than the minimum pre- (1) May be issued a pilot certificate scribed for VFR flight; and with the limitation ‘‘night flying pro- (E) Give flight and ground training hibited.’’ and endorsements that are required for (2) Must comply with the appropriate a flight review, an operating privilege night flight training requirements of or recency-of-experience requirements this subpart within the 12-calendar- of this part. month period after the issuance of the (ii) For a balloon—(A) Give flight and pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- ground training in a balloon for the riod, the certificate will become in- issuance of a certificate or rating;

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(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot authorized instructor who attests to certificate with a balloon rating; the person’s accomplishment of the re- (C) Endorse a pilot’s logbook for solo quired aeronautical experience and operating privileges in a balloon; and ability to satisfactorily operate a bal- (D) Give ground and flight training loon with an airborne heater. and endorsements that are required for [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; a flight review, an operating privilege, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Dock- or recency-of-experience requirements et FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, of this part. Jan. 12, 2016] (b) Limitations. (1) A person who ap- plies for a commercial pilot certificate §§ 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] with an airplane category or powered- lift category rating and does not hold Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots an instrument rating in the same cat- egory and class will be issued a com- § 61.151 Applicability. mercial pilot certificate that contains This subpart prescribes the require- the limitation, ‘‘The carriage of pas- ments for the issuance of airline trans- sengers for hire in (airplanes) (pow- port pilot certificates and ratings, the ered-lifts) on cross-country flights in conditions under which those certifi- excess of 50 nautical miles or at night cates and ratings are necessary, and is prohibited.’’ The limitation may be the general operating rules for persons removed when the person satisfactorily who hold those certificates and ratings. accomplishes the requirements listed in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument § 61.153 Eligibility requirements: Gen- rating in the same category and class eral. of aircraft listed on the person’s com- mercial pilot certificate. To be eligible for an airline transport (2) If a person who applies for a com- pilot certificate, a person must: mercial pilot certificate with a balloon (a) Meet the following age require- rating takes a practical test in a bal- ments: loon with an airborne heater— (1) For an airline transport pilot cer- (i) The pilot certificate will contain a tificate obtained under the aero- limitation restricting the exercise of nautical experience requirements of the privileges of that certificate to a §§ 61.159, 61.161, or 61.163, be at least 23 balloon with an airborne heater. years of age; or (ii) The limitation specified in para- (2) For an airline transport pilot cer- graph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be tificate obtained under the aero- removed when the person obtains the nautical experience requirements of required aeronautical experience in a § 61.160, be at least 21 years of age. gas balloon and receives a logbook en- (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and dorsement from an authorized instruc- understand the English language. If the tor who attests to the person’s accom- applicant is unable to meet one of plishment of the required aeronautical these requirements due to medical rea- experience and ability to satisfactorily sons, then the Administrator may operate a gas balloon. place such operating limitations on (3) If a person who applies for a com- that applicant’s pilot certificate as are mercial pilot certificate with a balloon necessary for the safe operation of the rating takes a practical test in a gas aircraft; balloon— (c) Be of good moral character; (i) The pilot certificate will contain a (d) Meet at least one of the following limitation restricting the exercise of requirements: the privileges of that certificate to a (1) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- gas balloon. cate with an instrument rating issued (ii) The limitation specified in para- under this part; graph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be (2) Meet the military experience re- removed when the person obtains the quirements under § 61.73 of this part to required aeronautical experience in a qualify for a commercial pilot certifi- balloon with an airborne heater and re- cate, and an instrument rating if the ceives a logbook endorsement from an person is a rated military pilot or

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former rated military pilot of an person’s airline transport pilot certifi- Armed Force of the United States; or cate lists the aircraft category and (3) Holds either a foreign airline class rating that is appropriate to the transport pilot license with instrument type rating sought. privileges, or a foreign commercial (c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) pilot license with an instrument rat- Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- ing, that— tions of this chapter that relate to air- (i) Was issued by a contracting State line transport pilot privileges, limita- to the Convention on International tions, and flight operations; Civil Aviation; and (2) Meteorology, including knowledge (ii) Contains no geographical limita- of and effects of fronts, frontal charac- tions. teristics, cloud formations, icing, and (e) After July 31, 2014, for an airline upper-air data; transport pilot certificate with an air- (3) General system of weather and plane category multiengine class rat- NOTAM collection, dissemination, in- ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- terpretation, and use; cate obtained concurrently with an air- (4) Interpretation and use of weather plane type rating, receive a graduation charts, maps, forecasts, sequence re- certificate from an authorized training ports, abbreviations, and symbols; provider certifying completion of the (5) National Weather Service func- airline transport pilot certification tions as they pertain to operations in training program specified in § 61.156 the National Airspace System; before applying for the knowledge test (6) Windshear and microburst aware- required by paragraph (g) of this sec- ness, identification, and avoidance; tion; (7) Principles of air navigation under (f) Meet the aeronautical experience instrument meteorological conditions requirements of this subpart that apply in the National Airspace System; to the aircraft category and class rat- (8) Air traffic control procedures and ing sought before applying for the prac- pilot responsibilities as they relate to tical test; en route operations, terminal area and (g) Pass a knowledge test on the radar operations, and instrument de- aeronautical knowledge areas of parture and approach procedures; § 61.155(c) of this part that apply to the (9) Aircraft loading, weight and bal- aircraft category and class rating ance, use of charts, graphs, tables, for- sought; mulas, and computations, and their ef- (h) Pass the practical test on the fect on aircraft performance; areas of operation listed in § 61.157(e) of (10) Aerodynamics relating to an air- this part that apply to the aircraft cat- craft’s flight characteristics and per- egory and class rating sought; and formance in normal and abnormal (i) Comply with the sections of this flight regimes; subpart that apply to the aircraft cat- (11) Human factors; egory and class rating sought. (12) Aeronautical decision making [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; and judgment; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; (13) Crew resource management to in- Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21, 2009; clude crew communication and coordi- Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013] nation; and (14) After July 31, 2014, for airplane § 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. category multiengine class rating or (a) General. The knowledge test for airplane type rating, the content of the an airline transport pilot certificate is airline transport pilot certification based on the aeronautical knowledge training program in § 61.156. areas listed in paragraph (c) of this sec- (d) An applicant who successfully tion that are appropriate to the air- completes the knowledge test for an craft category and class rating sought. airline transport pilot certificate prior (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who to August 1, 2014, must successfully is applying for an additional aircraft complete the practical test within 24 type rating to be added to an airline months from the month in which the transport pilot certificate is not re- knowledge test was successfully com- quired to pass a knowledge test if that pleted. An applicant who passes the

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knowledge test prior to August 1, 2014, crew resource management, and safety but fails to successfully complete the culture. airplane category with a multiengine (b) FSTD training. The applicant for class rating practical test within 24 the knowledge test must receive at months must complete the airline least 10 hours of training in a flight transport pilot certification training simulation training device qualified program specified in § 61.156 and retake under part 60 of this chapter that rep- the knowledge test prior to applying resents a multiengine turbine airplane. for the airplane category with a multi- The training must include the fol- engine class rating practical test. lowing: [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (1) At least 6 hours of training in a amended by Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July Level C or higher full flight simulator 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2010–0100, Amdt. 61– qualified under part 60 of this chapter 130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016] that represents a multiengine turbine airplane with a maximum takeoff § 61.156 Training requirements: Air- weight of 40,000 pounds or greater. The plane category—multiengine class training must include the following rating or airplane type rating con- areas: currently with airline transport pilot certificate. (i) Low energy states/stalls; (ii) Upset recovery techniques; and After July 31, 2014, a person who ap- (iii) Adverse weather conditions, in- plies for the knowledge test for an air- cluding icing, thunderstorms, and line transport pilot certificate with an crosswinds with gusts. airplane category multiengine class (2) The remaining FSTD training rating must present a graduation cer- may be completed in a Level 4 or high- tificate from an authorized training er flight simulation training device. provider under part 121, 135, 141, or 142 The training must include the fol- of this chapter certifying the applicant lowing areas: has completed the following training in (i) Navigation including flight man- a course approved by the Adminis- agement systems; and trator. (ii) Automation including autoflight. (a) Academic training. The applicant (c) Deviation authority. The Adminis- for the knowledge test must receive at trator may issue deviation authority least 30 hours of classroom instruction from the weight requirement in para- that includes the following: graph (b)(1) of this section upon a de- (1) At least 8 hours of instruction on termination that the objectives of the aerodynamics including high altitude training can be met in an alternative operations; device. (2) At least 2 hours of instruction on meteorology, including adverse weath- [Doc. No. FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15, er phenomena and weather detection 2013] systems; and (3) At least 14 hours of instruction on § 61.157 Flight proficiency. air carrier operations, including the (a) General. (1) The practical test for following areas: an airline transport pilot certificate is (i) Physiology; given for— (ii) Communications; (i) An airplane category and single (iii) Checklist philosophy; engine class rating. (iv) Operational control; (ii) An airplane category and multi- (v) Minimum equipment list/configu- engine class rating. ration deviation list; (iii) A rotorcraft category and heli- (vi) Ground operations; copter class rating. (vii) Turbine engines; (iv) A powered-lift category rating. (viii) Transport category aircraft (v) An aircraft type rating. performance; (2) A person who is applying for an (ix) Automation, navigation, and airline transport pilot practical test flight path warning systems. must meet— (4) At least 6 hours of instruction on (i) The eligibility requirements of leadership, professional development, § 61.153; and

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(ii) The aeronautical knowledge and (v) Instrument procedures; aeronautical experience requirements (vi) Landings and approaches to land- of this subpart that apply to the air- ings; craft category and class rating sought. (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- (b) Aircraft type rating. Except as pro- dures; vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a (viii) Emergency procedures; and person who applies for an aircraft type (ix) Postflight procedures. rating to be added to an airline trans- (2) For an airplane category—multi- port pilot certificate or applies for a engine class rating: type rating to be concurrently com- (i) Preflight preparation; pleted with an airline transport pilot (ii) Preflight procedures; certificate: (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (1) Must receive and log ground and (iv) In-flight maneuvers; flight training from an authorized in- (v) Instrument procedures; structor on the areas of operation (vi) Landings and approaches to land- under this section that apply to the ings; aircraft type rating; (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- (2) Must receive a logbook endorse- dures; ment from an authorized instructor (viii) Emergency procedures; and that certifies the applicant completed (ix) Postflight procedures. the training on the areas of operation (3) For a powered-lift category rat- listed under paragraph (e) of this sec- ing: tion that apply to the aircraft type rat- (i) Preflight preparation; ing; and (3) Must perform the practical test in (ii) Preflight procedures; actual or simulated instrument condi- (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; tions, except as provided under para- (iv) In-flight maneuvers; graph (g) of this section. (v) Instrument procedures; (c) Exceptions. A person who applies (vi) Landings and approaches to land- for an aircraft type rating to be added ings; to an airline transport pilot certificate (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- or an aircraft type rating concurrently dures; with an airline transport pilot certifi- (viii) Emergency procedures; and cate, and who is an employee of a cer- (ix) Postflight procedures. tificate holder operating under part 121 (4) For a rotorcraft category—heli- or part 135 of this chapter, does not copter class rating: need to comply with the requirements (i) Preflight preparation; of paragraph (b) of this section if the (ii) Preflight procedures; applicant presents a training record (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; that shows completion of that certifi- (iv) In-flight maneuvers; cate holder’s approved training pro- (v) Instrument procedures; gram for the aircraft type rating. (vi) Landings and approaches to land- (d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type ings; rating(s) and limitations on a pilot cer- (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- tificate of an applicant who completes dures; an airline transport pilot practical test (viii) Emergency procedures; and will be included at the airline trans- (ix) Postflight procedures. port pilot certification level, provided (f) Proficiency and competency checks the applicant passes the practical test conducted under part 121, part 135, or in the same category and class of air- subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful com- craft for which the applicant holds the pletion of any of the following checks type rating(s). satisfies the flight proficiency require- (e) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- ments of this section for the issuance plane category—single engine class rat- of an airline transport pilot certificate ing: and/or the appropriate aircraft rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (i) A proficiency check under § 121.441 (ii) Preflight procedures; of this chapter. (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (ii) Both a competency check under (iv) In-flight maneuvers; § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this

