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Why Should We Report Posterior Fossa Emissary Veins?
Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20:78–81 NEURORADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2014 PICTORIAL ESSAY Why should we report posterior fossa emissary veins? Yeliz Pekçevik, Rıdvan Pekçevik ABSTRACT osterior fossa emissary veins pass through cranial apertures and par- Posterior fossa emissary veins are valveless veins that pass ticipate in extracranial venous drainage of the posterior fossa dural through cranial apertures. They participate in extracranial ve- sinuses. These emissary veins are usually small and asymptomatic nous drainage of the posterior fossa dural sinuses. The mas- P toid emissary vein, condylar veins, occipital emissary vein, in healthy people. They protect the brain from increases in intracranial and petrosquamosal sinus are the major posterior fossa emis- pressure in patients with lesions of the neck or skull base and obstructed sary veins. We believe that posterior fossa emissary veins can internal jugular veins (1). They also help to cool venous blood circulat- be detected by radiologists before surgery with a thorough understanding of their anatomy. Describing them using tem- ing through cephalic structures (2). Emissary veins may be enlarged in poral bone computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, patients with high-flow vascular malformations or severe hypoplasia or and cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) venography exam- inations results in more detailed and accurate preoperative aplasia of the jugular veins. They are associated with craniofacial syn- radiological interpretation and has clinical importance. This dromes (1, 3). Dilated emissary veins may cause tinnitus (4, 5). pictorial essay reviews the anatomy of the major and clini- We aim to emphasize the importance of reporting posterior fossa em- cally relevant posterior fossa emissary veins using high-reso- lution CT, CT angiography, and MR venography images and issary veins prior to surgeries that are related to the posterior fossa and discusses the clinical importance of reporting these vascular mastoid region. -
Gross Anatomy
www.BookOfLinks.com THE BIG PICTURE GROSS ANATOMY www.BookOfLinks.com Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the infor- mation contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. www.BookOfLinks.com THE BIG PICTURE GROSS ANATOMY David A. Morton, PhD Associate Professor Anatomy Director Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah K. Bo Foreman, PhD, PT Assistant Professor Anatomy Director University of Utah College of Health Salt Lake City, Utah Kurt H. -
The Facial Artery of the Dog
Oka jimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 57(1) : 55-78, May 1980 The Facial Artery of the Dog By MOTOTSUNA IRIFUNE Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Osaka (Director: Prof. Y. Ohta) (with one textfigure and thirty-one figures in five plates) -Received for Publication, November 10, 1979- Key words: Facial artery, Dog, Plastic injection, Floor of the mouth. Summary. The course, branching and distribution territories of the facial artery of the dog were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. In general, the facial artery was found to arise from the external carotid between the points of origin of the lingual and posterior auricular arteries. It ran anteriorly above the digastric muscle and gave rise to the styloglossal, the submandibular glandular and the ptery- goid branches. The artery continued anterolaterally giving off the digastric, the inferior masseteric and the cutaneous branches. It came to the face after sending off the submental artery, which passed anteromedially, giving off the digastric and mylohyoid branches, on the medial surface of the mandible, and gave rise to the sublingual artery. The gingival, the genioglossal and sublingual plical branches arose from the vessel, while the submental artery gave off the geniohyoid branches. Posterior to the mandibular symphysis, various communications termed the sublingual arterial loop, were formed between the submental and the sublingual of both sides. They could be grouped into ten types. In the face, the facial artery gave rise to the mandibular marginal, the anterior masseteric, the inferior labial and the buccal branches, as well as the branch to the superior, and turned to the superior labial artery. -
Head & Neck Muscle Table
