Agrifood Research Reports 68, P. 149-158

Agrifood Research Reports 68, p. 149-158.

An Informatics Tool for Water Resources Management in Shanghai City

Tao Tao1), Li Shuping1), Liu Suiqing1) and Fu Xiang2)

1)State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai City 200092, China, [email protected] 2)School of Water Resource and Hydropower, Wuhan University, Wuhan City 430072, China

Abstract The main subject of this paper is the water resources management informatics tool in use in Shanghai. Information-based capability is an important indicator of national strength, international competitiveness and degree of modernization. Information has become a strong new motive for the development of social productivity and progress in human civilization. Water information provides us with the technological foundation for transforming traditional water management practices into a modern system adhering to the principles of sustainable development. It is also an effective means for promoting the scientific management and working efficiency of water resources.

This paper describes the data information management system used for urban water resources in Shanghai. Data management is at the core of an integrated water information management system. “Water resources (surface water and groundwater)-Environment-Social-Economic” constitute a complex system with many sub-systems that affect and depend on each other. Thus the volume of data in water resource information is very large, and the structure of the key elements and their relationship to each other are complicated, with more than 80% of the information relating to the geographical position of space distribution. Seeing that a lot of countries in the world use the ad- vanced technology of geographical information systems (GIS), making for an enormous comprehensive benefit in managing water resources, we drafted a GIS platform, set up a data information system for urban water resources comprising a water resources development and management database, a water environmental management database, and an economic development and social development database.

Key words: information tool, water resource, GIS, Shanghai

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Introduction

Shanghai lies at 31o14' north latitude and 121o29' east longitude. Bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces in the west, it is located on the coast of the East China Sea in the east and Hang Zhou Bay in the south. The city has a central location on China's coastal line. With its many rivers and lakes, the Shanghai area is rich in water resources, the water area accounting for 11% of its total territory. The surface water network of the region is composed of the Yangtze River, Dianshan Lake, the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek. North of the city, the Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea, providing a route for transportation, and water for drinking, and industrial and environmental use. Water quality is highest in Dianshan Lake, which is the source of the Huangpu River. This river is the largest to run through metropolitan Shanghai. The main waterway in the area, the 113-kilometre-long river winds through downtown Shanghai. The upper catchment of the Huangpu provides water for drinking and industrial use, whilst the lower part is mainly for transportation. Suzhou Creek is the largest tributary of the Huangpu River, and is one of the main waterways connecting Taihu Lake and the Huangpu River. Of its total length of 125 km, 53.1 km is within Shanghai territory and 23.8 km within metropolitan Shanghai. Suzhou Creek is used mainly for transportation.

Information-based capability is an important indicator of national strength, international competitiveness and degree of modernization. Information has become a strong new motive for the development of social productivity and progress in human civilization. Water information provides us with the technological foundation for transforming traditional water management practices into a modern system adhering to the principles of sustainable development. It also provides an effective means for promoting the scientific management and working efficiency of water resources. Data management is at the core of a comprehensive water information management system. “Water resources (surface water and groundwater)-Environment-Social-Economic” constitute a complex system with many sub-systems that affect and depend on each other. Thus the volume of water resource information is very large, and the structure of the key elements and their relationship to each other are complicated, with more than 80% of the information relating to the geographical position of space distribution.

This paper describes the application of an information tool in Shanghai water resource management. This tool, based on a GIS platform, includes the data information system of an urban water resource and modelling system and comprises a water resources development and management database, a water environmental management database, and an economic and social development database. The main functions of the information tool are query and statistics: we can query water resources data, such as water demand, water price,

150 Agrifood Research Reports 68, p. 149-158. etc., and on the basis of the data, we can compile statistics. Other functions are management area information, database management, real time monitoring, water yield predictions, flood predictions, water utilization calculations, water supply and demand balances, optimized water supply decisions, and online help.

Material and methods

Water resource GIS in Shanghai (WRG Shanghai)

