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Clausena Lansium (Lour.) Skeels] ARTICLE IN PRESS JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20 (2007) 52–56 www.elsevier.com/locate/jfca Short Communication Volatile components of the leaves, fruits and seeds of wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] Pratheung Chokepraserta,Ã, Albert Linton Charlesb, Kai-Hsin Suec, Tzou-Chi Huangc aDepartment of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand bDepartment of International Cooperation and Tropical Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan cDepartment of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan Received 2 May 2005; received in revised form 22 June 2006; accepted 14 July 2006 Abstract The volatile components of fruits, seeds and leaves from [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeel], obtained through headspace sampler, were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The sesquiterpene fraction (28%) was the major component in the leaf. Monoterpene (76–98%) was the dominant terpene in flesh, skin and seed and sabinene was the main component in leaf (14.9%), flesh (50.6%), skin (69.1%) and seed (83.6%). Other major components of wampee leaf were b-bisabolene (9.9%), b-caryophyllene (7.7%) and a-Zingiberene (6.5%); in the flesh, 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (15%), cyclohexene (6.5%), 1,4 cyclohexadiene (6.2%) and a-phellandrere (5%); in the skin, a-phellandrene (10.6%) and a-pinene (9.4%) and isosativene (1.4%); and in the seed, a-pinene (4.3%), a-phellandrene (3.0%), and myrcene (2.9%). r 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wampee; Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeel; GC–MS; Monoterpene; Sabinene; Headspace sampler 1. Introduction wampee, which is currently produced in Thailand as a sweet preserved fruit. Wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] is a minor The leaves, roots and fruits have been used as a folk member of the Rutaceae, and is a distant relative of citrus medicine in Taiwan (Li et al., 1991) and China (Yang et al., fruit that originated in southern China. The Chinese 1988), for the treatment of certain dermatological diseases introduced it to the Nan Province in northern Thailand such as, for instance, acute and chronic viral hepatitis; the more than 100 years ago. Wampee has many vernacular fruit is used in the Philippines for influenza, colds and names and most are derived from the Chinese huang-p’i- abdominal colic pains (Stuart, 1977). The leaf decoction is kuo. In Thailand, it is called mafai jeen, but the common used as a hair wash to remove dandruff and preserve hair name is wampee. The fruit ripens from May to July; it colour (Perry, 1980). Recently, the extraction of seeds was tastes similar to grapefruit when ripe; resembles a found to possess antifungal and HIV reverse transcriptase- diminutive lemon, and is about 2.0 cm in diameter. It inhibitory activities (Ng et al., 2003). contains 1–3 seeds and the pulp is slightly acidic. When Previous studies on C. lansium included the character- fully ripe, it can be eaten with the peel. The pulp can be ization of dehydroindicolactone (Khan et al., 1983) and added to fruit cups, gelatines or other desserts, or made coumarins (Kumar et al., 1995) from the root bark; into pie, jam or jelly. Carbonated beverages resembling carbozole alkaloids from roots (Li et al., 1991); cinnam- champagne are made by fermenting the fruit with sugar amide derivatives from the seeds (Lin, 1989); and cyclic (Morton, 1987), but the most popular product is dried amines (Yang et al., 1988) and a triterpene alcohol from leaves. However, despite the many studies that have elucidated the non-volatile composition of C. lansium, ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +66 15942158; fax: +66 53873063. there is little research on the volatile compounds respon- E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Chokeprasert). sible for the intense aroma of wampee, although Zhao et al. 0889-1575/$ - see front matter r 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.07.002 ARTICLE IN PRESS P. Chokeprasert et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20 (2007) 52–56 53 (2004) analyzed the essential oil of the leaf, flower, 2.4. Qualitative and quantitative analyses sarcocarp and seed of C. lansium. The dominant consti- tuents identified were b-santalol, a-santalol, methyl santa- Most constituents were characterized by gas chromato- lol, bisabolol and ledol. The objective in this study graphy by comparison of their GC retention indices (RI) was to determine the headspace volatile components of with those found in literature (Sibanda et al., 2006; Davies, wampee fruits, seeds and leaves to reveal the volatile 1990). Further identification of volatile components was compounds that are responsible for its intense aromatic performed by matching their mass spectra with reference profile. spectra in the Wiley 275 Mass Spectral Library and the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) 98 2. Materials and methods Mass Spectral Library (Revision D.01.00/Search pro- gramme v.1.6d) purchased from Agilent Technologies. 