DOCSLIB.ORG

Improving Financial Security in the Context of the Environmental Liability Directive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Improving Financial Security in the Context of the Environmental Liability Directive Improving financial security in the context of the Environmental Liability Directive No 07.0203/2018/789239/SER/ENV.E.4 May 2020 Study Prepared by: Valerie Fogleman, Stevens & Bolton LLP, Cardiff University School of Law and Politics Contributions to Section 11.6 Kristel De Smedt, Maastricht University, Faculty of Law Stephen Stec, Central European University, Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy Disclaimer: The information and views set out in this assessment are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Environment Directorate E – Implementation and Support to member States Unit 4 – Compliance and Better Regulation Contact: Hans Lopatta E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Improving financial security in the context of the Environmental Liability Directive TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 28 1.1. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 30 1.2. Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 31 1.3. Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 32 2. FINANCIAL SECURITY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY DIRECTIVE .............................................................. 35 2.1. History of financial security in the ELD .................................................................................................... 35 2.2. Polluter pays principle ............................................................................................................................. 41 2.3. Financial security provisions in the ELD ................................................................................................... 43 2.4. European Commission report on financial security ................................................................................. 43 2.5. Post-2004 views on insurability and mandatory financial security .......................................................... 44 3. VOLUNTARY AND MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES .................................. 46 3.1. Types of environmental liabilities and responsibilities to which financial security can apply ................. 46 3.2. Comparison of voluntary and mandatory financial security .................................................................... 47 3.3. Voluntary financial security instruments and mechanisms ..................................................................... 49 3.4. Reinsurance ............................................................................................................................................. 56 3.5. Mandatory financial security instruments and mechanisms ................................................................... 57 4. ELD AND US LEGISLATION THAT IMPOSES SIMILAR LIABILITIES ........................................................................... 68 4.1. Environmental Liability Directive ............................................................................................................. 68 4.2. US federal environmental liability legislation .......................................................................................... 81 4.3. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act........................................... 85 4.4. Comparison and analysis ......................................................................................................................... 96 5. US AND EU MANDATORY FINANCIAL SECURITY REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................... 101 5.1. US mandatory financial security requirements ..................................................................................... 101 5.2. EU mandatory financial security requirements ..................................................................................... 113 5.3. EU legislation that implies or recommends financial security ............................................................... 118 5.4. Comparison and analysis of EU and US mandatory financial security requirements ............................ 120 6. FINANCIAL SECURITY UNDER THE ELD ................................................................................................................ 124 6.1. Mandatory financial security systems for ELD liabilities ........................................................................ 124 6.2. Mandatory financial security provisions for ELD liabilities .................................................................... 131 6.3. Mandatory financial security for ex post environmental damage ......................................................... 132 6.4. Comparison and analysis of ex post financial security ........................................................................... 141 7. FINANCIAL SECURITY REQUIREMENTS UNDER EU LEGISLATION ........................................................................ 145 7.1. Financial security for national liabilities and responsibilities................................................................. 145 7.2. Comparison and analysis ....................................................................................................................... 153 8. FINANCIAL SECURITY REQUIREMENTS UNDER NATIONAL LAW ......................................................................... 