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Home , Conifer, Coptis aspleniifolia, Frangula purshiana, Gaultheria humifusa, Isothecium myosuroides, Moss

litter. a fewalsomaygrowonforest flooroftenobscuredby Some (epiphytic)species growonlogsandstumps; ,primarilyvinemaple andbig-leafmaple. : Oregon grape,andwesternswordfern. redcedar, westernhemlock,vinemaple,big-leaf , hemlock,cedarseries.Douglas-, western silver firzones.Mixed-/hardwoodforestsinthe Associations: western MontanaandnorthernIdaho. to northernCaliforniaandinmoist,shadypockets and thewestsideofCascadeRangefromWashington Most speciesfoundinlowerelevationsofCoastRange Range anddistribution: tome) wheresporesarereleased. Capsule ovalorlongwithalidandanopening(peris- top offemaleplants,varyincolor, toppedbyacapsule. ; :thinstems()emergingfrom and femalemossplants()havesimple ing branchesmayhavesmallrhizoidsorrootlets.Male Liverworts thallose(flatbodied)orleafy. coloniz- vascular plantsconsistingofliverwortsandmosses. Description: Liverwort: Moss (mostcommonspecies): (hepaticae) moss (musci),liverwort Moss, treemoss,logmoss Bryophyta () Frullania nisquallensis Porella navicularis douglasii myosuroides subimponens oreganum curtipendula Growonhorizontalorvertical stemsofhard- Photosynthesizing (chlorophyllous)non- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific Hook. (Lehm.&Lindenb.)Pfeiff Range differsamongspecies. Lesq. Sull. (Sull.)Jaeg. Brid. (Hedw.) Brid. 10 percent. range ofmoisturecontentor about300tolessthan are desiccationtolerantand abletotolerateawide threatened marbledmurrelet. Mostepiphyticbryophytes nesting materialforbirdsandmammalsincludingthe air pollution,bryophytesdisappear. Bryophytesprovide pollutants. Inareasthathaveheavyindustrializationand important airqualityindicators,particularlyofSO captureandcycling.Certainbryophytesare readily decomposableorganicmaterial,contributeto habitat forinvertebratesandvertebrates,sourceof Ecological relations: ers growingonsubstrateunoccupiedbyanyotherplant. , requireshade.Mossesthemselvesarecoloniz- Successional stage: navicularis Porella douglasii Neckera Eurhynchium Growinmid-tolate-successional oreganum Bryophytesprovidefoodand myosuroides Isothecium 2 43

Plants 25-pound balesforshipment. sheets orbags.Whenthoroughly dry, it isboundinto growth. Itiscarriedoutofthe woodsinlargeburlap branches, whichalsoleavessomeinoculumfornew regrowth. Mossisnotharvestedfromthetipsoftree and fragmentsareleftonthestembarkasinoculumfor trees, cleanedofdebris,andairdried.Mossclumps of dirt,needles,andleaves.Drymossisstrippedfrom and offthegroundbecauseitisrelativelygreen,free Harvest techniques: a kindof“pelt.” mat andareeasilypeeledofflimbsstumpsforming Part harvested: Collection conditions. conditions thatreplicatetheiroriginalforesthabitat transplanted andgrowinterrariums,butmostrequire Transplant viability: economic option. ture andshade;thishasnotbeenproventobeaviable kinds ofbarkwithmildlyacidicpH,andsufficientmois- Cultivation: vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: and growintoaplant. by aircurrentorwater. Requiremoisturetogerminate : cycle issimilar. differ slightlyfrommossintheirstructures,butthelife essential vectortosexualreproduction.Liverworts capsule atthetip,whichproducesspores. isan female plantgrowsaleaflessstem()and reproductive cellsofthefemaleplant.Thefertilized (male sexcells),which,viawater, unitewiththefemale Flowering andfruiting: 44 Mosscapsulesreleasespores,whicharespread Somemossescanbecultivatedonproper Wholeplantsgrowtwinedtogetherina Moss isselectedfromvinemaple Somebryophytescanbe Maleplantsreleasezoospores Allcanreproduce large chainstores. . Craftmarket,massmarketoutlets suchas industry, U.S.exportsprimarilytoTheNetherlandsand Types ofmarkets: decorative greens. Common products: dleboards andwrappingmaterial. Indigenous uses: , andpharmacologicalproducts. tabolites beinginvestigatedforvariousagricultural, andliverwortscontainseveralsecondaryme- around pottedplants,anddecorationsinfloralcrafts. Common uses: Uses andProducts (1994), Vance andKirkland (1997),Vitt etal.(1988) (1998), USDAForestService (1965),USDAandUSDI Greenaway (1991),Peck(1997), PeckandMcCune References including rarespecies. high. Bulkharvestdoesnotdistinguishamongspecies, ests. Harvestlevelsincreasedinthe1990sandremain creating andmaintainingmixed-coniferhardwoodfor- Managing fordiverseforeststructureshouldhelpin ports large-diametervinemapleandotherhardwoods. management practicesdecreasedthehabitatthatsup- recoverslowlyfromharvest.Pastforest Comments andAreasofConcern they haverhizoidsanchoredtothebark. branches fromanyremainingmossbranchfragmentsif Plants willregeneratebygrowingnewleavesand Regeneration afterharvest: elevations, mossisharvestedalmostyear-round. primarily insummer. IntheCoastRangeandatlower Harvest season: Packingmaterial,decorativemulch Mossisharvestedandpurchased Usedasabsorbentmaterialforcra- Internationalanddomestic.Floral Drieddecorativemulch;dried Regenerationisslow. thick bark;however, firescarsmaketreessusceptibleto damage. Maturetreesareprotected fromfirebytheir cedar cones,bark,orleaves butrarelycausesignificant Ecological relations: under Douglas-fircanopy. Moderatelyshadetolerant. an earlycolonizerafterdisturbancebutreproduces Successional stage: typically growsinareaswithdrysummers. Habitat: and westernswordfern. manzanita, salal,ceanothus,whipplevine,poisonoak, Pacific madrone.Commonunderstoryspeciesinclude live ,OregonwhiteCaliforniablackand fer :whitefir, ponderosapine,Douglas-fir, canyon Associations: up to50percentofstand. More commononserpentinesoilandmaycomprise individuals orinsmallgroups,rarelypurestands. ern andcentralOregon.Thetreesgrowasscattered western Oregon,distributionmoreinterruptedinnorth- in mixed-evergreenforests.Continuousstandssouth- Baja, ,westernNevada;300-2500m.Common Range anddistribution: green infourrows;seedconesupto2.5cmlong. leaves denselysurroundingbranchlets;yellowish- thick, smoothpurplishbrownbark;smallscalelike Description: Ecology CADE27 Incense-cedar ( decurrens decurrens Florin) Florin Growswellinvarioussoilandclimatetypes; Native. Tall pyramidaltrees,25-40 m; Western hemlockzoneandmixed-coni- Earlytomidsuccessional,canbe Manyinsectsfeedonincense Oregon toCalifornia,south (Torr.) (Torr.) more uniformemergence. for .Seedssown infallhavehigherand Seed: Seed conesarematureinlatesummer. September, pollenshedinlatewintertoearlyspring. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Coleman). the incense-cedarscale( bees havebeenknowntocollecthoneydewfrom mineral soilcreatedbyburnsorlightdufflayers. high-intensity fires;seedlingsdowell,however, inbare fall, creatingathickdufflayerthatfuelsmedium-to tects themfromgroundfires.Trees shedneedleseach thicker basalbark(upto15cm)thatadequatelypro- totally consumedbyfire;morematuretreeshavea haveflammablebarkandfoliage,usually pocket dryrot.Smalltreeshighlysusceptibletofire; Easilygrownfromseed. requireprechilling Xylococculus macrocarpae Pollenconesproducedin Calocedrus decurrensCalocedrus 45

