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Downloaded From Goodbye Radicalism! Conceptions of conservatism among Chinese intellectuals during the early 1990s Dongen, E. van Citation Dongen, E. van. (2009, September 2). Goodbye Radicalism! Conceptions of conservatism among Chinese intellectuals during the early 1990s. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13949 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/13949 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). “GOODBYE RADICALISM!” CONCEPTIONS OF CONSERVATISM AMONG CHINESE INTELLECTUALS DURING THE EARLY 1990S ELS VAN DONGEN Printed by Wöhrmann Print Service © 2009, E. van Dongen, Leiden, The Netherlands “GOODBYE RADICALISM!” CONCEPTIONS OF CONSERVATISM AMONG CHINESE INTELLECTUALS DURING THE EARLY 1990S PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus Prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 2 september 2009 klokke 11.15 uur door Els van Dongen geboren te Antwerpen, België in 1979 PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotor: Prof. dr. A. Schneider Mede-promotor: Prof. dr. R. Kersten (ANU) Overige leden: Prof. dr. C. Defoort (KUL) Prof. dr. J. Fewsmith (Boston University) Prof. dr. C. Goto-Jones This research was financially supported by a VICI Grant from the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) and by a Fulbright Grant from the Fulbright Center in Amsterdam (formerly NACEE). Are we to paint what’s on the face, what’s inside the face, or what’s behind it? PABLO PICASSO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would have never embarked on this journey of a thousand li without those who taught me to walk—my Professors at the Catholic University of Leuven. Professors Nicolas Standaert and Carine Defoort not only inspired me throughout my student years, but they also supported me during my time as a Ph.D. candidate. Dr. Zhao Yilu deserves special thanks for her rigorous language education and personal concern. My walking pace increased tremendously during my time as an exchange student at Leiden University in 2001-2002. The classes of dr. Woei-Lien Chong, dr. Oliver Moore, and Professor Axel Schneider in particular sparked my interest in Chinese language and thought—my thanks goes out to all of them. My promotor Professor Axel Schneider never ceased to believe in my abilities and offered me exceptional research opportunities. In the framework of VICI, MEARC, and multiple reading groups, I had the honor of meeting many people who were nothing less than “walking encyclopedias.” I thank dr. Tze-ki Hon, dr. Joel Joos, dr. Ya-pei Kuo, dr. Ethan Mark, dr. Lewis Mayo, dr. Viren Murthy, and Professor Christian Uhl for their knowledge and kind encouragement. I also received great input and support from my fellow Ph.D. students Chiara Brivio and Torsten Weber throughout the years. Karin Aalderink and Esther Truijen patiently dealt with organizational matters. Dr. Woei-Lien Chong permitted me to attend two of her inspiring courses on modern Chinese thought; Professor Ernst van Alphen allowed me to sit in his class on postmodernism. The library staff of the Sinological Institute of Leiden University made my task much easier and always assisted me with pleasure. The Fulbright Center in Amsterdam provided me with a Fulbright grant to conduct six months of research in Boston. Professor Joseph Fewsmith of Boston University made time for interesting discussions and numerous lunches, and most of all, he made me feel at home in the Red Sox City. I further thank the staff of the Harvard- Yenching library for their efficiency. My stay at Peking University in 2005 and 2006 would not have been possible without the dedication and time of a great number of people. They include Professors Ma Yong, Chen Lai, Xu Jilin, Wang Hui, Xiao Gongqin, Wang Yuechuan, Zhang Yiwu, Jiang Yihua, Tao Dongfeng, Liu Guisheng, i and Luo Zhitian. Zhang Qi, Chunyan Shu, Zhang Zikai, and Peng Daming colored my stay at Peking University—feichang ganxie nimen. Bas Snelders and Chris Nierstrasz not only shared their research experiences with me, but also numerous beers and “bitterballen.” Bas deserves special thanks for his help with the format, the bibliography and the footnotes. I further thank my CNWS colleagues for the nice atmosphere and the numerous smoking gatherings and coffee breaks. Thank you Amnon, Annett, Dirk, Francesca, Hui, Jeroen, Lena, Panitee, Paramita, Paul, Tryfon, and Vincent. I also thank the inhabitants of Hoge Rijndijk 148 for the stimulating environment—I am particularly grateful to Masterchef and quizmaster Rients. Without the sunshine that my “Boerhaave family” Esmeralda and Mohamed brought to Europe, the