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chapter and pilot-in-command instru- iner is in a position to observe the ap- ment proficiency check under § 135.297 plicant during the practical test in the of this chapter. case where there is no multi-seat (iii) Both a competency check under version of that multiengine airplane. § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in- (i) Single engine airplane with a single- command instrument proficiency pilot station. An applicant for a type check under § 91.1069 of this chapter. rating, at the ATP certification level, (2) The checks specified in paragraph in a single engine airplane with a sin- (f)(1) of this section must be conducted gle-pilot station must perform the by one of the following: practical test in the multi-seat version (i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspec- of that single engine airplane. The tor. practical test may be performed in the (ii) An Aircrew Program Designee single-seat version of that airplane if who is authorized to perform pro- the Examiner is in a position to ob- ficiency and/or competency checks for serve the applicant during the prac- the air carrier whose approved training tical test in the case where there is no program has been satisfactorily com- multi-seat version of that single engine pleted by the pilot applicant. airplane. (iii) A Training Center Evaluator (j) Waiver authority. An Examiner with appropriate certification author- who conducts a practical test may ity who is also authorized to perform waive any task for which the FAA has the portions of the competency and/or provided waiver authority. proficiency checks required by para- [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42560, Aug. graph (f)(1) of this section for the air 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, carrier whose approved training pro- 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42375, July 15, 2013] gram has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant. § 61.158 [Reserved] (g) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and procedures. An applicant § 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Air- may add a type rating to an airline plane category rating. transport pilot certificate with an air- (a) Except as provided in paragraphs craft that is not capable of the instru- (b), (c), and (d) of this section, a person ment maneuvers and procedures re- who is applying for an airline transport quired on the practical test under the pilot certificate with an airplane cat- following circumstances— egory and class rating must have at (1) The rating is limited to ‘‘VFR least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot only.’’ that includes at least: (2) The type rating is added to an air- (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight line transport pilot certificate that has time. instrument privileges in that category (2) 100 hours of night flight time. and class of aircraft. (3) 50 hours of flight time in the class (3) The ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation may of airplane for the rating sought. A be removed for that aircraft type after maximum of 25 hours of training in a the applicant: full flight simulator representing the (i) Passes a practical test in that class of airplane for the rating sought type of aircraft on the appropriate in- may be credited toward the flight time strument maneuvers and procedures in requirement of this paragraph if the § 61.157; or training was accomplished as part of (ii) Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for an approved training course in parts that type of aircraft. 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter. A (h) Multiengine airplane with a single- flight training device or aviation train- pilot station. An applicant for a type ing device may not be used to satisfy rating, at the ATP certification level, this requirement. in a multiengine airplane with a sin- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time, gle-pilot station must perform the in actual or simulated instrument con- practical test in the multi-seat version ditions, subject to the following: of that airplane. The practical test (i) Except as provided in paragraph may be performed in the single-seat (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant version of that airplane if the Exam- may not receive credit for more than a

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total of 25 hours of simulated instru- chapter when a second pilot is not re- ment time in a full flight simulator or quired under the type certification of flight training device. the aircraft or the regulations under (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- which the flight is being conducted, ing in a full flight simulator or flight and the following requirements are training device may be credited toward met— the instrument flight time require- (1) The experience must be accom- ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- plished as part of a second-in-command tion if the training was accomplished professional development program ap- in a course conducted by a training proved by the Administrator under center certificated under part 142 of § 135.99 of this chapter; this chapter. (2) The flight operation must be con- (iii) Training in a full flight simu- ducted in accordance with the certifi- lator or flight training device must be cate holder’s operations specification accomplished in a full flight simulator for the second-in-command profes- or flight training device, representing sional development program; an airplane. (3) The pilot in command of the oper- (5) 250 hours of flight time in an air- plane as a pilot in command, or when ation must certify in the pilot’s log- serving as a required second in com- book that the second-in-command pilot mand flightcrew member performing time was accomplished under this sec- the duties of pilot in command while tion; and under the supervision of a pilot in com- (4) The pilot time may not be logged mand, or any combination thereof, as pilot-in-command time even when which includes at least— the pilot is the sole manipulator of the (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight controls and may not be used to meet time; and the aeronautical experience require- (ii) 25 hours of night flight time. ments in paragraph (a)(5) of this sec- (6) Not more than 100 hours of the tion. total aeronautical experience require- (d) A commercial pilot may log the ments of paragraph (a) of this section following flight engineer flight time or § 61.160 may be obtained in a full toward the 1,500 hours of total time as flight simulator or flight training de- a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this vice provided the device represents an section and the total time as a pilot re- airplane and the aeronautical experi- quired by § 61.160: ence was accomplished as part of an ap- (1) Flight-engineer time, provided the proved training course in parts 121, 135, time— 141, or 142 of this chapter. (i) Is acquired in an airplane required (b) A person who has performed at to have a flight engineer by the air- least 20 night takeoffs and landings to plane’s flight manual or type certifi- a full stop may substitute each addi- cate; tional night takeoff and landing to a (ii) Is acquired while engaged in oper- full stop for 1 hour of night flight time ations under part 121 of this chapter for to satisfy the requirements of para- which a flight engineer is required; graph (a)(2) of this section; however, (iii) Is acquired while the person is not more than 25 hours of night flight time may be credited in this manner. participating in a pilot training pro- (c) A commercial pilot may log sec- gram approved under part 121 of this ond-in-command pilot time toward the chapter; and aeronautical experience requirements (iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour of paragraph (a) of this section and the for each 3 hours of flight engineer aeronautical experience requirements flight time for a total credited time of in § 61.160, provided the pilot is em- no more than 500 hours. ployed by a part 119 certificate holder (2) Flight-engineer time, provided the authorized to conduct operations under flight time— part 135 of this chapter and the second- (i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed in-command pilot time is obtained in Forces’ flight engineer crewmember in operations conducted for the certifi- an airplane that requires a flight engi- cate holder under part 91 or 135 of this neer crewmember by the flight manual;

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(ii) Is acquired while the person is (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces participating in a flight engineer crew- record that shows the person graduated member training program for the U.S. from a U.S. Armed Forces under- Armed Forces; and graduate pilot training school and re- (iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each ceived a rating qualification as a mili- 3 hours of flight engineer flight time tary pilot. for a total credited time of no more (b) A person may apply for an airline than 500 hours. transport pilot certificate with an air- (e) An applicant who credits time plane category multiengine class rat- under paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- section is issued an airline transport cate concurrently with an airplane pilot certificate with the limitation, type rating with a minimum of 1,000 ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in hours of total time as a pilot if the per- command aeronautical experience re- son: quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed (1) Holds a Bachelor’s degree with an under Article 39 of the Convention on aviation major from an institution of International Civil Aviation. higher education, as defined in § 61.1, (f) An applicant is entitled to an air- that has been issued a letter of author- line transport pilot certificate without ization by the Administrator under the ICAO limitation specified under § 61.169; paragraph (e) of this section when the (2) Completes 60 semester credit applicant presents satisfactory evi- hours of aviation and aviation-related dence of having met the ICAO require- coursework that has been recognized ments under paragraph (e) of this sec- by the Administrator as coursework tion and otherwise meets the aero- designed to improve and enhance the nautical experience requirements of knowledge and skills of a person seek- this section. ing a career as a professional pilot; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; cate with an airplane category and in- Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. strument rating if: 61–109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61– (i) The required ground training was 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 completed as part of an approved part FR 42375, July 15, 2013; Admt. 61–130A, 78 FR 44874, July 25, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 141 curriculum at the institution of 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, higher education; and June 27, 2018] (ii) The required flight training was completed as part of an approved part § 61.160 Aeronautical experience—air- 141 curriculum at the institution of plane category restricted privileges. higher education or at a part 141 pilot (a) Except for a person who has been school that has a training agreement removed from flying status for lack of under § 141.26 of this chapter with the proficiency or because of a disciplinary institution of higher education; and action involving aircraft operations, a (4) Presents official transcripts or U.S. military pilot or former U.S. mili- other documentation acceptable to the tary pilot may apply for an airline Administrator from the institution of transport pilot certificate with an air- higher education certifying that the plane category multiengine class rat- graduate has satisfied the require- ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- ments in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) cate concurrently with an airplane of this section. type rating with a minimum of 750 (c) A person may apply for an airline hours of total time as a pilot if the transport pilot certificate with an air- pilot presents: plane category multiengine class rat- (1) An official Form DD–214 (Certifi- ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- cate of Release or Discharge from Ac- cate concurrently with an airplane tive Duty) indicating that the person type rating with a minimum of 1,250 was honorably discharged from the hours of total time as a pilot if the per- U.S. Armed Forces or an official U.S. son: Armed Forces record that shows the (1) Holds an Associate’s degree with pilot is currently serving in the U.S. an aviation major from an institution Armed Forces; and of higher education, as defined in § 61.1,

