DOCSLIB.ORG

Cadmium Contamination in Orchard Soils and Fruit Trees and Its Potential Health Risk in Guangzhou, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cadmium Contamination in Orchard Soils and Fruit Trees and Its Potential Health Risk in Guangzhou, China ARTICLE IN PRESS + MODEL http://www.paper.edu.cn Environmental Pollution xx (2005) 1e7 Cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in Guangzhou, China J.T. Li a, J.W. Qiu b, X.W. Wang a, Y. Zhong a, C.Y. Lan a,*, W.S. Shu a,* a School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China b Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China Received 6 August 2005; received in revised form 19 September 2005; accepted 14 October 2005 Carambola fruit can accumulate high levels of cadmium and may be a health risk for humans. Abstract This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0e24 times and 4.0e10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04e0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cadmium; Accumulator; Fruits; Health risk 1. Introduction have resulted in the release of significant quantities of Cd to the environment (WHO, 1992; Manta et al., 2002; Komarnicki, Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soil is of 2005). Cadmium in soil is easily accumulated by plants worldwide concern due to the food safety issues and poten- through the root system, compared with other toxic metals tial health risks (Dudka et al., 1996; McLaughlin et al., 1999; (Thuvander and Oskarsson, 1998). Hence, the soil-plant- Dorris et al., 2002; Tsadilas et al., 2005). Cadmium can accu- human transfer of Cd has been considered as a major pathway mulate gradually in the human body, where it may lead to of human exposure to soil Cd (Cui et al., 2004). a number of adverse health effects, such as nephrotoxicity Environmental pollution of Cd occurs widely in China re- and osteotoxicity (WHO, 1992). sulting from its rapidly economic development during the The two major sources of Cd in soils are natural occurrence past two decades (Jin et al., 2004). The potential health risks derived from parent materials and anthropic activities (WHO, due to soil Cd contamination have been well assessed in 1992). Numerous human activities, such as mining, waste dis- China. However, most of the previous investigations have posal, vehicle exhausts and phosphate fertilizer application, focused on rice (Wang et al., 2001; Xiong et al., 2004), wheat (Nan and Cheng, 2001; Nan et al., 2002) and vegetables (Zhou et al., 2000; Cui et al., 2004). Very little information is available on Cd accumulation in orchard soils and fruits * Corresponding authors. Tel.: þ86 20 84036296; fax: þ86 20 84113652. (Santos et al., 2004). In Guangzhou, a major city in southern E-mail addresses: [email protected] (C.Y. Lan), [email protected] (W.S. Shu). China, no such information is available for the assessment of 0269-7491/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.016 转载 ARTICLE IN PRESS 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 2 J.T. Li et al. / Environmental Pollution xx (2005) 1e7 health risk. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to: (1) The aerial parts were sampled by using a pair of stainless steel scissors, and quantify the Cd contamination in orchard soils and fruits; (2) the roots (about 0.5e1 cm in diameter) were scooped up using a stainless evaluate the potential health risk of human fruits consumption; shovel. All samples were stored in polyethylene bags in the field and trans- ferred to the laboratory within 3 h for preparation. and (3) relate Cd accumulation in fruits and the associated soil After removal of visible pieces of plant residues, the soils were air-dried, conditions. crushed, sieved through a 2-mm screen, then pulverized and passed through a 0.2-mm mesh sieve. The plant samples were washed with tap water followed 2. Materials and methods by deionized water to remove soil particles or dust adhering to the plant sur- face and dried with tissue paper. The fruits were separated into edible and in- 2.1. Site description edible parts. All of the plant samples were then oven-dried at 70 C for 72 h to a constant weight. Fresh and dry edible fruits parts were weighed. Prior to The present investigation was conducted in Guangzhou City (22 26# to chemical analysis, all dry plant samples were ground into fine powder by 23 56#N, 112 57# to 114 03#E), the capital of Guangdong Province, southern a stainless steel mill. China. The area has a typical subtropical monsoonal climate, with annual av- erage temperature of 23.0 C and rainfall of 1782.9 mm (Guangzhou Year- 2.3. Chemical analysis book, 2003), which is very suitable for the growth of most subtropical fruits. