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Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China. INSTITUTION American Univ., Washington D.C

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Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China. INSTITUTION American Univ., Washington D.C DOCUMENT RESUME ED 080 414 50 006 036 AUTHOR Whitaker, Donald P.; Shinn, Rinn-Sup TITLE Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China. INSTITUTION American Univ., Washington D.C. Foreign Area Studies.. REPORT NO DA-Pam-550-60 PUB DATE 72 NOTE 728p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. G (Internment Printing Office, Washington, D.C..20402 ($4.75) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$26.32 DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; *Chinese Culture; Cultural Background; Demography; *Developing Nations; EcOnomic Change; Economics; *Foreign Culture; Foreigq Relations; Geography; Governmental Structure; Guide's; History; Military Organizations; National Defense; Religion; Social Attitudes; Social Structure; social Systems; Sociocultural Patterns; Values IDENTIFIERS1 *People's Republic of China ABSTRACT This voluMe on the People's Republik of China is one of a series of handbooks prepared by the Foreign Ara Studies (FAS) of the American University, designed to be usefult 0 military, and other personnel who need a convenient compilationof basic facts about the soc..L, economic, political, and military institutions and practices of various countries. The emphasis is on'bjective description of the nation's present society and theKinds of possible or probable changes that might be expectedin the f kiture..An extensive bibliography and a glossary are provided. Relateddocuments are: ED 059 936, ED 059 632, and ED 059 946.Okuth011 U S OEPARTMEN1OF HEALTH, Ir-1 EOUCATION t WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE CO EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO CUM) EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM C) THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN CC) AT MG IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF C) EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY L./ AREA HANDBOOK for the PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Co-Authors Donald P. Whitaker and Rinn-Sup Shinn Helen A. Barth Judith M. Heimann John E. MacDonald Kenneth W. Martindale John 0. Weaver Research and writing were completed October 1971 Published 1972 (This pamphlet supersedes DA Pam No. 550-60, October 1967) cry DA Pam 559 60 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-600022 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20102Price 54.75 FOREWORD This volume is one of a series of handbooks prepared by Foreign Area Studies (FAS) of The American University. designed to be useful to military and other personnel who need a convenientcompilation of basic facts about the social, economic. political. and military; institutions and practices of various countries. The emphasis is on objective description of the nation's present society and the kinds of possible or probable changes that might be expected in the future. The handbook seeks to present as full and as balanced an integrated exposition as limitations on space and research time permit. It was compiled from information available in openly published material. An\ ("- extensive bibliography is provided to permit recourse toother) (. published sources for more detailed information. There has been no attempt to express any specific point of view or to makepolicy recommendations. The contents of the handbook represent the work of the authors and FAS and do not represent the official view of the United States government. An effort has been made to make the handbook as comprehensive as possible.Itcan be expected, however. that thematerial, interpretations, and conclusions are subject to modification in the light of new information and developments. Such corrections. - additions, and suggestions for factual, interpretive, or other change as readers may have will be welcomed for use in future revisions. Comments may be addressed to: The Director Foreign Area Studies The American University 5010 Wisconsin,Avenue. N.W. Washington. D.C. 20016 iii PREFACE In 1971 the People's Republic of China (PRC) was in a state of unprecedented fluidity, accentuated in part by a still obscure but apparently momentous political struggle that occurred in the summer and early fall of the year. This crisis, which appeared to have involved key national leaders, was probably connected with the country's continuing efforts to stabilize the domestic condition and to restructure external relations, both of which had been disrupted by the violent turbulence of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-69). According to fragmentary clues that could be pieced together in Novemberresearch and writing for the present Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China was completed in Octoberthe political status of Lin Piao may have been affected adversely by this political infighting. Lin Piao, minister (If national defense. deputy Party chairman, and Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung's officially designated "successor," was variously reported as either critically ill. purged, or even dead. If true. the implications of this turn of events for the immediate future of the PRC and for