Plants Plants able lengthin3to5years. removed correctly, branchsproutsregrowtoreharvest- Regeneration afterharvest: will havelongerstorageandproductlife. for ahardfrost,thetreewillhardenoffandcutboughs Harvest season: velop newtipsforfutureharvest. leaving alivesidebranch.Thispermitsthetreetode- Harvest techniques: cones. least 46cmofbranchtipisclipped.Tips desirablewith Part harvested: Collection transplant easily. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: the bestpotentialforrootingsuccess. ; however, hardwoodcuttingstakeninAugustshow reproduce vegetativelyinnature.Cuttingsaredifficultto from rootedcuttings,thoughincensecedardoesnot Vegetative reproduction: specialty woodcraftsandlandscape ornamentals. greenery, preservedcraftmaterials,driedpotpourri, Common products: leaves: infusionsteamforcolds andstomachtroubles. boughs andtwigs:brooms,implementsflavorings; temporary camphousingandbasketry;: Indigenous uses: ing. Primarywoodusedinmakingpencils. tionally durableandresistanttodecay;trees:landscap- wood: homeexteriorusebecausethelumberisexcep- Common uses: Uses andProducts 46 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Boughs:decorativeandfloraluses; For holidaygreensanddecoratives:at Once thetemperaturesarelowenough Wood: housingandfenceposts;bark: Fresh andpreservedChristmas Smallplantscollectedinthewild The tipsofbranchesareclipped Progenycanbeproduced When boughtipsare important speciesinthehorticulturaltrade. Cupressaceae familythatincludesmanyofthemost morphology. Itisnotatruecedarbutmemberofthe geographic distribution,andvegetativereproductive recently separatedfromthegenus Calocedrus Incense-cedar istheoneofthreespeciesingenus Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1963),Young andYoung (1992) Kruckeberg (1993),Moerman(1998a,1998b),USDA Hall (1988),Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998), (1999), FranklinandDyrness(1973),Habeck(1992a), Burgett etal.(1989),BurnsandHonkala(1990),Earle References preserved craftmaterialfordriedfloralarrangements. plants; Regional:wholesalebulkcutgreenery;National: holiday greenery:productsandretaillandscapenursery Types ofmarkets: foundintheUnitedStates. Local: directmarketingoffinished Libocedrus Calocedrus basedon was and othermembersofthemustardfamily. bors fungithatcanbetransmittedtocabbage,turnips ; reportedtoreducemosquitolarvae;oftenhar- rodents; whenwet,seedsbecomestickyandcantrap Ecological relations: following disturbance.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: disturbed sites. Habitat: and grassesofopen,disturbedland. Associations: Widespread andcommon. most ofNorthAmerica;lowtosubalpineelevations. Range anddistribution: side. seeds, oblong,reddishbrownwithsingleridgeoneach tened, triangulartoheartshapedsilicles;manysmall white ,fourpetalseachto4mm;fruitsflat- ly toothed;manyfloweredracemeinflorescence;small stalkless andclasping,lanceshapedtooblong,irregular- toothed topinnatelydivided;stemleavesalternate, rosette, 3-6cmlongincludingthestalks,lanceshaped, to 50cm,simpleusuallybranched;basalleavesin Description: Ecology CABU2 Brassicaceae Shepherd’s purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. Waste places,roadsides,fields,gardens,and Exotic. Annualherb;finelyhairy;stems Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforests.Forbs Earlysuccessional.Colonizes Seedseatenbybirdsandsmall Widespread weedthroughout (L.) vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: by birdsandforaginganimals. Seed: from ApriltoSeptember. er inspring,floweringandseedproductionmayoccur Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedsitselfabundantly. Seedmaybe dispersed Oneofthefirstplantstoflow- Doesnotreproduce Capsella bursa-pastoris 47

Plants Plants food, andcondiment. Types ofmarkets: and beverageadditive. Common products: tery anddiarrhea,infusionforrashes,poisonivy. traditionally usedduringchildbirth;analgesic,fordysen- Indigenous uses: otic, andstophemorrhaging(birth). ginger. Possiblytotreatcancerandliverdamage,antibi- styptic; edibleleavesinsalad,seedsaspepper, rootas Common uses: Uses andProducts plants arelefttoproduceseed,thepatchwillcontinue. annual andproducesabundantseeds.Aslongassome Regeneration afterharvest: roots, autumntospring. before floweringstage.Gatherseedssummertofall; seed capsules.Forproperidentification,gatherleaves Harvest season: Keep wholeuntilused;doesnotstorewell. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection production toavoidunwantedspreadofspecies. stage. Donotmoveplantduringfloweringandseed Transplant viability: because ofweedyhabit. Cultivation: 48 Cultivation possible,butnotrecommended Medicinal,,astringent,and Entireplant. Plantsareharvestedafterplantforms Young, pepperyleavesusedforfood; Domestic.Herbal,natural, Tea, tincture,herbals,andfood Entire planttakenincludingroots. Transplants bestinearlyrosette Shepherd’s purseisan Schumann (1993),Tilford (1998),Willard (1992) MacKinnon (1994),Schofield(1989),Thomasand Cronquist (1978),Moerman(1998b),Pojarand and Duke(1990),Hickman(1993),Hitchcock Burrill etal.(1996),EliasandDykeman(1990),Foster References maybemistakenforthisspecies. native plantcommunities.Othermembersofmustard Use carenottospreadtheplantintouncontaminated Comments andAreasofConcern and ; Columbia toCalifornia,eastAlberta,SouthDakota Range anddistribution: single, shinybrownseed. fruits three-lobed,explosivecapsule,4-5mm,eachwith panicle inflorescence,5-12cm;smallwhiteflowers; three mainveins,finelytoothed,oftentightlycurling; long, shinyandoftenstickyontop,velvetybeneath, red; leavesalternate,,broadlyoval,3-6cm roots oftenknotted,withinnerbarkcharacteristically dish-brown, finelyfurrowedandridgedatmaturity; bark olive-greenwhenyoung,becominggrayorred- cally 1-3m,butcanreach3.7mormoreintheopen; many stemmed,thicket-formingevergreenshrub;typi- Description: Ecology CEANO Ceanothus, redroot,buckbrush Ceanothus successional. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: of persistentbrushfieldsafterfireortimberharvest. wooded slopes,sunnylocations.Importantcomponent Habitat: serviceberry, shinyleafspirea,andoceanspray. mixed conifer, mountainmaple,ninebark,manzanita, grand firzones.Douglas-fir, redfir, ponderosapineand Associations: dense thicketsondisturbedsites. 3000 m.Scatteredindividualsorpatches,oftenforms Johnston), sealevelupto900m;var. C. sanguineus C. velutinus ceanothus-CEVE Drytomoistopenforesthabitats,rockyor Native. Roundedtospreading,single Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir, C. velutinus Dougl. exHook.,Snowbrush L. spp. Pursh,Redstemceanothus-CESA Colonizerfollowingfire,early Coast RangefromBritish var. hookeri velutinus (M.C. , 1000- ;aerator. As ashade-intolerantspecies, the rootscontainnitrogen-fixing fungi,whichenhance important inpreventingsoil erosion;noduleslocatedon pollen source;becauseofdeep-rooting habit,canbe bees andotherpollinators;goodsecondarynectar seeds eatenbysmallmammals,birdsandants;attracts moose, mountaingoats,smallmammals;fruitsand various wildlife,especiallyinwinter;browsefordeer, Ecological relations: Importantfoodandcoverfor Ceanothus velutinus 49

