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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. 1 A ccessing the UMIWorld's Information sin ce 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8726661 The quest for a bulwark of anti-Communism: The formation of the Republic of Korea Army officer corps and its political socialization, 1945—1950 Huh, Nam-Sung, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE QUEST FOR A BULWARK OF ANTI-COMMUNISM: THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA A R M Y OFFICER CORPS AND ITS POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION, 1945-1950 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nam-Sung Huh, B.S., B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1987 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Allan R. Millett James R. Bartholomew Williamson Murray Advisor Department of History Copyright by Nam-Sung Huh 198? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is the product of the aid and support of many people. I am grateful to my Korean Army which allowed me such a long time and provided financial support during my study in America. I also extend my thanks to the Department of History of the Ohio State University, for offering me a graduate teaching associateship during 1986-198? academic year. I have heen indebted to many people during my research in Korea and the United States. I appreciate each of my interviewees and former KMA professor Hong Chong-ha who helped me to arrange those interviews. My thanks also go to following people: Mr. Richard L. Boylan, Reference Chief, and Mr. Frederick W. Pernell, Archivist, Military Field Branch, U.S. National Archives; and the staffs of the U.S. Army Military History Institute archives at Carlisle and the staffs of the Ohio State Library, especially Room 200 and the inter-library loan division. However, my study could not have been completed without help of my teachers. Dr. James R. Bartholomew and Dr. Joseph J. Kruzel have been fine teachers during my graduate - ii - studies. Dr. Williamson Murray, since the time when I wrote a letter to him in order to enter this great program of military history at the Ohio State, has encouraged me throughout my studies in America. He is not only a thought­ ful teacher but also a sympathetic friend of mine. A spe­ cial mention goes to my advisor Dr. Allan R. Millett. He is more than an advisor. From the prospectus stage of this paper, he has constantly guided me with inspiration, con­ structive criticism, and editorial directions. He even has corrected a lot of mistakes in my awkward English expres­ sions. Furthermore, throughout my stay at the Ohio State, his warm encouragement and humane concern have kept myself and my family up in hardtimes. I would call him my men­ tor . I am also indebted to our family members— my mother, my wife's parents, and all sisters and brothers— for their support and encouragement that I could not pay back. In particular, the love and patience of my wife, Ihn-Ok, and two sons, Kun-Yeong and Min-Yeong, have been the source of vigor. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my father who died during the Korean War and to my mother who sur­ vived and won over the ordeal. - iii - VITA 8 April 1947....... Born— Ch'unch'on, Republic of Korea 1970................B.S., Korea Military Academy 1974................B.A. , Seoul National University 1982................M.A. , The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1982-...............Lt. Col., Republic of Korea Army Fields of Study Major Field: Military History American Military History: Professor Allan R. Millett European Military History: Professor Williamson Murray Modern Japanese History: Professor James R. Bartholomew National Security Policy Studies: Professor Joseph J. Kruzel - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................ ii VITA ..................................................... iv GLOSSARY ................................................ vii INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 CHAPTER I. THE DIVISION OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA ........... 20 A. The Interpretation of the "Impromptu Decision" ............................... 22 B. The Explanation of the "Secret Agreement" .............................. 33 II. EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN POLICY TOWARD KOREA AND ITS IMPACT ON KOREAN POLITICS ........... 58 A. Discord Between the Washington Authorities' Trusteeship and the Occupation Authorities' "Containment at the Scene," 1945-1947 ............................ 61 B. Separate Government and the "Backdoor Containment," 1947-1950 95 III. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE SYSTEM ................................... 115 - v - IV. THE FIRST SEED OF THE OFFICER CORPS 131 A. Origins of the Korean Army Officer C o r p s ................................. 131 B. The English Language School ............ 142 V. THE OFFICER TRAINING SCHOOL: THE ONE AND ONLY GATE ..................................... 149 VI. THE ROLE OF KOREAN POLITICAL AND MILITARY LEADERSHIP ............................... 185 A. President Rhee and His Control over the Military ........................... 186 B. Military Leadership, Leftist Rebellions, and Their Impact ........ 204 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .........................219 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 226 PRIMARY SOURCES .................................... 226 I. Unpublished Manuscripts ..................... 226 II. Published Documents ......................... 227 A. Korean Language ............................. 227 B. English Language ......................... 228 III. Memoirs, Diaries ........................... 232 IV. Newspapers ................................... 233 A. Korean Language ............................. 233 B. English Language ......................... 233 V. Personal Papers and Interviews ............... 234 A. Personal papers ............................. 234 B. List of Interviewees (Alphabetical O r d e r ) ................................... 234 SECONDARY SOURCES .................................. 234 I. B o o k s ......................................... 234 A. Korean Language ............................. 234 B. English Language ......... •................ 236 II. Articles, Periodicals, and Separate C h a p t e r s ................................... 241 III. Unpublished Theses and Studies ............ 244 - vi - GLOSSARY CCRRKI Central Council for the Rapid Realization of Korean Independence[Taehan tongnip ch'oksong chung'ang hyobui-hoe] CIC Counter-Intelligence Corps CINCFE Commander in Chief, Far East ELS English Language School ENC Emergency National Council [Pisang kungmin hoeui] EST Eastern Standard Time FDR Franklin D. Roosevelt FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff KDP Korean Democratic Party [Han'guk minjudang] KNP Korean National Police KMA Korea Military Academy KMAG United States Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea KPG Korean Provisional Government [Taehan min'guk imsi chongbu] MG Military Government NCO Noncommissioned Officer NPA National Preparatory Army - vii - ocs Officer Candidate School OTS Officer Training School ROK Republic of Korea ROKA Republic of Korea Army SCAP Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers SKIG South Korean Interim Government SKI LA South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly SWNCC State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee USAFIK United States Army Forces in Korea USAFPAC United States Army Forces, Pacific USAMGIK United States Army Military Government in Korea All Korean names are given according to the McCune-Reischauer system of transliteration, except several idiomatic examples, such as Kim Koo, Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Seoul. - viii - INTRODUCTION Apart from the question of whether history develops in a cyclical way or not, it seems that there are certain wat­ ersheds in a nation's history. Looking at the modern histo­ ry of Korea, the years of 1910, 1945, and probably 1980 were major historical turns. In 1910 Japan annexed Korea into its empire; in 1945, after thirty five years of Japa­ nese colonial exploitation, the Korean people were liberat­ ed; and in 1980, after another thirty five years, a socio­ political system run by an elite of Japanese educational background disintegrated with the assassination of Presi­ dent Park Chung Hee. Among these historical turning points, the year of 1945 and the subsequent five years might be the most important
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