Robert Frysztak, PhD. Structure of the Human Body Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine HEAD‐NECK MUSCLE TABLE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT DISTAL ATTACHMENT MUSCLE INNERVATION MAIN ACTIONS BLOOD SUPPLY MUSCLE GROUP (ORIGIN) (INSERTION) Anterior floor of orbit lateral to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Abducts, elevates, and laterally Inferior oblique Lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular nasolacrimal canal division rotates eyeball Inferior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Depresses, adducts, and laterally Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division rotates eyeball Lateral aspect of eyeball, posterior to Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring Abducent nerve (CN VI) Abducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction Medial aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Adducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division Passes through trochlea, attaches to Body of sphenoid (above optic foramen), Abducts, depresses, and medially Superior oblique superior sclera between superior and Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular medial to origin of superior rectus rotates eyeball lateral recti Superior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior Elevates, adducts, and medially Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular the corneoscleral junction division -
Venous Arrangement of the Head and Neck in Humans – Anatomic Variability and Its Clinical Inferences
Original article http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.093815 Venous arrangement of the head and neck in humans – anatomic variability and its clinical inferences SILVA, M. R. M. A.1*, HENRIQUES, J. G. B.1, SILVA, J. H.1, CAMARGOS, V. R.2 and MOREIRA, P. R.1 1Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31920-000, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte – UniBH, Rua Diamantina, 567, Lagoinha, CEP 31110-320, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of morphological variations of the veins of the head and neck is essential for health professionals, both for diagnostic procedures as for clinical and surgical planning. This study described changes in the following structures: retromandibular vein and its divisions, including the relationship with the facial nerve, facial vein, common facial vein and jugular veins. Material and Methods: The variations of the veins were analyzed in three heads, five hemi-heads (right side) and two hemi-heads (left side) of unknown age and sex. Results: The changes only on the right side of the face were: union between the superficial temporal and maxillary veins at a lower level; absence of the common facial vein and facial vein draining into the external jugular vein. While on the left, only, it was noted: posterior division of retromandibular, after unite with the common facial vein, led to the internal jugular vein; union between the posterior auricular and common facial veins to form the external jugular and union between posterior auricular and common facial veins to terminate into internal jugular. -
Unusual Venous Drainage of the Common Facial Vein. a Morphologycal Study ORIGINAL
International INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE 2018 Medical Society SECTION: HUMAN ANATOMY Vol. 11 No. 29 http://imedicalsociety.org ISSN: 1755-7682 doi: 10.3823/2570 Unusual Venous Drainage of the Common Facial Vein. A Morphologycal Study ORIGINAL Sergio Ivan Granados-Torres1, Humberto Ferreira-Arquez2 1 Medicine student sixth Semester, University of Pamplona, Norte de Abstract Santander, Colombia, South America 2 Professor Human Morphology, Medicine Background: Anatomical knowledge of the facial vasculature is cru- Program, University of Pamplona, Morphology Laboratory Coordinator, cial not only for anatomists but also for oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Pamplona. plastic surgeon, otorhinolaryngologists. Access pathways, pedicled and free flap transfer, and explantation and transplantation of total Contact information: faces are based on the proper assessment and use of the facial veins and arteries. The anatomical variations reported in the present study Ivan Granados-Torres. confirms the need for preoperative vascular imaging for sure good Address: University Campus, Kilometer venous outflow for the free flap survival. 1. Via Bucaramanga. Norte de Santander, Colombia. Suramérica, Pamplona Zip code: Aims: The aim of the present study was to describe a rare anato- 543050 Tel: 573176222213 mical variation of the common facial vein which not been previously described. [email protected] Methods and Findings: Head and neck region were carefully dissected as per standard dissection procedure, studied serially during the years 2013-2017 in 15 males and 2 females, i.e. 34 sides, embal- med adults cadavers with different age group, in the laboratory of Morphology of the University of Pamplona. In 33 sides (97 %) of the cases the anterior facial vein (FV) terminated into the internal jugular vein via the common facial vein (CFV) as per standard anatomic des- cription. -
DEPARTMENT of ANATOMY IGMC SHIMLA Competency Based Under