Plants Plants almostimpossible. planted, butforolderplants,thedeeptaprootmakes Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: are takenfromyoungplantsinsummer. sprouting abilitydecreaseswithageofplant.Cuttings tings; cansproutfromthestump,rootcrown,orroots; Vegetative reproduction: Early mortalityofseedlingsishighinthewild. ;seedsareplantedinfallorsummer. prechilling areneededtosoftenseedcoatandbreak explode whenripe.Pretreatmentsofhotwaterand tying clothbagovertheclustersofcapsulesasfruits remain dormantinsoilfor300years;collectseedby Seed: fruits fromMaytoAugust. Flowering andfruiting: Biology brush formsdensestandsafterafire. the soilandsproutsfromrootcrown.Oftensnow- tion; regeneratesfrombothlong-livedseedsstoredin snowbrush ceanothusrequiresdisturbanceforregenera- regenerate ifplantisharvested conservatively. Regeneration afterharvest: higher levelsofactiveconstituents. Harvest season: conservatively. entire root;removedsoilisreplaced;leavesgathered peripheral rootsarecut;notnecessarytodigoutthe Harvest techniques: desirable rootshavereddishorwine-coloredbark. Part harvested: Collection 50 Prolificproduction,butvariesannually;seedcan Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Foliarsprays,leaves,androot.Most Anytime;rootsgatheredin fallhave Nomorethantwoofthesmaller Young seedlingscanbetrans- FlowersfromApriltoJune, Propagatedfromstemcut- Roots andfoliagecan floral materialsandunfinishedwreaths. farmer’s markets,wholesalecommoditymarketsofraw nal andherbal.Retaildirectmarketingatcraftfairs Types ofmarkets: als forwreathsandfloralarrangements. (roots favored),andextracts.Foliage:driedcraftmateri- Common products: aid, fevers,andcoughs;tobacco,soaps,cleaning. Indigenous uses: black tea;crafteddecorations. cold andcoughremedies.Substitutedforcommercial mental. Iscombinedwithpurplebeebalmforusein bleeding andnervousirritability;hairrinse;orna- gent, tonic,antiseptic,fortonsillitis,torelieveinternal Common uses: Uses andProducts (1992) Tirmenstein (1990a), Willard (1992),Young andYoung non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Tilford (1993,1998), Moerman (1998b),Moore(1993),PojarandMacKin- quist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993), Dyrness (1973),Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCron- Burgett etal.(1989),Conard(1985),Franklinand References ingested withcaution. known toxins,productsfromthisspeciesshouldbe er headsareshakenwithwater. Becausesaponinsare soapy characteristicandmaycausefoamingwhenflow- factant ,saponin.Thesecompoundshavea Pacific West. There aremorethan30speciesof Comments andAreasofConcern Ceanothus sanguineus Medicinal,lymphaticstimulant,astrin- Tea fortuberculosis,dermatological Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Rootsorleaves:herbal,tincture Ceanothus containsthesur- inthe sites. decline afterfire.Typically absentonhighlydisturbed they aresusceptibletodamage andmayshowastrong sensitive speciesmaysurvivemoderatefire;however, allow theintroductionofair, water, andorganisms. Fire- long, horizontallyspreadingrootsbreakupthesoiland bumblebees andstaphylinidbeetles.Soilaerator:the nent ofwhitetaileddeerwinterdiets.Pollinatedby Ecological relations: tolerant. Successional stage: ing logs. fer andmixedforests,clearings,humusdecompos- Habitat: plantain, bunchberrydogwood,andtwinflower. common snowberry, dwarfOregongrape,rattlesnake silver fir, andnoblefir, subalpinefir, blackhuckleberry, ic silverfir-Pacificrhododendron.Douglas-fir, Pacific zones. Presentinmanyassociations.CommonPacif- Associations: types, butoftendoesnotreachdominance. 2900 m.Commonunderstoryspeciesinmanyhabitat southern CaliforniatoEasternUnitedStates;300- Range anddistribution: fruits, 5-7mm,erectcapsules. 15) insmallcluster, 5-7mmlong,radialandnodding; umbel inflorescence,severalpinktoredflowers(5 3-7 cm,shinygreenabove,toothedabovethemiddle; stout stemsto35cmlong;whorled,oblongleaves Description: Ecology CHUM Pipsissewa, Prince’s Chimaphila umbellata Drytomoist,cool,well-drainedsitesinconi- Native. Evergreenperennialsubshrub; Pacificsilverfirandwesternhemlock Midtolatesuccessional. Minorimportancetoelk.Compo- Circumboreal, Alaskato (L.) Bart. freeze-thaw cyclesmayhelp germination. storage survivalisnotknown. Requiresstratification; to collect;gatheredinfalland sownimmediatelyas best propagationoption;small sizemakesseeddifficult grains ofdust,winddispersed.Slowtogerminatebut Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology Capsulescontainthousandsofseedsresembling FlowersfromJunetoAugust. Chimaphila umbellata 51