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola), the longan (Dimocarpus longan) Soil pH value was measured in a 1:2.5 (w/v) ratio of soil to distilled water and the wampee (Clausena lansium) studied in this work are three species of using a pH meter. Soil organic matter (OM) content was determined by a wet- the most favorite and economically important fruits of the city, and they are combustion method (ISSCAS, 1978). Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) also very popular in many southeast Asian countries. In 2002, the production was determined by the BaCl2 compulsive exchange method (Gillman and of the carambola and longan in Guangzhou amounted to 6875 and 37,968 tons, Sumpter, 1986). For total Cd determination, the soil samples were digested respectively (Guangzhou Yearbook, 2003). Three large orchards with different in 4 ml of ‘‘aqua-regia’’ (HNO3/HCl ¼ 1/3, v/v; McGrath and Cunliffe, irrigation water sources were included in this study (Fig. 1). Orchard I and or- 1985). The ‘‘plant available’’ Cd in soils was extracted with a diethylenetet- chard II are located in the same district (Hai-Zhu District), and have direct ac- raminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) solution (0.005 M DTPA þ 0.005 M cess to the Pearl River through irrigation channels. Orchard I is about 3 km and CaCl2 þ 0.1 M TEA, pH ¼ 7.3; Lindsay and Norvell, 1978). Total Cd in plant orchard II about 1 km from the town center, whereas orchard III is located in materials was extracted with a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and concentrated another district (Tian-He District), being inaccessible to the Pearl River. HClO4, at 5:1 (v/v) (Allen, 1989). Cd concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi-Z-5300). Quality control of soil and plant materials analysis was performed using a certified concentration of 2.2. Sampling and preparation Cd solution (GBW-08612) obtained from the National Center for Standard Materials. The sampling was carried out in August 2004. Ten samples of soils and plant tissues (including root, twig, leaf and fruit) of the carambola were col- 2.4. Data analysis lected from each of the three orchards (Fig. 1). The roots of the carambola were collected only in orchard I, because the sampling of roots was not per- 2.4.1. Soil Cd contamination assessment mitted in the other orchards. Each soil sample (about 1 kg) was a composite The degree of Cd contamination in the orchard soils was determined by the of five sub-samples taken from a depth of 0e20 cm. The carambola samples geo-accumulation index (I-geo) as proposed by Muller (1969): were collected from the associated soil-sampling sites for correlation purpose. The carambola trees in the three orchards belonged to the same local cultivar I-geo ¼ log2ðCn=1:5BnÞ (Averrhoa carambola cv. Hua-Di). In orchard I, since the longan (Dimocarpus longan cv. Shi-Jia) and wampee (Clausena lansium cv. Ji-Xin) trees were where Cn represents total Cd concentration in orchard soil, Bn is the natural planted along with the carambola within 5 m  5 m plots, so 10 tissue (root, background soil Cd concentration in Guangzhou (0.14 mg/kg; GDPEMC, twig, leaf and fruit) samples of the two trees were also collected, respectively. 1990) and 1.5 is a correction factor. Based on I-geo, the Cd contamination Fig. 1. Map of Guangzhou, showing the location of orchards I, II and III. Soil and tissues of tree samples were collected from the three orchards as indicated by filled triangles, and the sampling sites in the orchards are indicated by filled circles. The main tributes of the Pearl River and the irrigation channels connecting with them are shown as filled curves. The empty curves represent the roads. ARTICLE IN PRESS 中国科技论文在线 + MODEL http://www.paper.edu.cn J.T. Li et al. / Environmental Pollution xx (2005) 1e7 3 levels of soil are classified into seven grades: 0 (grade 0) represents uncontam- potentially ecological risk (Liu et al., 2002).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactive Compounds from the Stems of Clausena Lansium
    molecules Article Bioactive Compounds from the Stems of Clausena lansium Jie Liu 1,2, Chuang-Jun Li 1, Yi-Qian Du 1, Li Li 1, Hua Sun 1, Nai-Hong Chen 1 and Dong-Ming Zhang 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (C.-J.L.); [email protected] (Y.-Q.D.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (N.-H.C.) 2 Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6316-5227 Received: 9 November 2017; Accepted: 11 December 2017; Published: 14 December 2017 Abstract: In view of the significant neuroprotective effect of Clausena lansium, we continued to separate the n-butanol and the water extracts from the stems of C. lansium in order to find the leading compounds with significant activity. Two new phenolic glycosides, Clausenolside A–B (1–2), one new pair of phenolic enantiomers (3a, 3b), and two new monoterpenoids, clausenapene A–B (4–5), together with twelve known analogues (6–17) were isolated from the stems of C. lansium. Compounds 1–17 were obtained from C. lansium for the first time. Compounds 3a, 3b, 4, 16, and 17 showed strong or moderate potential neuroprotective effects on inhibited PC12 cell injury induced by okadaic acid, and compound 9 exhibited strong potential hepatoprotective activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis Capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M
