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ÜRETİM ALANLARINDA KÖK-UR NEMATODLARI (Meloidogyne Spp.)’NIN DURUMU

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ÜRETİM ALANLARINDA KÖK-UR NEMATODLARI (Meloidogyne Spp.)’NIN DURUMU i EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) ÖDEMİŞ VE KİRAZ (İZMİR) İLÇELERİNDE TURŞULUK HIYAR (Cucumis sativus L.) ÜRETİM ALANLARINDA KÖK-UR NEMATODLARI (Meloidogyne spp.)’NIN DURUMU Esmeray CAFARLI Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Galip KAŞKAVALCI Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Bilim Dalı Kodu : 501.02.01 Sunuş Tarihi: 12.02.2013 Bornova-İZMİR 2013 ii iii Esmeray CAFARLI tarafından Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunulan “Ödemiş ve Kiraz (İzmir) İlçelerinde Turşuluk Hıyar (Cucumis sativus L.) Üretim Alanlarında Kök-Ur Nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’nın Durumu” baĢlıklı bu çalıĢma E.Ü. Lisansüstü Eğitim ve Öğretim Yönergesi’nin ilgili hükümleri uyarınca tarafımızdan değerlendirilerek savunmaya değer bulunmuĢ ve 12/02/2013 tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavında aday oybirliği/oyçokluğu ile baĢarılı bulunmuĢtur. Jüri üyeleri: İmza Jüri Başkanı : Doç. Dr. Galip KAġKAVALCI ……………………. Raportör üye : Doç. Dr. Ferit TURANLI ……………………. Üye : Prof. Dr. Dursun Eġ ĠYOK ……………………. iv v ÖZET ÖDEMİŞ VE KİRAZ (İZMİR) İLÇELERİNDE TURŞULUK HIYAR (Cucumis sativus L.) ÜRETİM ALANLARINDA KÖK-UR NEMATODLARI (Meloidogyne spp.)’NIN DURUMU CAFARLI, Esmeray Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Galip KAġKAVALCI ġubat 2013, 66 sayfa Bu çalıĢmanın amacı, Ġzmir Ġli ÖdemiĢ ve Kiraz ilçeleri turĢuluk hıyar üretimi yapılan tarlalarda bulunan kök-ur nematodlarının yayılıĢ ve bulaĢıklık oranları ile türlerinin saptanmasıdır. AraĢtırmanın materyalini, ÖdemiĢ ve Kiraz ilçeleri tarlarından alınan, kök-ur nematodu ile bulaĢık bitki materyali oluĢturmuĢtur. ÖdemiĢ Ġlçesi’nde 13 köydeki 62 tarladan, Kiraz Ġlçesi’nde ise 11 köydeki 34 tarladan bitki kök örnekleri alınıp, kökler 0-10 bulaĢıklık ıskalasına göre değerlendirilmiĢtir. YayılıĢ ve bulaĢıklık tespiti çalıĢmaları neticesinde; kök-ur nematodları ile bulaĢıklığın ÖdemiĢ Ġlçesi tarlarında % 17,74, Kiraz’da ise % 17,65 oranlarında olduğu saptanmıĢtır. Yaygınlık tespiti sonucunda ÖdemiĢ Ġlçesi’nde % 14,51 ve Kiraz Ġlçesi’nde %14,71 oranında ağır yaygınlık tespit edilmiĢtir. Bu çalıĢmada bölgede varolan kök-ur nematodlarının türlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla hazırlanan 17 farklı populasyona ait 34 preparatta bulunan 174 anal kesitin incelenmesi sonucunda, sırasıyla, Meloidogyne incognita (Kafoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (%74,13) ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1919 (%25,87) türleri saptanmıĢtır. Anahtar sözcükler: Meloidogyne spp., kök-ur nematodu, bulaĢıklık, yayılıĢ, turĢuluk hıyar, yaygınlık vi vii ABSTRACT SITUATION OF THE ROOT - KNOT NEMATODES (Meloidogyne spp.) FOUND IN PRODUCTION AREAS OF GHERKIN (Cucumis sativus L.) IN ÖDEMİŞ AND KİRAZ (IZMIR) CAFARLI, Esmeray MSc Thesis in Department of Plant Protection Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Galip KAġKAVALCI February 2013, 66 pages The aim of the study was the determination of the prevalence and infestation ratio with distribution of root-knot nematodes species found in production areas of gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.) in ÖdemiĢ and Kiraz province in Ġzmir. Infested plant samples collected from ÖdemiĢ and Kiraz fields were used as research materials. Root samples were taken from 62 fields in 13 villages on ÖdemiĢ plain and 34 fields in 11 villages on Kiraz plain evaluating the roots according to 0-10 scale. As a result of distribution and infestation studies, the infestation with root- knot nematodes was found that 17,74 % in ÖdemiĢ plain fields and 17,65 % in Kiraz fields were infected with root-knot nematodes. As a result of prevalance rates studies, it was found that 14,51 % in ÖdemiĢ and 14,71 % in Kiraz were named with heavy spread rate. As a result of examination of 174 perineal patterns settled in 34 permanent slides related to 17 different population prepared for the purpose of the determination the root-knot nematode species existed in the study area, Meloidogyne incognita (Kafoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (74,13%) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1919 (25,87%) were determined, respectively. Keywords: Meloidogyne spp., root-knot nematode, infestation, distribution, gherkin, prevalance viii ix TEŞEKKÜR Tez konumun belirlenmesinden yazım aĢamasına kadar her zaman tecrübe, bilgi ve desteğini esirgemeyen değerli danıĢman hocam Doç. Dr. Galip KAġKAVALCI’ya, tez çalıĢmamda yardımlarını esirgemeyen Ziraat Yüksek Mühendisi Aydın PEÇEN’e, AraĢtırma Görevlisi Ġbrahim MISTANOĞLU’na, ve ÖdemiĢ Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Ġlçe Müdürlüğü personeli Ziraat Yüksek Mühendisi Melih MICIK’a; ayrıca tezin her aĢamasında bana yardımcı olan, desteğini daima