Plants Plants is clipped,willregeneratewithmultiplebranches. of rootsorlargeamountaerialportion.Iffoliagetip Regeneration afterharvest: harvest plantinspring. in fallallowsseedstomature;someherbalistsprefer Harvest season: rhizome isreplacedintheground. gently pulledup.Endsareclippedoffandremaining collect roots,aportionoftheinterconnectedrhizomeis poses, onlycurrentyear’s foliargrowthisharvested.To ed withoutimpactingregeneration.Formedicinalpur- in thisway, manyoftheplantsinapatchcan becollect- stems, leavingtwobracketsofleaves.Ifharvestisdone by usingaknifeorpruningshears,andclippingthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection planted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: quickly. stems. Thelongrhizomesoftheplantgenerallygrow Vegetative reproduction: 52 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Wholeplantandleaves. Theherbisusefulanytime;gathering Aerialportionofplantcollected Difficult; seedlingsmaybetrans- Bydivisionofunderground Generallypoorforharvest age, herbal,andfloral. Types ofmarkets: dried, andfreshfloralgreens. Common products: induce sweating;andtoflavormedicine. kidney orbladderinfection;forloweringbloodsugar;to drops; forchestpainfromheartconditions;tea blisters, afterbirthforinternalbleeding;rooteye- Indigenous uses: herbal teas;floralanddecorative. Flavoring ingredientinsomesoftdrinksandcandy; tions andinflammationofthekidneys;leavesareedible. irritating thanmanzanita,usedforurinarytractinfec- Common uses: Uses andProducts Savers (2000),Willard (1992) and Schumann(1993),Tilford (1998),United non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Seda(1989),Thomas Matthews (1994),Mizerak(1998),PojarandMacKin- (1998), LeungandFoster(1996),Loganetal.(1987), (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest Everett (1997),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman References American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. years. indicating thatrecoveryfromtotalplantharvesttakes Monitoring ofharvestedplantsinnorthernCaliforniais Has beenharvestedinlargequantitiesforflavorings. Comments andAreasofConcern Chimaphila Disinfectant,astringentreportedlyless Forheadcolds,backache,gonorrhea, isonUnitedPlantSaversNorth Internationalanddomestic.Bever- Flavorings,herbal,medicinal, portant tobreakingdowndecayed plantmaterialand the forestfloor, therebyallowingmicro-organisms im- ruffed .Adaptedtodense shadeandbreaksup water infiltration.Usedinsmall quantitiesasforagefor Ecological relations: ground coverinold-growthforests.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: elevation, wetsites,andstreambanks. Habitat: beadlily, andpipsissewa. , Oregondogwood,evergreen violet,queencup grape; Douglas-fir, lodgepolepine,grandfir, redhuckle- Western hemlock-Pacificrhododendron-dwarfOregon Associations: and westernMontana;600-1800m. ington. lia Washington toCalifornia;below1000m. Range anddistribution: follicle splitsatmaturity. greenish-white, petalsshorter;fruits:follicles10-12mm; stalks shorterthantheleaves,sepalslinear, 8-10 mm, lobed, toothedleaflets,shinyabove,2-6cm;flowering at baseofleafstalk;dividedleaveswiththreedeeply cm; brightyellow, threadlikerhizomes;touchofyellow Description: Ecology COLA3 Oregon goldthread,cut-leaved laciniata goldthread : Alaska,BritishColumbia,northwestcoasttoWash- C. trifolia C. occidentalis goldthread-COOC COTR2 Coptis occidentalis Cool,moist,coastalforestsatlowtomid Native. Evergreen perennialherb;11-24 (L.)Salisb.,Threeleafgoldthread- Western hemlock,subalpinefirzones. (Nutt.)Torr. &Gray, Western Latesuccessional.Predominant Rhizomesaidinsoilaerationand Gray Coptis laciniata : easternWashington, Idaho, Coptis trifo- : west-central Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: zomes. Vegetative reproduction: grown incoolshade. post. Germination:1to6monthsat10°C.Seedlings splits. Seedssownassoonripeinericaceouscom- water. Fruitscollectedatmaturitybutbeforefollicle Seed: follicles thatcontain5to10seedseach. April. FruitsfromAprilthroughJune.consistof Flowering andfruiting: Biology some areas. may killit.Leavesprovideimportantdeerforagein sufficiently nearthesurfacethatmoderatelyseverefires zome ifundamagedafterafire;however, therhizomeis releasing nutrientstothrive.Will sproutfromtherhi- Smallanddifficulttocollect,seedsdisperseby Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercially Doesnottransplantwell. FlowersfromMarchthrough Propagateseasilyfromrhi- Coptis laciniata 53

Plants Plants horticultural, andlandscape. Types ofmarkets: scape plants.Maybeadditiveingoldensealproducts. Common products: tonic afterprolongedillness. was usedasaneyewash,totreatindigestion,anda tea from Indigenous uses: shady gardensandlandscaping. ry, uterotonic,antiparasitic,andstyptic.Wholeplant: ral, liverstimulant,,astringent,anti-inflammato- Common uses: Uses andProducts remaining plantsmaynotsurvivewellafterharvest. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: and AreasofConcern” clipped usingclippers;donotpullout(see are gentlypulledupandclippedwithshears.Roots abundant. Nomorethan7.5cmofrhizomeandroots from edgeofpatches.Collectonlywherespeciesis Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 54 Coptis Roots:medicinal,antimicrobial,antivi- rootstotreatmouthsores.Theteaalso Rootprimarily, alsoupperplantparts. Latesummerandfall. NativeAmericanschewedormade Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Tea, tincture, capsules,andland- Recommended togathercarefully below). Ifrhizomesareimpacted, “Comments the PacificNorthwestRegion. thread ( goldthread ( can medicinalplants“To Watch” list.-leaved nancy. substitute. Thisplantshouldnotbeusedduringpreg- in Oregongrape,amorecommonplant,thus,better active ingredientsingoldthread,berberine,alsoisfound portionately smallamountofmedicine.Onethemain disturbance. Livesinsensitivehabitat;yieldsadispro- tions. Moistareasandstreamsideshighlysusceptibleto ceptible todamage.Cannotsupportextensivecollec- than thesoilbeneath,therebymakingthemhighlysus- The rhizomesgenerallygrowintheduff layer, rather Comments andAreasofConcern Tilford (1993,1998),UnitedPlantSavers(2000) (1959), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Sullivan(1992), West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),MunzandKeck man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Franklin andDyrness(1973),Gardenbed(2000),Hick- References Coptis C. trifolia Coptis aspleniifolia isonUnitedPlantSaversNorthAmeri- ) areonthesensitivespecieslistof ) andthreeleafgold- Description: Ecology CRATA Rosaceae Hawthorn Crataegus toothed. wedge shaped,lobed,tiptruncate,marginabovebase Crataegus douglasii clusters, andredtoblack. petals andmanystamens;fruit,berry-sizedpomes,in white inflat,terminateclusters;eachflowerhasfive branches, linedwith2.5-7.6-cmcurvedthorns;flowers, Native. monogyna thickets. sides, andalongfencelines. Typically growsinriparian Streamsides, forestedges,meadows, grassland,road- Habitat: poison oak,andgrasses. snowberry, wildrose,cow-parsnip, stingingnettle, -meadow communities,chokecherry, common Black cottonwood,redalder, Oregonash;nonforest Associations: north toBritishColumbia,eastMontana. northern Californiamontane,CoastRangeandKlamath Cascade Rangebuthasspread. 1700 m. ern CaliforniatoAlaska,east-centralNorthAmerica Range anddistribution: with amarginabovebasetoothed. Crataegus suksdorfii C. suksdorfii C. monogyna C. douglasii hawthorn-CRMO3 hawthorn-CRSU16 Crataegus Crataegus monogyna Crataegus monogyna Prefersnitrogen-richsoils in openareas. : Naturalized,exotic.

Crataegus douglasii Mixed-hardwood/coniferousforests. Lindl., Blackhawthorn-CRDO2 L. spp. (Sarg.) Kruschke,Suksdorfi’s Jacq., Oneseedorcommon : Deciduoustreeorshrubto5mtall; : leavesalternate2-9cmlong, : leaveswedgeshaped,unlobed, Crataegus douglasii : leavesdeeplylobed. : chieflywesternslopeof Crataegus suksdorfii Crataegus suksdorfii : Native. Crataegus : north- : : September. late August.Fruitsripenfrom midJulythrough Flowering andfruiting: Biology where hawthornisabundant. ed byfire.Goodminorsourceofpollenforinsects thick stands,providesfuelandcanbeseverelyimpact- offsite colonizerinthefirsttwoyearsafterafire.In ates firethatdoesnotdamagerootsystem;alsoan serve asabuffer aroundwetlandcommunities.Toler- cape habitattovariousanimalsandbirds;densethickets Ecological relations: tolerance. in ornearmoisthabitats.Lowtomoderateshade sponds todisturbancethatcreatesopeningsparticularly Successional stage: Early tomidsuccessional.Re- Providesfood,nesting,andes- FlowersfromearlyMayto Crataegus douglasii 55

