Tajikistan: Taking Action for Sustainable Development

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tajikistan: Taking Action for Sustainable Development Tajikistan: Taking Action for Sustainable Development I am proud of the result of Adras weaving workshop in Isfara district, Sughd region © UNDP 2016 my work, especially with students where we were able What are the bold actions being taken by the Government to to produce 14 new types of achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Tajikistan? adras tissue, differing in color, texture and pattern, Empowering women to Through the process of and the samples found their participate fully in economic life developing and updating district unique ways into the hearts is essential to build stronger development programmes and of our clients. economies, achieve the implementation of about 50 Sustainable Development Goals priority initiatives coming from (SDGs), and improve the quality these programmes, the project of life for women, men, families helps to increase employment, and communities. development of business practices with a focus on social Mijgona Jalilova An initiative funded by the and economic needs. Russian Federation and Tailor and Master Designer, implemented by the United The project focuses on issues Completed a 12-week Nations Development related to enabling the business training course on Programme (UNDP) called environment by creating a adras weaving “Livelihood Improvement of platform for public-private Rural Population in 9 districts dialogue at the local level, of the Republic of Tajikistan” enhancing capacity-building of is one of the most successful local authorities and creating projects intended to assist local businesses on economic authorities in effective planning development. and monitoring of socio- economic development of the One of the successful initiatives districts. that the project supports is un.org/sustainabledevelopment GlobalGoalsUN GlobalGoalsUN Tajikistan: Taking Action for Sustainable Development about 0.6 per cent and 0.7 per cent of women act as employers mainly in small and medium-size businesses. Women are actively participating in the labour market, which is carried out on a patent or licensing basis. More than half of the merchants in the business market are women (their share was 50.5 per cent in 2001). There is also a growing recognition of the importance of women’s education for advancing Adras weaving workshop in Vose district, Khatlon region © UNDP 2016 sustainable development. What SDGs have been creation of three workshops for economic development of the particularly advanced through producing “adras” (fabric made country, as well as in their the project? of silk and cotton for sewing the families. national dress) in Isfara, Vose The project specifically Mass labor migration of the male and several districts of Rasht addresses Goal 1 on No population, especially in rural Valley in Tajikistan. The Poverty, Goal 2 on Zero Hunger, areas, played a fundamental role workshops train more than 50 Goal 4 on Quality Education, in this trend. The process of young women, contributing to Goal 5 on Gender Equality and changing the economic system job creation in the rural areas. Goal 8 on Decent Work and led to a decrease in the life Economic Growth. Why do the above actions standard of population, both in matter to the people in the cities and rural areas. Many Tajikistan? industrial enterprises in the city and collective farms in rural Historically, the role of women in areas ceased to function as the rural areas of Tajikistan was before. mainly relegated to the household. However, during the Today, despite that backdrop, difficult transition period before Tajik women strive to find better Tajikistan became an job opportunities by learning new independent state, women skills and applying their began to play a more knowledge in new areas. substantive role in the social and According to some reports, un.org/sustainabledevelopment GlobalGoalsUN GlobalGoalsUN .