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that has been issued a letter of author- line transport pilot certificate under ization by the Administrator under this section. § 61.169; (g) An airline transport pilot certifi- (2) Completes at least 30 semester cate obtained under this section is sub- credit hours of aviation and aviation- ject to the pilot in command limita- related coursework that has been rec- tions set forth in § 61.167(b) and must ognized by the Administrator as contain the following limitation, ‘‘Re- coursework designed to improve and stricted in accordance with 14 CFR enhance the knowledge and skills of a 61.167.’’ The pilot is entitled to an air- person seeking a career as a profes- line transport pilot certificate without sional pilot; the limitation specified in this para- (3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- graph when the applicant presents sat- cate with an airplane category and in- isfactory evidence of having met the strument rating if: aeronautical experience requirements (i) The required ground training was of § 61.159 and the age requirement of completed as part of an approved part § 61.153(a)(1). 141 curriculum at the institution of (h) An applicant who meets the aero- higher education; and nautical experience requirements of (ii) The required flight training was paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this completed as part of an approved part section is issued an airline transport 141 curriculum at the institution of pilot certificate with the limitation, higher education or at a part 141 pilot ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in school that has a written training command aeronautical experience re- agreement under § 141.26 of this chapter quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed with the institution of higher edu- under Article 39 of the Convention on cation; and International Civil Aviation if the ap- (4) Presents official transcripts or plicant does not meet the ICAO re- other documentation acceptable to the quirements contained in Annex 1 ‘‘Per- Administrator from the institution of sonnel Licensing’’ to the Convention higher education certifying that the on International Civil Aviation. An ap- graduate has satisfied the require- plicant is entitled to an airline trans- ments in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) port pilot certificate without the ICAO of this section. limitation specified under this para- (d) A graduate of an institution of graph when the applicant presents sat- higher education who completes fewer isfactory evidence of having met the than 60 semester credit hours but at ICAO requirements and otherwise least 30 credit hours and otherwise sat- meets the aeronautical experience re- isfies the requirements of paragraph (b) quirements of § 61.159. may apply for airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category [Doc. No. FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15, multiengine class rating or an airline 2013] transport pilot certificate concurrently with an airplane type rating with a § 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter minimum of 1,250 hours of total time as class rating. a pilot. (e) A person who applies for an air- (a) A person who is applying for an line transport pilot certificate under airline transport pilot certificate with the total flight times listed in para- a rotorcraft category and helicopter graphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section class rating, must have at least 1,200 must otherwise meet the aeronautical hours of total time as a pilot that in- experience requirements of § 61.159, ex- cludes at least: cept that the person may apply for an (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight airline transport pilot certificate with time; 200 hours of cross-country flight time. (2) 100 hours of night flight time, of (f) A person who has 1,500 hours total which 15 hours are in helicopters; time as a pilot, 200 hours of cross-coun- (3) 200 hours of flight time in heli- try flight time, and otherwise meets copters, which includes at least 75 the aeronautical experience require- hours as a pilot in command, or as sec- ments of § 61.159 may apply for an air- ond in command performing the duties

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of a pilot in command under the super- applicant presents satisfactory evi- vision of a pilot in command, or any dence of having met the ICAO require- combination thereof; and ments under paragraph (d) of this sec- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time tion and otherwise meets the aero- in actual or simulated instrument me- nautical experience requirements of teorological conditions, of which at this section. least 50 hours are obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; a pilot in command, or as second in Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998; Dock- command performing the duties of a et FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, pilot in command under the super- June 27, 2018] vision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof. § 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Pow- (b) Training in a full flight simulator ered-lift category rating. or flight training device may be cred- (a) A person who is applying for an ited toward the instrument flight time airline transport pilot certificate with requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this a powered-lift category rating must section, subject to the following: have at least 1,500 hours of total time (1) Training in a full flight simulator as a pilot that includes at least: or a flight training device must be ac- (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight complished in a full flight simulator or time; flight training device that represents a (2) 100 hours of night flight time; rotorcraft. (3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a (2) Except as provided in paragraph pilot in command, or as a second in (b)(3) of this section, an applicant may command performing the duties of a receive credit for not more than a total pilot in command under the super- of 25 hours of simulated instrument vision of a pilot in command, or any time in a full flight simulator and combination thereof, which includes at flight training device. least— (3) A maximum of 50 hours of train- (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight ing in a full flight simulator or flight time; and training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time require- (ii) 25 hours of night flight time. ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time tion if the aeronautical experience is in actual or simulated instrument con- accomplished in an approved course ditions, subject to the following: conducted by a training center certifi- (i) Except as provided in paragraph cated under part 142 of this chapter. (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant (c) Flight time logged under may not receive credit for more than a § 61.159(c) may be counted toward the total of 25 hours of simulated instru- 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot re- ment time in a flight simulator or quired by paragraph (a) of this section flight training device. and the flight time requirements of (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (4) of this ing in a flight simulator or flight train- section, except for the specific heli- ing device may be credited toward the copter flight time requirements. instrument flight time requirements of (d) An applicant who credits time paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the under paragraph (c) of this section is training was accomplished in a course issued an airline transport pilot certifi- conducted by a training center certifi- cate with the limitation, ‘‘Holder does cated under part 142 of this chapter. not meet the pilot in command aero- (iii) Training in a flight simulator or nautical experience requirements of flight training device must be accom- ICAO,’’ as prescribed under Article 39 plished in a flight simulator or flight of the Convention on International training device that represents a pow- Civil Aviation. ered-lift. (e) An applicant is entitled to an air- (b) Not more than 100 hours of the line transport pilot certificate without total aeronautical experience require- the ICAO limitation specified under ments of paragraph (a) of this section paragraph (d) of this section when the may be obtained in a flight simulator

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or flight training device that rep- (1) Meet the eligibility requirements resents a powered-lift, provided the of § 61.153 of this part; aeronautical experience was obtained (2) After July 31, 2014, successfully in an approved course conducted by a complete the airline transport pilot training center certificated under part certification training program speci- 142 of this chapter. fied in § 61.156; (3) Pass a knowledge test for an air- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; plane category multiengine class rat- Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] ing or type rating on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c); § 61.165 Additional aircraft category (4) Comply with the requirements in and class ratings. § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter (5) Meet the aeronautical experience class rating. A person applying for an requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.160; and airline transport certificate with a (6) Pass the practical test on the rotorcraft category and helicopter areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(2) of class rating who holds an airline trans- this part. port pilot certificate with another air- (d) Powered-lift category. A person ap- craft category rating must: plying for an airline transport pilot (1) Meet the eligibility requirements certificate with a powered-lift category of § 61.153 of this part; rating who holds an airline transport (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- certificate with another aircraft cat- nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) egory rating must: of this part; (1) Meet the eligibility requirements (3) Comply with the requirements in of § 61.153 of this part; § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; (2) Pass a required knowledge test on (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical the aeronautical knowledge areas of experience requirements of § 61.161 of § 61.155(c) of this part; this part; and (3) Comply with the requirements in (5) Pass the practical test on the § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(4) of (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical this part. experience requirements of § 61.163 of (b) Airplane category rating with a sin- this part; and gle-engine class rating. A person apply- (5) Pass the required practical test on ing for an airline transport certificate the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(3) of with an airplane category and single- this part. engine class rating who holds an air- (e) Additional class rating within the line transport pilot certificate with an- same aircraft category. Except as pro- other aircraft category rating must: vided in paragraph (f) of this section, a (1) Meet the eligibility requirements person applying for an airline trans- of § 61.153 of this part; port pilot certificate with an addi- (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- tional class rating who holds an airline nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) transport certificate in the same air- of this part; craft category must— (3) Comply with the requirements in (1) Meet the eligibility requirements § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; of § 61.153, except paragraph (g) of that (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical section; experience requirements of § 61.159 of (2) Comply with the requirements in this part; and § 61.157(b) of this part, if applicable; (5) Pass the practical test on the (3) Meet the applicable aeronautical areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(1) of experience requirements of subpart G this part. of this part; and (c) Airplane category rating with a mul- (4) Pass a practical test on the areas tiengine class rating. A person applying of operation of § 61.157(e) appropriate to for an airline transport certificate with the aircraft rating sought. an airplane category and multiengine (f) Adding a multiengine class rating or class rating who holds an airline trans- airplane type rating to an airline trans- port certificate with another aircraft port pilot certificate with a single engine category rating must: class rating. A person applying to add a

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multiengine class rating or airplane (2) A person who holds an airline type rating to an airline transport transport pilot certificate and has met pilot certificate with an airplane cat- the aeronautical experience require- egory single engine class rating must— ments of § 61.159 or § 61.161, and the age (1) Meet the eligibility requirements requirements of § 61.153(a)(1) of this of § 61.153; part may instruct— (2) After July 31, 2014, pass a required (i) Other pilots in air transportation knowledge test on the aeronautical service in aircraft of the category, knowledge areas of § 61.155(c), as appli- class, and type, as applicable, for which cable to multiengine airplanes; unless the airline transport pilot is rated and a pilot can present valid airline trans- endorse the logbook or other training port pilot knowledge test results from record of the person to whom training a test taken prior to August 1, 2014. has been given; (3) Comply with the requirements in (ii) In flight simulators, and flight § 61.157(b), if applicable; training devices representing the air- (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical craft referenced in paragraph (a)(2)(i) experience requirements of § 61.159; and of this section, when instructing under (5) Pass a practical test on the areas the provisions of this section and en- of operation of § 61.157(e)(2). dorse the logbook or other training (g) Category class ratings for the oper- record of the person to whom training ation of aircraft with experimental certifi- has been given; cates. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this (iii) Only as provided in this section, section, a person holding an airline except that an airline transport pilot transport certificate may apply for a who also holds a flight instructor cer- category and class rating limited to a tificate can exercise the instructor specific make and model of experi- privileges under subpart H of this part mental aircraft, provided— for which he or she is rated; and (1) The person has logged at least 5 (iv) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft hours flight time while acting as pilot has functioning dual controls, when in- in command in the same category, structing under the provisions of this class, make, and model of aircraft that section. has been issued an experimental cer- (3) Excluding briefings and tificate; debriefings, an airline transport pilot (2) The person has received a logbook may not instruct in aircraft, flight endorsement from an authorized in- simulators, and flight training devices structor who has determined that he or under this section— she is proficient to act as pilot in com- (i) For more than 8 hours in any 24- mand of the same category, class, consecutive-hour period; or make, and model of aircraft for which (ii) For more than 36 hours in any 7- application is made; and consecutive-day period. (3) The flight time specified in para- (4) An airline transport pilot may not graph (g)(1) of this section must be instruct in Category II or Category III logged between September 1, 2004 and operations unless he or she has been August 31, 2005. trained and successfully tested under [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Category II or Category III operations, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; as applicable. Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; (b) Limitations. A person who holds an Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42376, July 15, 2013; airline transport pilot certificate and Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Docket FAA–2010–0100, Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR has not satisfied the age requirement 2, Jan. 4, 2016] of § 61.153(a)(1) and the aeronautical ex- perience requirements of § 61.159 may § 61.167 Airline transport pilot privi- not: leges and limitations. (1) Act as pilot in command in oper- (a) Privileges. (1) A person who holds ations conducted under part 121, an airline transport pilot certificate is § 91.1053(a)(2)(i), or § 135.243(a)(1) of this entitled to the same privileges as a chapter, or person who holds a commercial pilot (2) Serve as second in command in certificate with an instrument rating. flag or supplemental operations in part