Plants Plants buds onuncutportionofstem. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: on thetree. reach fromthegroundaregatheredtominimizeimpact clipped withpruners.Onlyleavesandberrieswithin flowering andleavesarejustbeginningtobud, Harvest techniques: flowers, buds,andthorns);berriesinfall. Part harvested: Collection 3 yearsold. For bestsuccess,transplantashrubthatisatleast grows wellwithamplewatering,butslowly. Transplant viability: commercially availablefor Cultivation: suckers thatwillsproutafterremovalofstems. Vegetative reproduction: sow inspring. Sow seedearlyinfallorifstoredcoldoverwinter, creases germination,acidscarificationalsomayhelp. Seed extractedbymaceration.Coldstratificationin- until winter. Collectfruitfromtreeoroff theground. Seed: 56 Seeddispersedbyanimals.Fruitspersistontree Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Floweringbranchtipsinspring(leaves, Springforflowers,fallberries. Theoutermostsmalllimbs,when Canbepurchasedatnurseries; Canbepropagatedfrom Crataegus douglasii Branchesresproutfrom . food andherbal. Types ofmarkets: tinctures, andspecialtyfoods. Common products: for handlesofsmalltools. heart tonic.Thewood,becauseofitsstrength,isused Indigenous uses: American Chinatowns. in beverages,candiedfruitslices,jams,winemajor tips usedinsleep-inducingpreparations;fruitsasfood, analgesic; cardiacdrugpreparations();flowering (Europe) carditonic,hypotensive,antibacterial,and Dried fruits(),floweringtips,leaves, an antioxidant,andsteadyaweakorerraticheartbeat. system. Itisreportedtoincreasecirculation,serveas Common uses: Uses andProducts Service (1974) (1998), Sudworth(1967),Tilford (1998),USDAForest and MacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997),Roseetal. Hortus West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996), Pojar (1997), Habeck(1991),Hall(1988),Hickman(1993), Antos etal.(1996),Burgett(1989),Cooke References from Europe,maybeinvasive. hawthorn andoneseedhawthorn,anintroducedspecies harvest lightlyandoverseverallocations.Suksdorfi’s thorn. Becauseitissofavoredbyvariousanimals, Notice whichbirdsarefeedingwhenharvestinghaw- ( Black hawthornissimilartoColumbia Comments andAreasofConcern Crataegus columbiana Asatonictoaidthecardiovascular Fruitsandflowersusedtocreatea Internationalanddomestic.Health Dietarysupplement,tea,tablets, ), whichishairierandsmaller. by soil-bornefungi. ( eat theconeseeds;susceptibletofatalrootrot foliage, woodratsandporcupineseatthebark,squirrels mountain beaversandrabbitsoccasionallyeatsapling Ecological relations: cies. Shadetolerant. Successional stage: butgrowsfasterintheopen. trations, sandyandclayloams.Growsinshadeofother often onrockswithhighmagnesiumandironconcen- Habitat: salal, Pacificrhododendron,andevergreen . White fir, Douglas-fir, grandfir; dwarfOregongrape, Associations: conifers, smallpurestandsorscatteredtrees. below 1700m.Uncommon;mixedstandswithother ,southwestOregon;sealevelto Range anddistribution: cone, red-brown,6-10mm. fernlike sprays;pollencone,pinktored,2-3mm;seed fibrous ridges,fire-resistant;scalelikeleavesarrangedin diameter, bark15-25cmthick,red-browntotan,deep, dal inyouth,droopingbranches;trunklessthan6m Description: Ecology CULA3 Cupressaceae Port-Orford-cedar ( lawsoniana lateralis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.) Coastalconifer, mixed-evergreen,moistsoils, Native. Evergreentree,20-65m,pyrami- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlockzones. Early-andlate-successionalspe- Lowpalatabilityforbrowse; Tuck. &J.A.Milb.)caused Coastal northwestCalifornia, (A. Murr.) may bestoreddriedformore than10years. year; heavycropsmayoccur every4to5years.Seeds bearing startsfrom5years; productiondiffersyearto Seed: or October. mer, pollinateafterspring;seedsmatureinSeptember same branches;budsgrowinspring,developsum- Flowering andfruiting: Biology DispersalfromSeptember through May. Seed Pollenandseedconeson Cupressus lawsoniana 57

Plants Plants Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: rooted ifpropermethodsarefollowed. plants donotnaturallysprout.Stemcuttingseasily Vegetative reproduction: products. scaping orwind-breakplant;stems:variouswood day anddecorativecrafts,aromatics;wholeplant:land- Common products: and furniture;branches:brushesbrooms. Indigenous uses: woodenware, toys,andtempleconstruction. breaks andornamentalplantings.PopularinAsiafor rangements andholidaygreens;wholeplant: work, andinteriorfinishes;cutbranches:flowerar- Common uses: Uses andProducts trees. from seedafterclearcuttingorpartialcuttingstandof Regeneration afterharvest: when allgrowthhasstoppedandfoliagecoldhardened. Harvest season: raining orwettoavoidspreadofrootrot. harvest isplanned.Boughsarenotharvestedwhen 50 percentofthetotalgreenmassisremovediffuture leaving livesidebranchesoneachtwig.Nomorethan Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 58 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Stems:poles,posts,specialtywood- Boughs. Annually, infallafterthefirstfrost Wood: houseplanks,sweathouses, Branches:wreaths,swags,holi- Branchesareprunedfromtrees Canbetransplanted. Layeringrarelyoccurs,and Canreproduceeffectively landscape, andexportlogswood. floral, landscape,andrestoration.International: home landscaping,logs,andfinishedlumber. Regional: Types ofmarkets: Service toavoidspreadingdisease. caution inharvesting;guidelinesavailablefromForest tions severelyreducedbyspreadof infection. Trees canlivemorethan600years.Popula- times becomeneedleorawllikebecauseofgrazing pollen cones,andwillpaymoreforthem.Leavessome- Buyers preferboughswith“bloom”-yellowbudsof Comments andAreasofConcern (1997), Young andYoung (1992) Uchytil (1990),USDAForestService(1965),Whitney (1998), Moerman(1998a),MunzandKeck(1959), (1973), Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998),Mizerak Burns andHonkala(1990),FranklinDyrness References Local:floral,crafts,restoration, Phytophthora . Use 12 hoursoffullsunandsufficient moisture. Plants growmostrapidlyin openareashavingatleast favor spreadofexotics.Tolerant ofsalineconditions. May takeadvantageoflandmanagementpracticesthat utility, androadbuildingpractices exposemineralsoil. Habitat: and grassesoffieldsforestopenings. lands, farmland.Associatedwithvariousshrubs,forbs, to lowerelevations.Alsononforestmeadows,grass- Associations: cool, wetsitesinnortheasternWashington. Oregon. Isolatedpopulationshavebeenidentifiedin Mountains ofsoutheastWashington andnortheastern eastern slopesoftheCascadeRangeandinBlue sive westoftheCascadeRangebutcanbefoundon British ColumbiatonorthernCalifornia.Itismostinva- Range anddistribution: and generallyattainheightsofover2.5m. Once established,itcangrowannuallyfrom30-75cm state untilithasestablishedanextensiverootsystem. Young plantoftenwillspend2to4yearsinagrasslike having onebannerpetal,wings,andtwokeelpetals. deep yellowwithcrimsonwings,typicalofpeafamily cm long;flowersshowyrangingfromlightyellowto gether tomakeasinglebranchclusterorshoot50-100 dark green,waxysmooth,five-sided;stemsgroupto- with entireleafletsandarrangedspirallyupstems;stem, angled; leavessmall,darkgreen,mostlythree-parted tall, moreorlesserect;branchesgreenandstronglyfive Description: Ecology CYSC4 Fabaceae Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius Quicklyinvadesareaswherefarming,, Exotic. Woody deciduousshrubto3m Mixed-hardwood/coniferousforests.Mid Western NorthAmericafrom (L.)Link. fixing plant,doeswellinpoorsoil. attractive tobeesforitsabundantpollen.- Ecological relations: Shade intolerant. Successional stage: Seeds remainviableinthesoil formanyyears. seeds from1-4m.About65,000 seedsperpound. warp indifferentdirections andsnapaparttothrowthe Seed: old. as 2yearsbutismostabundantonplantsover4 about 4cmlong.Floweringoccursonplantsasyoung Flowering andfruiting: Biology Asthepodmaturesanddries,twohalves Colonizerandearlysuccessional. Likemanyleguminousspecies, Fruits,blackflattenedpods Cytisus scoparius 59