Recommended publications
  • Understanding Cross-Border Conflict in Post-Soviet Central Asia: the Case of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
    Connections: The Quarterly Journal ISSN 1812-1098, e-ISSN 1812-2973 Toktomushev, Connections QJ 17, no. 1 (2018): 21-41 https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.17.1.02 Research Article Understanding Cross-Border Conflict in Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Case of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Kemel Toktomushev University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, http://www.ucentralasia.org Abstract: Despite the prevalence of works on the ‘discourses of danger’ in the Ferghana Valley, which re-invented post-Soviet Central Asia as a site of intervention, the literature on the conflict potential in the cross-border areas of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is fairly limited. Yet, the number of small-scale clashes and tensions on the borders of the Batken and Isfara regions has been growing steadily. Accordingly, this work seeks to con- tribute to the understanding of the conflict escalations in the area and identify factors that aggravate tensions between the communities. In par- ticular, this article focuses on four variables, which exacerbate tensions and hinder the restoration of a peaceful social fabric in the Batken-Isfara region: the unresolved legacies of the Soviet past, inefficient use of natu- ral resources, militarization of borders, and lack of evidence-based poli- cymaking. Keywords: Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Ferghana, conflict, bor- ders. Introduction The significance and magnitude of violence and conflict potential in the con- temporary Ferghana Valley has been identified as one of the most prevalent themes in the study of post-Soviet Central Asia. This densely populated region has been long portrayed as a site of latent inter-ethnic conflict. Not only is the Ferghana Valley a region, where three major ethnic groups—Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and Tajiks—co-exist in a network of interdependent communities, sharing buri- Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Creative Commons Academies and Security Studies Institutes BY-NC-SA 4.0 Kemel Toktomushev, Connections QJ 17, no.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock
    APPENDIX 15 TAJIKISTAN 870 км TAJIKISTAN 414 км Sangimurod Murvatulloev 1161 км Dushanbe,Tajikistan / [email protected] Tel: (992 93) 570 07 11 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) 1206 км Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran 3 651 . 9 - 13 November 2008 Общая протяженность границы км Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) TAJIKISTAN Country – Livestock - 2007 Territory - 143.000 square km Cities Dushanbe – 600.000 Small Population – 7 mln. Khujand – 370.000 Capital – Dushanbe Province Cattle Dairy Cattle ruminants Yak Kurgantube – 260.000 Official language - tajiki Kulob – 150.000 Total in Ethnic groups Tajik – 75% Tajikistan 1422614 756615 3172611 15131 Uzbek – 20% Russian – 3% Others – 2% GBAO 93619 33069 267112 14261 Sughd 388486 210970 980853 586 Khatlon 573472 314592 1247475 0 DRD 367037 197984 677171 0 Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy Regional meeting on Foot-and-Mouth Disease to develop a long term Regional control strategy (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) (Regional Roadmap for West Eurasia) Country – Livestock - 2007 Current FMD Situation and Trends Density of sheep and goats Prevalence of FM D population in Tajikistan Quantity of beans Mastchoh Asht 12827 - 21928 12 - 30 Ghafurov 21929 - 35698 31 - 46 Spitamen Zafarobod Konibodom 35699 - 54647 Spitamen Isfara M astchoh A sht 47
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in Tajikistan As Seen by Tour Operators Acknowledgments
    Tourism in as Seen by Tour Operators Public Disclosure Authorized Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DISCLAIMER CONTENTS This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................i The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2 information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. TOURISM TRENDS IN TAJIKISTAN............................................................5 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS TOURISM SERVICES IN TAJIKISTAN.......................................................27 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank TOURISM IN KHATLON REGION AND 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 522-2422; email: [email protected]. GORNO-BADAKHSHAN AUTONOMOUS OBLAST (GBAO)...................45 The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and li- censes, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, PROFILE AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS................................................57 Cover page images: 1. Hulbuk Fortress, near Kulob, Khatlon Region 2. Tajik girl holding symbol of Navruz Holiday 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    FUNDED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IMPLEMENTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME With financial support from the Russian Federation ANNUAL REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT “LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL POPULATION IN 9 DISTRICTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN” FROM JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2017 Dushanbe 2017 1 Russian Federation-UNDP Trust Fund for Development (TFD) Project Annual Narrative and Financial Progress Report for January 1 – December 31, 2017 Project title: "Livelihood Improvement of Rural Population in 9 districts of the Republic of Tajikistan" Project ID: 00092014 Implementing partner: United Nations Development Programme, Tajikistan Project budget: Total: 6,700,000 USD TFD: Government of the Russian Federation: 6,700,000 USD Project start and end date: November 2014 – December 2017 Period covered in this report: 1st January to 31st December 2017 Date of the last Project Board 17th January 2017 meeting: SDGs supported by the project: 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Please provide a short summary of the results, highlighting one or two main achievements during the period covered by the report. Outline main challenges, risks and mitigation measures. The project "Livelihood Improvement of Rural Population in 9 districts of the Republic of Tajikistan", is funded by the Government of the Russian Federation, and implemented by UNDP Communities’ Program in the Republic of Tajikistan through its regional offices. Project target areas are Isfara, Istaravshan, Ayni, Penjikent in Sughd region; Vose and Temurmalik in Khatlon region; Rasht, Tojikobod and Lakhsh (Jirgatal) in the Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS). The main objective of the project is to ensure sustainable local economic development of the target districts of Tajikistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Tajikistan Market Situation Update, # 22
    WFP Tajikistan – Market Situation Update Tajikistan Market Situation Update, # 22 31 May – 4 June 2021 Highlights • Staple food commodities were available in all monitored food markets during the reporting period. • Compared to the previous week, the prices of most monitored food commodities remained stable during the reporting period, except for increase in carrots by 12-14 percent (two markets). Carrot prices are expected to stabilize in coming weeks as supply starts to increase from the harvest. • Prices of commodities such as potatoes, cabbages and onions have continued to decline in the current week due to on-going harvest leading to greater availability of these food commodities in the main markets. • In the Bokhtar markets of Khatlon region where some districts recently experienced floods, there have not been noticeable increases in the food prices. The prices of potatoes and milk in-fact have decreased by 14% and 25% percent respectively compared to previous week. • Compared to last week, slight increase in petrol and diesel prices were observed. Wheat flour (first Rice Potatoes Onion Vegetable & Cotton Oil grade) Compared to previous week, rice prices Potatoes prices decreased in most Onion prices decreased in most monitored Compared to previous week, prices for vegetable oil increased in Prices for wheat flour (first remained stable in most monitored monitored markets in the range of 3 - market in the range of 7-33 percent and Istaravshan market by 2 percent, while decrease was reported in grade) remained stable in all markets, while decreased in 17 percent and increased in increased in Istaravshan by 20 percent, Khujand market by 4 percent.
    [Show full text]
  • Basin Planning for the Isfara River in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
    Water Management and Basin Organisations in Central Asia Basin Planning for the Isfara River in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Context The Isfara River and its catchment are located in the southwestern Ferghana valley. The river originates in Kyrgyzstan on the north- Project name Water Management and Basin Organisations in Central ern slopes of the Turkestan Range and flows northwards into the Asia (WMBOCA) territory of Tajikistan through the Ferghana valley towards the Syr Funded by European Union Darya River. The total catchment area is approximately 3,900 km²; Co-funded by the German Federal Foreign Office the total area of irrigated land is ca. 265 km² (80 km² in Kyrgyzs- (Auswӓrtiges Amt) tan and 185 km² in Tajikistan). Project region The Isfara river basin in Batken Oblast, Kyrgyzstan, The catchment belongs to Batken Oblast in Kyrgyzstan and to and Sughd Oblast, Tajikistan Sughd Oblast in Tajikistan and includes Uzbek territories at the tail-end of the basin. The population of Batken Oblast is mainly Main partner Ministry of Amelioration and Water Resources of the ethnic Kyrgyz, with a large Tajik and a smaller Uzbek minority. Republic of Tajikistan and Department of Water Man- The cross-border relationship is a particular issue as the Isfara agement and Melioration of the Ministry of Agriculture catchment includes the Tajik enclave of Vorukh inside Kyrgyz and Melioration of the Kyrgyz Republic, local water territory. Water resources in the transboundary basin are vital for management organisations (Batken and Sughd all stakeholders as well as for the environment. Integrated and Oblasts), Regional Environmental Centre for Central coordinated management of this transboundary resource benefits Asia (CAREC) some 300,000 people living in the Isfara basin as well as the envi- ronment there.