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121 of this chapter requiring three or (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and more pilots. understand the English language. If the [Doc. No. FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42376, July 15, applicant is unable to meet one of 2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR these requirements due to medical rea- 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, sons, then the Administrator may Jan. 4, 2016] place such operating limitations on that applicant’s flight instructor cer- § 61.169 Letters of authorization for in- tificate as are necessary; stitutions of higher education. (c) Hold either a commercial pilot (a) An institution of higher education certificate or airline transport pilot that is accredited, as defined in § 61.1, certificate with: may apply for a letter of authorization (1) An aircraft category and class rat- for the purpose of certifying its grad- ing that is appropriate to the flight in- uates for an airline transport pilot cer- structor rating sought; and tificate under the academic and aero- (2) An instrument rating, or privi- nautical experience requirements in leges on that person’s pilot certificate § 61.160. The application must be in a that are appropriate to the flight in- form and manner acceptable to the Ad- structor rating sought, if applying ministrator. (b) An institution of higher education for— must comply with the provisions of the (i) A flight instructor certificate with letter of authorization and may not an airplane category and single-engine certify a graduate unless it determines class rating; that the graduate has satisfied the re- (ii) A flight instructor certificate quirements of § 61.160, as appropriate. with an airplane category and multien- (c) The Administrator may rescind or gine class rating; amend a letter of authorization if the (iii) A flight instructor certificate Administrator determines that the in- with a powered-lift rating; or stitution of higher education is not (iv) A flight instructor certificate complying or is unable to comply with with an instrument rating. the provisions of the letter of author- (d) Receive a logbook endorsement ization. from an authorized instructor on the [Doc. No. FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42377, July 15, fundamentals of instructing listed in 2013] § 61.185 of this part appropriate to the required knowledge test; §§ 61.170–69.171 [Reserved] (e) Pass a knowledge test on the areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part, Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other unless the applicant: than Flight Instructors With a (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- Sport Pilot Rating cate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; § 61.181 Applicability. (2) Holds a teacher’s certificate This subpart prescribes the require- issued by a State, county, city, or mu- ments for the issuance of flight in- nicipality that authorizes the person to structor certificates and ratings (ex- teach at an educational level of the 7th cept for flight instructor certificates grade or higher; or with a sport pilot rating), the condi- (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- tions under which those certificates credited college or university. and ratings are necessary, and the lim- (f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- itations on those certificates and rat- nautical knowledge areas listed in ings. § 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July are appropriate to the flight instructor 27, 2004] rating sought; (g) Receive a logbook endorsement § 61.183 Eligibility requirements. from an authorized instructor on the To be eligible for a flight instructor areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of certificate or rating a person must: this part, appropriate to the flight in- (a) Be at least 18 years of age; structor rating sought;

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(h) Pass the required practical test (k) Comply with the appropriate sec- that is appropriate to the flight in- tions of this part that apply to the structor rating sought in an: flight instructor rating sought. (1) Aircraft that is representative of [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; the category and class of aircraft for Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; the aircraft rating sought; or Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (2) Flight simulator or approved flight training device that is represent- § 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. ative of the category and class of air- (a) A person who is applying for a craft for the rating sought, and used in flight instructor certificate must re- accordance with a course at a training ceive and log ground training from an center certificated under part 142 of authorized instructor on: (1) Except as provided in paragraph this chapter. (b) of this section, the fundamentals of (i) Accomplish the following for a instructing, including: flight instructor certificate with an (i) The learning process; airplane or a glider rating: (ii) Elements of effective teaching; (1) Receive a logbook endorsement (iii) Student evaluation and testing; from an authorized instructor indi- (iv) Course development; cating that the applicant is competent (v) Lesson planning; and and possesses instructional proficiency (vi) Classroom training techniques. in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas and spin recovery procedures after pro- for a recreational, private, and com- viding the applicant with flight train- mercial pilot certificate applicable to ing in those training areas in an air- the aircraft category for which flight plane or glider, as appropriate, that is instructor privileges are sought; and certificated for spins; and (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument rating applicable to (2) Demonstrate instructional pro- the category for which instrument ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, flight instructor privileges are sought. spins, and spin recovery procedures. (b) The following applicants do not However, upon presentation of the en- need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) this section: of this section an examiner may accept (1) The holder of a flight instructor that endorsement as satisfactory evi- certificate or ground instructor certifi- dence of instructional proficiency in cate issued under this part; stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and (2) The holder of a current teacher’s spin recovery procedures for the prac- certificate issued by a State, county, tical test, provided that the practical city, or municipality that authorizes test is not a retest as a result of the ap- the person to teach at an educational plicant failing the previous test for de- level of the 7th grade or higher; or ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of (3) A person employed as a teacher at stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or an accredited college or university. spin recovery instructional procedures. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; If the retest is a result of deficiencies Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] in the ability of an applicant to dem- onstrate knowledge or skill of stall § 61.187 Flight proficiency. awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re- (a) General. A person who is applying covery instructional procedures, the for a flight instructor certificate must examiner must test the person on stall receive and log flight and ground train- awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin ing from an authorized instructor on recovery instructional procedures in an the areas of operation listed in this airplane or glider, as appropriate, that section that apply to the flight instruc- tor rating sought. The applicant’s log- is certificated for spins; book must contain an endorsement (j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in from an authorized instructor certi- command in the category and class of fying that the person is proficient to aircraft that is appropriate to the pass a practical test on those areas of flight instructor rating sought; and operation.

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(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (i) Fundamentals of instructing; plane category rating with a single-en- (ii) Technical subject areas; gine class rating: (iii) Preflight preparation; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (ii) Technical subject areas; to be performed in flight; (iii) Preflight preparation; (v) Preflight procedures; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (vi) Airport operations; to be performed in flight; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (v) Preflight procedures; arounds; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (viii) Fundamentals of flight; ations; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; arounds; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Performance maneuvers; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (5) For a powered-lift category rat- (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; ing: (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiv) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (2) For an airplane category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a multiengine class rating: to be performed in flight; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Technical subject areas; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (iii) Preflight preparation; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver arounds; to be performed in flight; (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (x) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; ations; (xii) Slow flight and stalls; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; arounds; (xiv) Emergency operations; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xv) Special operations; and (ix) Performance maneuvers; (xvi) Postflight procedures. (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (6) For a glider category rating: (xi) Slow flight and stalls; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Emergency operations; (iii) Preflight preparation; (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (xv) Postflight procedures. to be performed in flight; (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (v) Preflight procedures; with a helicopter class rating: (vi) Airport and gliderport oper- (i) Fundamentals of instructing; ations; (ii) Technical subject areas; (vii) Launches and landings; (iii) Preflight preparation; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (ix) Performance speeds; to be performed in flight; (x) Soaring techniques; (v) Preflight procedures; (xi) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xiv) Postflight procedures. arounds; (7) For an instrument rating with the (ix) Fundamentals of flight; appropriate aircraft category and class (x) Performance maneuvers; rating: (xi) Emergency operations; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Special operations; and (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a gyroplane class rating: to be performed in flight;

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(v) Air traffic control clearances and tificate is not required to pass the procedures; knowledge test on the areas listed in (vi) Flight by reference to instru- § 61.185(a)(1) of this part. ments; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (vii) Navigation aids; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (viii) Instrument approach proce- dures; § 61.193 Flight instructor privileges. (ix) Emergency operations; and (a) A person who holds a flight in- (x) Postflight procedures. structor certificate is authorized with- (c) The flight training required by in the limitations of that person’s this section may be accomplished: flight instructor certificate and ratings (1) In an aircraft that is representa- to train and issue endorsements that tive of the category and class of air- are required for: craft for the rating sought; or (1) A student pilot certificate; (2) In a flight simulator or flight (2) A pilot certificate; training device representative of the (3) A flight instructor certificate; category and class of aircraft for the (4) A ground instructor certificate; rating sought, and used in accordance (5) An aircraft rating; with an approved course at a training (6) An instrument rating; center certificated under part 142 of (7) A flight review, operating privi- this chapter. lege, or recency of experience require- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ment of this part; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; (8) A practical test; and Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (9) A knowledge test. (b) A person who holds a flight in- § 61.189 Flight instructor records. structor certificate is authorized, in a (a) A flight instructor must sign the form and manner acceptable to the Ad- logbook of each person to whom that ministrator, to: instructor has given flight training or (1) Accept an application for a stu- ground training. dent pilot certificate or, for an appli- (b) A flight instructor must maintain cant who holds a pilot certificate a record in a logbook or a separate doc- (other than a student pilot certificate) ument that contains the following: issued under part 61 of this chapter and (1) The name of each person whose meets the flight review requirements logbook that instructor has endorsed specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot cer- for solo flight privileges, and the date tificate with a small UAS rating; of the endorsement; and (2) Verify the identity of the appli- (2) The name of each person that in- cant; and structor has endorsed for a knowledge (3) Verify that an applicant for a stu- test or practical test, and the record dent pilot certificate meets the eligi- shall also indicate the kind of test, the bility requirements in § 61.83 or an ap- date, and the results. plicant for a remote pilot certificate (c) Each flight instructor must retain with a small UAS rating meets the eli- the records required by this section for gibility requirements in § 107.61 of this at least 3 years. chapter. [Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR amended by Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61– 1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket 135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, June 28, 2016] § 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings. § 61.195 Flight instructor limitations (a) A person who applies for an addi- and qualifications. tional flight instructor rating on a A person who holds a flight instruc- flight instructor certificate must meet tor certificate is subject to the fol- the eligibility requirements listed in lowing limitations: § 61.183 of this part that apply to the (a) Hours of training. In any 24-con- flight instructor rating sought. secutive-hour period, a flight instruc- (b) A person who applies for an addi- tor may not conduct more than 8 hours tional rating on a flight instructor cer- of flight training.