The geographical information system (GIS) is a new cross-disciplinary tool in information science, space science and the geosciences; it is a special- purpose geographical space information processing and technological system of computer management. GIS is an information system for collecting, stor- ing, analysing and reproducing space information effectively. It utilizes not only attribute data but also space data, and models and stores the geographical space information in computers in order to analyse the geographical information, and to describe, simulate and predict the research object. Hydro- logical research and water resource management are mainly related to the space of every hydrological element. GIS is good at managing space information and analysis, and is making rapid progress in this field. Since the 1970s, the basin administration bureau of Tennessee, U.S.A., has used GIS to analyse basin data, and to offer decision support for basin management and planning. With the rapid development of computer technology in the 1980s, hydrology and water resources management in GIS have also made rapid progress. In the U.S.A. the American Congress on Survey and Mapping (ACSM ) and the 1986 annual meeting of the American Society for Photo- grammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) discussed applications of GIS in hydrology and water resources management to find a practical system and apply research results; the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) held an international conference on the application of GIS in hydrology and water resources management in Vienna, Austria, in April 1993, and has published a collection of papers. In July 1995, a meeting discussing water resource system and management models was held at the University of Colo- rado, U.S.A. One of the issues on the agenda was the application of GIS. These meetings offer practical GIS for research and decision-making. Thus we see that the application of GIS in hydrology and water resource management is becoming increasingly of extensive (Alfredsen & Sæther 1997; Zhou et al 1998; Miles & Ho 2001; McKinney & Cai, 2002).

WRG Shanghai provides a wide range of information on the population, area and water demand (both industrial and domestic) of different administrative areas. Because the Shanghai area is known for its rich water resources, ripar- ian information, including basic information on the river as well as on its length and width, is a key element of the Shanghai informatics tool.

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Data management

The main function or content of GIS and an informatics tool is data management. In this tool, the data include both historical and current data. We di- vided the current data into five groups: key consumption, demand sites, supply and resources, water environment, and groundwater (Fig. 1).

The water environment database includes many tables on issues such as the water quality of the Huangpu River 1994, 1998 and 2000 (5-9), Suzhou Creek wastewater and pollution, Wastewater Statistics, Yangshupu Gang pollution statistics, etc.

Key consumption GDP Population Area Water price Demand sites

Municipal Industrial Agriculture Environment Supply and resources Surface water flow amount Water area, river and lake area

Basic river data Water environment Wastewater discharge Pollution discharge River quality Groundwater Groundwater exploitation

Groundwater quality

Fig. 1. Current data management

The supply and resources database includes basic river data, the number and discharge of rivers, river sedimentation, surface water flow, water, river and lake area, flood-control wall, rainfall, etc. The historical data (Fig. 2) include gross domestic product, total population of households and density of population (Table1), water price, water supply and water demand, waste water discharged, etc,.

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History Data

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION

WATER PRICE

WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DEMAND

SALES VOLUME OF TAP WATER

TAP WATER SUPPLY IN MAIN YEARS WASTE WATER DISCHARGED

Fig. 2. Historical data management

Table 1. Total Household Population and Density of Population Unit: 10 000 persons Grouped by Agriculture and Non- Year-end Density of Population Year agriculture Population (person/sq.km) Agriculture Non-agriculture 1988 1 262.42 423.49 838.93 1 991 1989 1 276.45 420.61 855.84 2 013 1990 1 283.35 418.89 864.46 2 024 1991 1 287.20 417.32 869.88 2 030 1992 1 289.37 413.82 875.55 2 034 1993 1 294.74 401.28 893.46 2 042 1994 1 298.81 388.32 910.49 2 048 1995 1 301.37 379.67 921.70 2 052 1996 1 304.43 372.29 932.14 2 057 1997 1 305.46 362.43 943.03 2 059 1998 1 306.58 352.93 953.65 2 061 1999 1 313.12 343.49 969.63 2 071 2000 1 321.63 335.47 986.16 2 084 2001 1 327.14 328.07 999.07 2 093 2002 1 334.23 315.42 1 018.81 2 104 (Data from Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2003)

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Results

Information tool overview

The water management tool is a stand-alone application for scientific and research use. It is a multi-platform (Delphi language) oriented object program compatible with Windows OS.

The program automatically simulates the water supply and demand balances in the research area, thereby simulating (at its present level of development based on simple models) any given structure. The program evaluates the rela- tion in GDP, water price, population and water resources. As a result, the program makes decisions basic to the decision-maker behaviour with respect to management conditions. The user has a graphic user interface (GUI) avail- able (Fig. 3). This has the standard Windows appearance with menus, tool- bars and shortcuts to access the most important commands; assisted set-up and uninstall; on-line help and customization and preferences. Concerning hardware interfaces, the software should run correctly on Intel Pentium plat- forms with VGA displays with a minimum resolution of 800x640 a-byte col- our definition.

