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Reclaiming Liberalism PALGRAVE STUDIES IN CLASSICAL LIBERALISM SERIES EDITORS: DAVID F. HARDWICK · LESLIE MARSH Reclaiming Liberalism Edited by David F. Hardwick · Leslie Marsh [email protected] Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism Series Editors David F. Hardwick Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Leslie Marsh Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada [email protected] This series offers a forum to writers concerned that the central presup- positions of the liberal tradition have been severely corroded, neglected, or misappropriated by overly rationalistic and constructivist approaches. The hardest-won achievement of the liberal tradition has been the wrestling of epistemic independence from overwhelming concentrations of power, monopolies and capricious zealotries. The very precondition of knowledge is the exploitation of the epistemic virtues accorded by soci- ety’s situated and distributed manifold of spontaneous orders, the DNA of the modern civil condition. With the confluence of interest in situated and distributed liberalism emanating from the Scottish tradition, Austrian and behavioral econom- ics, non-Cartesian philosophy and moral psychology, the editors are soliciting proposals that speak to this multidisciplinary constituency. Sole or joint authorship submissions are welcome as are edited collections, broadly theoretical or topical in nature. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15722 [email protected] David F. Hardwick • Leslie Marsh Editors Reclaiming Liberalism [email protected] Editors David F. Hardwick Leslie Marsh Department of Pathology and Laboratory Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medicine The University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Vancouver, BC, Canada ISSN 2662-6470 ISSN 2662-6489 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism ISBN 978-3-030-28759-7 ISBN 978-3-030-28760-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28760-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Francisco Goya: Plate 43 from ‘Los Caprichos’: The sleep of reason produces mon- sters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos), 1799 Made available by the Metropolitan Museum of Art under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication [email protected] To Virginia Baldwin: in appreciation of decades of interest and support (DH) In memory of my grandparents, Sara and Samuel Fine, whose families the Bolsheviks wanted to banish and the Nazis wanted to snuff out (LM) [email protected] Preface Each passing decade of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been accompanied by proclamations of liberalism’s decline. Despite this, it is not at all clear whether the Owl of Minerva can be said to have taken flight. The “reclaiming” of the title of this collection is perhaps more a timely re-excavation of classical liberalism from the accumulated concep- tual hubris and downright illiteracy that has come to obscure its central presupposition, which is, the wresting of epistemic independence from overwhelming concentrations of power, monopolies, and capricious zeal- otries, whether they be of a state, religious, or corporate in character. Unfortunately, much of what goes by the label of “liberal” is overly ratio- nalistic and constructivist and, as such, stirs an authoritarian impulse in its implementation. This collection offers a variety of disciplinary perspectives on liberal- ism, from a contemporary focus and some with a distinctly historical hue. Collectively these chapters will, in all probability, be deemed con- tentious. Classical liberals are a fractious lot, and though there will be internecine squabbles, no one viewpoint seeks to inhibit another’s perspective. Hayek’s profound and paradoxical insight that knowledge becomes less incomplete only if it becomes more dispersed has informed our insti- tutional design and operational management within the International Academy of Pathology and The University of British Columbia ix [email protected] x Preface Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Since we subscribe to Hayek’s adage that “exclusive concentration on a specialty has a pecu- liarly baneful effect: it will not merely prevent us from being attractive company or good citizens but may impair our competence in our proper field”, we make no apology for not staying within our academic silos. Epistemic humility and open inquiry are central virtues for the classi- cal liberal and this has proved the most successful way to approach the truth for the greater good. We thus thought that Aldous Huxley’s com- ment1 on Goya’s caption “El sueño de la razon produce monstrous”, as per the frontispiece, resonates deeply with the spirit of this project: It is a caption that admits of more than one interpretation. When reason sleeps, the absurd and loathsome creatures of superstition wake and are active, goading their victim to an ignoble frenzy. But this is not all. Reason may also dream without sleeping, may intoxicate itself, as it did during the French Revolution, with the daydreams of inevitable progress, of liberty, equality, and fraternity imposed by violence, of human self-sufficiency and the ending of sorrow … by political rearrangements and a better technology. Vancouver, BC, Canada David F. Hardwick Leslie Marsh Note 1. Aldous Huxley, “Variations on Goya,” On Art and Artists, Morris Philipson, ed. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1960), pp. 218–19. [email protected] Acknowledgments We wish to thank the following for their community service: Corey Abel, Peter Barnes, Eugene Callahan, Gilles Campagnolo, Nicholas Capaldi, Lars Feld, Steven Gerencser, Ignacio Herrera-Anchustegui, Stefan Kolev, Peter Lewin, Drew Maciag, Terry Nardin, Noel O’Sullivan, and Viktor Vanberg. We’d also like to thank the Palgrave team for their diligent and friendly support: Ruth Noble, Clara Heathcock, and last, but by no means least, Laura Pacey, who so carefully and enthusiastically gestated this series. Project Manager, Sarulatha Krishnamurthy’s patient technical sup- port, is also much appreciated. Nothing we do could be done without the unwavering support of Charles Ramey and Shannon Selin. xi [email protected] Contents Reclaiming Democratic Classical Liberalism 1 David P. Ellerman Democracy, Liberalism, and Discretion: The Political Puzzle of the Administrative State 41 Stephen Turner Ordoliberalism as the Operationalisation of Liberal Politics 63 Mikayla Novak Liberalism, Through a Glass Darkly 91 David F. Hardwick and Leslie Marsh Liberalism and the Modern Quest for Freedom 125 David D. Corey Liberalism for the Twenty-First Century: From Markets to Civil Society, from Economics to Human Beings 163 Gus diZerega xiii [email protected] xiv Contents Origins of the Rule of Law 179 Andrew David Irvine Burke’s Liberalism: Prejudice, Habit, Affections, and the Remaking of the Social Contract 219 Lauren K. Hall Democratic Peace Theory, Montesquieu, and Public Choice 247 Sarah M. Burns and Chad Van Schoelandt “China’s Hayek” and the Horrors of Totalitarianism: The Liberal Lessons in Gu Zhun’s Thought 281 Chor-yung Cheung Author Index 313 Subject Index 317 [email protected] Reclaiming Democratic Classical Liberalism David P. Ellerman Helping Others Versus Self-Help: Implications of Classical Liberalism Classical liberalism expresses a skepticism about governmental organiza- tions being able to “do good” for people. Instead an important role of government is to set up and maintain the conditions for people to be empowered and enabled to do good for themselves, for example, in estab- lishing and enforcing the private property prerequisites for the function- ing of a market economy as emphasized in the economic way of thinking (e.g., Heyne et al. 2006, pp. 36–38). The reasons for the general ineffectiveness of the government to directly do good for people are not unique to government; the reasons apply as well to other external organizations
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