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(b) Aircraft ratings. Except as pro- any limitations listed in the student’s vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a logbook that the instructor considers flight instructor may not conduct necessary for the safety of the flight. flight training in any aircraft unless (2) Student pilot’s logbook for a solo the flight instructor: cross-country flight, unless that flight (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- instructor has determined the stu- cate with the applicable category and dent’s flight preparation, planning, class rating; equipment, and proposed procedures (2) Holds a pilot certificate with the are adequate for the proposed flight applicable category and class rating; under the existing conditions and with- and in any limitations listed in the logbook (3) Meets the requirements of para- that the instructor considers necessary graph (e) of this section, if applicable. for the safety of the flight; (c) Instrument rating. A flight instruc- (3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo tor may conduct instrument training flight in a Class B airspace area or at for the issuance of an instrument rat- an airport within Class B airspace un- ing, a type rating not limited to VFR, less that flight instructor has— or the instrument training required for (i) Given that student ground and commercial pilot and airline transport flight training in that Class B airspace pilot certificates if the following re- or at that airport; and quirements are met: (ii) Determined that the student is (1) Except as provided in paragraph proficient to operate the aircraft safe- (c)(2) of this section, the flight instruc- ly. tor must hold an instrument rating ap- (4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, propriate to the aircraft used for the unless that flight instructor has— instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and— (i) Given that pilot the ground and (i) Meet the requirements of para- flight training required by this part; graph (b) of this section; or and (ii) Hold a commercial pilot certifi- (ii) Determined that the recreational cate or airline transport pilot certifi- pilot is proficient to operate the air- cate with the appropriate category and craft safely. class ratings for the aircraft in which (5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- the instrument training is conducted view, unless that instructor has con- provided the pilot receiving instrument ducted a review of that pilot in accord- training holds a pilot certificate with ance with the requirements of § 61.56(a) category and class ratings appropriate of this part; or to the aircraft in which the instrument (6) Logbook of a pilot for an instru- training is being conducted. ment proficiency check, unless that in- (2) If the flight instructor is con- structor has tested that pilot in ac- ducting the instrument training in a cordance with the requirements of multiengine airplane, the flight in- § 61.57(d) of this part. structor must hold an instrument rat- (e) Training in an aircraft that requires ing appropriate to the aircraft used for a type rating. A flight instructor may the instrument training on his or her not give flight instruction, including flight instructor certificate and meet instrument training, in an aircraft the requirements of paragraph (b) of that requires the pilot in command to this section. hold a type rating unless the flight in- (d) Limitations on endorsements. A structor holds a type rating for that flight instructor may not endorse a: aircraft on his or her pilot certificate. (1) Student pilot’s logbook for solo (f) Training received in a multiengine flight privileges, unless that flight in- airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift. A structor has— flight instructor may not give training (i) Given that student the flight required for the issuance of a certifi- training required for solo flight privi- cate or rating in a multiengine air- leges required by this part; and plane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift (ii) Determined that the student is unless that flight instructor has at prepared to conduct the flight safely least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-com- under known circumstances, subject to mand time in the specific make and

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model of multiengine airplane, heli- hours of flight training as a flight in- copter, or powered-lift, as appropriate. structor. (g) Position in aircraft and required (3) A flight instructor who serves as a pilot stations for providing flight training. flight instructor in an FAA-approved (1) A flight instructor must perform all course for the issuance of a flight in- training from in an aircraft that com- structor rating must hold a flight in- plies with the requirements of § 91.109 structor certificate with the appro- of this chapter. priate rating and pass the required ini- (2) A flight instructor who provides tial and recurrent flight instructor pro- flight training for a pilot certificate or ficiency tests, in accordance with the rating issued under this part must pro- requirements of the part under which vide that flight training in an aircraft the FAA-approved course is conducted, that meets the following require- and must— ments— (i) Meet the requirements of para- (i) The aircraft must have at least graph (h)(2) of this section; or two pilot stations and be of the same category, class, and type, if appro- (ii) Have trained and endorsed at priate, that applies to the pilot certifi- least five applicants for a practical test cate or rating sought. for a pilot certificate, flight instructor (ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre- certificate, ground instructor certifi- solo flight training must have been cate, or an additional rating, and at provided in an aircraft that has two least 80 percent of those applicants pilot stations and is of the same cat- passed that test on their first attempt; egory, class, and type, if appropriate. and (h) Qualifications of the flight instruc- (A) Given at least 400 hours of flight tor for training first-time flight instructor training as a flight instructor for applicants. (1) The ground training pro- training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or vided to an initial applicant for a flight for a powered-lift rating; or instructor certificate must be given by (B) Given at least 100 hours of flight an authorized instructor who— training as a flight instructor, for (i) Holds a ground or flight instructor training in a glider rating. certificate with the appropriate rating, (i) Prohibition against self-endorse- has held that certificate for at least 24 ments. A flight instructor shall not calendar months, and has given at make any self-endorsement for a cer- least 40 hours of ground training; or tificate, rating, flight review, author- (ii) Holds a ground or flight instruc- ization, operating privilege, practical tor certificate with the appropriate test, or knowledge test that is required rating, and has given at least 100 hours by this part. of ground training in an FAA-approved (j) Additional qualifications required to course. give training in Category II or Category (2) Except for an instructor who III operations. A flight instructor may meets the requirements of paragraph not give training in Category II or Cat- (h)(3)(ii) of this section, a flight in- egory III operations unless the flight structor who provides training to an instructor has been trained and tested initial applicant for a flight instructor in Category II or Category III oper- certificate must— ations, pursuant to § 61.67 or § 61.68 of (i) Meet the eligibility requirements this part, as applicable. prescribed in § 61.183 of this part; (ii) Hold the appropriate flight in- (k) Training for night vision goggle op- structor certificate and rating; erations. A flight instructor may not (iii) Have held a flight instructor cer- conduct training for night vision gog- tificate for at least 24 months; gle operations unless the flight instruc- (iv) For training in preparation for tor: an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift (1) Has a pilot and flight instructor rating, have given at least 200 hours of certificate with the applicable cat- flight training as a flight instructor; egory and class rating for the training; and (2) If appropriate, has a type rating (v) For training in preparation for a on his or her pilot certificate for the glider rating, have given at least 80 aircraft;

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(3) Is pilot in command qualified for pired may renew that flight instructor night vision goggle operations, in ac- certificate by— cordance with § 61.31(k); (1) Passing a practical test for— (4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle (i) One of the ratings listed on the operations as the sole manipulator of current flight instructor certificate; or the controls; (ii) An additional flight instructor (5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle rating; or operations as the sole manipulator of (2) Submitting a completed and the controls in the category and class, signed application with the FAA and and type of aircraft, if aircraft class satisfactorily completing one of the and type is appropriate, that the train- following renewal requirements— ing will be given in; (i) A record of training students (6) Is qualified to act as pilot in com- showing that, during the preceding 24 mand in night vision goggle operations calendar months, the flight instructor under § 61.57(f) or (g); and has endorsed at least 5 students for a (7) Has a logbook endorsement from practical test for a certificate or rating an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a and at least 80 percent of those stu- person who is authorized by the FAA to dents passed that test on the first at- provide that logbook endorsement that tempt. states the flight instructor is author- (ii) A record showing that, within the ized to perform the night vision goggle preceding 24 calendar months, the pilot in command qualification and re- flight instructor has served as a com- cent flight experience requirements pany check pilot, chief flight instruc- under § 61.31(k) and § 61.57(f) and (g). tor, company check airman, or flight (l) Training on control and maneu- instructor in a part 121 or part 135 oper- vering an aircraft solely by reference to ation, or in a position involving the the instruments. A flight instructor may regular evaluation of pilots. conduct flight training on control and (iii) A graduation certificate showing maneuvering an airplane solely by ref- that, within the preceding 3 calendar erence to the flight instruments, pro- months, the person has successfully vided the flight instructor— completed an approved flight instruc- (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- tor refresher course consisting of cate with the applicable category and ground training or flight training, or a class rating; or combination of both. (2) Holds an instrument rating appro- (iv) A record showing that, within priate to the aircraft used for the the preceding 24 months from the training on his or her flight instructor month of application, the flight in- certificate, and holds a commercial structor passed an official U.S. Armed pilot certificate or airline transport Forces military instructor pilot or pilot certificate with the appropriate pilot examiner proficiency check in an category and class ratings for the air- aircraft for which the military instruc- craft in which the training is con- tor already holds a rating or in an air- ducted provided the pilot receiving the craft for an additional rating. training holds a pilot certificate with (b) The expiration month of a re- category and class ratings appropriate newed flight instructor certificate to the aircraft in which the training is shall be 24 calendar months from— being conducted. (1) The month the renewal require- ments of paragraph (a) of this section [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; are accomplished; or Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; Dock- (2) The month of expiration of the et FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1307, current flight instructor certificate Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. provided— 61–142, 83 FR 30729, June 27, 2018] (i) The renewal requirements of para- graph (a) of this section are accom- § 61.197 Renewal requirements for plished within the 3 calendar months flight instructor certification. preceding the expiration month of the (a) A person who holds a flight in- current flight instructor certificate, structor certificate that has not ex- and

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(ii) If the renewal is accomplished be exchanged for a similar rating or a under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this sec- flight instructor certificate. tion, the approved flight instructor re- (2) The holder of a flight instructor fresher course must be completed with- rating or a limited flight instructor in the 3 calendar months preceding the rating on a pilot certificate may be expiration month of the current flight issued a flight instructor certificate instructor certificate. with the current ratings, but only if (c) The practical test required by the person passes the required knowl- paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be edge and practical test prescribed in accomplished in a full flight simulator this subpart for the issuance of the cur- or flight training device if the test is rent flight instructor certificate and accomplished pursuant to an approved rating. course conducted by a training center (c) Certain military instructors and ex- certificated under part 142 of this chap- aminers. The holder of an expired flight ter. instructor certificate issued prior to October 20, 2009, may apply for rein- [Doc. No. 25910, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998, as statement of that certificate by pre- amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, senting the following: 2018] (1) A record showing that, since the date the flight instructor certificate § 61.199 Reinstatement requirements was issued, the person passed a U.S. of an expired flight instructor cer- Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot tificate. examiner proficiency check for an ad- (a) Flight instructor certificates. The ditional military rating; and holder of an expired flight instructor (2) A knowledge test report that certificate who has not complied with shows the person passed a knowledge the flight instructor renewal require- test on the aeronautical knowledge ments of § 61.197 may reinstate that areas listed under § 61.185(a) appro- flight instructor certificate and ratings priate to the flight instructor rating by filing a completed and signed appli- sought and the knowledge test was cation with the FAA and satisfactorily passed within the preceding 24 calendar completing one of the following rein- months prior to the month of applica- statement requirements: tion. (1) A flight instructor certification (d) Expiration date. The requirements practical test, as prescribed by of paragraph (c) of this section will ex- § 61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on pire on August 26, 2019. the expired flight instructor certifi- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as cate. amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. (2) A flight instructor certification 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, practical test for an additional rating. 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, 2018] (3) For military instructor pilots, provide a record showing that, within § 61.201 [Reserved] the preceding 6 calendar months from the date of application for reinstate- Subpart I—Ground Instructors ment, the person— (i) Passed a U.S. Armed Forces in- § 61.211 Applicability. structor pilot or pilot examiner pro- This subpart prescribes the require- ficiency check; or ments for the issuance of ground in- (ii) Completed a U.S. Armed Forces’ structor certificates and ratings, the instructor pilot or pilot examiner conditions under which those certifi- training course and received an addi- cates and ratings are necessary, and tional aircraft rating qualification as a the limitations upon those certificates military instructor pilot or pilot exam- and ratings. iner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. § 61.213 Eligibility requirements. (b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A (a) To be eligible for a ground in- flight instructor rating or a limited structor certificate or rating a person flight instructor rating on a pilot cer- must: tificate is no longer valid and may not (1) Be at least 18 years of age;

