Forming Malay Archipelago, Moluccas, Sangihe Long. Larger
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A first contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the Talaud Islands and Morotai by L.B. Holthuis and H.J. Lam (Rjjksherharium, Leiden). (Issued June 15th, 1942) Contents GENERAL PART (H. J. Lam) Page 1. Introduction 93 2. Geology 96 3. Climate and vegetation 99 4. Floristic characteristics of the areas investigated 102 5. Phytogeographical notes 115 6. Products 127 7. Languages and native names 128 Acknowledgements 144 ' Literature 145 . SYSTEMATIC PART (L. B. Holthuis) 1. Introduction 146 2. List of unidentified specimens 148 3. Endemic species 149 4. New varieties and in this 150 genera, species, combinations, published paper . Enumeration of 5. the species 150 Index to families and genera 254 General part (H. J. LAM) 1. INTRODUCTION. The Talaud Islands are forming part of the Malay Archipelago, being situated north of Celebes and the Moluccas, south of Mindanao and of the between 3°45’ and 126°32’ east Sangihe group, and 5°35’ N. lat. and 127°10’ E. long. The main three group consists of larger islands, viz. Karakelong, Salebaboe formed and Kaboeroeang. The Nenoesa islands, a group by the small islands of Garete, Karaton, Merampi, Mengkopoe, Intata, Kakelotan and Maroh are situated the main also northeast of group, including 94 BLUMEA - VOL. V, No. 1, 1942 Miangas (Palmas), an islet about 65 miles north of Karakelong, near Mindanao. Morotai, belonging to the Moluccas, is situated north of Halmahera. The botanical exploration of these islands, thusfar unexplored in this respect, had, in the early twenties, been suggested by Dr. E. I). Merrill, the well-known authority on Malaysian phytogeography. The then director of the Government Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java, Dr. W. M. Rooters van Leeuwen, appreciating this advice, organized a small exploration under party the guidance of the senior writer of the present paper, then botanist at the Buitenzorg Herbarium. On account of the limited time, this fhade exploration, from April 21st to July 1st, 1926, was of a pre- assisted native liminary nature. In my collecting work, I was by two attendants, Iboet, mantri at the Buitenzorg Herbarium, for the botany and Erih, mantri at the Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg, for the zoology. The map (Fig. 1) shows the route as well as the localities whejre col- lections were made. Their numbers correspond with those in the accom- from which which collected panying list, it may be seen, numbers were in a given locality. The of this materials purpose preliminary survey was to collect towards the of these It our knowledge of phytogeography parts. was, more if particularly, desired to know whether and so, to what degree there exists a phytogeographical relation between the Philippines on one hand and the Moluccas and New Guinea on the other. Recently, namely, several plants of apparently Papuan relationship bad been detected in the Philippines (cf. Merrill, 1926) and it might therefore be expected that some of them would also occur in the interjacent islands, viz. the Talaud and group Morotai. It may be pointed out here that, some time later, similar a problem arose with reference to Central Celebes (Malili, etc.) Fig. 1. — Map showing the route followed and the localities (cf. General Part, § 4). Loc. 1 — Karakelong, vicinity of Beo: Nrs. 2475—2510, 2510a, 2511 —2683, 3349, 3351—3352. — Pasir and its Loc. 2 Karakelong, from Lobo along K. Bahewa (on the way Malap) of Nrs. tributary K. Tatamboewe to camp. Vicinity camp: 2684—2786, 2786a, 2787 —2972; riverbanks K. Bahewa (Pasir Malap) and vicinity of Lobo: Nrs. 2973—3035, 3037; N. Maraloem: Nrs. 3036, 3038—3041. Loc. 3 — Salebaboe, vicinity of Liroeng and G. Ajambana: Nrs. 3042 —3172, 3348. — — of and Tonan’a forest Nr. 3173 Loc. 4 Kaboeroeang, groves Lapean’a reserves: 3199. Loc. 5 — K. and trail G. Padian and Kaboeroeang, Ampas grove to (Pangangadoan’a Boewid’oe wawi, tertiary secondary rocks): Nrs. 3200—3215. Loc. 6 — Salebaboe, Moronge, Lota-swamp: Nrs. 3216—3232. Loc. 7 — Karakelong, G. Piapi, east slope and top: Nrs. 3233—3339. Loc. 8 — Karakelong, along t rail Poeloetan — Dahang: Nrs. 3340 —3347, 3350. Loc. 9 — Miangas: Nrs. 3353—3367, 3367a, 3368—3395, 3395a, 3396—3415. Loc. 10 — Nenoesa, Merampi: Nrs. 3416—3438. Loc. 11 — Nenoesa, Garete: Nrs. 3439 —3456. Loc. 12 — Morotai, along K. Pilowo to Marilako and Goegoeti and on western slope of G. Sabatai above of Nrs. 3457 Goegoeti camp. Vicinity Goegoeti: —3461, 3461a, 3462—3491, 3493—3600, 3600a, 3601—3628 (G. Ligòjer: Nrs. 3579— 3603); riverbanks Goegoeti-Marilako-Pilowo: Nrs. 3492, 362 9—3683. Loc. 12a — Morotai, Wajaboela: Nr. 3684. CONSPECTUS OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE EUCOMMIACEAE AND SOME OTHER FAMILIES THOSE CHARACTERS IN WHICH THE VARIOUS FAMILIES AGREE