Temporal Regions and Ear

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Unit 16: Temporal regions and ear GENERAL OBJECTIVES: - general considerations of the organization of layers in parotid and temporal/infratemporal regions - muscles of mastication and TMJ - structure and function of the ear - irrigation and innervations of parotid, temporal/infratemporal regions SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1. Parotid region Boundaries (Parotid Bed): Sup., Inf., Ant., Post.. Med. (Styloid Process), Lat. (Superficial Fascia with Great Auricular Nerve) Contents: Parotid Fascia (continuous with Investing Fascia) Parotid Gland: Position, Parts, Parotid Duct Structures within the Gland: Ext. Carotid Artery -> Terminal Branches Retromandibular Vein -> Anterior & Posterior Branches Parotid Lymph Nodes Facial Nerve -> 5 Terminal Branches 2. Temporal and infratemporal regions Boundaries and contents: Spenomandibular Ligament Pterygoid Muscles (Lateral & Medial) Maxillary Artery (1st., 2nd. & 3rd. Parts) Branches: Middle Meningeal (Extracranial Course) Others Pterygoid Venous Plexus & Communications Mandibular Nerve (V3): Ant. & Post. Divisions Branches: Muscular, Buccal & Auriculotemporal Nerves Inferior Alveolar & Lingual Nerves Chorda Tympani Otic Ganglion (Parasympathetic) 3. Temporomandibular Joint Articular Surfaces Capsule & Ligaments, Sphenomandibular Ligament Articular Disc (2 separate joint cavities & movements) Movements of the T.M.J.: [(i) Rotation, (ii) Anterior Gliding] -> Opening/Closing Protraction/Retraction 4. Branchial (pharyngeal arch) muscle groups (Muscles of mastication) Muscles of Mastication Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral & Medial Pterygoids 5. Ear a. External Ear Auricle External Acoustic Meatus, Tympanic Membrane Vessels Nerves (Sensory) b. Middle Ear Walls: Roof (Tegmental Wall), Floor (Jugular Wall) Lat (Membranous Wall), Med. (Labyrinthine Wall) . Post. (Mastoid Wall), Ant. (Carotid Wall) Contents: Auditory Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes) Tympanic Muscles (Tensor Tympani, Stapedius) Chorda Tympani Nerve Auditory Tube Epitympanic Recess Mastoid Antrum & Cells c. Internal Ear Bony labyrinth: cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals Membranous labyrinth: endolymphatic vs. perilymphatic spaces, Vestibular vs. cochlear labyrinth and semicircular ducts .

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Why Should We Report Posterior Fossa Emissary Veins?
Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20:78–81 NEURORADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2014 PICTORIAL ESSAY Why should we report posterior fossa emissary veins? Yeliz Pekçevik, Rıdvan Pekçevik ABSTRACT osterior fossa emissary veins pass through cranial apertures and par- Posterior fossa emissary veins are valveless veins that pass ticipate in extracranial venous drainage of the posterior fossa dural through cranial apertures. They participate in extracranial ve- sinuses. These emissary veins are usually small and asymptomatic nous drainage of the posterior fossa dural sinuses. The mas- P toid emissary vein, condylar veins, occipital emissary vein, in healthy people. They protect the brain from increases in intracranial and petrosquamosal sinus are the major posterior fossa emis- pressure in patients with lesions of the neck or skull base and obstructed sary veins. We believe that posterior fossa emissary veins can internal jugular veins (1). They also help to cool venous blood circulat- be detected by radiologists before surgery with a thorough understanding of their anatomy. Describing them using tem- ing through cephalic structures (2). Emissary veins may be enlarged in poral bone computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, patients with high-flow vascular malformations or severe hypoplasia or and cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) venography exam- inations results in more detailed and accurate preoperative aplasia of the jugular veins. They are associated with craniofacial syn- radiological interpretation and has clinical importance. This dromes (1, 3). Dilated emissary veins may cause tinnitus (4, 5). pictorial essay reviews the anatomy of the major and clini- We aim to emphasize the importance of reporting posterior fossa em- cally relevant posterior fossa emissary veins using high-reso- lution CT, CT angiography, and MR venography images and issary veins prior to surgeries that are related to the posterior fossa and discusses the clinical importance of reporting these vascular mastoid region.
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PAROTIDECTOMY Johan Fagan
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Anatomic Variability in the Relation Between the Retromandibular Vein and the Facial Nerve: a Case Report, Literature Review and Classification
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27. Veins of the Head and Neck
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7. Internal Jugular Vein the Internal Jugular Vein Is a Large Vein That Receives Blood from the Brain, Face, and Neck
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Absence of Retromandibular Vein Associated with Atypical Formation of External Jugular Vein in the Parotid Region
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