155 8.1. Member State legislation ...................................................................................................................... 155 8.2. Comparison and analysis ....................................................................................................................... 163 9. US AND EU ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE MARKETS ........................................................................................ 170 9.1. US environmental insurance market ..................................................................................................... 170 9.2. EU environmental insurance markets ................................................................................................... 179 Improving financial security in the context of the Environmental Liability Directive 9.3. Comparison between the US and EU environmental insurance markets .............................................. 183 10. ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE MARKETS IN MEMBER STATES .......................................................................... 189 10.1. Availability and demand for environmental insurance in Member States ............................................ 189 10.2. Comparison and analysis ....................................................................................................................... 203 11. PUBLIC FUNDING FOR PREVENTING AND REMEDIATING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN MEMBER STATES ..... 207 11.1. Funds and risk-sharing facilities ............................................................................................................. 208 11.2. Study on a potential fund or risk-sharing facility ................................................................................... 210 11.3. Views on an EU fund for ELD liabilities .................................................................................................. 211 11.4. European Parliament Resolution ........................................................................................................... 213 11.5. Problems encountered by Member States ............................................................................................ 214 11.6. Industrial disasters ................................................................................................................................. 217 11.7. Problems in other States ....................................................................................................................... 222 11.8. Member State funds and funding mechanisms ..................................................................................... 223 12. CORPORATE LAW FINANCIAL SECURITY MECHANISMS ...................................................................................... 227
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agricultural and Horticultural Halls and Annexes
    www.e-rara.ch International exhibition. 1876 official catalogue Agricultural and horticultural halls and annexes United States Centennial Commission Philadelphia, 1876 ETH-Bibliothek Zürich Shelf Mark: Rar 20263: 3-4 Persistent Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-78195 Spain. www.e-rara.ch Die Plattform e-rara.ch macht die in Schweizer Bibliotheken vorhandenen Drucke online verfügbar. Das Spektrum reicht von Büchern über Karten bis zu illustrierten Materialien – von den Anfängen des Buchdrucks bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. e-rara.ch provides online access to rare books available in Swiss libraries. The holdings extend from books and maps to illustrated material – from the beginnings of printing to the 20th century. e-rara.ch met en ligne des reproductions numériques d’imprimés conservés dans les bibliothèques de Suisse. L’éventail va des livres aux documents iconographiques en passant par les cartes – des débuts de l’imprimerie jusqu’au 20e siècle. e-rara.ch mette a disposizione in rete le edizioni antiche conservate nelle biblioteche svizzere. La collezione comprende libri, carte geografiche e materiale illustrato che risalgono agli inizi della tipografia fino ad arrivare al XX secolo. Nutzungsbedingungen Dieses Digitalisat kann kostenfrei heruntergeladen werden. Die Lizenzierungsart und die Nutzungsbedingungen sind individuell zu jedem Dokument in den Titelinformationen angegeben. Für weitere Informationen siehe auch [Link] Terms of Use This digital copy can be downloaded free of charge. The type of licensing and the terms of use are indicated in the title information for each document individually. For further information please refer to the terms of use on [Link] Conditions d'utilisation Ce document numérique peut être téléchargé gratuitement.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the American Petroleum Institute Photograph and Film Collection, 1860S-1980S
    Guide to the American Petroleum Institute Photograph and Film Collection, 1860s-1980s NMAH.AC.0711 Bob Ageton (volunteer) and Kelly Gaberlavage (intern), August 2004 and May 2006; supervised by Alison L. Oswald, archivist. August 2004 and May 2006 Archives Center, National Museum of American History P.O. Box 37012 Suite 1100, MRC 601 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 [email protected] http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 3 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 6 Series 1: Historical Photographs, 1850s-1950s....................................................... 6 Series 2: Modern Photographs, 1960s-1980s........................................................ 75 Series 3: Miscellaneous