    EENY-214 Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M. C. Thomas, J. B. Heppner, R. E. Woodruff, H. V. Weems, G. J. Steck, and T. R. Fasulo2 Introduction Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiede- tropical fruit flies, and its wide range of hosts, it is ranked mann), is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests. first among economically important fruit fly species. Its The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not larvae feed and develop on many deciduous, subtropical, known to be established in the continental United States. and tropical fruits and some vegetables. Although it may be When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, a major pest of citrus, often it is a more serious pest of some especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated deciduous fruits, such as peach, pear, and apple. The larvae intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures feed upon the pulp of host fruits, sometimes tunneling so that the pest did not become established. through it and eventually reducing the whole to a juicy, inedible mass. In some of the Mediterranean countries, only the earlier varieties of citrus are grown, because the flies develop so rapidly that late-season fruits are too heav- ily infested to be marketable. Some areas have had almost 100% infestation in stone fruits. Harvesting before complete maturity also is practiced in Mediterranean areas generally infested with this fruit fly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Notice of Treatment for the Asian Citrus Psyllid
    CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL NOTICE FOR FOSTER CITY, SAN MATEO COUNTY PLEASE READ IMMEDIATELY THE NOTICE OF TREATMENT FOR THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID On January 23, 2019, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a harmful exotic pest, in the city of Foster City, San Mateo County. This detection indicates that a breeding population exists in the area. The devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) is spread by the feeding action of ACP. The ACP infestation is sufficiently isolated and localized to be amenable to the CDFA’s ACP treatment work plan. A Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR) has been certified which analyzes the ACP treatment program in accordance with Public Resources Code, Sections 21000 et seq. The PEIR is available at http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/peir/. The treatment activities described below are consistent with the PEIR. In accordance with integrated pest management principles, CDFA has evaluated possible treatment methods and determined that there are no physical, cultural, or biological control methods available to eliminate the ACP from this area. Notice of Treatment is valid until January 23, 2020, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. The treatment plan for the ACP infestation will be implemented within a 50-meter radius of each detection site, as follows: • Tempo® SC Ultra (cyfluthrin), a contact insecticide for controlling the adults and nymphs of ACP, will be applied from the ground using hydraulic spray equipment to the foliage of host plants; and • Merit® 2F or CoreTect™ (imidacloprid), a systemic insecticide for controlling the immature life stages of ACP, will be applied to the soil underneath host plants.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Tropical Fruit Uses in Florida
    nia and elsewhere. Finally, Florida has a large number of Oden, and R. Gruber. 1985. Fresh Market Grapes from Ohio. Ohio Report. curious tourists and enthusiastic growers. This combina 2. Degner, Robert L. 1986. Developing a Market for 'Orlando Seedless' tion may produce an in-state marketing opportunity for Grapes. Greater Grape Symposium Proceedings. Florida grapes. 3. Halbrooks, Mary C. 1987. Bunch Grapes: Another Fruit Crop for Florida. Citrus and Vegetable Magazine. 4. Halbrooks, Mary C. 1986. Grape Grower Survey. Literature Cited 5. Himelick, David G. 1984. Why Consumers Buy Grapes. Fruit Grower. 6. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 1. Cahoon, G. A., L. G. Anderson, G. R. Passewitz, D. E. Hahn, A. E. 1985. Food Consumption, Prices and Expenditures, 1964-84. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100:408-411. 1987. AN OVERVIEW OF TROPICAL FRUIT USES IN FLORIDA B. A. Campbell of mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), 15301 SW 269 Terrace lime (Citrus aurantifolia), papaya (Carica papaya), carambola Homestead, FL 33032 (Averrhoa carambola), atemoya (Annona hybrid), lychees (Litchi chinensis), or mamey (Calocarpum sapota) (4). AND People who have grown these less common fruit for J. Smith years use them in many ways, and effort is being made to J. R. Brooks and Son develop new recipes. The black sapote is made into breads, Homestead, FL 33031 ices, and a good mousse. The canistel is also used for breads, pies, and in some countries, dried and powdered and added to milk. Monstera is usually eaten in its natural Abstract. Tropical fruits and vegetables are relatively new on state or used in fruit salad or for jelly.