2.1. Plant materials Quantitative analysis of each volatile component in percent was performed by peak area normalization measurement in The fruits, seeds and leaves of wampee [C. lansium triplicate. (Lour.) Skeels] were collected in July 2004 from the Horticultural Research Station, Department of Agricul- 3. Results and discussion ture, Nan Province, Thailand. The plant (Forest Herbar- ium No. BKF 135985) was identified and deposited In order to detect the ‘‘true’’ fragrance composition at the Forest Herbarium (BKF), National Park, Wildlife experienced by the consumers, a headspace sampling and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of technique was performed in this experiment. Over 72 Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10900 compounds were isolated and over 60 characterized from Thailand. All wampee fruits used were from the same their retention index, mass spectra and data from the batch. Fully ripe fruit were used in the study; ripeness is literature (Table 1). The volatile components of leaves, determined when the fruit turns yellow and has a thin, flesh, skin of fruit and seeds are summarized in Table 1. sometimes brittle skin, somewhat like paper. These components were found in different percentages in various parts of the plant. The majority of these 2.2. Sample preparation and headspace sampling components were found to belong to the hydrocarbon fraction, with percentages ranging from 50% in the leaves, An Agilent 7694 (Agilent Technologies Inc., Wilming- 77% in the flesh, to 96% in the skin and 99% in the seeds. ton, DE 19808, USA.) was used for headspace sampl- Among the components of the hydrocarbon fraction, the ing. Samples of 50 g were cut and immediately crushed in a predominant compounds were found to be sesquiterpenes blender, then 1 g, of all samples used in this study in the leaves, and monoterpenes in the flesh, skin and seeds. were placed into 25 mL vials; they were then crimped A total of 39 components were identified in the head- and equilibrated for 20 min at 80 1C before head- space of leaves, amounting to 86% of the total volatiles. space sampling, following the method of Alasalvar et al. The sample was dominated by the sesquiterpenes (28%), (1999). with b-bisabolene, b-caryophyllene and a-Zingiberene (6.5%) as the main components. Monoterpenes were fewer 2.3. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) (22%), with sabinene (15%) as the main component. In addition to the hydrocarbons, an ester, 3-hexenyl 2- GC–MS was performed on an Agilent 6890 GC Plus methylbutanoate (0.19%), along with its alcohol, 3- equipped with a HP-5973 mass-selective detector (Agilent hexen-1-ol (0.17%) was characterized in the headspace of Technologies). A fuse silica capillary column, HP-5-MS, leaves. The compounds 3-hexen-1-ol and its acetate were with 5%-phenyl methylpolysiloxane as no-polar stationary often found in green leaves (Hatanaka, 1993). Sesquiter- phase (30 m  0.25 mm i.d.  0.25 mm film thickness, Agi- penes, b-caryophyllene (7.72%) and humulene (0.39%), lent Technologies) was utilized for analysis of volatiles and an ester (3-hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate, 0.19%) were obtained from wampee. The injection port temperature was released in response to the attack by the insect of 250 1C. The column temperature programme started at Spodoptera in cotton plantlets (Loughrin et al., 1994). 40 1C upon injection. The temperature was increased at a Camciuc et al. (1998) proposed that the biological activity rate of 3 1C/min to 100 1C, and then at a rate of 5 1C/min to of some of these compounds seems to support the 230 1C, and held there for 2 min. Purified helium gas at a hypothesis of their role in defence against insects. The flow rate of 1 mL/min was used as the GC carrier gas. monoterpenes and esters present in wampee leaves may act The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron as solvents and also have a synergic action with molecules impact (EI) mode with an electron energy of 70 eV; ion having irritant properties. Interestingly, significant amount source temperature, 230 1C; quadrupole temperature, of ar-curcumene (1.27%), a-zingiberene (6.52%) and b- 150 1C; mass range m/z 35–400; scan rate, 0.25 s/scan; bisabolene (9.88%) were characterized in the headspace of EM voltage, 1423 V; and the GC–MS transfer line was set leaves as well. Rani (1999) reported that the essential oil to 280 1C. from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roacoe contains ARTICLE IN PRESS 54 P. Chokeprasert et al. / Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20 (2007) 52–56 Table 1 Volatile compounds identified in wampee using headspace sampler with HP-5MS non-polar column No.
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