    [Show full text]
  • River Basin Management in Central Asia: Evidence from Isfara Basin, Fergana Valley
    Environ Earth Sci (2016) 75:677 DOI 10.1007/s12665-016-5270-9 THEMATIC ISSUE River basin management in Central Asia: evidence from Isfara Basin, Fergana Valley 1 2 Iskandar Abdullaev • Shavkat Rakhmatullaev Received: 27 May 2015 / Accepted: 9 November 2015 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract Around the world, state water management watersheds. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis organizations are the agents delegated to implement basin- of the process of implementation of the river basin model level integrated water resources management strategies. In through the theory of change based on issues, challenges Central Asia, the hydrographic water management— and recommendations identified in the transboundary deeming a river basin or a catchment area a proper water Central Asian Isfara River Basin shared by Kyrgyzstan and management unit—is a widely accepted concept. Yet, state Tajikistan. water bureaucracies are incapable and/or reluctant to interact on water management with the ‘‘outsiders’’, both Keywords Integrated water resources management Á domestically and internationally. To overcome this short- Transboundary watercourses Á River basin management coming, basin councils are promoted as formalized plat- and planning Á European Water Framework Directive Á forms to facilitate inter-sectoral dialogue, and likewise, to Central Asia support local participatory processes within river basin planning and management. The approach offers a frame- work of integrating water sector planning and management Introduction with environmental, social and economic agendas of a given basin. State water management organizations are Integrated water resources management (IWRM) became designated the role of technical secretariats of such basin an important externally driven approach for water reforms councils which should be facilitating and helping to in Central Asia (CA) (Abdullaev 2012; Karthe et al.
    [Show full text]
  • RGP O2 Eval Report Final.Pdf
    ! ! Evaluation Output 2 Rural Growth Programme UNDP Republic of Tajikistan Evaluation Report Kris B. Prasada Rao Alisher Khaydarov Aug 2013 ! ! ! List%of%acronyms,%terminology%and%currency%exchange%rates% Acronyms AFT Aid for Trade AKF Aga Khan Foundation AO Area Office BEE Business Enabling Environment CDP Community Development Plan CO Country Office CP Communities Programme DCC Tajikistan Development Coordination Council DDP District Development Plan DFID Department for International Development DIM Direct Implementation Modality DP Development Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GREAT Growth in the Rural Economy and Agriculture of Tajikistan HDI Human Development Index ICST Institute for Civil Servants Training IFC International Finance Corporation, the World Bank IOM International Organisation for Migration JDP Jamoat Development Plan LED Local Economic Development LEPI Local Economic Performance Indicator M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEDT Ministry of Economic Development and Trade MC Mahalla Committee MoF Ministry of Finance MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSDSP Mountain Societies Development Support Programme MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise NDS National Development Strategy NIM National Implementation Modality O2 Output 2, RGP O&M Operation and Maintenance ODP Oblast Development Plan: Sughd Oblast Social Economic Plan OECD/DAC Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Co-operation Directorate PEI UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative PPD Public-Private
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT Public Disclosure Authorized CENTRAL ASIA ROAD LINKS – REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized (EIA) Public Disclosure Authorized Date: August 27, 2014 Rehabilitation and Upgrade of Road Sections in Sugd Region - Republic of Tajikistan Environmental Impact Assessment Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Background 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Project Background 6 1.3 Background of the Study Road 7 2. Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework 7 2.1 Country Policies and Administrative Framework 8 2.2 Assessment Requirements of the World Bank 12 2.3 Recommended Categorization of the Project 13 2.4 World Bank Safeguards Requirements 14 2.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) 14 2.4.2 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) 14 2.4.