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Utah Legislative Platform
    Utah Legislative Platform Category: Business Process Innovations Contact: David Fletcher State of Utah Project Initiation and Completion Dates: March 2017 – December 2018 Online/le.utah.gov December 2017 Online/Senate.utah.gov December 2018 Online/Capitol Tour December 2017 Apple Watch/Bill Watch March 2017 Alexa Skill - Utah Ballot Information - October 2018 NASCIO 2019 Executive Summary The Utah State Legislature suite of websites, social media, mobile applications, notification systems and APIs help Utahns, political subdivisions, and interested parties connect and interact with legislators and the government process. Government officials can learn about proposed and historic legislation, identify their legislator, sign up for alerts and notifications, learn what their legislators are thinking, as well as listen to recordings of committee and floor debates using the platform of interrelated services. This suite services also allow government bodies to more effectively participate in the legislative process. Delivering services and information is the core of what government does. The challenge for government is to meet and exceed expectations by delivering services and information across a variety of channels. This suite of services provides targeted notifications, information updates, and email alerts simultaneously to the public and all government officials; providing instantaneous access to information at the same time that the Legislature is receiving it. These service include: ● Le.utah.gov ● Bill Watch ● Voice Assistants ● Social Media ● Financial Disclosures The core of the legislative process is that legislators are acting on feedback received from constituents including the political subdivisions such as cities,counties and school districts. Every bill that they run started with feedback from individuals or groups wanting to make the state better.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of the Puntland State of Somalia
    CONSTITUTION OF THE PUNTLAND STATE OF SOMALIA December 2009 English Translation November 2011 .• Puntland State was created in 1998 through a consultative agreement among the different regions that constitute Puntland. The creation of Puntland State emerged from Somalia's failure to re-establish an inclusive national government for eight years. The people of Puntland realized they could not continue without a government. It was then decided in the constitutional conference of 1998 that Punt land would become a state that would be part of a federal Somalia. A charter was approved in that same 1998 conference and later replaced with a provisional constitution that was approved by members of the House of Representatives in 200 l. A referendum on the constitution was to have taken place in 2004, although this was not accomplished. Since it was not possible to hold a referendum on the constitution it was decided that the constitution would continue in force while undergoing review. The constitutional review process began in May 2007 and continued until June 2009. In the review process, meaningful opinions were contributed from different sectors of Puntland society, such as Somali lawyers and foreign lawyers. Therefore, the new constitution was drafted to become the law of the people of Puntland and was based on the Islamic shari'a and, at the same time, the constitution guides the system of governance, and thus brings collaboration and order among the different government institutions of the state. It is important to mention that this constitution will have an impact on the life of every Puntlander, because no nation may exist without laws, and therefore this constitution brings order among citizens and moreover entrenches their human rights and responsibilities so that they may attain social and economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Term Limit Debate in Congress
    When a Popular Idea Meets Congress: The History of the Term Limit Debate in Congress John David Rausch, jr, West Texas A&M University abstract: This paper examines the history of the term limit debate in the United States from the days of the Articles of Confedera- tion through the 1990s. The research finds that the realities of the legislative process provide infertile ground for enacting congressional term limits. Advocates of term limits serving in Congress have not had the resources to overcome the obstacles presented by the legisla- tive process. The findings contradict the conventional wisdom that Congress responds quickly to popular ideas that sweep the nation. The legislative term limit movement emerged as a signifi- 1784, pp. 98–99). The Committee found Samuel Osgood cant political phenomenon in the early 1990s. Term limi- of Massachusetts ineligible for service since he had served tation, however, was far from a new idea (see Petracca, three years after the ratification of the Articles. Osgood 1992). In fact, the idea of placing limits on the amount of withdrew from the House (Burnett, 1964). Other del- time an elected official spends in office has been debated egates were investigated, primarily for serving beyond the since before the framing of the Constitution of the United one year for which they had been elected. Some contro- States. The novelty of the Oklahoma term limit effort in versy ensued over the exact date of election for the del- 1990 was that it was successful and that it involved the egates from Rhode Island, and they refused to vacate their mass electorate using the citizen initiative process.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Justice in Environmental Matters: Overview of the Convention Implementation