Plants Plants and floralcrafts. markets forfreshfloral,preserved floralarrangements, Types ofmarkets: arrangements. Common products: Indigenous uses: used asaccentinfloralarrangements. floral arrangements.Deepgreencolorandwaxystems Common uses: Uses andProducts below clippedtop. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: ment. maintain qualityduringstorage,processing,andship- damage, andseedpods.Shootsmustbedormantto clipped withclippersarefreeofdirt,blemishes, 80-83 cmlonggatheredin2-lbbunches.Stemshand green. Desiredstemsareunbranchedsinglespikes Harvest techniques: seeds andflowersaredesired. Part harvested: Collection can spreadreadilytootherareas. requirements aremetbutnotrecommendedbecauseit Transplant viability: garden. eries. Easytocultivateandgrow;itcantakeovera andvarietiessoldatmanycommercialnurs- Cultivation: cuttings orsuckers. Vegetative reproduction: 60 Introducedasornamental;ornamental Erectgreenspikeswithtinyleavesin Longstraightshoots,withoutleaves, FromSeptembertoMay. Notknown. Floral.Internationalanddomestic Decorativestems,freshanddried Harvestedstemsarewaxyand Readilytransplantableifbasic Reproduceseasilyfrom Good;branchessprout controlled bylandowners. Washington Statelawrequiresscotchbroomtobe owners. Usecaretonotspreadspeciesinadvertently. (1938) USDA ForestService(1965,1974),Van Dersaletal. (1994), Rice(1997),SchlosserandBlatner(1992), Pogge (1974),Kozloff(1976),PojarandMacKinnon Burgett etal.(1989),Burrill(1996),Gilland References in 19 season. NativeofEuropethatescapedfromcultivation ious ,pollencommonallergenduringflowering press thehearingandnervoussystem.Aggressivenox- Caution: Containsseveraltoxicalkaloidsthatcande- Comments andAreasofConcern th centurytobecomeamajorpestmanyland- seed. Vegetative reproduction: Readily germinatesfromseed. Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology Ecological relations: disturbance. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: disturbed areas. Habitat: meadows; wildrose,thistle,grasses,andrushes. Associations: creasing inthePacificNorthwest gon. Below1700m.NativetoEurope.Common,in- Range anddistribution: fullonom cral bractsthatarelongerthanthehead. sylvestris cylindrical heads;fruitsfour-angledandhairy. long, entireortoothed;flowers5-10cm,purple,with site leavesonstem;deeplyveined,upto25cm ward-turned prickles;basalrosetteofleavesandoppo- 2 mtall;stemiscoveredwithseveralrowsofdown- Description: Ecology DIPSA Dipsacaceae Teasel Dipsacus D. fullonum D. sylvestris Seedmaybedispersedbybirdsandanimals. : spinetipsofreceptacularbractsrecurved. Moistsites,roadsides,pastures,oldfields,and : flowersubtendedbyprickly, curvedinvolu- Exotic. Biennialherb,erectstemupto ,herbsofopenfields,moist L. spp. L., Commonteasel-DIFU2 Huds., Wild teasel-DISY Earlysuccessional.Colonizesafter Nectarproducing,attractsbees. FlowersfromJulytoAugust. Northern CaliforniatoOre- Biennial;reproductionby Dipsacus Dipsacus heads. Part harvested: Collection stage, buthaslongtap-root. Transplant viability: habit. Europe; cautionshouldbeexercisedbecauseofweedy Cultivation: Was acommonlycultivatedplantin Crownofplantandstemswith seed Maybetransplantedinrosette Dipsacus fullonum 61

Plants Plants Types ofmarkets: Common products: heads forcardingwool(Navajo). Indigenous uses: indigestion. winter bouquets.Freshherbasbittertonic;teafor for decoratingandarecommonlysilveredorgilded Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: flowering. Harvest season: ferred. picked, butusingshearsorclippersandglovesispre- Harvest techniques: 62 Stemsandfruitingheadsarepreserved Latesummerthroughfall,after Medicinallyforskinproblems;seed Domestic.Craftandfloral. Driedfloraldecoration. Stemsarepricklyandmaybe Byseedonly. USDA ForestService(1963) (1993), Hitchcocketal.(1969),Moerman(1998b), Burgett etal.(1989),Burrill(1996),Hickman References for cardingwool. introduced inthewestcoastbecauseseedheadsused to spreadseed.Hasnotbeenlistedasnoxious.Was Because itisaweedyexotic,careshouldbetakennot Comments andAreasofConcern fires. rhizomes aredeepandtypicallysurviveevensevere that itdoesnotgothroughfrequentfires;however, reduce erosion.Horsetailhabitatisusuallywetenough deer andelk;shelterforsmallanimals;rhizomeshelp Ecological relations: erately shadetolerant Successional stage: turbed, roadsideditchesandirrigationwaterways. lands toalpineareas,inopenings.Oftenfounddis- Habitat: coltsfoot, andcow-parsnip. forests. Spruce,, Oregonash,, salmonberry; Associations: ,Europe,Asia. Range anddistribution: clustered . brown, tippedwithaterminalcone,2-3.5cmlong,of stem: unbranched,11-32 cm,fleshy, usuallythick, branching (horsetail),hollow, whorledstems;fertile types ofjointedstems:sterilestem:10-60cm,green, Description: Ecology EQUIS Equisetaceae Horsetail Seed: early spring;greensterilestems, later. Flowering andfruiting: Biology E. hyemale E. arvense Producesspores,dispersed bywindorwater. Various ,moisttowetareas,fromlow- Native. Perennial.Rhizomatous;two Coniferandmixed-conifer/hardwood L.,Commonhorsetail-EQAR L.,Scouring-rush-EQHY L. spp. Earlytolatesuccessional.Mod- Foodforbears,lowpalatabilityto Fertilestemsappearfirstin Widespread, below3000m; transplanted intoasimilarenvironment. and rootballisdugupwiththesurroundingsoil Transplant viability: ly available. Cultivation: Segments ofrhizomeswillsprout. Vegetative reproduction: sharp clippersorknife. trates instem.Stalkjustabove baseofplantiscutwith growth beforeleaveshaveelongated andsilicaconcen- Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercial- Wholefemaleplant,alsostems. Stemsaregatheredinearly Poor, butpossibleifentireplant Spreadsfromrhizomes. Equisetum arvense 63