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(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and (3) A recommendation for a knowl- understand the English language. If the edge test required for the issuance of a applicant is unable to meet one of sport pilot certificate, recreational these requirements due to medical rea- pilot certificate, or private pilot cer- sons, then the Administrator may tificate under this part. place such operating limitations on (b) A person who holds an advanced that applicant’s ground instructor cer- ground instructor rating is authorized tificate as are necessary; to provide: (3) Except as provided in paragraph (1) Ground training on the aero- (b) of this section, pass a knowledge nautical knowledge areas required for test on the fundamentals of instructing the issuance of any certificate or rat- to include— ing under this part except for the aero- (i) The learning process; nautical knowledge areas required for (ii) Elements of effective teaching; an instrument rating. (iii) Student evaluation and testing; (2) The ground training required for (iv) Course development; any flight review except for the train- (v) Lesson planning; and ing required for an instrument rating. (vi) Classroom training techniques. (3) A recommendation for a knowl- (4) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- edge test required for the issuance of nautical knowledge areas in— any certificate or rating under this part except for an instrument rating. (i) For a basic ground instructor rat- (c) A person who holds an instrument ing §§ 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309; ground instructor rating is authorized (ii) For an advanced ground instruc- to provide: tor rating §§ 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, (1) Ground training in the aero- and 61.309; and nautical knowledge areas required for (iii) For an instrument ground in- the issuance of an instrument rating structor rating, § 61.65. under this part; (b) The knowledge test specified in (2) Ground training required for an paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not instrument proficiency check; and required if the applicant: (3) A recommendation for a knowl- (1) Holds a ground instructor certifi- edge test required for the issuance of cate or flight instructor certificate an instrument rating under this part. issued under this part; (d) A person who holds a ground in- (2) Holds a teacher’s certificate structor certificate is authorized, with- issued by a State, county, city, or mu- in the limitations of the ratings on the nicipality that authorizes the person to ground instructor certificate, to en- teach at an educational level of the 7th dorse the logbook or other training grade or higher; or record of a person to whom the holder (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- has provided the training or rec- credited college or university. ommendation specified in paragraphs [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (a) through (c) of this section. amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 2009] 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] § 61.215 Ground instructor privileges. (a) A person who holds a basic ground § 61.217 Recent experience require- instructor rating is authorized to pro- ments. vide— The holder of a ground instructor (1) Ground training in the aero- certificate may not perform the duties nautical knowledge areas required for of a ground instructor unless the per- the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, son can show that one of the following recreational pilot certificate, private occurred during the preceding 12 cal- pilot certificate, or associated ratings endar months: under this part; (a) Employment or activity as a (2) Ground training required for a ground instructor giving pilot, flight sport pilot, recreational pilot, and pri- instructor, or ground instructor train- vate pilot flight review; and ing;

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(b) Employment or activity as a (b) Other provisions of this part flight instructor giving pilot, flight in- apply to the logging of flight time and structor, or ground instructor ground testing. or flight training; (c) This subpart applies to applicants (c) Completion of an approved flight for, and holders of, sport pilot certifi- instructor refresher course and receipt cates. It also applies to holders of rec- of a graduation certificate for that reational pilot certificates and higher, course; or as provided in § 61.303. (d) An endorsement from an author- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July ized instructor certifying that the per- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR son has demonstrated knowledge in the 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] subject areas prescribed under § 61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate. § 61.303 If I want to operate a light- sport aircraft, what operating limits [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42562, Aug. and endorsement requirements in 21, 2009] this subpart must I comply with? (a) Use the following table to deter- Subpart J—Sport Pilots mine what operating limits and en- dorsement requirements in this sub- part, if any, apply to you when you op- SOURCE: Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted. erate a light-sport aircraft. The med- ical certificate specified in this table § 61.301 What is the purpose of this must be in compliance with § 61.2 in re- subpart and to whom does it apply? gards to currency and validity. If you (a) This subpart prescribes the fol- hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical certificate, you must lowing requirements that apply to a comply with cross country require- sport pilot certificate: ments in § 61.101 (c), even if your flight (1) Eligibility. does not exceed 50 nautical miles from (2) Aeronautical knowledge. your departure airport. You must also (3) Flight proficiency. comply with requirements in other (4) Aeronautical experience. subparts of this part that apply to your (5) Endorsements. certificate and the operation you con- (6) Privileges and limits. duct.

If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(1) A medical certificate ...... (i) A sport pilot certificate, ...... (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315. (iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7). (2) Only a U.S. driver’s license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class. with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, but you must comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

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If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light-sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7). (3) Neither a medical certificate (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must hold any other nor a U.S. driver’s license balloon for which you hold endorsements required by the endorsements required this subpart, and comply for its category and class with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You do not have to hold tificate with a category and balloon in that category and any of the endorsements class rating for glider or class required by this subpart, balloon, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315. (iii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must comply with the tificate but not a rating for balloon, only if you hold the limitations in § 61.315, ex- glider or balloon, endorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, and class § 61.315(c)(7).

(b) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- speak, write, and understand English cense to meet the requirements of this because of medical reasons, the FAA paragraph must— may place limits on your certificate as (1) Comply with each restriction and are necessary for the safe operation of limitation imposed by that person’s light-sport aircraft. U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the § 61.307 What tests do I have to take to operation of a motor vehicle; obtain a sport pilot certificate? (2) Have been found eligible for the To obtain a sport pilot certificate, issuance of at least a third-class air- man medical certificate at the time of you must pass the following tests: his or her most recent application (if (a) Knowledge test. You must pass a the person has applied for a medical knowledge test on the applicable aero- certificate); nautical knowledge areas listed in (3) Not have had his or her most re- § 61.309. Before you may take the cently issued medical certificate (if the knowledge test for a sport pilot certifi- person has held a medical certificate) cate, you must receive a logbook en- suspended or revoked or most recent dorsement from the authorized instruc- Authorization for a Special Issuance of tor who trained you or reviewed and a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and evaluated your home-study course on (4) Not know or have reason to know the aeronautical knowledge areas list- of any medical condition that would ed in § 61.309 certifying you are pre- make that person unable to operate a pared for the test. light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. (b) Practical test. You must pass a [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July practical test on the applicable areas 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR of operation listed in §§ 61.309 and 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, 61.311. Before you may take the prac- Feb. 1, 2010] tical test for a sport pilot certificate, § 61.305 What are the age and lan- you must receive a logbook endorse- guage requirements for a sport ment from the authorized instructor pilot certificate? who provided you with flight training (a) To be eligible for a sport pilot cer- on the areas of operation specified in tificate you must: §§ 61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for (1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 the practical test. This endorsement years old if you are applying to operate certifies that you meet the applicable a glider or balloon). aeronautical knowledge and experience (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and requirements and are prepared for the understand English. If you cannot read, practical test.

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§ 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge (2) How to plan for alternatives if the must I have to apply for a sport planned flight cannot be completed or pilot certificate? if you encounter delays. To apply for a sport pilot certificate [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July you must receive and log ground train- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR ing from an authorized instructor or 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] complete a home-study course on the § 61.311 What flight proficiency re- following aeronautical knowledge quirements must I meet to apply for areas: a sport pilot certificate? (a) Applicable regulations of this To apply for a sport pilot certificate chapter that relate to sport pilot privi- you must receive and log ground and leges, limits, and flight operations. flight training from an authorized in- (b) Accident reporting requirements structor on the following areas of oper- of the National Transportation Safety ation, as appropriate, for airplane sin- Board. gle-engine land or sea, glider, gyro- (c) Use of the applicable portions of plane, airship, balloon, powered para- the aeronautical information manual chute land or sea, and weight-shift-con- and FAA advisory circulars. trol aircraft land or sea privileges: (d) Use of aeronautical charts for (a) Preflight preparation. VFR navigation using pilotage, dead (b) Preflight procedures. reckoning, and navigation systems, as (c) Airport, seaplane base, and appropriate. gliderport operations, as applicable. (e) Recognition of critical weather (d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, situations from the ground and in and go-arounds. flight, windshear avoidance, and the (e) Performance maneuvers, and for gliders, performance speeds. procurement and use of aeronautical (f) Ground reference maneuvers (not weather reports and forecasts. applicable to gliders and balloons). (f) Safe and efficient operation of air- (g) Soaring techniques (applicable craft, including collision avoidance, only to gliders). and recognition and avoidance of wake (h) Navigation. turbulence. (i) Slow flight (not applicable to (g) Effects of density altitude on lighter-than-air aircraft and powered takeoff and climb performance. parachutes). (h) Weight and balance computa- (j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- tions. than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and pow- (i) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- ered parachutes). erplants, and aircraft systems. (k) Emergency operations. (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (l) Post-flight procedures. and spin recovery techniques, as appli- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July cable. 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR (k) Aeronautical decision making 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] and risk management. (l) Preflight actions that include— § 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a sport (1) How to get information on runway pilot certificate? lengths at airports of intended use, Use the following table to determine data on takeoff and landing distances, the aeronautical experience you must weather reports and forecasts, and fuel have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- requirements; and cate:

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If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(a) Airplane category and single-engine (1) 20 hours of flight time, including at (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, least 15 hours of flight training from an (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full authorized instructor in a single-engine stop (with each landing involving a airplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 75 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (b) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 10 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Five solo launches and landings, and have not logged at least 20 hours of cluding 10 flights in a glider receiving (ii) at least 3 training flights with an au- flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, flight training from an authorized in- thorized instructor on those areas of structor and at least 2 hours of solo operation specified in § 61.311 in prep- flight training in the areas of operation aration for the practical test within the listed in § 61.311, preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (c) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 3 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Three solo launches and landings, have logged 20 hours flight time in a cluding five flights in a glider while re- and (ii) at least 3 training flights with heavier-than-air aircraft, ceiving flight training from an author- an authorized instructor on those ized instructor and at least 1 hour of areas of operation specified in solo flight training in the areas of oper- § 61.311 in preparation for the practical ation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a gyroplane and at stop (with each landing involving a least 5 hours of solo flight training in flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, the areas of operation listed in (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (e) Lighter-than-air category and airship (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) Three takeoffs and landings to a ized instructor in an airship and at full stop (with each landing involving a least 3 hours performing the duties of flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, pilot in command in an airship with an (iii) One cross-country flight of at least authorized instructor in the areas of 25 nautical miles between the takeoff operation listed in § 61.311, and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon (1) 7 hours of flight time in a balloon, in- (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, cluding three flights with an authorized and (ii) 1 hours of flight training with instructor and one flight performing the an authorized instructor on those duties of pilot in command in a balloon areas of operation specified in with an authorized instructor in the § 61.311 in preparation for the practical areas of operation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

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If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(g) Powered parachute category land or (1) 12 hours of flight time in a powered (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight training, sea class privileges, parachute, including 10 hours of flight (ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a full training from an authorized instructor stop in a powered parachute with each in a powered parachute, and at least 2 landing involving flight in the traffic pat- hours of solo flight training in the areas tern at an airport; (iii) 10 solo takeoffs of operation listed in § 61.311 and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iv) One solo flight with a landing at a different air- port and one segment of the flight con- sisting of a straight-line distance of at least 10 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations, and (v) 1 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category (1) 20 hours of light time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a weight-shift-control stop (with each landing involving a aircraft and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.315 What are the privileges and (7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at limits of my sport pilot certificate? an airport located in Class B, C, or D (a) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- airspace, and to, from, through, or at cate you may act as pilot in command an airport having an operational con- of a light-sport aircraft, except as spec- trol tower unless you have met the re- ified in paragraph (c) of this section. quirements specified in § 61.325. (b) You may share the operating ex- (8) Outside the United States, unless penses of a flight with a passenger, pro- you have prior authorization from the vided the expenses involve only fuel, country in which you seek to operate. oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental Your sport pilot certificate carries the fees. You must pay at least half the op- limit ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO re- erating expenses of the flight. quirements.’’ (c) You may not act as pilot in com- (9) To demonstrate the aircraft in mand of a light-sport aircraft: flight to a prospective buyer if you are (1) That is carrying a passenger or an aircraft salesperson. property for compensation or hire. (10) In a passenger-carrying airlift (2) For compensation or hire. sponsored by a charitable organization. (3) In furtherance of a business. (11) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (4) While carrying more than one pas- feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever senger. is higher. (5) At night. (12) When the flight or surface visi- (6) In Class A airspace. bility is less than 3 statute miles.