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY IGMC SHIMLA Competency Based Under Graduate Curriculum - 2019 Number COMPETENCY Objective The student should be able to At the end of the session student should know AN1.1 Demonstrate normal anatomical position, various a) Define and demonstrate various positions and planes planes, relation, comparison, laterality & b) Anatomical terms used for lower trunk, limbs, joint movement in our body movements, bony features, blood vessels, nerves, fascia, muscles and clinical anatomy AN1.2 Describe composition of bone and bone marrow a) Various classifications of bones b) Structure of bone AN2.1 Describe parts, blood and nerve supply of a long bone a) Parts of young bone b) Types of epiphysis c) Blood supply of bone d) Nerve supply of bone AN2.2 Enumerate laws of ossification a) Development and ossification of bones with laws of ossification b) Medico legal and anthropological aspects of bones AN2.3 Enumerate special features of a sesamoid bone a) Enumerate various sesamoid bones with their features and functions AN2.4 Describe various types of cartilage with its structure & a) Differences between bones and cartilage distribution in body b) Characteristics features of cartilage c) Types of cartilage and their distribution in body AN2.5 Describe various joints with subtypes and examples a) Various classification of joints b) Features and different types of fibrous joints with examples c) Features of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints d) Different types of synovial joints e) Structure and function of typical synovial -
The Mandibular Landmarks About the Facial Artery and Vein With
Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. The Mandibular Landmarks about the Facial Artery and Vein with Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (MDCTA): an Anatomical and Radiological Morphometric Study Puntos de Referencia de la Mandíbula Relacionados a la Arteria y Vena Facial con Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector (ATCM): un Estudio Morfométrico Anatómico y Radiológico *Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi; *Mehmet Tugrul Yılmaz; **Demet Kıresi & *Muzaffer Seker CICEKCIBASI, A. E.; YILMAZ, M. T.; KIRESI, D. & SEKER, M. The mandibular landmarks about the facial artery and vein with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): an anatomical and radiological morphometric study. Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to investigate the course of the facial vessels according to several mandibular landmarks in living individuals using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) to determine these related to sex and side. This study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey). In total, sixty faces from 30 specimens (15 males and 15 females) with symptoms and signs of vascular disease were evaluated for the facial vessels by MDCTA scan. The facial vessel parameters were measured according to the reference points (mandibular angle, mental protuberance, mental foramen and facial midline). The distance from the point at which the facial artery first appears in the lower margin of the mandible to the mandibular angle for right and left facial artery were observed as 3.53±0.66 cm and 3.31±0.73 cm in males, respectively. These distances were determined as 2.91±0.52 cm and 3.35±0.48 cm in females. -
Parts of the Body 1) Head – Caput, Capitus 2) Skull- Cranium Cephalic- Toward the Skull Caudal- Toward the Tail Rostral- Toward the Nose 3) Collum (Pl
BIO 3330 Advanced Human Cadaver Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Jeff Simpson Department of Biology Metropolitan State College of Denver 1 PARTS OF THE BODY 1) HEAD – CAPUT, CAPITUS 2) SKULL- CRANIUM CEPHALIC- TOWARD THE SKULL CAUDAL- TOWARD THE TAIL ROSTRAL- TOWARD THE NOSE 3) COLLUM (PL. COLLI), CERVIX 4) TRUNK- THORAX, CHEST 5) ABDOMEN- AREA BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE HIP BONES 6) PELVIS- AREA BETWEEN OS COXAS EXTREMITIES -UPPER 1) SHOULDER GIRDLE - SCAPULA, CLAVICLE 2) BRACHIUM - ARM 3) ANTEBRACHIUM -FOREARM 4) CUBITAL FOSSA 6) METACARPALS 7) PHALANGES 2 Lower Extremities Pelvis Os Coxae (2) Inominant Bones Sacrum Coccyx Terms of Position and Direction Anatomical Position Body Erect, head, eyes and toes facing forward. Limbs at side, palms facing forward Anterior-ventral Posterior-dorsal Superficial Deep Internal/external Vertical & horizontal- refer to the body in the standing position Lateral/ medial Superior/inferior Ipsilateral Contralateral Planes of the Body Median-cuts the body into left and right halves Sagittal- parallel to median Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into front and back halves 3 Horizontal(transverse)- cuts the body into upper and lower portions Positions of the Body Proximal Distal Limbs Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Foot Dorsum Plantar Hallicus HAND Dorsum- back of hand Palmar (volar)- palm side Pollicus Index finger Middle finger Ring finger Pinky finger TERMS OF MOVEMENT 1) FLEXION: DECREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 2) EXTENSION: INCREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 3) ADDUCTION: TOWARDS MIDLINE -
A Rare Case of Collett–Sicard Syndrome After Blunt Head Trauma