Plants Plants and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: Common products: and asanabrasive. joint ache,headache,teething,cuts,poisonivywash, neys, stronginfusionforconstipation;stemdysuria, powdered steminshoetoavoidfootcramps;forkid- and groin;fertilestemrootsusedaspowerfuldiuretic; Indigenous uses: tissues, ithasbeenusedasanindicatorinbioassays. food flavoring;becauseitcanconcentrategoldinits ucts; herbaldietarysupplementformineralcontent,pet food; dye.Additiveinshampoosandskincareprod- boiled. Black,ediblenodulesattachedtorootsusedfor to stopbleeding.Tender, youngshootsareeatenrawor green portionusedasmedicinal,astringent,diuretic,and remineralizing anddiureticmedicinals.Aboveground Common uses: Uses andProducts zomes areintact,willresproutfollowingseason. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: 64 Silicaextractedfromhorsetailisusedin Earlytomidspring. Poulticeofstemforrashunderarm Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tincture, tea,andcapsules. Ifroot-crownandrhi- (1989), Sullivan(1993),Tilford (1998) Pojar andMacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997),Schofield Moore (1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Ody Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Mizerak Ambrose andJohnson(1999),Burrilletal.(1996), References considered ediblebecauseofhighsilicaceouscontent. considered noxiousinOregon.Maturestemsarenot crops, andprobablytoxictosurroundingvegetation; margins ofdrieststands.Consideredaweedwithsome Soil oftensensitivetocompaction;gatherfromthe Comments andAreasofConcern survive low-tomoderate-intensity fires. leaves andbranchesproduce flammablelitter. Rhizomes through germinationofseedstoredinthesoil.Resinous tablishes afterfirebysproutingfromrhizomesor valuable tobeesfornectarandpollen.Yerba santaes- for birdsandsmallmammals;inCaliforniafoundtobe rodents; seedsbyinsects.Young shrubsprovidecover and spring;fullseedcapsulesmaybeeatenbybirds Ecological relations: early-successional communities.Shadeintolerant. vor indisturbedcommunities;matureshrubsfound Successional stage: east-facing slopes. sides, woodland,andchaparral.Commononsouth-or Habitat: brush, white-leavedmanzanita. member ofchaparralcommunity;narrow-leavedbuck- Associations: petition, canformpure,densestands. cade Range,Oregon;60-1900m.With decreasedcom- Range anddistribution: 1-1.5 mm. at endofstems;fruitafour-valvedcapsule;seeds 4-15 cm;flowerswhitetopurple,funnelbellshaped, alternate, leathery, sticky, lanceshapedtooblong, erect withsheddingbark,twigssticky;leavessimple, Description: Ecology ERCA6 Hydrophyllaceae Yerba santa,mountainbalm Eriodictyon californicum & Arn.)Torr. Dryhabitatsoffoothills,slopes,fields,road- Native. Evergreenshrub;stems1-3m Annualgrasslandandoakwoodland, Botharesidualcolonizerandsurvi- Lightlybrowsedbydeerinwinter Northwest ,Cas- (Hook. are carefullydriedtoavoid mold. narrow-leaf yerbasanta( Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: Plants arecommerciallyavailable. can bedoneifthecorrectgrowingmediumiscreated. Cultivation: the mostsuccessfulmethodofself-propagation. Vegetative reproduction: after fire. mechanical sitepreparation.Seedlingsmaybeabundant Seed: in September. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Germinatesafterdisturbancesuchasafireor Canbecultivated.Maydifficultbut Leaves.Leavesofyerbasanta and Maybetransplanted. FromMaytoJuly;seedripe Eriodictyon angustifolium Vegetative reproductionis Eriodictyon californicum ) 65

Plants Plants leaves afterharvest. Regeneration afterharvest: is freshandgreenresinsarehighinthestem. Harvest season: al andregrowth. Harvested patchesshouldbemonitoredforplantsurviv- only inpatcheswhereplantsaresufficientlyabundant. of theplantintact.Forcommercialquantities,harvest Harvest techniques: nal, herbal,andfoodprocessing. Types ofmarkets: additive, andherbalmedicinals. Common products: stomach pains,asthma;alsousedbyearlysettlers. tism, tuberculosis,colds,topurifyblood,gonorrhea, leaves appliedtoheadaches;leaves-plantforrheuma- wash forpainful,fatiguedlimbs;poulticeofheated for rheumatism;chewedplantcolds;leavesina Indigenous uses: beverages andbakedgoods. ceutical flavoringandexpectorant,foodin Common uses: Uses andProducts 66 Fortreatingcoldsandasthma,pharma- Springandearlysummerwhilefoliage Branchesandleavesinsteambath Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Tincture, smokingmixture,food Leavesarepruned,leavingmost Doesnotregenerate American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. (1959), ThomasandSchumann(1993) Mizerak (1998),Moore(1993),MunzandKeck (1992b), LeungandFoster(1996),McMinn(1970), Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Howard Burgett etal.(1989),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References pollinators. plant establisheswellindisturbedsoil.Attractiveto Can beusedinrangelandrehabilitationbecausethe Comments andAreasofConcern Eriodictyon isonUnitedPlantSaversNorth ; browsedbydeer, ,andbears; thermaland utors ofseeds,aswellbears, ,andother Ecological relations: erately shadetolerant. shrub communityofWillamette Valley grasslands.Mod- found inunderstoryofsecond-growthforests;rose Successional stage: chaparral. semishady sites,mixed-coniferousforestedge,and Habitat: ponderosa pine,redalder, andvinemaple. Coniferous andmixed-evergreen forests;Douglas-fir, Associations: stands, butnotabundant. western ;below2000m.Widespread, brushy Ranges, butcanbefoundinnorthernIdahoandnorth- nia, mostlyinwesternslopeofCascadeandCoast Range anddistribution: containing twotothreeseeds. fruits blue-blacktopurplish-blackberries,5-8mm 8 to40inumbrella-shapedclustersaxilsofleaves; yellow, 3-4mm,fivesepals,petalsandstamens, toothed, prominentparallelveins;flowersgreenish- leaves, oblong,darkglossygreen,6-12cmlong,finely brown; terminalbudnotcoveredwithscale;alternate bitter tasting,trunkdiameter10-40cm;twigsredto small tree,upto20m;barkthin,smooth,silver-gray, Description: Ecology FRPU7 Rhamnaceae chittum Buckthorn, cascarabuckthorn, ( purshiana purshiana Lowermountainslopes,wettosemidry, Native. ,erect,tallshrubor Sitkaspruce,westernhemlockzones. Earlytomidsuccessional,often Birdsarethepredominant distrib- British ColumbiatoCalifor- DC.Cooper) DC. Cooper be transplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: spring. Cutstemswillresproutorcoppice. ble. Take hardwoodcuttingsinfall.Layeringpossible Vegetative reproduction: cold stratify. 2 weeksbeforefruitisripe.Sowoutdoorsinautumnor Seed: July, fruitripensfromJulytoSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology source forpollinators,especiallybees. after low-intensityfires.Importantnectarandpollen hiding cover. Cascarawillsproutfromtherootcrown Usuallyreproducesbyseed.Collectseedabout Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Seedlingsandsmallsaplings can FlowersfromAprilthrough Layeringandcuttingspossi- 67