Fig. 3. Main interface

Main Module

Database connection / join in • Confirms the server name, database name, user name and password connection • Automatically connects the database in selected server

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• Shows whether the selected server, database, is correct. • Shows whether username and password of login user are correct

Querying and statistics module

Querying is the basic module of the water resource management software. Its main functions are query and statistics, depending on the needs of the user of water resource management data. The results of Querying are displayed as curves as in Fig.4. 1) Key consumption • Chooses the year and administrative district • Shows GDP, population, area and water price 2) Demand sites • Shows municipal water demand in administrative district • Shows industrial water demand in administrative district • Shows agriculture water demand in administrative district 3) Supply and resources • Shows surface water flow volume in different periods • Shows water area, river area, and lake area • Shows river information 4) Water environment • Shows industrial and domestic wastewater in different administrative areas per day. • Shows pollution discharge in different administrative areas per day. • Shows main rivers at different water quality monitoring stations, 5) Groundwater • Shows groundwater exploitation • Shows groundwater quality

Fig. 4. Querying and statistics module

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GIS module (Fig. 5) • Shows GIS map • Shows economic and social information in different administrative areas • Shows water demand in different administrative areas • Shows basic river data in different layers • Layer control

Jing Ling gg Gang River River nngg Cang Xin aanannn Hao Gao oo BBBa Jing ZZaaoaao Qiao uunn ZZZZ YYYuu Gang

West East Si HuangHuang Baoshan Gao Tang ? Jing PuPu ng Tao PuPu Zou Ma Tang Sha Peng Yangpu Yu RiverRiver Cuo Yue Jing Zhabei Jing ? Hongkou Yang Pu Pu Shu er Pu iv R C g Gang Pu Pu in Y Putuo iu Gang W L Hong e s Kou t Gang Q West iu SuSu ZhouZhou CreekCreek R SuSu ZhouZhou CreekCreek iv e r Huangpu Jinan Zhang San Go Nanshi Luwan Fig. 5. GIS module

Software Function

The software allows the user to build up river, water treatment plant, wastewater treatment plant and other layouts by dragging and dropping elements onto a blank sheet from a collection. These elements represent a water unit parametrically described by means of certain properties (e.g., a river). The flow sheet will be completed with the coherent interconnection of the elements and with the definition of control restrictions and parameters. Note that the interconnections and control restrictions may include properties and methods as well.

The software contains the normal features in 2-D design. The elements and interconnections include drag and drop, rotate, size, move, copy, automatic reposition or collate commands, double-click to modify properties, etc. Many numerical results, e.g., on population, area, water demand, river length, are accessible or visible directly on the screen: Further, the software has a tool

156 Agrifood Research Reports 68, p. 149-158. for the graphical representation of analyses in charts. Once the table and indi- ces to be analysed have been chosen, the table and graphical representation allow the user, in an interactive way, to analyse the possible relations and affected conditions in the proposed system. Extensibility features have been taken into account so as to include new collections of water resources data, and analyse the relations with numerical results.

User management and other settings

The first user of this software must log in. Different users have different au- thorities. The administrator has the authority to revise the data and GIS map, to create passwords for new users, to change passwords, and to decide on the authority of a new user, such as, whether the new user is allowed to write or only to read, or only to read some public data.

System help

All software systems need a help facility. The help facility of our informatics tool includes Content, Index, Search, and Tip of the day and About. Content is included in the main help command. All of these are the same as the standard software help; they are not special commands. About gives a brief introduction to the producer of this software (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Help and About

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Discussion

This tool can be used only for water resource management, especially for water information management. As a kind of information management platform, GIS has many aspects. Its main function is to combine map and data, making the process more intuitive. In this paper, we also discussed the use of GIS as a water information platform. Our work in this platform will constitute the core of our research in the future.

Acknowledgments

The authors like to thank Leif Söderlund and Mitsuyo Kamijo-Söderlund for their revision of the paper and for their support to the SUSDEV-CHINA project. Also we thank the SUSDEV-CHINA project (contract number ICA4- CT-2002-10004) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (50409016) for funding.

References

Alfredsen, K. & Sæther, B., 1997. An object oriented framework for creating models in hydrology. ACM Sigplan Notices 32 (2): 16–19.

McKinney, D.C. & Cai, X. 2002. Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method ， Environmental Modeling & Software 17: 413–425.

Miles, S.B. & Ho, C.L. 2001. Applications and issues of GIS as tool for civil engineering modeling. J. Comput. Civil Engng 13 (3): 144–152.

Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2003. Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, China Statistics Press.

Zhou, Q. et al. 1998. Development of a GIS Network Model for Agricultural Water Management in a Flood plain Environment [A] Proceedings of In- ternational Conference on Modeling Geographical and Environment Sys- tems with Geographical Information Systems [C]. Hong Kong: Department of Geography, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1792-1891.

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