road would have been dark and lonely—gracias/chokran. I also extend my thanks to my neighbors David, Fernando, Frank, Howyda, and Raed for all the teas, coffees, laughter, and other necessary distractions. Special thanks goes out to Carlinka, friend in need and Goddess of Happiness, and to Sven, God of Tolerance. For their friendship and “procrastination,” I deeply thank Annie, Annika, Bruno, Hungwah, Ingmar, Irfan, Judith, Kristien, Liesbeth, Michael, Mirna, Nekesa, Simone, Tilman, Valentina, and Yasser. I further thank my International Relations friends for their kind support. I am very grateful to my parents for having worked very hard to enable me to pursue an education. My epicurean sisters An and Inge always brought me joy, whether in Belgian bars or amidst Cameronese ersatz Pygmees. To my grandparents, I am grateful for having given me the space to imagine. World Citizen and Life Researcher Masroor turned my stay in Boston into a life-changing experience. Finally, Vince helped me through those moments when, as a Colombian saying goes, this project “weighed more than a bad marriage.” I also thank him for his patient and creative translation of my ideas for the cover of this book. Al mundo más allá del tiempo. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CLG Chinese Law and Government CYX Chuantong yu xiandai EYS Ershiyi shiji LOC The Limits of Change POCS Political Order in Changing Societies XGJ Xiao Gongqinji YZLG Yu zhengzhi langman zhuyi gaobie ZFL Zhishi fenzi lichang ZYG Zhanlüe yu guanli iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ III 1. INTRODUCTION: ON CONSERVATISM, CONCEPTS, AND CONTEXTS ......................................................... 1 1.1 THE LIMITS OF CONSERVATISM............................................................................. 1 1.2 1990S CHINA:THE “SYNCHRONIC”APPROACH..................................................... 8 1.3 CONTESTED CONCEPTS:METHODOLOGICAL OUTLINE........................................ 15 1.4 ADVANTAGES OF THE APPROACH FOR THE STUDY OF 1990S CHINA ................... 22 1.5 SOURCES AND OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS ............................................................. 28 2. DOING THINGS WITH “ISMS”: ON CHINESE “NEO-CONSERVATISM”............................................................................ 32 2.1 INTRODUCTION:WHY “NEO-CONSERVATISM”? .................................................. 32 2.2 A POSITIONAL CONFIGURATION:PRESERVATION AND RENEWAL ....................... 34 2.3 “NEO-CONSERVATISM” AND OFFICIAL IDEOLOGY............................................... 38 2.4 “ISMS” AND LABELS:SOME EXAMPLES............................................................... 43 2.5 A CONSCIOUS CONSERVATIVE POSITION?: ENTER “RADICALISM”...................... 52 2.6 THE USE OF “NEO-CONSERVATISM” AND “RADICALISM” ................................... 57 2.6.1 “Radicalism” and “Neo-conservatism” in Xiao Gongqin.......................... 57 2.6.2 “Radicalism” and “Neo-conservatism” in “Realistic Responses” ............ 64 2.6.3 A Comparison between Xiao Gongqin and “Realistic Responses”............. 70 2.7 THE CONTINUATION OF “NEO-AUTHORITARIANISM”?......................................... 74 2.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS...................................................................................... 80 3. THE POLITICS OF HISTORY: XIAO GONGQIN’S “NEO-CONSERVATISM” ................................................................... 84 3.1 INTRODUCTION:FROM POLITICS TO HISTORY ..................................................... 84 3.2 FROM THE YUAN DYNASTY TO THE 1980S:XIAO’S INTELLECTUAL TRAJECTORY ............................................................................................................... 87 3.3 THE “YAN FU PARADOX,” OR WHY COWS WILL NEVER BE HORSES ................. 90 3.3.1 The Contested Legacy of Yan Fu ................................................................. 90 3.3.2 The Theory of the Social Organism ............................................................. 92 3.3.3 Burkean Conservative or Social Darwinist? ............................................... 98 3.4 THE LESSONS OF HISTORY:THREE KINDS OF “RADICALISM” ........................... 101 3.4.1 The “Mental Radicalism” of the Hundred Days Reformers (1898).......... 104 3.4.2 The “System Determinism” Following the Revolution of 1911 ................ 110 3.4.3 The “Political Romanticism” around May Fourth.................................... 113 3.5 “RADICALISM,” BURKE, AND HISTORY ............................................................
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