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BIOLOGIA, IDENTIFICACION Y CONTROL DE LOS NEMATODOS DE NODULO DE LA RAIZ (Especies De Meloidogyne)

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BIOLOGIA, IDENTIFICACION Y CONTROL DE LOS NEMATODOS DE NODULO DE LA RAIZ (Especies De Meloidogyne) J.4~)'Lfqc77 BIOLOGIA, IDENTIFICACION Y CONTROL DE LOS NEMATODOS DE NODULO DE LA RAIZ (Especies de Meloidogyne) A.L. TAYLOR, Nemat6!ogo Consultor y J.N. SASSER, Investigador Principal S~toCIONAL' 0 0 o Contrati NO AID/ta-c-1234 CL I m Una publicaci6n cooperativa entre el Departamento de Fitopatologi'a de la Universidad del Estado de Carolina del Norte y la Agenci. de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional Impreso por Artes Grdflcas de la Universidad del Estado de Carolina del Norte 1983 i PREFACIO El proposito principal de este libro es ayudar a cumplir las principales metas del Proyecto Internacional de Meloidogyne, entre los cuales est~n: 1) incrementar la producci6n de cultivos alimenticios de importan­ cia econ6mica en los paises en desarrollo; 2) mejorar la capacidad de protecci6n de los cultivos en los pafses en desarrollo; 3) avanzar en el conocimiento de uno de los mrns importantes grupos de nematodos parAsitos le plantas en el mundo. El cumplimiento de estas metas dependerd ampliamente de 70 colaboradores que trabajan en siete grandes regiones geogrdficas del mundo. El presente libro es una compilaci6n que ayudarA a unificar los esfuerzos de investigaci6n sobre este grupo principal de pestes de los cultivos. Obviamente este libro no cubre con profundidad el tema; finicamente se ha tratado de presentar lo esen­ cial, bas~ndose en la literatura y en la experiencia propia, y presentando una estima- 6n de la relativa impor­ tancia de varias de las especies descritas en la agricultura mundial y su distribuci6n. Se ha dado en esta obra mucho 6nfasis a la identificaci.6n, variabilidad y medidas prActicas de control. Los autores recomiendan a los lectores de este libro deseosos de ms inforrnaci6n, que estudien las referencias especificas citadas y hagan uso de varias de las excelentes revisiones que tratan de los nematodos del n6dulo. Para facilitar la identificaci6n, en este libro se ha intentado reunir en un solo documento lo conocido en relaci6n con la morfologia de las diferentes especies, y se han reproducido numerosas ilustraciones de las descripciones originales. En el texto se da 6nfasis a los caracteres considerados como ventajosos en la iden­ tificaci6n rutinaria de especies. Adems, se ha destacado la importancia del uso de toda la informaci6n disponible para obtener una identificaci6n. Esto incluye localidad de la colecci6n, respuesta de ho~pederos diferenciales incluyendo el tipo de las agallas producidas, morfologia y citogen6tica. El libro puede ser (itil para el Proyecto y para sus colaboradores, en sus compromisos de capacitaci6n de nuevos estudiantes. Tambi6n puede ser fitil para investigadores de otras disciplinas que colaboran en el desarrollo de estrategias de control tomando en cuenta los recursos mis f~cilmente disponibles en los paises en desarrollo. La literatura citada es s6lo una parte de la cuantiosa cantidad publicada sobre el g6nero Meloidogyne, y el presente libro se ha basado principalmente en aquellas publicaciones que cubren puntos especfficos que era necesario ilustrar y varias ireas generales que se deseaba destacar. Se espera que este trabajo permita una mayor expansi6n de la investigaci6n, lo cual proporcionar6 mejo­ res respuestas a numerosos problemas no resueltos con los cuales los lectores estin familiarizados, y que sea la base para un libro mis completo y definido en el futuro. Los autores expresan su agradecimiento a los nemat6logos y dems cientfficos que han contribuido direc­ ta o indirectamente para obtener la informaci6n presentada. Tambi6n, a varios funcionarios de la Agencia para el Desarrollo Internacional que han hecho posible el Proyecto Internacional de Meloidogyne y este libro. Especial agradecimiento a la Sra. Josephine Taylor quien realiz6 el mecanografiado preliminar y a la Sra. Joyce Denmark, quien organiz6 los archivos de literatura e hizo la mayor parte del mecanografiado final de este manuscrito. El Dr. J. L. Sta r, de la Universidad Estatal de Carolina del Norte, ley6 totalmente el libro e hizo sugeren­ cias (itiles con referencia a su organizaci6n y contenido. Los autores le expresan su agradecimiento especial; sin embargo, asumeen toda la responsabilidad por cualquier error de hecho o interpretacion. VERSION AL ESPANOL En relaci6n con esta versi6n al espafiol, los autores agradecen al Departamento de Nematologia y Ento­ mologia y al Departamento de Capacitaci6n y Comunicaciones del Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Lima, Peru, por la traducci6n de este libro al espafiol y por la preparaci6n final para su impresi6n; asi como a la "FMC Corporation" por proporcionar fondos para ayudar a cubrir los costos de producci6n. ii Artes Graficas de la Universidad del Estado de Carolina del Norte Casilla Po)stal N' 5517 Raleigh, Carolina del Norte 27607 Estados Unidos Para informacidn sobre la disponibilidad de esta publicaci6n, ponerse en contacto con: Dr. J.N. Sasser, Departamento de Fitopatologia de la Universidad del Estado de Carolina del Norte Raleigh, Carolina del Norte 27607 Estados Unidos Impreso en Estados Unidos ooo11 CONTENIDO Prefacio ......................................................................... ii 1. El g~nero Meloidogyne (nematode del n6dulo de la rafz) ................................ 