    [Show full text]
  • Circumscription of Murraya and Merrillia (Sapindales: Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) and Susceptibility of Species and Forms to Huanglongbing
    CIRCUMSCRIPTION OF MURRAYA AND MERRILLIA (SAPINDALES: RUTACEAE: AURANTIOIDEAE) AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPECIES AND FORMS TO HUANGLONGBING Student: Nguyen Huy Chung Principal Supervisor: Professor G Andrew C Beattie, University of Western Sydney Co-supervisors: Associate Professor Paul Holford, University of Western Sydney Dr Anthony M Haigh, University of Western Sydney Professor David J Mabberley, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew Dr Peter H Weston, National Herbarium of New South Wales Date of submission: 31 August 2011 Declaration The work reported in this thesis is the result of my own experiments and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or institute of tertiary education. Nguyen Huy Chung 31 August 2011 i Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisors, Professor Andrew Beattie, Associate Professor Paul Holford, Dr Tony Haigh, Professor David Mabberley and Dr Peter Weston for their generous guidance, academic and financial support. My research required collection of pressed specimens and DNA of Murraya from within Australia and overseas. I could not have done this without generous assistance from many people. I am thankful to Associate Professor Paul Holford and Ms Inggit Puji Astuti (Bogor Botanic Garden, Indonesia) who accompanied me during the collection of samples in Indonesia; to Mr Nguyen Huy Quang (Cuc Phuong National Park) and Mr Nguyen Thanh Binh (Southern Fruit Research Institute), who travelled with me during collecting trips in the southern Việt Nam and to Cuc Phuong National Park in northern Việt Nam; to Dr Paul Forster (Brisbane Botanic Garden) who accompanied me during the collection of samples in Brisbane; and to Mr Simon Goodwin who accompanied me during the collection samples in the Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney; to Dr Cen Yijing (South China Agricultural University) who travelled with Prof Beattie to collect specimens from Yingde, in Guangdong.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Citrus Psyllid Host List
    Asian Citrus Psyllid Host List All nursery stock, plants, plant parts, including green waste, and plant products capable of propagation, except seed extracted from fruit of: Aegle marmelos (bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva) Aeglopsis chevalieri (Chevalier's aeglopsis) Afraegle gabonensis (Gabon powder-flask) Afraegle paniculata (Nigerian powder-flask) Amyris madrensis (mountain tourchwood) Atalantia spp. Including Atlantia monophylla (Indian atalantia) Balsamocitrus dawei (Uganda powder-flask) Bergia (=Murraya) koenigii (curry leaf) Calodendrum capense (Cape chestnut) Choisya arizonica (Arizonia orange) Choisya temate (Mexican orange) X Citrocirus webberi Citropsis articulata (Katimboro, Muboro, West African cherry orange) Citropsis gilletiana (cherry-orange) Citrus aurantiifolia (lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero) Citrus aurantium (sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga) Citrus hystrix (Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime) Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso) Citrus limon (lemon, limón, limonero) Citrus madurensis (=X Citrofortunella microcarpa) Citrus maxima (pummelo, pomelo, shaddock, pompelmous, toronja) Citrus medica (citron, cidra, cidro, toronja) Citrus meyeri (Meyer lemon, dwarf lemon) Citrus × nobilis (king mandarin, tangor, Florida orange, King-of-Siam) Citrus × paradisi (grapefruit, pomelo, toronja) Citrus reticulata (mandarin, tangerine, mandarina) Citrus sinensis (sweet orange, orange, naranja,
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Biology, Ecology and Control of the Psyllid Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama, a Major Pest of Citrus: a Status Report for China