the outside world remained unclear. Lack of reliable information imposed a serious limitation on any attempt to outline even the most tentative assessment of this new situation. which was as unexpected as it was dramatic. Whatever the case, many Western observers increasingly suspected that the PRC's leaders were splitin their debates over priorities among major national policies. These debates were apparently focused on. among other things. the Chinese Communist Party's traditional but currently tenuous authority to command "the gun" or the armed forces: the relative emphasis to be placed on economic development as opposed to defense buildup; and the place of the Soviet Union and the United States in post-Cultural Revolution foreign relations. The outcome of debates on any of these issues might well be influenced by the retirement, removal, or demise of any one of the handful of aged national leaders, all of whom had been in positions of power for more than two decades. The current Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China replaces the 1967 Area Handbook for Communist China, which was prepared by a team headed by Frederic H. Chaffee and included George E. Aurell, Helen A. Barth, John H. Dombrowski, Neda A. Walpole. and John 0. Weaver. The authors of the present volume have found it necessary to redo completely all but aminuscule portion of the earlier edition. partly because the 1967volume 'was prepared during the initial phase of the Cultural Revolution andpartly because a number of new. critical studies onmainland China became available after 1967. The Area Handbook for the People's Republic ofChina is an introduction to the very complex and little-known world ofmainland China that includes a quarter of the world's totalpopulation. It seeks to present the dominant aspects of social.political. and economic life as objectively as the availabilityand current state of knowledge on this society permit. Sources of information used includescholarly studies reflecting various disciplines and perspectives, current journals. English translations of Communist Chinese materials.and materials in the Japanese language. Grateful-acknowledgment is given to a number of persons fortheir contribution to the present studyiliii-W.-Henderbon servedinitially as team chairman. and Eston T.White wrote Chapter 7.Living Conditions. Special thanks go to Professor Harold C.Hinton of George Washington University, who wrote Chapter 10.Political Dynamics. The authors are also deeply grateful to thet011ov;ing China specialists for their generous help. comments. and advice:Nancy E. Bateman. John Philip Emerson, Robert Michaf" Field.Edwin F. Jones. Marion R. Larsen. Peter G. Smith. and K. P.Wang. Responsibility for inTsentation. errors, and omissions is.-however. entirely that of the authors. A glossary .is included for the reader's convenience.Wherever possible. transliteration for Chinese words .follows theWade-Giles system for the Mandarin dialect, modified toeliminate diacritical marks but retaining the apostrophe to indicate aspirated consonants. Departures from modified Wade-Giles spelling have been made in the case of a few wordsfor example.Taiping (Wade-Giles: Tai-p'ing) that have long been familiar to Western readersliner other romanizations. The United States Board on Geographic Names, United States Department of the Interior. Gazetteer of Mainland China, No. 22, Second Edition, Washington. D.C., 1968, has been used for the spelling of Chinese place names. vi sir COUNTRY SUMMARY 1. COUNTRY: People's Republic of China (PRC). Established 1949 after expulsion by force of the Republic of China (Nationalist China) from mainland. The PRC regime is in control of the country with the world's oldest continuous history and civilization dating back to the second millennium B.C. National capital: Peking. 2. GOVERNMENT: Unitary system with nominal division of powers into executive. legislative, and judicial arms. In practice. until the mid-1960s the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was above the government; ultimate power rested in Party's Politburo (Political Bureau). Extensive breakdown of Party and governmental machinery during the-Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-69) resulted in significant transfer of power to the People's Liberation Army (PLA). In 1971 political situation was highly fluid and volatile. :3. POPULATION: About 800 million in 1971world's largest. comprising roughly one-quarter of world population. Approximately 80 percent rural. 20 percent urban. Estimated annual growth rate 2 to 2.5 percent, with population expected to reach 1 billion by 1980s. Major ethnic group. Han Chinese (94 percent): some sixty minority g:oups constitute 6 percent of total population. 4. SIZE: About 3.7 million square miles: third largest in world. China Proper (see Glossary) 40 percent of total area: remainder in Outer China (see Glossary). Approximately 13.210 miles of land borders shared with twelve neighbors: coastline of approximately 3.500 miles bounds east and south. 5. TOPOGRAPHY: Three major regions: northern. extending from the Pamirs,and Tien Shan mountain system in the west to Greater Khingan Range in east and encompassing Sinkiang Uighur. upper Ninghsia Hui. and Inner Mongolian autonomous regions and northern Kansu Provincemountains, ranges, plateaus, low-lying basins.
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