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(13) Without visual reference to the § 61.319 [Reserved] surface. (14) If the aircraft: § 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to (i) Has a V greater than 87 knots operate an additional category or H class of light-sport aircraft? CAS, unless you have met the require- ments of § 61.327(b). If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek to operate an additional cat- (ii) Has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the re- egory or class of light-sport aircraft, quirements of § 61.327(a) or have logged you must— flight time as pilot in command of an (a) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who airplane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010. trained you on the applicable aero- nautical knowledge areas specified in (15) Contrary to any operating limi- § 61.309 and areas of operation specified tation placed on the airworthiness cer- in § 61.311. The endorsement certifies tificate of the aircraft being flown. you have met the aeronautical knowl- (16) Contrary to any limit on your edge and flight proficiency require- pilot certificate or airman medical cer- ments for the additional light-sport tificate, or any other limit or endorse- aircraft privilege you seek; ment from an authorized instructor. (b) Successfully complete a pro- (17) Contrary to any restriction or ficiency check from an authorized in- limitation on your U.S. driver’s license structor other than the instructor who or any restriction or limitation im- trained you on the aeronautical knowl- posed by judicial or administrative edge areas and areas of operation speci- order when using your driver’s license fied in §§ 61.309 and 61.311 for the addi- to satisfy a requirement of this part. tional light-sport aircraft privilege you (18) While towing any object. seek; (19) As a pilot flight crewmember on (c) Complete an application for those any aircraft for which more than one privileges on a form and in a manner pilot is required by the type certificate acceptable to the FAA and present this of the aircraft or the regulations under application to the authorized instruc- which the flight is conducted. tor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July section; and 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR (d) Receive a logbook endorsement 5221, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, from the instructor who conducted the Mar. 30, 2010] proficiency check specified in para- graph (b) of this section certifying you § 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued with aircraft category and are proficient in the applicable areas of class ratings? operation and aeronautical knowledge areas, and that you are authorized for Your sport pilot certificate does not the additional category and class light- list aircraft category and class ratings. sport aircraft privilege. When you successfully pass the prac- tical test for a sport pilot certificate, § 61.323 [Reserved] regardless of the light-sport aircraft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue § 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to you a sport pilot certificate without operate a light-sport aircraft at an airport within, or in airspace with- any category and class ratings. The in, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in FAA will provide you with a logbook other airspace with an airport hav- endorsement for the category and class ing an operational control tower? of aircraft in which you are authorized If you hold a sport pilot certificate to act as pilot in command. and seek privileges to operate a light- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July sport aircraft in Class B, C, or D air- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR space, at an airport located in Class B, 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, Mar. 30, 2010] or at an airport having an operational control tower, you must receive and

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log ground and flight training. The au- are not required if you have logged thorized instructor who provides this flight time as pilot in command of an training must provide a logbook en- airplane with a VH less than or equal to dorsement that certifies you are pro- 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010. ficient in the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of oper- [Doc. No. FAA–2007–29015, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, ation: 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, (a) The use of radios, communica- 2010] tions, navigation system/facilities, and radar services. Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a (b) Operations at airports with an op- Sport Pilot Rating erating control tower to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, SOURCE: Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR with each landing involving a flight in 44875, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted. the traffic pattern, at an airport with an operating control tower. § 61.401 What is the purpose of this (c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 subpart? of this chapter for operations in Class (a) This part prescribes the following B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- requirements that apply to a flight in- trol clearances. structor certificate with a sport pilot § 61.327 Are there specific endorse- rating: ment requirements to operate a (1) Eligibility. light-sport aircraft based on VH? (2) Aeronautical knowledge. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (3) Flight proficiency. (c) of this section, if you hold a sport (4) Endorsements. pilot certificate and you seek to oper- (5) Privileges and limits. ate a light-sport aircraft that is an air- (b) Other provisions of this part plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 apply to the logging of flight time and knots CAS you must— testing. (1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR in an airplane that has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and 5222, Feb. 1, 2010] (2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who § 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements provided the training specified in para- for a flight instructor certificate graph (a)(1) of this section certifying with a sport pilot rating? that you are proficient in the operation of light-sport aircraft that is an air- To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS. you must: (b) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- (a) Be at least 18 years old. cate and you seek to operate a light- (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and sport aircraft that has a VH greater understand English. If you cannot read, than 87 knots CAS you must— speak, write, and understand English (1) Receive and log ground and flight because of medical reasons, the FAA training from an authorized instructor may place limits on your certificate as in an aircraft that has a VH greater are necessary for the safe operation of than 87 knots CAS; and light-sport aircraft. (2) Receive a logbook endorsement (c) Hold at least a sport pilot certifi- from the authorized instructor who cate with category and class ratings or provided the training specified in para- privileges, as applicable, that are ap- graph (b)(1) of this section certifying propriate to the flight instructor privi- that you are proficient in the operation leges sought. of light-sport aircraft with a VH great- er than 87 knots CAS. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July (c) The training and endorsements re- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR quired by paragraph (a) of this section 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]

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§ 61.405 What tests do I have to take to glider. If you have not failed a prac- obtain a flight instructor certificate tical test based on deficiencies in your with a sport pilot rating? ability to demonstrate knowledge or To obtain a flight instructor certifi- skill in these areas and you provide the cate with a sport pilot rating you must endorsement required by paragraph pass the following tests: (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner (a) Knowledge test. Before you take a may accept the endorsement instead of knowledge test, you must receive a log- the demonstration required by this book endorsement certifying you are paragraph. If you are taking a test be- prepared for the test from an author- cause you previously failed a test based ized instructor who trained you or on not meeting the requirements of evaluated your home-study course on this paragraph, you must pass a prac- the aeronautical knowledge areas list- tical test on stall awareness, spin ed in § 61.407. You must pass knowledge entry, spins, and spin recovery instruc- tests on— tional competency and proficiency in (1) The fundamentals of instructing the applicable category and class of listed in § 61.407(a), unless you meet the aircraft that is certificated for spins. requirements of § 61.407(c); and (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas § 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge for a sport pilot certificate applicable must I have to apply for a flight in- to the aircraft category and class for structor certificate with a sport which flight instructor privileges are pilot rating? sought. (b) Practical test. (1) Before you take (a) Except as specified in paragraph the practical test, you must— (c) of this section you must receive and (i) Receive a logbook endorsement log ground training from an authorized from the authorized instructor who instructor on the fundamentals of in- provided you with flight training on struction that includes: the areas of operation specified in (1) The learning process. § 61.409 that apply to the category and (2) Elements of effective teaching. class of aircraft privileges you seek. (3) Student evaluation and testing. This endorsement certifies you meet (4) Course development. the applicable aeronautical knowledge (5) Lesson planning. and experience requirements and are (6) Classroom training techniques. prepared for the practical test; (b) You must receive and log ground (ii) If you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or training from an authorized instructor glider, receive a logbook endorsement on the aeronautical knowledge areas from an authorized instructor indi- applicable to a sport pilot certificate cating that you are competent and pos- for the aircraft category and class in sess instructional proficiency in stall which you seek flight instructor privi- awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin leges. recovery procedures after you have re- (c) You do not have to meet the re- ceived flight training in those training quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- areas in an airplane or glider, as appro- tion if you— priate, that is certificated for spins; (1) Hold a flight instructor certificate (2) You must pass a practical test— or ground instructor certificate issued (i) On the areas of operation listed in under this part; § 61.409 that are appropriate to the cat- (2) Hold a teacher’s certificate issued egory and class of aircraft privileges by a State, county, city, or munici- you seek; pality; or (ii) In an aircraft representative of (3) Are employed as a teacher at an the category and class of aircraft for accredited college or university. the privileges you seek; (iii) In which you demonstrate that [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July you are able to teach stall awareness, 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] procedures if you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or

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§ 61.409 What flight proficiency re- (g) Fundamentals of flight. quirements must I meet to apply for (h) Performance maneuvers and for a flight instructor certificate with a gliders, performance speeds. sport pilot rating? (i) Ground reference maneuvers (ex- You must receive and log ground and cept for gliders and lighter-than-air). flight training from an authorized in- (j) Soaring techniques. structor on the following areas of oper- (k) Slow flight (not applicable to ation for the aircraft category and lighter-than-air and powered para- class in which you seek flight instruc- chutes). tor privileges: (l) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- (a) Technical subject areas. than-air, powered parachutes, and gy- (b) Preflight preparation. roplanes). (c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to (m) Spins (applicable to airplanes be performed in flight. and gliders). (d) Preflight procedures. (n) Emergency operations. (e) Airport, seaplane base, and (o) Tumble entry and avoidance tech- gliderport operations, as applicable. niques (applicable to weight-shift-con- (f) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, trol aircraft). and go-arounds. (p) Post-flight procedures.

§ 61.411 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating? Use the following table to determine the experience you must have for each air- craft category and class:

If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . . for . . .

(a) Airplane category and (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command single-engine class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a single-engine air- plane, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a single-engine airplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a single-engine airplane that is a light-sport aircraft. (b) Glider category privi- (1) 25 hours of flight time as pilot in command leges, in a glider, 100 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport aircraft, or. (2) 100 hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, 20 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport air- craft. (c) Rotorcraft category and (1) 125 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command gyroplane class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a gyroplane, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 3 hours of cross-country flight time in a gy- roplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a gyroplane that is a light-sport aircraft. (d) Lighter-than-air category (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 40 hours of flight time in an airship, and airship class privi- (ii) 20 hours of pilot in command time in an air- leges, ship, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in an airship, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in an airship that is a light-sport aircraft. (e) Lighter-than-air category (1) 35 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command, (i) 20 hours of flight time in a balloon, and balloon class privi- (ii) 10 flights in a balloon, and leges,

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If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . . for . . .

(iii) 5 flights as pilot in command in a balloon that is a light-sport aircraft. (f) Weight-shift-control air- (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command craft category privileges, in powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a weight-shift-con- trol aircraft, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a weight-shift-control aircraft, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a weight-shift-control aircraft that is a light- sport aircraft. (g) Powered-parachute cat- (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 75 hours of flight time as pilot in command in egory privileges, powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a powered para- chute, (iii) 15 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in a powered parachute, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a powered parachute that is a light-sport aircraft.