    International Journal of Pest Management, October – December 2006; 52(4): 343 – 352 Distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a major pest of citrus: A status report for China YUEPING YANG1, MINGDU HUANG1, G. ANDREW C. BEATTIE2, YULU XIA3, GECHENG OUYANG1, & JINJUN XIONG1 1Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, 2Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC, New South Wales, Australia, and 3National Science Foundation Center for Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Abstract The Asiatic citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a major pest of citrus in China. Its status derives, not from the damage it causes, but from its role as the only known vector in China of huanglongbing, a phloem- limited bacterial disease of international importance. The disease can devastate orchards within a few years of planting. It also poses a major threat to endangered indigenous citrus germplasm in Asia and Australasia. The distribution, biology, ecology and control of the psyllid in China are reviewed in these contexts. Constraints and challenges related to control of the vector in China are discussed. Keywords: Diaphorina citri, huanglongbing, distribution, biology, ecology, control gram-negative bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter 1. Introduction asiaticus Jagoueix, Bove´& Garnier (a-Proteobacteria) Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Jagoueix et al. 1994; Garnier et al. 2000). ‘Huan- [Hemiptera: Psyllidae]) was recognised as a major glongbing’ is the official name of the disease (van pest of citrus in subtropical and tropical Asia, initially Vuuren 1996) although it has a number of common in India and then elsewhere in the region (Husain and names and is most widely known as citrus greening Nath 1927; Pruthi and Mani 1945; Ebeling 1950).
    [Show full text]
  • Clausena Lansium (Lour.) Skeels]
    ARTICLE IN PRESS JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20 (2007) 52–56 www.elsevier.com/locate/jfca Short Communication Volatile components of the leaves, fruits and seeds of wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] Pratheung Chokepraserta,Ã, Albert Linton Charlesb, Kai-Hsin Suec, Tzou-Chi Huangc aDepartment of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand bDepartment of International Cooperation and Tropical Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan cDepartment of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan Received 2 May 2005; received in revised form 22 June 2006; accepted 14 July 2006 Abstract The volatile components of fruits, seeds and leaves from [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeel], obtained through headspace sampler, were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The sesquiterpene fraction (28%) was the major component in the leaf. Monoterpene (76–98%) was the dominant terpene in flesh, skin and seed and sabinene was the main component in leaf (14.9%), flesh (50.6%), skin (69.1%) and seed (83.6%). Other major components of wampee leaf were b-bisabolene (9.9%), b-caryophyllene (7.7%) and a-Zingiberene (6.5%); in the flesh, 3-cyclohexen-1-ol (15%), cyclohexene (6.5%), 1,4 cyclohexadiene (6.2%) and a-phellandrere (5%); in the skin, a-phellandrene (10.6%) and a-pinene (9.4%) and isosativene (1.4%); and in the seed, a-pinene (4.3%), a-phellandrene (3.0%), and myrcene (2.9%). r 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Macau SAR, China
    ZooKeys 1026: 17–43 (2021) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1026.60036 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Census of the fruit and flower chafers (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) of the Macau SAR, China Renzo Perissinotto1, Lynette Clennell2 1 Institute for Coastal & Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa 2 Macau Anglican College, 109–117 Avenida Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau SAR, China Corresponding author: Renzo Perissinotto ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Frolov | Received 26 October 2020 | Accepted 5 February 2021 | Published 25 March 2021 http://zoobank.org/B5E52548-328B-44C9-9B54-45028CDE642D Citation: Perissinotto R, Clennell L (2021) Census of the fruit and flower chafers (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) of the Macau SAR, China. ZooKeys 1026: 17–43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1026.60036 Abstract The coleopteran fauna of the Macau SAR in southern China has historically received only limited attention and no updated information has been published since the last substantial works produced in the 1990s. An annotated and illustrated review of the fruit and flower chafers (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) of this region is here presented, in order to provide an account of the current status of the taxonomic diversity and ecology of this important insect group. Eleven species were observed in the SAR during an intense investigation undertaken during the period 2017–2020, with six of these representing new records for Macau and two for the broader region of the Pearl River Delta, also known as the Greater Bay Area.