Plants Plants stump ofcuttreeassumingashrubbyform. Regeneration afterharvest: August. Harvest season: leaving sufficientstumpsoitcanresprout. Harvest techniques: ripe. at least1year;pickfruitabout2weeksbeforefully yellow color;storebarkaslongpossiblebeforeuse, come offwithease;underneathsideabrightgolden Part harvested: Collection nal, herbal,andmassmarket. Types ofmarkets: panies forlaxatives;sunscreen;dyes. widely collectedandprocessedbypharmaceuticalcom- Common products: strains. sores andswellings,treatingheartstrain,internal Indigenous uses: Common uses: Uses andProducts 68 Fordigestivetract,skinprotectant. Barkoflimbsandsmalltrunks,should Collectionfrommid-Apriltoendof Barkboiled,teaaslaxative,washing Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Barkyieldscatharticdrugs. Afterharvestingbark,treeiscut Mayresproutstemsfrom plants “To Watch” list. on UnitedPlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinal and Young (1992) Savers (2000),Whitney(1997),Willard (1992),Young (1967), ThomasandSchumann(1993),UnitedPlant non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Seda(1989),Sudworth Kruckeberg (1993),MoorePojarandMacKin- Hitchcock andCronquist(1978),HortusWest (1998), and Dyrness(1973),Habeck(1992b),Hickman(1993), British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Franklin References sprout backbuttreesconvertedtoshrubs. Older treescutforbarkarebecominguncommon.Most The innerbarkisespeciallypotentbeforeitcured. Bark andfruitstoxicinexcess,especiallytochildren. Comments andAreasofConcern Frangula is aboveground portion isburned. quent fires.Theplantcansprout fromrhizomesifthe for variousspecies.Salalis adaptedtoshadeandinfre- deer andelk,mountainbeaver, white-footedvole; cover andmammals;leaves, buds,andtwigsbrowsedby abundant nectarproducer;seedsdispersedbyvarious Ecological relations: levels. Shadetolerant. successional stagesafterfire,growsbestatmid-light disturbance. Commonlyattainspeakabundanceinmid- Successional stage: 5.0, andtoleratespoorsoil. , rockybluffs,brushfields,acidicsoilspHabout Habitat: Oregon grape,rhododendron,andwesternswordfern. Douglas-fir, Sitkaspruce,redalder, vinemaple,dwarf silver fir, mixed-coniferzones.Western hemlock, Associations: thickets. shrubincoastalforests,formslarge,dense southern California;below800m.Commonforest eastern slopeoftheCascadeRangetocoastalong Range anddistribution: taining anaverageof126brown,1-mmseeds. hairs, reddishbluetodarkpurple6-10mm,eachcon- on terminalclusters;fruitsround,coveredwithtiny white orpinkish,5to15,7-10mmlong,urnshaped finely toothed;inflorescenceraceme;stickyflowers thick, shiny, egg-shaped,5-10cmlong,sharplyand brown withshreddingbark;leavesalternate,leathery, shrub; stemsbranched,hairy, 0.4-3.0m;twigsreddish Description: Ecology GASH Ericaceae Salal shallon Warm, moistforestmargins, moisttodry Native. Erecttospreadingevergreen Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific Nottypicallyacolonizer;survives Pollinatedbybeesandflies, British Columbiafromthe Pursh spacing shouldbeabout1m. to establish,butonceestablished spreadswell.Planting from cuttingsofnewwood takeninlatesummer. Slow zomes, undergroundstems, andlayering;bestresults Vegetative reproduction: establish; slowgrowing. mendations. Seedlingproductionispoor;fewseedlings nation; however, varioussourceshave different recom- means. Prechillingandlightappeartohelpwithgermi- Seed: purple blackwithmanyseeds. light ambercolored.Fruitsaremodifiedsepals,fleshy, December. Flowersproduceabundantnectar;honeyis from AugusttoOctober, maypersistonthestemuntil spring orearlysummer, fromMaytoJuly;fruitripening Flowering andfruiting: Biology Propagationfromseedisthemosteconomical Generallyflowersinlate Growsfromroots,rhi- Gaultheria shallon 69

Plants Plants able foralpinewintergreen( commercially available.Plantsareavail- Cultivation: agent. leaves ofrelatedspecies,for wintergreenflavoring ground cover, erosioncontrol;food: fruitjamsand wreaths; landscaping:ornamentalshrub,landscaping matory; floral:usedasdrieddecorativefiller, for Common uses: Uses andProducts Long-term monitoringisneeded. better sites.Foliagereportedtoreadilygrowback. site quality. Harvestrotationof 3yearsreportedon Regeneration afterharvest: branches: year-round,bestinlatespringtomidfall. Harvest season: is leftoneachplant. plants ongoodsites.Fruitispickedbyhand;somefruit moval ofnomorethan25percentfoliagefrom spread overawidearea.Recommendationisforre- the branchesoneachplant.Harvestisconservativeand able. Leavesareclippedfromplantsleavingoverhalfof limiting factorindeterminingwhetherasprayismarket- ( deformities, spots,andinsects.Brownspotdisease of “sprays”andsinglestems.Leavesareinspectedfor color andflattenedsprays.Mostbuyerswantamixture damage. Partialshadeisrequiredforabrightgreen and healthybranches,freeofspots,blemishes,orinsect Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Oregon wintergreen( fully transplanted. Transplant viability: Phyllostica gaultheriae 70 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Medicinal:astringentandanti-inflam- Fruit,branches,andleaves. Fruit:fromAugustthroughOctober; Forfloralmarkets,selectgreen G. ovatifolia Smallplantshavebeensuccess- Ell.&Ev.) iscommonlythe Gaultheria humifusa Fairtogooddependingon ). ) and harvester. wholesale commoditymarketsbuygreensdirectlyfrom craft suppliers,herbal,specialty, food,andnursery; Types ofmarkets: tive greenery. Common products: rhea, usedinritualsanddances. sores, teasusedtotreatcoughs,tuberculosisanddiar- with kinnikinnickandsmoked;leavestohealburns chewed ashungersuppressant,leavesdriedandmixed or incakes;tradingandselling;medicinal:youngleaves Indigenous uses: Young (1992) and Thomas(1997),WhitneyYoung and (1990b), USDAForestService(1963,1965),Vance (1998), ThomasandSchumann(1993),Tirmenstein (1993), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal. Hortus West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Moore Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), Burgett etal.(1989),Cooke(1997),Freed(2000), References ed toeasternteaberry( snowberry israreintheUnitedStatesandcloselyrelat- hispidula collection practices.Creepingsnowberry( Care shouldbetakennottospreaddiseasethrough and plantswithleavesshowingmorefungaldisease. plants inWashington and Oregon,smallersizedplants, for salal.Anecdotalreportsofscarcityharvestable Alaska Nativeshaverequestedlimitedcommercialuse Salal istraditionallyusedbyAmericantribes,and Comments andAreasofConcern source ofwintergreen. ) listedassensitiveinWashington. Creeping Food:fruit,berrieseatenfresh,dried Internationalanddomestic.Floral, Teas anddrieddyeddecora- G. procumbens ), anatural Continued Gaultheria