    AC/TF.AJ-8/Inf.3 Task Force on Access to Justice Eighth meeting Geneva, 15-17 June 2015 Item 3 of the provisional agenda Substantive issue ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS: OVERVIEW OF THE CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION Background paper1 This background paper was prepared on the basis of the synthesis report submitted to the fifth session of the Meeting of the Parties to the Aarhus Convention (30 June – 1 July 2015, Maastricht, the Netherlands), relevant findings and reports of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee (hereinafter – the Committee) from the previous intersessional period up to now (2011-2015)2. The document outlines systemic issues with regard to access to justice relevant to the work of the Task Force. Delegates are invited to consult this document in advance of the meeting in order to gain an overview of the status the implementation of article 9 of the Aarhus Convention and to discuss further needs to be addressed under auspices of the Task Force. 1 The document was not formally edited. 2 Available from http://www.unece.org/env/pp/cc.html AC/TF.AJ-8/Inf.3 Contents Page I. Information from the Synthesis Report presented to the Meeting of the Parties at its fifth session .......... 3 1. Article 9 - General provisions ............................................................................................................... 3 2. Ensuring access to a review procedure (article 9, paragraph 1) ............................................................ 3 3. Challenging decisions, acts or omissions not complying with article 6 provisions (article 9, paragraph 2) 4 4. Challenging acts and omissions by private persons and public authorities that contravene environmental legislation (article 9, paragraph 3) ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • End of Energy
    The End of Energy The End of Energy The Unmaking of America ’ s Environment, Security, and Independence Michael J. Graetz The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email special_sales@ mitpress.mit.edu. This book was set in Stone Sans and Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Graetz, Michael J. The end of energy : the unmaking of America’ s environment, security, and independence / Michael J. Graetz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01567-7 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Energy policy— United States. 2. Energy resources development — United States. 3. Energy industries— United States. 4. United States — Economic policy. I. Title. HD9502.U52G685 2011 333.7900973 — dc22 2010040933 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For my daughters Casey, for her unfl agging support and encouragement Dylan, whose skepticism proved an inspiration and Sydney, for her estimable judgment and great good humor Contents Acknowledgments ix Prologue: The Journey 1 1 A “ New Economic Policy ” 9 2 Losing Control over Oil 21 3 The Environment Moves Front and Center 41 4 No More Nuclear 61 5 The Changing Face of Coal 79 6 Natural Gas and the Ability to Price 97 7 The Quest for Alternatives and to Conserve 117 8 A Crisis of Confi dence 137 9 The End of an Era 147 10 Climate Change, a Game Changer 155 11 Shock to Trance: The Power of Price 179 12 The Invisible Hand? Regulation and the Rise of Cap and Trade 197 13 Government for the People? Congress and the Road to Reform 217 14 Disaster in the Gulf 249 Key Energy Data 265 1 Crude Oil Prices 265 2 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Salamanca Connections Bar Down Sit Or in the Res Nections on C Th a Cafe Bar Chinitas #18—Where at Victorio, (Market) on Plaza on (Market) Mercado Has Fresh Fruits
    Salamanca Connections 385 meats, several salads, and varied raciones (daily, Calle Prior 4, tel. 923-260-092). PICNIC FOOD The covered mercado (market) on Plaza Mercado has fresh fruits and veggies (Mon 8:00-14:30 & 16:00-19:00, Tue-Sat 8:00-14:30 but may be open later on Tue in summer, closed Sun, on east side of Plaza Mayor). Supermarkets: A small El Arbol grocery, two blocks west of Plaza Mayor at Iscar Peyra 13, has just the basics (Mon-Sat 9:30- 21:30, closed Sun). For variety, the big Carrefour Market super- market is your best bet, but it’s a six-block walk north of Plaza Mayor on Calle del Toro (Mon-Sat 10:00-22:00, closed Sun, across from Plaza San Juan de Sahagún and its church—see map on page 372). Sandwiches: The Pans & Company fast-food sandwich chain is always easy, with a branch on Calle Prior across from Burger King (daily 10:30-24:00). OHFF T E BEATEN PAth Locals and students head just a bit outside the old town to hit the tapa/pincho scene along a main artery called Calle Van Dyck. It’s about a 20-minute walk or a short taxi ride from the edge of the old town, but it’s worth the effort as there are several cheap and tasty options. You’ll spend, on average, €2.50 for a caña (small beer), which comes with a small tapa. To get there on foot, go to the end of Calle del Toro, cross the main drag (Avenida de Mirat), and go up Calle Maria Auxiliadora; after crossing the wide Avenida de Portugal, take the third left onto Calle Van Dyck (see map on page 372).
