Phytotherapy
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University of Szeged Phytotherapy a textbook for pharmacy students Dr. Dezső Csupor Reviewed by: Dr. Sándor Gonda Szeged, 2015. This work is supported by the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund, within the framework of "Coordinated, practice- oriented, student-friendly modernization of biomedical education in three Hungarian universities (Pécs, Debrecen, Szeged), with focus on the strengthening of international competitiveness" TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-13/1/KONV- 2014-0001 project. The curriculum can not be sold in any form. PHYTOTHERAPY a textbook for pharmacy students Dezső Csupor University of Szeged, Department of Pharmacognosy Szeged, 2015. Phytotherapy a textbook for pharmacy students Dezső Csupor Ph.D. Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Szeged Szeged, 2015 Author: Dezső Csupor, University of Szeged, Department of Pharmacognosy Reviewed by: Sándor Gonda, University of Debrecen, Pharmacognosy Division Lectored by: David Durham About the fonts and pictures in this book Titles are printed in Walbaum font. With Walbaum, Justus Erich Walbaum (1768–1846) created the best known and most beautiful example of a German Modern Face. This elegant font distinguishes itself through its legibility and flexibility. The body of the text is printed in Interstate font. Interstate was designed by Tobias Frere-Jones in the period 1993–1999. Due to its wide spacing, it is best suited for display usage in print. The font is used by several organizations (e.g. Sainsbury's Supermarkets, Lamborghini, and Trinity College London) in their logotype and branding materials. Certain plant pictures (marshmallow, chaste tree, elder, roman chamomile, coneflower, fennel, wormwood, bearberry) were taken and provided by Dr. Dóra Rédei (University of Szeged, Department of Pharmacognosy). Other photos were taken from http://pixabay.com/. Many thanks to those who took and shared these beautiful photos! Chemical structures are from http://www.chemspider.com/. D. Csupor: Phytotherapy - a textbook for pharmacy students. University of Szeged, 2015. ISBN 978-963-306-409-2 Table of contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. From plants to medicines .............................................................................................. 2 3. Phytotherapy around the world .................................................................................. 6 3.1 China ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.2 North America ....................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Europe ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1 Herbal medicines ...................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Food supplements ..................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Medical devices .......................................................................................... 13 4. Central nervous system ................................................................................................ 15 4.1 Anxiety, sleeping disorders ............................................................................... 15 4.1.1 Valerian ........................................................................................................ 17 4.1.2 Hop ................................................................................................................ 19 4.1.3 Lavender ...................................................................................................... 21 4.1.4 Lemon balm ................................................................................................ 23 4.1.5 Passion flower .......................................................................................... 24 4.1.6 Oat ................................................................................................................26 4.1.7 Motherwort ................................................................................................ 28 4.2 Depression ........................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 St. John’s wort ........................................................................................... 31 5. Gastrointestinal system ............................................................................................... 36 5.1 Functional gastrointestinal disturbances...................................................... 36 Carminatives ............................................................................................................... 38 5.1.1 Caraway....................................................................................................... 39 5.1.2 Fennel ......................................................................................................... 40 5.1.3 Anise ............................................................................................................43 5.1.4 Yarrow ........................................................................................................ 45 5.1.5 Roman camomile ......................................................................................47 5.1.6 Cinnamon ................................................................................................... 48 5.1.7 Peppermint .................................................................................................. 51 5.1.8 Rosemary ................................................................................................... 54 5.1.9 Sage............................................................................................................. 55 Liver and biliary diseases ........................................................................................ 58 5.1.10 Turmeric ..................................................................................................... 59 5.1.11 Artichoke...................................................................................................... 61 5.1.12 Greater celandine .................................................................................... 64 5.1.13 Fumitory ..................................................................................................... 65 5.1.14 Dandelion .................................................................................................... 67 5.1.15 Milk thistle ................................................................................................. 68 5.2 Loss of appetite ................................................................................................... 72 5.2.1 Wormwood .................................................................................................. 73 5.2.2 Centaury...................................................................................................... 76 5.2.3 Fenugreek ................................................................................................... 77 5.3 Diarrhea ................................................................................................................ 80 5.3.1 Tea .................................................................................................................81 5.3.2 Agrimony ................................................................................................... 85 5.3.3 Tormentil.................................................................................................... 86 5.3.4 Oak................................................................................................................87 5.3.5 Raspberry .................................................................................................. 88 5.4 Obstipation .......................................................................................................... 90 Bulk-forming laxatives ................................................................................................ 91 5.4.1 Linseed ......................................................................................................... 91 5.4.2 Isphagula and Psyllium ........................................................................... 94 Stimulant laxatives .................................................................................................... 96 5.4.3 Senna .......................................................................................................... 98 5.4.4 Aloe ............................................................................................................. 101 5.4.5 Cascara ...................................................................................................... 103 5.4.6 Frangula .................................................................................................... 105 5.4.7 Rhubarb ..................................................................................................... 107 6. Nausea ........................................................................................................................... 109 6.1.1 Ginger ........................................................................................................ 109 7. Cardiovascular system .................................................................................................113