hissettiğim sözlüm Ziraat Mühendisi Mustafa AYHAN’a, sevgili ablama ve babama ayrı ayrı teĢekkürlerimi borç bilirim. Esmeray CAFARLI x xi İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET .............................................................................................................. …v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ..vii TEġEKKÜR ..................................................................................................... ix ġEKĠLLER DĠZĠNĠ .......................................................................................... xv ÇĠZELGELER DĠZĠNĠ ................................................................................... xvii TEZ ĠÇĠNDE GEÇEN TERĠMLER .............................................................. xviii 1. GĠRĠġ .............................................................................................................. 1 2. ÖNCEKĠ ÇALIġMALAR .............................................................................. 4 2.1 Kök-Ur Nematodlarının Tanınmaları Ġle Ġlgili ÇalıĢmalar ........................... 4 2.1.1 Dünyadaki çalıĢmalar ................................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Türkiye’deki çalıĢmalar ............................................................................. 5 2.2 Kök-Ur Nematodlarının YayılıĢı ve BulaĢıklık Oranı Ġle Ġlgili Yapılan ÇalıĢmalar .................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Dünyadaki çalıĢmalar ................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Türkiye’deki çalıĢmalar ............................................................................. 9 2.3 Kök-Ur Nematodlarının Ekonomik Önemleri ve Zararları Ġle Ġlgili Yapılan ÇalıĢmalar ....................................................................................................... 11 xii İÇİNDEKİLER (devam) Sayfa 3. KÖK-UR NEMATODLARI (Meloidogyne spp.) HAKKINDA GENEL BĠLGĠLER .................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Sistematikteki Yeri ve Sinonimleri ............................................................. 13 3.2 Ekonomik Önemi Bilinen Türler ve Konukçuları ....................................... 14 3.3 Morfolojisi, Biyolojisi ve Zarar ġekilleri ................................................... 15 3.4 Ekolojisi ..................................................................................................... 18 4. MATERYAL VE METOT .......................................................................... 20 4.1 Arazi ÇalıĢmaları ....................................................................................... 20 4.2 Laboratuvar ÇalıĢmaları .............................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Kök-ur nematodu diĢi bireylerinin bitki materyalinden elde edilmesi ... 25 4.2.2 Kök-ur nematodu diĢilerinin daimi preparatlarının yapılması ................. 29 4.2.3 Kök-ur nematodlarının teĢhis çalıĢmaları ................................................ 31 5. ARAġTIRMA BULGULARI VE TARTIġMA .......................................... 32 5.1 ÖdemiĢ ve Kiraz (Ġzmir) Ġlçelerinin TurĢuluk Hıyar YetiĢtirilen Alanlarında Saptanan Meloidogyne Cinsine Ait Türler ................................................. 32 5.1.1 Meloidogyne incognita (Kafoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 ......... 32 5.1.2 Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 ........................... 34 5.2 ÖdemiĢ ve Kiraz (Ġzmir) Ġlçelerinin TurĢuluk Hıyar YetiĢtirilen Alanlarında Kök-Ur Nematodu YayılıĢı ve BulaĢıklılık Dereceleri ..................................... 37 5.2.1 Kök-ur nematodlarının bulaĢıklılık dereceleri ve yaygınlık oranları ...... 39 xiii İÇİNDEKİLER (devam) Sayfa 5.2.2 Meloidogyne cinsine ait türlerin bulunma oranları .................................. 47 6. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERĠLER ...................................................................... 55 KAYNAKLAR DĠZĠNĠ .................................................................................... 57 ÖZGEÇMĠġ. ..................................................................................................... 66 EKLER ............................................................................................................ xix xiv ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ġekil Sayfa 3.1 Kök-ur nematodları (Meloidogyne spp.)’nın genel biyolojisi ................... 16 3.2 Kök-ur nematodu ile bulaĢık hıyar bitkisi kökü ............................................... 18 4.1 ÖdemiĢ Ġlçesi’nde sürvey çalıĢmasının yürütüldüğü köyler ..................... 21 4.2 Kiraz Ġlçesi’nde sürvey çalıĢmasının yürütüldüğü köyler ......................... 21 4.3 Kök-ur nematodlarıyla bulaĢıklık dereceleri ................................................. 25 4.4 Kök-ur nematodu ile bulaĢık bitki köklerinin yıkanması ............................ 27 4.5 Kök-ur nematodu ile bulaĢık bitkilerin blenderda
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