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Incident Investigation Through Inclusion of Human Factors
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln United States Department of Transportation -- Publications & Papers U.S. Department of Transportation 2002 Improving Incident Investigation through Inclusion of Human Factors Anita Rothblum U.S. Coast Guard David Wheal U.K. Department for Transport Stuart Withington U.K. Department for Transport Scott A. Shappell FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute Douglas A. Wiegmann University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdot Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Rothblum, Anita; Wheal, David; Withington, Stuart; Shappell, Scott A.; Wiegmann, Douglas A.; Boehm, William; and Chaderjian, Marc, "Improving Incident Investigation through Inclusion of Human Factors" (2002). United States Department of Transportation -- Publications & Papers. 32. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdot/32 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Transportation at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in United States Department of Transportation -- Publications & Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Anita Rothblum, David Wheal, Stuart Withington, Scott A. Shappell, Douglas A. Wiegmann, William Boehm, and Marc Chaderjian This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdot/ 32 Human Factors in Incident Investigation and Analysis WORKING GROUP 1 2ND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON HUMAN FACTORS IN OFFSHORE OPERATIONS (HFW2002) HUMAN FACTORS IN INCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS Dr. Anita M. Rothblum U.S. Coast Guard Research & Development Center Groton, CT 06340 Capt. David Wheal and Mr. Stuart Withington Marine Accident Investigation Branch U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Balancing Shipping and the Protection of the Marine Environment of Straits
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Balancing shipping and the protection of the marine environment of straits used for international navigation: a study of the straits of Malacca and Singapore Mohd Hazmi Bin Mohd Rusli University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Mohd Rusli, Mohd Hazmi Bin, Balancing shipping and the protection of the marine environment of straits used for international navigation: a study of the straits of Malacca and Singapore, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, 2012. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3511 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Balancing Shipping and the Protection of the Marine Environment of Straits Used for International Navigation: A Study of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from the UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG By MOHD HAZMI BIN MOHD RUSLI LLB_HONS (IIUM, Malaysia) MCL (IIUM, Malaysia) DSLP (IIUM, Malaysia) Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security 2012 CERTIFICATION I, Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli, declare this thesis, submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli 14 February 2012 i ABSTRACT The importance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore for the global shipping industry and world trade can’t be underestimated.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Environmental Pollution
    Managing environmental pollution Managing Environmental Pollution presents a comprehensive introduction to the nature of pollution, its impact on the environment, and the practical options and regulatory frameworks for pollution control. Sources of pollution, regulatory controls including the role of authorities and precautionary and polluter pays principles, technological solutions, management and mitigation techniques and assessment tools, are examined in each key area: air, freshwater and marine pollution, contaminated land and radioactive substances. Illustrated with a wide range of case examples from the UK, Europe, North America and world-wide, this book offers an invaluable up-to-date guide to both the principles and practice of pollution management. Andrew Farmer is a Fellow of the Institute for European Environmental Policy. Educated at Oxford and York Universities, he undertook aquatic ecological research at the Universities of St Andrews, Florida and Wisconsin, before joining the air pollution research group at Imperial College. Following this he spent six years as a pollution specialist with English Nature. Routledge Environmental Management Series This important series presents a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of environmental management across a wide range of fields. Introducing the theories and practices fundamental to modern environmental management, the series features a number of focused volumes to examine applications in specific environments and topics, all offering a wealth of real-life examples and practical guidance. MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Andrew Farmer COASTAL AND ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT Peter W.French Forthcoming titles: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT A.Nixon WETLAND MANAGEMENT L.Heathwaite COUNTRYSIDE MANAGEMENT R.Clarke Routledge Managing environmental pollution Andrew Farmer London and New York First published 1997 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.
    [Show full text]