    [Show full text]
  • RUTACEAE 芸香科 Yun Xiang Ke Zhang Dianxiang (张奠湘)1; Thomas G
    RUTACEAE 芸香科 yun xiang ke Zhang Dianxiang (张奠湘)1; Thomas G. Hartley2, David J. Mabberley3 Shrubs, trees, or sometimes herbs, sometimes scrambling or scandent, sometimes armed, with aromatic volatile oils contained in glands visible at surface of at least leaves, young branchlets, inflorescences, flower parts, fruit, or cotyledons in seed. Stipules absent [or stipular excrescences rarely present]. Leaves alternate, opposite [or whorled], simple (petiole neither apically swollen nor articulate with leaf blade), 1-foliolate (in individual specimens at least some 1-foliolate leaves with petiole apically swollen and/or articulate with leaf blade), or variously compound. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, usually 3–5-merous, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, hypo- gynous [or rarely perigynous]. Perianth in 2 series, with clearly differentiated calyx and corolla or sometimes in 2 irregular series or 1 series, with ± undifferentiated tepals. Sepals distinct or connate to their full length. Petals distinct [or rarely coherent or connate for part of their length]. Stamens usually as many as or 2 × as many as petals or sometimes more numerous; filaments distinct or sometimes coherent or connate for at least part of their length; anthers introrse or sometimes latrorse, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk [rarely lack- ing] within androecium, nectariferous, flattened, annular, cup-shaped, pulvinate, or sometimes columnar, bell-shaped, conic, or hour- glass-shaped. Gynoecium of 1–5 distinct 1-loculed carpels or 2 to many partially to completely connate carpels; placentation axile [very rarely becoming parietal]; ovules 1 to many per locule. Fruit of 2–5 follicles [drupes or samaras] or a single follicle, capsule, or berry [or samara]. Seeds with relatively large embryo; endosperm present and fleshy or lacking.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) Feeding on Dogwood (Cornus Spp.) in Northeast Asia, with the Description of Three New Species
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 736: 79–118 (2018) New Cornus-feeding Phyllocnistis species 79 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.736.20739 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Systematics of Phyllocnistis leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) feeding on dogwood (Cornus spp.) in Northeast Asia, with the description of three new species Natalia Kirichenko1,2,3, Paolo Triberti4, Shigeki Kobayashi5, Toshiya Hirowatari6, Camiel Doorenweerd7,8, Issei Ohshima9, Guo-Hua Huang10, Min Wang11, Emmanuelle Magnoux3, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde3,12 1 Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/28, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2 Siberian Fede- ral University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3 INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, France 4 Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, I37129, Verona, Italy 5 Entomo- logical Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan 6 Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, 812- 8581, Fukuoka, Japan 7 Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, 96822, Honolulu, United States of America 8 Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 9557, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 9 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 606- 8522, Kyoto, Japan 10 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases
    [Show full text]