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) 14 2.4.4 Forests (OP/BP 4.36) 15 2.4.5 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) 15 3. Methodology of the Environmental Impact Assessment 15 4. Description of the Project 16 4.1 General 16 4.2 Description of the Sections to be financed under the Project and potential Impacts 16 4.3 Need for the Project – the “Do – Nothing – Option” 19 4.4 Traffic Volumes and Transport Modes 20 4.5 Borrow Pits and Quarries - Construction Material 20 5. Description of the Existing Environment 22 5.1 Physical Characteristics 22 5.1.1 Topography, Geology and Soils 22 5.1.2 Landslides, Avalanches and Earthquake Activity 23 5.1.3 Erosion 24 5.1.4 Climate and Air Quality 25 5.1.5 Hydrology and Water Quality 26 5.2 Biological Resources 27 5.2.1 Flora 27 D:\48439_CAR_TAJ\04_Reports\05 EIA\48439_Final EIA CARs-2 270808_en.docx Page 2 Rehabilitation and Upgrade of Road Sections in Sugd Region - Republic of Tajikistan Environmental Impact Assessment 5.2.2 Fauna 28 5.2.3 Protected Areas 28 5.3 Socio – Economic Characteristics 29 5.3.1 Industry 29 5.3.2 Agriculture 29 5.3.3 Population and Demographics 29 5.3.4 Livelihood and Poverty 29 5.3.5 Cultural Heritage 30 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Tajikistan: National Progress Report on the Implementation of Hyogo
    Tajikistan National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2009-2011) - interim Name of focal point : Mr SHOMAHMADOV Alisho Organization : Committee of Emergency Situations & Civil Defense Title/Position : Head od department of information management and analysis E-mail address : [email protected] Telephone : Fax : Reporting period : 2009-2011 Last updated on : 9 March 2011 Print date : 09 Mar 2011 Reporting language : English An HFA Monitor update published by PreventionWeb http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/asia/tjk/ Page 1 Page 2 Outcomes for 2007-2009 Area 1 The more effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction. Outcomes: On March 30, 2010 Government of Tajikistan has approved a National Disaster Risk Management Strategy and its Action Plan for 2010-2015, which was developed throughout 2008-2009 with the initiative of Committee of Emergency Situations (CoES) and financial support of UNDP and ECHO. During 2009-2010 disaster risk reduction issues have been mainstreamed into development plans of 15 districts of the country (namely: Panjakent, Ayni, Gornaya Matcha, Isfara, Konibodom, Baljuvon, Nurobod, Kulob, Khovaling, Jirgital, Vakhdat, Tursunzoda, Shurobod, and Rumi). It is planned to expand the given initiative throughout the country. Given initiative is financially supported by UNDP and SDC and all the relevant information can be found at www.khf.tj . Currently, a unified network is being established, which will connect headquarters of Committee of Emergency Situations (CoES) and its 7 regional branches for constant and immediate exchange of information.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission Report Tajikistan 2011
    Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission Report Tajikistan 2011 Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Tajikistan Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) World Food Programme (WFP) Dushanbe, September 2011 0 FAO and Ministry of Agriculture Crop and Food Security Assessment 2011 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of FAO, Ministry of Agriculture of Tajikistan, WFP and can no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union 1 FAO and Ministry of Agriculture Crop and Food Security Assessment 2011 List of Content Acronyms 3 Introduction 4 Report Highlights 5 1. Overview 6 2. Socio-Economic Context 7 2.1 Macroeconomic Situation 7 2.2 Population and Employment 9 2.3 Agriculture Sector 9 3. Cereals and other Filed Crops Production 2010/2011 13 3.1 General 13 3.2 Factors Affecting Area and Production 2010/2011 – Rainfall 13 3.3 Other Factors affecting Area and Production 2010/2011 14 3.4 Factors Affecting Yield/ha (Productivity) of Cereal 2010/2011 17 3.5 Crop Production estimates – Main Season 2010/2011 20 3.6 Crop Production estimates – Second (summer) season 2010/2011 21 3.6 Estimated and Forecast Harvest data 2010/2011 22 3.7 Livestock 22 4. Cereal Availability 24 4.1 Cereal Balance 2010/2011 (July-June) 24 4.2 Cereal Marketing 25 4.3 Prices, Volatility and Terms of Trade 26 5. Food Security and Food assistance 2011/2012 28 5.1 Population with Inadequate Food Intake 29 5.2 Food Consumption Score April – June 2011-09-23 30 5.3 Food Assistance Needs for 2011/12 31 6.
    [Show full text]