WITH EUCOMMIA ARE PRINTED IN HEAVY TYPE MONOCHLAMYDEAE DIALYPETALEAE CHARACTERS URTICALES TMCOCCAE HAMAMELEDALES POLYCARPICAE TROCHODENDRACEAE ETJCOMMIACEAE DLMACEAE MORACEAE CANNABACEAE UETICAGEAE EUPHORBIACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE (sensu Van Tiegham) Shrubs trees Shrubs or trees, herbs Herbaceous Shrubs Habit Shrubs or trees or seldom Mostly herbs, seldom shrubs or trees Shrubs or trees, seldom herbs or trees Shrubs or trees and Distribution China Tropics and Bubtropics (also China) Tropics and sulitropics (also Chinai Tropica sulitropics (also Chinai Mostly tropics: N. America, Asia, Trop., subtrop and temp, (also China) Mostly Central and S. China, sub- S. Japan Malaya, Africa, Europe tropical and extratropical Asia, N. America and 8. Africa ■Uem Cortex Homogeneous, collenchyma Collenchyma present (e. Olmw), Collenchyma present, often selereids Collenchyma present Collenchyma Collenchyma in and selereids often Cavities and branched selereids present g. {Cannabis present strongly developed Collenchyma pres- Celtis shows selereids, (inter layer or continuous selerenchyma band Hippomaneae, Crotoneot and Euphor- present ent silicified bieae, later on selereids Sl,, Superficial -<uberization Epidermal Subepidermal Subepidermal Subepidermal, in ürtica deeper in the Epidermal or subepidermal "'pidermal * cortex Continuous band of sclerenchyma sclerenchyma fibres in Continuous band Pericycle Sclerenchyma in early stages absent, Long isolated Long sclerenchyma fibres present Long sclerenchyma fibres (to 22 ran Only primary sclerenchyma fibres Mostly continuous band of scleren- of sclerenchyma after 3 almost mixed with cells isolated strands chyma mixes! with cells years present in an stone or Cannabis) in isolated strands present or continuous band of scleren- mixed with stone cells (except stone uniform band ' continuous sclerenchyma bands chyma mixed with stone cells n lÀquidambor and AItingia) Secondary Interspersed with sclerenchyma bands ; Interspersed with sclerenchyma bands Interspersed with sclerenchyma bands Interspersed with sclerenchyma Interspersed with sclerenchyma fibres Sclerenchyma seldom (e. Sclerenchyma absent phloem bands present or absent, some- Sclerenchyma present g. sieve M s, times tubes absent (Hippo- ylium) maneae) Vessels Vessels dis- Vessels almost exclusively Vessels walls thickened Vessels Isolated vessels Vessels Isolated vessels absent, traeheids with scalari- Secondary sylem present, isolated, uniformly present, present, spirally present, mostly isolated, simple present (to 80p wide), present, simple vascular per- narrow present, sca- torm bordered pits tributed, tertiary spiral bands present, simple vascular perforation (except (Jfofttg), lumen alternately wide and vascular perforation simple vascular perforation foration (Hippomanetu andJoannesieae) swiform vascular perforation Plana m i simple vascular perforation in second- narrow, simple vascular perforation or simple perforations combined with ary xylem, scalariform perforation in scalariform perforations primary xylem Libriform with bordered Libriform with bordered Libriform with bordered Libriform with bordered Libriform with Libriform libriform Primary xylem rays 2—4 cells wide, pits, xylem pits, xylem pits, xylem pits, xylem simple pits, xylem rays with simple pits, sometimes with bordered pits, xylem uni- or biseriate raya multiseriate 7 cells to 7 cells sometimes uni- or biseriate in wide with bordered rays uni- biseriate secundary xylem rays uniseriate rays (3 wide) rays «ride, 1—2 rays Cannabis or narrow pits, xylem rays narrow or cells wide in Heterogeneous (cavities and branched Pith Homogeneous, older stages a central Homogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous, in mature internodes a A central cavity in Homogeneous Homogeneous in 2 Liquiilamhar (Fioua) present Urtioa or heterogeneous (except selereids is present) cavity present central cavity is present species) Leaf Distichous of ± Phyllotaxis Spiral, later on pseudo- Distichons, topmost leaves flowering Distichous alunis) Decussate or distichous, Cannabis Decussate, distichous Alternate Mostly distichous 2/5—3/8, or decussate (ori- in or spiral or decussate distichous branches spiral ginally spiral?) originally spiral (2/5) sim Simple, serrate Shape Simple, pinnate, asymmetrical, serrate, Simple, pinnate, asymmetrical, serrate, Simple, pinnate or entire Simple or Simple, pinnate, serrate Mostly Ple palmate, or coiii]i,mnd, palmate, serrate, entire, oi simple or compound, sometimes teeth with cells teeth sometimes with cells serrate teeth with dentate teeth with glandular secretory glandular cells glandular cells {Hippo- mill ■ Absent Stipules Absent Present Present Present Present Present Mostly present cells i 2 cells or Auxiliary absent Stomal a Auxiliary cells present, cuticular folds Sometimes auxiliary cells, cuticular cells absent absent Often