Case Report Dysphagia and Tongue Deviation: A Rare Case of Collett–Sicard Syndrome after Blunt Head Trauma Eric Tamrazian 1,2 and Bijal Mehta 1,2,* 1 Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; [email protected] 2 Los Angeles Biomedical Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 14 November 2019; Published: 21 December 2020 Abstract: The jugular foramen and the hypoglossal canal are both apertures located at the base of the skull. Multiple lower cranial nerve palsies tend to occur with injuries to these structures. The pattern of injuries tend to correlate with the combination of nerves damaged. Case Report: A 28-year-old male was involved in an AVP injury while crossing the highway. Exam showed a GCS of 15 AAOx3, with dysphagia, tongue deviation to the right, uvula deviation to the left and a depressed palate. Initial imaging showed B/L frontal traumatic Sub-Arachnoid Hemorrhages (tSAH), Left Frontal Epidural Hematoma and a Basilar Skull Fracture. On second look by a trained Neuroradiologist c At 3 month follow up, patient’s tongue normalized to midline and his dysphagia resolved. Discussion: Collette-Sicard syndrome is a rare condition/syndrome characterized by unilateral palsy of CN: IX, X, XII. This condition has been rarely described as a consequence of blunt head trauma. In most cases, the condition is self-limiting with patients regaining most to all of their neurological functions within 6 months. Nerve traction injuries and soft tissue edema compressing the cranial nerves are the leading two hypothesis. -
Surface and Regional Anatomy 297
Van De Graaff: Human IV. Support and Movement 10. Surface and Regional © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Anatomy Companies, 2001 Surface and Regional 10 Anatomy Introduction to Surface Anatomy 297 Surface Anatomy of the Newborn 298 Head 300 Neck 306 Trunk 309 Pelvis and Perineum 318 Shoulder and Upper Extremity 319 Buttock and Lower Extremity 326 CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 330 Clinical Case Study Answer 339 Chapter Summary 340 Review Activities 341 Clinical Case Study A 27-year-old female is brought to the emergency room following a motor vehicle accident. You examine the patient and find her to be alert but pale and sweaty, with breathing that is rapid and shallow. You see that she has distension of her right internal jugular vein visible to the jaw and neck. Her trachea is deviated 3 cm to the right of midline. She has tender contu- sions on her left anterior chest wall with minimal active bleeding over one of the ribs. During the brief period of your examination, the patient exhibits more respiratory distress, and her blood pressure begins to drop. You urgently insert a large-gauge needle into her left hemitho- rax and withdraw 20 cc of air. This results in immediate improvement in the patient’s breath- ing and blood pressure. Why does the patient have a distended internal jugular vein on the right side of her neck? Could this be related to a rapid drop in blood pressure? What is the clinical situation of this patient? Hint: As you read this chapter, note that knowledge of normal surface anatomy is vital to the FIGURE: In order to effectively administer medical treatment, it is imperative for a recognition of abnormal surface anatomy, and that the latter may be an easy clue to the pathol- physician to know the surface anatomy of each ogy lying deep within the body. -
The Hemodynamic Effect of Unilateral Carotid Ligation on the Cerebral Circulation of Man*
THE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECT OF UNILATERAL CAROTID LIGATION ON THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION OF MAN* HENRY A. SHENKIN, M.D., FERNANDO CABIESES, M.D., GORDON VAN DEN NOORDT, M.D., PETER SAYERS, M.D., AND REUBEN COPPERMAN, M.A. Neurosurgical Service, Graduate Hospital, and Harrison Department of Surgical Re- search, Schools of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Received for publication July ~5, 1950) HE increasing incidence of surgical attack upon vascular anomalies of the brain has renewed interest in the physiological responses of the T cerebral circulation to occlusion of a carotid vessel. This question has been studied in lower animals by Rein, 5 the Schneiders, 6 Bouckaert and Heymans 1 and by the late Cobb Pilcher. 4 However, because of the lack of an adequate technique for measuring the cerebral blood flow and because of the fact that lower animals have a rich intercommunication between the intracerebral and extracerebral circulations, very few data pertinent to human physiology have been accumulated. There are two important points to be established concerning carotid ligation: firstly, its therapeutic effect, that is the degree of fall of pressure in the vessels distal to the ligation, and secondly, its safety, determined by its effect on the cerebral blood flow. Sweet and Bennett, 8 by careful measurement of pressure changes distal to ligation, have provided informa- tion on the former point. It is the latter problem that is the subject of this paper. METHODS The subjects of this study were 4 patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation. They ranged in age from 15 to 53 years (Table 1).