§ 61.412 Do I need additional training descents, climbs, use of radio naviga- to provide instruction on control tion aids, and ATC directives. and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to the instruments in a [Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30280, June 27, 2018] light-sport aircraft based on V ? H § 61.413 What are the privileges of my To provide flight training under flight instructor certificate with a § 61.93(e)(12) on control and maneu- sport pilot rating? vering an airplane solely by reference (a) If you hold a flight instructor cer- to the flight instruments for the pur- tificate with a sport pilot rating, you pose of issuing a solo cross-country en- are authorized, within the limits of dorsement under § 61.93(c)(1) to a stu- your certificate and rating, to provide dent pilot seeking a sport pilot certifi- training and endorsements that are re- cate, a flight instructor with a sport quired for, and relate to— pilot rating must: (1) A student pilot seeking a sport (a) Hold an endorsement required by pilot certificate; § 61.327(b); (2) A sport pilot certificate; (b) Receive and log a minimum of 1 (3) A flight instructor certificate hour of ground training and 3 hours of with a sport pilot rating; flight training from an authorized in- (4) A powered parachute or weight- structor in an airplane with a VH great- shift-control aircraft rating; er than 87 knots CAS or in a full flight (5) Sport pilot privileges; simulator, flight training device, or (6) A flight review or operating privi- aviation training device that replicates lege for a sport pilot; an airplane with a VH greater than 87 (7) A practical test for a sport pilot knots CAS; and certificate, a private pilot certificate (c) Receive a one-time endorsement with a powered parachute or weight- in his or her logbook from an instruc- shift-control aircraft rating or a flight tor authorized under subpart H of this instructor certificate with a sport pilot part who certifies that the person is rating; proficient in providing training on con- (8) A knowledge test for a sport pilot trol and maneuvering solely by ref- certificate, a private pilot certificate erence to the flight instruments in an with a powered parachute or weight- airplane with a VH greater than 87 shift-control aircraft rating or a flight knots CAS. This flight training must instructor certificate with a sport pilot include straight and level flight, turns, rating; and

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(9) A proficiency check for an addi- (c) You may not conduct more than 8 tional category or class privilege for a hours of flight training in any 24-con- sport pilot certificate or a flight in- secutive-hour period. structor certificate with a sport pilot (d) You may not endorse a: rating. (1) Student pilot’s logbook for solo (b) A person who holds a flight in- flight privileges, unless you have— structor certificate with a sport pilot (i) Given that student the flight rating is authorized, in a form and training required for solo flight privi- manner acceptable to the Adminis- leges required by this part; and trator, to: (ii) Determined that the student is (1) Accept an application for a stu- prepared to conduct the flight safely dent pilot certificate or, for an appli- under known circumstances, subject to cant who holds a pilot certificate any limitations listed in the student’s (other than a student pilot certificate) logbook that you consider necessary for the safety of the flight. issued under part 61 of this chapter and (2) Student pilot’s logbook for a solo meets the flight review requirements cross-country flight, unless you have specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot cer- determined the student’s flight prepa- tificate with a small UAS rating; ration, planning, equipment, and pro- (2) Verify the identity of the appli- posed procedures are adequate for the cant; and proposed flight under the existing con- (3) Verify that an applicant for a stu- ditions and within any limitations list- dent pilot certificate meets the eligi- ed in the logbook that you consider bility requirements in § 61.83. necessary for the safety of the flight. [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR (3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo 1307, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket flight in Class B, C, and D airspace FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, areas, at an airport within Class B, C, June 28, 2016] or D airspace and to from, through or on an airport having an operational § 61.415 What are the limits of a flight control tower, unless you have— instructor certificate with a sport (i) Given that student ground and pilot rating? flight training in that airspace or at If you hold a flight instructor certifi- that airport; and cate with a sport pilot rating, you may (ii) Determined that the student is only provide flight training in a light- proficient to operate the aircraft safe- sport aircraft and are subject to the ly. following limits: (4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- (a) You may not provide ground or view, unless you have conducted a re- flight training in any aircraft for view of that pilot in accordance with which you do not hold: the requirements of § 61.56. (1) A sport pilot certificate with ap- (e) You may not provide training to operate a light-sport aircraft in Class plicable category and class privileges B, C, and D airspace, at an airport lo- or a pilot certificate with the applica- cated in Class B, C, or D airspace, and ble category and class rating; and to, from, through, or at an airport hav- (2) Applicable category and class ing an operational control tower, un- privileges for your flight instructor less you have the endorsement speci- certificate with a sport pilot rating. fied in § 61.325, or are otherwise author- (b) You may not provide ground or ized to conduct operations in this air- flight training for a private pilot cer- space and at these airports. tificate with a powered parachute or (f) You may not provide training in a weight-shift-control aircraft rating un- light-sport aircraft that is an airplane less you hold: with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots (1) At least a private pilot certificate CAS unless you have the endorsement with the applicable category and class specified in § 61.327 (a), or are otherwise rating; and authorized to operate that light-sport (2) Applicable category and class aircraft. privileges for your flight instructor (g) You may not provide training in a certificate with a sport pilot rating. light-sport aircraft with a VH greater 635

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than 87 knots CAS unless you have the category or class of light-sport aircraft endorsement specified in § 61.327 (b), or you must— are otherwise authorized to operate (a) Receive a logbook endorsement that light-sport aircraft. from the authorized instructor who (h) You may not provide training on trained you on the applicable areas of the control and maneuvering of an air- operation specified in § 61.409 certifying craft solely by reference to the instru- you have met the aeronautical knowl- ments in a light sport airplane with a edge and flight proficiency require- Vh greater than 87 knots CAS unless ments for the additional category and you meet the requirements in § 61.412. class flight instructor privilege you (i) You must perform all training in seek; an aircraft that complies with the re- (b) Successfully complete a pro- quirements of § 91.109 of this chapter. ficiency check from an authorized in- (j) If you provide flight training for a structor other than the instructor who certificate, rating or privilege, you trained you on the areas specified in must provide that flight training in an § 61.409 for the additional category and aircraft that meets the following: class flight instructor privilege you (1) The aircraft must have at least seek; two pilot stations and be of the same (c) Complete an application for those category and class appropriate to the privileges on a form and in a manner certificate, rating or privilege sought. acceptable to the FAA and present this (2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo application to the authorized instruc- flight training must be provided in an tor who conducted the proficiency aircraft that has two pilot stations and check specified in paragraph (b) of this is of the same category and class ap- section; and propriate to the certificate, rating, or (d) Receive a logbook endorsement privilege sought. from the instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in para- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July graph (b) of this section certifying you 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR are proficient in the areas of operation 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. and authorized for the additional cat- 61–135, 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016; Amdt. 61–142, egory and class flight instructor privi- 83 FR 30280, June 27, 2018] lege.

§ 61.417 Will my flight instructor cer- § 61.421 May I give myself an endorse- tificate with a sport pilot rating list ment? aircraft category and class ratings? No. If you hold a flight instructor Your flight instructor certificate certificate with a sport pilot rating, does not list aircraft category and you may not give yourself an endorse- class ratings. When you successfully ment for any certificate, privilege, rat- pass the practical test for a flight in- ing, flight review, authorization, prac- structor certificate with a sport pilot tical test, knowledge test, or pro- rating, regardless of the light-sport air- ficiency check required by this part. craft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a flight instructor certificate § 61.423 What are the recordkeeping with a sport pilot rating without any requirements for a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating? category and class ratings. The FAA will provide you with a logbook en- (a) As a flight instructor with a sport dorsement for the category and class of pilot rating you must: light-sport aircraft you are authorized (1) Sign the logbook of each person to to provide training in. whom you have given flight training or ground training. § 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to (2) Keep a record of the name, date, provide training in an additional and type of endorsement for: category or class of light-sport air- (i) Each person whose logbook you craft? have endorsed for solo flight privileges. If you hold a flight instructor certifi- (ii) Each person for whom you have cate with a sport pilot rating and seek provided an endorsement for a knowl- to provide training in an additional edge test, practical test, or proficiency

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check, and the record must indicate tificate. The FAA will reinstate any the kind of test or check, and the re- privilege authorized by the expired cer- sults. tificate. (iii) Each person whose logbook you have endorsed as proficient to oper- § 61.429 May I exercise the privileges ate— of a flight instructor certificate (A) An additional category or class of with a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor certificate with an- light-sport aircraft; other rating? (B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at an airport located in Class B, C, or D If you hold a flight instructor certifi- airspace; and to, from, through, or at cate, a commercial pilot certificate an airport having an operational con- with an airship rating, or a commercial trol tower; pilot certificate with a balloon rating (C) A light-sport aircraft that is an issued under this part, and you seek to exercise the privileges of a flight in- airplane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and structor certificate with a sport pilot rating, you may do so without any fur- (D) A light-sport aircraft with a VH greater than 87 knots CAS. ther showing of proficiency, subject to (iv) Each person whose logbook you the following limits: have endorsed as proficient to provide (a) You are limited to the aircraft flight training in an additional cat- category and class ratings listed on egory or class of light-sport aircraft. your flight instructor certificate, com- mercial pilot certificate with an air- (b) Within 10 days after providing an ship rating, or commercial pilot cer- endorsement for a person to operate or tificate with a balloon rating, as appro- provide training in an additional cat- priate, when exercising your flight in- egory and class of light-sport aircraft structor privileges and the privileges you must— specified in § 61.413. (1) Complete, sign, and submit to the (b) You must comply with the limits FAA the application presented to you specified in § 61.415 and the record- to obtain those privileges; and keeping requirements of § 61.423. (2) Retain a copy of the form. (c) If you want to exercise the privi- (c) You must keep the records listed leges of your flight instructor certifi- in this section for 3 years. You may cate in a category or class of light- keep these records in a logbook or a sport aircraft for which you are not separate document. currently rated, you must meet all ap- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July plicable requirements to provide train- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR ing in an additional category or class 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, of light-sport aircraft specified in Mar. 30, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. § 61.419. 61–135, 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016] [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July § 61.425 How do I renew my flight in- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR structor certificate? 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, If you hold a flight instructor certifi- Feb. 1, 2010] cate with a sport pilot rating you may renew your certificate in accordance PART 63—CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT with the provisions of § 61.197. CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PI- LOTS § 61.427 What must I do if my flight in- structor certificate with a sport pilot rating expires? SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. 100–2 [NOTE] You may exchange your expired SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. flight instructor certificate with a 118–2 sport pilot rating for a new certificate with a sport pilot rating and any other Subpart A—General rating on that certificate by passing a Sec. practical test as prescribed in § 61.405(b) 63.1 Applicability. or § 61.183(h) for one of the ratings list- 63.2 Certification of foreign flight crew- ed on the expired flight instructor cer- members other than pilots.

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