1 I. Introducci6n. ............................................................. 1 A. Historia ............................................................. 1 B. P6rdidas causadas en cultivos por nematodos fitopar,-qitos y organismos asociados .... 1 II. Clasificaci6n zool6gica del g6nero Meloidogyne ................................... 2 III. Especies del g6nero Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 ................................... 2 A. Lista de especies descritas ................................................ 2 B. Taxononfa de las especies de Meloidogyne .................................. 3 IV. Distribuci6n mundial de las especies de Meloidogyne ............................... 3 V. Morfologfa y desarrollo de laa especies de Meloidogyne ............................. 4 A. Ciclo de vida - preparasitico ............................................. 4 B. Ciclo de vida - parasftico ................................................ 5 C. Morfologfa - adultos ................................................... 7 D. Reproducci6n ......................................................... 7 E. Anatom fa ............................................................ 9 VI. Duraci6n del ciclo de vida ................................................... 9 A. Influencia de la temperatura .............................................. 9 B. Tiem po de vida ........................................................ 11 C. Efecto de la humedad ................................................... 11 2. Relaci6n entre las especies de Meloidogyne y las plantas ................................ 13 I. Plantas hospederas susceptibles y resistentes ..................................... 13 II. Especificidad hospedera a las especies Meloidogyne ................................ 15 3. Histologia y patog6nesis ......................................................... 17 I. Formaci6n de c6lulas gigantes y agallas ......................................... 17 A. El nficleo en iai c~lulas gigantes ........................................... 17 B. El citoplasma de las c6lulas gigantes ........................................ 18 II. Diferencias entre la formaci6n de c6lulas gigantes y la formaci6n de agallas .............. 18 A. Plantas susceptibles .................................................... 18 B. Reacci6n de plantas resistentes e inmunes ................................... 18 III. Resumen ................................................................ 19 4. Efectos de la infecci6p por Meloidogyne en el crecimiento de las plantas .................... 21 I. Efectos fisicos ............................................................ 21 A. Acortamiento y deformaci6n de las raices ................................... 21 B. Disminuci6n de la eficiencia radicular ...................................... 21 II. Efectos fisiol6gicos ......................................................... 23 III. Predisposici6n ............................................................ 23 A. Fusarium ........................................................... 23 B. Fusariumy alternaria ................................................... 23 C. Phytophthora ........................................................ 23 D . Verticillium .......................................................... 24 E. Rhizoctonia .......................................................... 24 F. Helminthosporium ..................................................... 24 G. Pythium, Curvularia,Botrytis, Aspergillus, Penicillium y Trichoderma ............. 24 H . Bactezias ............................................................. 25 I. Microflora ................................................ .......... 25 J. Resumen ............................................................ 25 v 5. Variaci6n fisiol6gica en las especies de Meloidogyne ................................... .7 I. Definiciones y terminologfa de razas biol6gicas ................................... 27 II. Variaci6n entre poblaciones de Meloidogyne ..................................... 27 III. Caracterizaci6n adicional de poblaciones colectadas en regiones geogrificas ampliamente separadas ................................................................ 28 A . M. incognita .......................................................... 29 B. M. javanica ...........................................................
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